19th – 29th July 2018

Bratislava, SLOVAKIA
Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC
www.50icho.eu

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS

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50th IChO 2018

International Chemistry Olympiad
SLOVAKIA & CZECH REPUBLIC

BACK TO WHERE IT ALL BEGAN

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Table of Contents
Instructions ......................................................................................................................................2
Physical constants and equations ...................................................................................................3
Problem 1. DNA ..............................................................................................................................5
Problem 2. Repatriation of remains in the middle ages .................................................................. 14
Problem 3. Emerging electro-mobility ............................................................................................ 22
Problem 4. Column chromatography of radioactive copper ........................................................... 30
Problem 5. Bohemian garnet ......................................................................................................... 34
Problem 6. Let’s go mushrooming ................................................................................................. 41
Problem 7. Cidofovir ...................................................................................................................... 47
Problem 8. Caryophyllene ............................................................................................................. 54

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS, OFFICIAL ENGLISH VERSION 1

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Instructions
• This theoretical exam booklet contains 62 pages.

• You may begin writing as soon as the Start command is given.

• You have 5 hours to complete the exam.

• All results and answers must be clearly written in pen in their respective designed areas on the
exam papers. Answers written outside the answer boxes will not be graded.

• You were provided with 3 sheets of scratch paper. If you need more, use the backside of the
exam sheets. Remember that nothing outside the designed areas will be graded.

• The periodic table and visible light spectrum are not part of this booklet; they are provided
separately.

• Use only the pen and calculator provided.

• The official English version of the exam booklet is available upon request and serves
for clarification only.

• If you need to leave the exam room (to use the toilet or have a snack), wave the blue IChO card.
The exam supervisor will come to accompany you.

• The supervisor will announce a 30-minute warning before the Stop command.

• You must stop your work immediately when the Stop command is announced. Failure to stop
writing by ½ minute or longer will lead to nullification of your theoretical exam.

• After the Stop command has been given, place your exam booklet back in your exam envelope
and wait at your seat. The exam supervisor will come to collect the envelope.

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS, OFFICIAL ENGLISH VERSION 2

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Physical constants and equations

Avogadro's constant: NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
Universal gas constant: R = 8.314 J K−1 mol−1
Speed of light: c = 2.998 × 108 m s−1
Planck's constant: h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s
Faraday constant: F = 9.6485 × 104 C mol−1
Standard pressure: p = 1 bar = 105 Pa
Normal (atmospheric) pressure: patm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa
Zero of the Celsius scale: 273.15 K
Mass of electron: me = 9.109 × 10−31 kg
Unified atomic mass unit: u = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg
Ångström: 1 Å = 10−10 m
Electronvolt: 1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J
Watt: 1 W = 1 J s−1

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT

The first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = q + W

Power input for electrical device: P =UI

where U is voltage and I electric current
Enthalpy: H = U + pV
Gibbs free energy: G = H – TS
ΔGo = – RT lnK = – zFEocell

ΔG = ΔGo + RT lnQ

Reaction quotient Q [C]c [D]d

for a reaction a A + b B ⇌ c C + d D: Q=
[A]a [B]b

qrev
Entropy change: ΔS =
T
where qrev is heat for the reversible process

Heat change Δq = ncm ΔT

for temperature-independent cm : where cm is molar heat capacity

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Van ’t Hoff equation: d lnK Δr Hm K2 Δr Hm 1 1

= ⇒ ln ( ) = – ( – )
dT RT2 K1 R T2 T1
[A– ]
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log
[HA]
RT
Nernst–Peterson equation: E = Eo – lnQ
zF

hc
Energy of a photon: E=
λ
E⁄J
Relation between E in eV and in J: E⁄eV =
qe ⁄C
I0
Lambert–Beer law: A = log = εlc
I

ν 1 k
Wavenumber: ν̃ = = √
c 2πc μ

mA mX
Reduced mass µ for a molecule AX: μ=
mA + mX
1
Energy of harmonic oscillator: En = hν (n + )
2

E
Arrhenius equation: − a
k=Ae RT

Rate laws in integrated form:

Zero order: [A] = [A]0 – kt

First order: ln[A] = ln[A]0 – kt

1 1
Second order: = + kt
[A] [A]0

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS, OFFICIAL ENGLISH VERSION 4

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Theoretical Question 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Total

Problem 1 Points 5 5 4 12 12 24 62
7% of the total Score

Problem 1. DNA
Palindromic sequences are an interesting class of DNA. In a palindromic double-
-stranded DNA (dsDNA) species, the sequence of one strand read in the 5′→3′ direction matches
the 5′→3′ reading on the complementary strand. Hence, a palindromic dsDNA consists of two
identical strands that are complementary to each other. An example is the so-called
Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide (1):
5′-CGCGAATTCGCG-3′
| | | | || | | | | | |
3′-GCGCTTAAGCGC-5′
(1)
1.1 How many different palindromic double-stranded DNA dodecanucleotides (i.e., dsDNA species
with twelve base pairs) exist?

The choice of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth nucleotide in one strand is
arbitrary; the seventh through twelfth nucleotides in the same strand are determined by the
condition of self-complementarity. There are always 4 options (C, G, A, T) for the first through
six nucleotide. Hence, the total number of palindromic DNA hexanucleotides is
4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 46 = 4 096.
5 points in total
Any numerical result above scores full marks.
No explanation of the calculation is needed to score full marks as long as the result is correct.
Example of a partially correct solution:
4 points if the student writes 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 explicitly, but he/she gives an incorrect final result
(e.g., due to an improper use of a calculator).
Examples of incorrect solutions that do not score any marks:
The student counts uracil as the fifth possibility, yielding 15 625 octanucleotides.
The student counts four possibilities for each of the twelve nucleotides, i.e. they ignore the condition
of self-complementarity, yielding 16 777 216 dodecanucleotides.
0 points for any other result.

1.2 How many different palindromic double-stranded DNA undecanucleotides (i.e., dsDNA species
with eleven base pairs) exist?
0. There is no palindromic dsDNA with an odd number of base pairs.

5 points
No explanation is needed.
0 points for any other result.

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The melting temperature of dsDNA, Tm is defined as the temperature at which 50% of the original
amount of DNA double strands are dissociated into separate strands.
1.3 Consider the Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide (1). Assume that a G–C nucleobase pair
contributes to the DNA duplex stability more than an A–T pair does. What is the probability
that its Tm increases when a single randomly selected base pair is replaced by a G–C pair?

Probability
The thermodynamic stability, and thus the melting temperature increases whenever an A–T
pair is replaced by a G–C pair. The probability of randomly drawing one of the 4 A–T pairs
from the Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide containing 12 base pairs is
4/12 = 1/3 ~ 0.333 ~ 0.33 or 33.3% ~ 33%
4 points in total
Any of the numerical results above scores full marks.
No additional explanation is needed to score full marks.
Example of a partially correct solution:
2 points if the student declares 4/12 but they present an incorrect final result (e.g. 4/12 = 0.25).
Examples of incorrect solutions that do not score any marks:
The student counts only two A–T pairs rather than four, yielding the probability of 2/12.
The student incorrectly counts the total number of nucleotide pairs.

Let us analyze the thermodynamics of formation of double-helical DNA from single strands, and its
dependence on the length of the DNA and on the temperature. The equilibrium constant of
association of single strands to form dsDNA differs for palindromic and non-palindromic dsDNA.
A solution of dsDNA with the initial concentration of cinit = 1.00 × 10−6 mol dm−3 was heated to Tm and
equilibrium was reached.
1.4 Calculate the equilibrium constant of association of single strands at Tm for both non-
palindromic and palindromic DNA.

Non-palindromic dsDNA
Calculation:
The association reaction of a non-palindromic dsDNA reads
ssDNA1 + ssDNA2 ⇌ dsDNA
and the equilibrium constant of association takes the form
[dsDNA]
c0
Knp =
[ssDNA1] [ssDNA2]
c0 × c0
where c0 is the standard concentration of 1.00 mol dm−3 and the lower index np stands for
“non-palindromic”.
At Tm, one half of the initial dsDNA concentration has melted to ssDNA, so
[dsDNA] = [ssDNA1] = [ssDNA2] = 1/2 cinit

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which yields
1/2 cinit
c0 c0 1.00 {mol dm−3 }
Knp m =
(T ) = = = 2.00 × 106
1/2 cinit 1/2 cinit 1/2 cinit 1/2 × 1.00 × 10−6 {mol dm−3 }
c0 × c
0

K=

Palindromic dsDNA
Calculation:
The association reaction of a palindromic dsDNA reads
2 ssDNA ⇌ dsDNA
and the equilibrium constant of association is
[dsDNA]
c0
Kp =
[ssDNA] 2
( c )
0
where c0 is the standard concentration, and the lower index p stands for “palindromic”.
At Tm, one half of the initial dsDNA concentration has melted into two ssDNAs with identical
sequences, so
[dsDNA] = 1/2 cinit
[ssDNA] = 2 × [dsDNA] = cinit
which yields
1/2 cinit
c0 1/2 c0 1/2 × 1 × 1.00 mol dm−3
Kp (Tm ) = = = = 5.0 × 105
cinit 2 cinit 1.00 × 10−6
mol dm −3
(c )
0
K=
2 points for the association reactions (1 point each)
10 points for the calculation of the association constant with cinit (5 points each)
Some of the steps may be condensed or performed implicitly, and the association reactions may not
be presented explicitly. As long as the derivation is correct, full marks are scored for all of the
elementary steps.
K is considered correct if given as unitless number or with the unit of mol−1 dm3. Thus, failure to
introduce unitless concentrations explicitly does not lead to any deduction provided the result is
numerically correct.
Examples of grading partially correct solutions:
Dissociation is considered rather than association, and the calculation is otherwise correct
deduction of 3 points
Wrong numeric value of K(Tm) in spite of the correct symbolic result, due to, e.g., an improper use of
a calculator deduction of 2 points each
A correct expression for K is written initially, but there is an error in the derivation
deduction of 2 pts per each K affected, max. 2 points
K is correct numerically, but the unit is wrong (e.g., mol dm−3)
deduction of 2 points, enforced max. once
The score for any sub-task may not be negative.

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The mean contributions to the Gibbs energy of association of two single strands to form dsDNA were
estimate over a certain range of experimental conditions, and they amount to −6.07 kJ mol−1 per one
G–C pair, and −1.30 kJ mol−1 per one A–T pair present in a dsDNA.
1.5 How many base pairs are there in the shortest dsDNA oligonucleotide that has Tm above
330 K? At this Tm, consider the following values of the equilibrium constant of association of
single strands to form a dsDNA: Knp = 1.00 × 106 for a non-palindromic dsDNA, Kp = 1.00 × 105
for a palindromic dsDNA. Is the shortest oligonucleotide palindromic or non-palindromic?

Calculation of the number of base pairs:

K is related to the association Gibbs energy as ∆G°np = – RT ln Knp , so the Gibbs energy at
Tm is

∆G°np (Tm ) = – RT ln Knp (Tm ) =

= – 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 × 330 K × ln(1.00 × 106 ) = – 37.9 kJ mol–1

The shortest oligonucleotide will be obtained if C–G-only dsDNA is considered, because
C–G pairs are more stable than A–T pairs.
Then, the smallest number of base pairs is obtained by dividing the Gibbs energy by the
contribution of one C–G pair, which for a non-palindromic dsDNA is:

– 37.9 kJ mol–1
nnp = = 6.2
– 6.07 kJ mol–1
The needed length of a non-palindromic dsDNA: 7
For a palindromic dsDNA, the Gibbs energy at Tm is

∆G°p (Tm ) = – RT ln Kp (Tm ) =

= – 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 × 330 K × ln (1.00 × 105) = – 31.6 kJ mol–1,

and the number of base pairs is

– 31.6 kJ mol–1
np = = 5.2
– 6.07 kJ mol–1
The needed length of a palindromic dsDNA: 6

The shortest oligonucleotide is

☐ palindromic (P)
☐ non-palindromic (NP).
A smaller number of base pairs was obtained under the assumption of a palindromic dsDNA.
Therefore, we conclude that the shortest dsDNA that has Tm above 330 K has a palindromic
sequence of 6 C–G pairs.
5 points for the calculations of Gibbs energies
2 points for the consideration of C–G-only DNA (either stated explicitly, of just considering
−6.07 kJ mol−1 for the contribution of a single base pair to the Gibbs energy of association; not
awarded if the value for A–T DNA is considered)
3 points for the calculation of the number of base pairs

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2 points for the decision on a palindromic sequence

Full marks will be given if palindromic dsDNA is considered correctly. The non-palindromic case is
not required explicitly.
If only non-palindromic case is considered, 50% of the marks may be scored for the calculation (max.
5 points in total)
−2 points for the wrong numeric value of np in spite of the correct symbolic result and logics, e.g. due
to an improper use of a calculator, or due to a gross rounding error

Finally, let us leave the simplified idea of base pairs contributing individually to the association
of DNA strands. The Gibbs energy of this process may be considered explicitly dependent
on temperature. The dependence of the inverse Tm of the Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide (1) on
the logarithm of the initial duplex concentration cinit is shown below. (Note: a standard concentration
c0 = 1 mol dm−3 is introduced.)

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cinit / 10−6 mol dm−3 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.0 4.0 8.0

Tm / K 319.0 320.4 321.8 323.3 324.7 326.2

1.6 Calculate the standard enthalpy ΔH° and the standard entropy ΔS° of the association of DNA
single strands to form the palindromic double-stranded Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide (1).
Assume that ΔH° and ΔS° do not vary with temperature.

Calculation:
Start from the definition of ΔG° and its relation to the equilibrium constant:
° °
∆G = ∆H° – T∆S
°
∆G = – RT ln K
Combination of the expressions leads to
°
∆H° – T∆S = – RT ln K
Division by T × ΔH° yields
°
1 ∆S R
– = – ln K
T ∆H° ∆H°
so that, specifically for Tm
°
1 ∆S R
= °
– ln Km
Tm ∆H ∆H°
where Km is the equilibrium constant at the melting temperature.
For the palindromic Drew–Dickerson dodecanucleotide, the concentrations of dsDNA and
ssDNA at the melting temperature may be expressed in terms of the initial duplex
concentration cinit
[dsDNA] = 0.5 cinit
[ssDNA] = cinit
and the equilibrium constant at the melting temperature follows as
c
0.5 cinit 1
0
Km = = c
c 2 2 cinit
( cinit ) 0
0

This may be cast into the equation above for the inverse melting temperature, yielding
a linearized concentration dependence (note the “plus” sign), which corresponds to the plot
in this task directly:

1 ∆S° R cinit
= °
+ °
ln (2 )
Tm ∆H ∆H c0
The slope R/ΔH° and the intercept ΔS°/ΔH° may be obtained

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS, OFFICIAL ENGLISH VERSION 10

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• either graphically from the plot – method 1,

• or by solving a system of 2 linear equations using any 2 data points – method 2.
Method 1: The dependence in the plot is strongly linear, and it is very easy to draw a straight
line passing the centre of each of the circles representing data points. Then, values of the
c c
linear function may be read, e.g., at ln (2 cinit ) = –15, ca. 0.003145 K−1, and at ln (2 cinit ) = –11,
0 0
ca. 0.003065 K−1. From these numerical values, the slope follows as

0.003065 K–1 – 0.003145 K–1

slope = = – 0.000020 K–1
–11 – (–15)
and the intercept has to be re-calculated to abscissa equal to zero, e.g., as

intercept = 0.003065 K–1 + (0 – (–11)) × (–0.000020 K–1 ) = 0.002845 K–1

Method 2: For instance, considering the first and the last point, we obtain:
1 1 cinit
the first point: = = 3.135 × 10–3 K–1 ln (2 )= ln (2 × 0.25 × 10–6 ) = –14.5
Tm 319.0 K c0

1 1 cinit
the last point: = = 3.066 × 10–3 K–1 ln (2 ) = ln (2 × 8.0 × 10–6 ) = –11.0
Tm 326.2 K c0

A system of two linear equations follows as

°
–3 –1 ∆S R
3.135 × 10 K = °
– 14.5 ×
∆H ∆H°
°
–3 –1 ∆S R
3.066 × 10 K = °
– 11.0 ×
∆H ∆H°
which yields the solution

∆S° R
°
= 2.849 × 10–3 K–1 and °
= – 2.0 × 10–5 K–1
∆H ∆H
Common to Methods 1 and 2: The desired thermodynamic quantities follow from there:
R 8.314
∆H° = = J mol–1 = – 416 kJ mol–1
slope – 0.000020
intercept 0.002845
∆S° = R × = 8.314 × J K–1 mol–1 = –1.18 kJ K–1 mol–1
slope –0.000020
Alternative route:
It is also possible to consider the linearized dependence implicitly.
After the combination of equalities for ΔG°, Km may be expressed in terms of cinit:
cinit
∆H° – Tm ∆S° = RTm ln (2 )
c0
Then, a set of 2 such equations for 2 different concentrations
cinit,1
∆H° – Tm1 ∆S° = RTm1 ln (2 )
c0

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cinit,2
∆H° – Tm2 ∆S° = RTm2 ln (2 )
c0
may be solved for 2 unknowns, ΔH° and ΔS°.
For instance, multiplication of the equations with Tm2 and Tm1, respectively, followed by the
subtraction of equations leads to
Tm1Tm2 cinit,1
∆H° = R ln
Tm2 – Tm1 cinit,2
and a plain subtraction of equations leads to
c cinit,2
Tm1 ln (2 init,1
c0 ) – Tm2 ln (2 c0 )
°
∆S = R
Tm2 – Tm1
Or, ΔS° may be obtained by casting ΔH° into one of the equations being solved:

∆H° cinit,1
∆S° = + R ln 2
Tm1 c0
The desired quantities follow as ΔH° = −420 kJ mol−1 and ΔS° = −1.2 kJ mol−1 K−1.

24 points in total
15 points for the symbolic derivations
3 points for the combination of the expressions for ΔG°
3 points for the rearrangement to yield the linear relationship between T m and Km
3 points for the concentrations of the dsDNA and ssDNA at T m
3 points for the expression of Km in terms of cinit for a palindromic sequence
3 points for the linear relationship between Tm and ln 2cinit

9 points for the numerical calculations

Note: the least-squares linear fit to the data series leads to the following results including the
standard deviations: slope = (−19.97 ± 0.08) × 10−6, intercept = (2.845 ± 0.001) × 10−3.
Method 1:
Perform a least-squares linear fit on the pocket calculator, or
read-off of the slope & intercept for the linear dependence (ref.: least-sq. linear fit)
6 points within a margin of 5σ (i.e., −20.39 < 106 slope < −19.55 & 2.840 < 103 intercept < 2.850)
3 points within a margin of 10σ (i.e., −20.81 < 106 slope < −19.13 & 2.835 < 103 intercept < 2.855)
partial marks will be scored in case the slope & intercept are given with different
deviations or if one is missing
3 points for the calculation of ΔH° & ΔS° from the slope & intercept
Method 2:
3 points for the setup of the system of two equations
up to 6 points for the calculation of ΔH° and ΔS°, considering the accuracy requirements given
above

Alternative route – symbolic derivations up to 18 points, numerical calculations up to 6 points

Symbolic derivations:
3 points for the combination of the expressions for ΔG° (a)
3 points for the concentrations of the dsDNA and ssDNA at the melting temperature (b)
3 points for the expression of Km in terms of cinit for a palindromic sequence (c)

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3 points for the setup of the system of two equations (d)

3 points for the expression for ΔH° (e)
3 points for the expression for ΔS° (f)
9 points for a correct application of Van ‘t Hoff equation, yielding an expression for ΔH° (a+d+e)
Numerical calculations: maximum 6 points considering the accuracy requirements given above

General remarks
Some of the steps in the derivation and in the calculation may be taken implicitly or simultaneously.
As long as they are correct, full marks will be scored for each of the partial steps.
Failure to write unitless concentrations explicitly and consistently does not lead to any deduction
as long as the concentrations are in mol dm−3 and numerically correct.

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Theoretical Question 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Total
Problem 2 Points 1 4 4 2 6 10 17 14 58
8% of the total Score

Problem 2. Repatriation of remains in the middle ages

At ambient temperatures, racemization is a slow reaction. As such, it can be used for dating
biological objects and, moreover, for studying their thermal history. Let us take L-isoleucine (L-Ile)
((2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid) as an example. It isomerizes on the -carbon and forms
(2R,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, also known as D-allo-isoleucine. As the configuration
changes on only one of the two stereogenic centres, this process is called epimerization rather than
racemization.
2.1 Choose all true statements.
☐ D-allo-isoleucine and L-isoleucine have the same values of specific optical rotation but
they have different melting points.
☐ D-allo-isoleucine has an identical absolute value of specific optical rotation as L-isoleucine
but the sign is opposite. The melting point is the same for both isomers.
☐ D-allo-isoleucine
and L-isoleucine have different values of specific optical rotation but they
have the same melting points.
☒ D-allo-isoleucine and L-isoleucine have different values of specific optical rotation and
different melting points.
☐ D-allo-isoleucine is not optically active.
1 point for the correct answer
−1 point for each incorrect answer
0 points minimum score

2.2 Assign the absolute configurations for each stereoisomer of isoleucine.

C 2S,3R (L-allo-isoleucine)

D 2R,3S (D-allo-isoleucine)

A 2S,3S (L-isoleucine)

B 2R,3R (D-isoleucine)

1 point for each correct answer

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2.3 The equilibrium constant Kep for L-isoleucine epimerization has the value of 1.38 (at 374 K).
If we set molar Gibbs free energy of L-isoleucine G°m = 0 kJ mol−1, determine the Gibbs free
energies for all structures A–D from question 2.2 at 374 K.

A kJ mol−1
B kJ mol−1
C kJ mol−1
D kJ mol−1

A G°m = 0 kJ mol−1 (L-isoleucine)

°
B Gm = 0 kJ mol−1 (B is a mirror image of A with identical physical properties)

C G°m = − RT ln Kep = −1.00 × 103 J mol−1

°
D Gm = − 1.00 × 103 J mol−1 (D is a mirror image of C with identical physical properties)
4 points in total, 1 point for each numerical value A, B, C, D
No explanation is needed to score full marks as long as the results are correct.
0 points for incorrect sign.

2.4 If we take into account stereoisomerism at all stereocentres, what is the maximum possible
number of the stereoisomers of the tripeptide Ile-Ile-Ile?

The number of stereoisomers is 2N, where N is the number of stereogenic centres.

For Ile-Ile-Ile, N = 6, so there are 26 = 64 stereoisomers.
2 points for the numerical result (either 26 or 64). No explanation is needed.
1 point if the student correctly declares 26 but the final result is numerically incorrect.
Example of an incorrect solution that do not score any marks:
The student incorrectly counts the number of stereocenters.

At the start of the epimerization, we can neglect the reverse reaction. The epimerization then follows
the first-order kinetics:

The value of the rate constant at 374 K is k1(374 K) = 9.02 × 10−5 h−1 and at 421 K it is
k1(421 K) = 1.18 × 10−2 h−1.
In the following calculation, shorten the concentration of L-isoleucine to [L] and of D-allo-isoleucine
to [D].
We can define a quantity de (diastereomeric excess):
[L] – [D]
de = × 100(%).
[L] + [D]
2.5 Let us boil L-isoleucine for 1 943 hours at 374 K. What is the value of de (with three significant
figures) for L-isoleucine a) before boiling and b) after boiling?

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a) Before boiling
Calculation:
Before boiling, the de is:
[L ]0 − [D ]0
de = × 100(%)
[L ]0 + [D ]0
Because [D ]0= 0, the de of native L-isoleucine before boiling is 100%.

de = % (with three significant figures)

b) After boiling
Calculation:
[L]
First, we have to calculate the concentration ratio from the first-order rate equation
[L]0
[L]
= e–k1 t = 0.839
[L]0

so [D] = 0.161 [L]0

0.839 – 0.161
and de = 0.839 + 0.161
× 100% = 67.8% (with three significant figures)

de = % (with three significant figures)

Number of significant figures is not evaluated
2 points for the de before boiling
No additional explanation is needed to score full marks.
After boiling:
1 point for the equation for the concentration ratio from the first-order rate equation
1 point for the relation between the concentration of D-allo-isoleucine and L-isoleucine
2 points for the numerical result
If de is given as 0.678, full marks are scored.
Some of the steps may be performed implicitly. As long as the result is correct, full marks are scored
for all elementary steps.
No points are scored if the calculations are not provided

2.6 How long does it take to convert 10% of L-isoleucine to D-allo-isoleucine at 298 K?

Calculation:
We need to evaluate the rate constant at 298 K. It can be evaluated from the Arrhenius
equation:
Ea
ln k = ln A –
RT
We get ln A and Ea from the values of k at two temperatures (374 K and 421 K)
Ea
ln k (374 K) = ln 9.02 × 10–5 [h–1 ] = – 9.313 = ln A –
R × 374
Ea
ln k (421 K) = ln 1.18 × 10–2 [h–1 ] = – 4.444 = ln A –
R × 421

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It follows that
Ea Ea
ln A = – 9.313 + = – 4.444 +
R × 374 R × 421
from which Ea = 136 kJ mol−1.
ln A is from the equation at 374 K
Ea
ln (A[h–1 ]) = – 9.313 + = 34.4
R × 374
For k at 298 K we then have:
Ea 136 × 103
ln( k (298 K)[h–1 ]) = ln A – = 34.4 – = – 20.5
R × 298 R × 298
k(298 K) = 1.25 × 10–9 h–1
It follows from the rate equation that
[L]
ln = – kt
[L]0
ln 0.90 = – 1.25 × 10–9 t
t = 8.42 × 107 h = 9 610 years
t= years
2 points for the formulation of the set of two equations
2 points for the correct formulae for ln A and EA (1 point each)
2 points for the correct numerical values of ln A and EA (1 point each)
2 points for the calculation of the rate constant at 298 K (1 point for the formula, 1 point for the
numerical value)
2 points for the calculation of time
Full marks will be given if the time is calculated correctly using a wrong value of k based on the correct
formula.
Some of the steps may be performed implicitly. As long as the result is correct, full marks are scored
for all elementary steps. Full marks will be given for numerical calculations of time and rate constants
within margins k(298 K) = 1.25 × 10−9 h−1 ± 0.1 × 10−9 h−1, t = 9 610 years ± 850 years.
No points are scored if the calculations are not provided.

In fact, the reverse reaction cannot be neglected. The correct kinetic scheme is expressed as

Let us define the deviation of concentration from its equilibrium value [L]eq

x = [L] – [L]eq

It is possible to derive that x evolves with time according to the following equation:
x = x(0) × e – (k1 + k2 )t
,
where x(0) is the deviation from equilibrium at t = 0 h.
2.7 Let us boil 1.00 mol dm−3 L-isoleucine solution for 1 943 hours at 374 K. The rate constant for
the forward reaction is k1(374 K) = 9.02 × 10−5 h−1, Kep for L-isoleucine epimerization has the

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value of 1.38 (at 374 K). In the following calculation, shorten the concentration of L-isoleucine
to [L] and of D-allo-isoleucine to [D]. Evaluate (with three significant figures) a) [L]eq,
b) diastereomeric excess (de) after boiling.

a) Calculation:
From the definition and mass balance we know that
x = [L] – [L]eq = [D]eq – [D]

We can derive the formulae for [L]eq (and also for [D]eq) in terms of [L]0
[L]0 = [L]eq + [D]eq

[D]eq = [L]0 – [L]eq

We also know that

k1 [D]eq
Kep = =
k2 [L]eq
from which
k1
[D]eq = [L]eq
k2

The substitution for [D]eq in [D]eq = [L]0 – [L]eq yields

k2
[L]eq = [L]0
k1 + k2
The rate constant k2 is calculated from the epimerization constant Kep as

k1 9.02 × 10–5 h–1

k2 = = = 6.54 × 10–5 h–1
Kep 1.38
After the substitution of the numerical values, we get (with three significant digits)

6.54 × 10–5 h–1

[L]eq = × 1 mol dm–3 = 0.420 mol dm–3
9.02 × 10–5 h–1 + 6.54 × 10–5 h–1
[L]eq = mol dm−3 (with three significant figures)
b) Calculation:
de is defined as
[L] – [D]
de = × 100(%)
[L] + [D]
We can express de in terms of the equilibrium values as
[L]eq + x – [D]eq + x [L]eq – [D]eq + 2x
de = × 100(%) = × 100(%)
[L]eq + x + [D]eq – x [L]0

We already have the formula for [L]eq from task a). [D]eq in terms of [L]0 is then
k1 k1
[D]eq = [L]eq = [L]0
k2 k1 + k2

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Finally, we need to evaluate x in terms of [L]0. We know that x(0) = [D]eq, so

k1
x = [D]eq × e – t(k1 + k2 ) = [L]0 × e – t(k1 + k2 )
k1 + k2
We can now express de as
k2 k1 k1 –t(k1 + k2)
[L]0 – [L]0 + 2 [L]0 e –t(k + k
k2 – k1 + 2k1 e 1 2)
k1 + k2 k1 + k2 k1 + k2
de = × 100(%) = × 100(%)
[L]0 k1 + k2

–5 + 6.54 × 10–5 )
6.54 × 10–5 – 9.02 × 10–5 + 2 × 9.02 × 10–5 e–1 943 (9.02 × 10
de = × 100(%) = 69.8%
9.02 × 10–5 + 6.54 × 10–5

(with three significant digits)

de = % (with three significant figures)
a)
1 point for the mass balance equation
2 points for the equation for the equilibrium constant in terms of the rate constants and concentrations
2 points for the derivation of the formula for [L]eq in terms of [L]0
1 point for the numerical value of k2
1 point for the numerical value of [L]eq
No points are scored if the calculations are not provided.
b)
2 points for the correct equation for de in terms of the equilibrium values
2 points for the derivation of the formulae for [D]eq in terms of [L]0
2 points for the derivation of the formula for x in terms of [L]0
2 points for the correct equation for de in terms of [L]0
2 points for the correct numerical value of de based on correct formula
Some steps in the derivation may be taken implicitly or simultaneously. As long as they are correct,
full marks will be scored for each of the partial steps. If the numerical calculation of k 2 in point a) is
incorrect but k2 is correctly used in task b), full marks are scored in task b).
No points are scored if the calculations are not provided.

Amino acids with a single chiral centre undergo racemization, e.g. L-arginine racemizes:

The time evolution of concentrations is governed by

[D]
1+
[L]
ln = 2k1 t + C
[D]
1–
[L]
Here [D] and [L] are concentrations of D- and L-arginine at time t, k1 is the rate constant, and the term
C is set according to the initial concentrations.

Holy Roman Emperor Lothar III passed away during his journey to Sicily in 1137. To facilitate the
repatriation of the remains, his body was, immediately after his death, boiled in water (373 K) for
a certain time. Let us try to estimate the boiling time with the help of chemical kinetics. We know that

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the rate constant k1 of arginine racemization within the protein at 373 K and pH = 7 has the value of
5.10 × 10−3 h−1.
In order to analyse the isomeric composition of arginine in Lothar’s bones, we need to start with
transferring arginine into solution. Lothar’s bones were hydrolyzed in a highly acidic environment for
[D]
4 hours at 383 K. The ratio of the optical isomers was [L]
= 0.090. Lothar’s wife Richenza was not
boiled after her death. Her bones were hydrolyzed using the same procedure and in this case the
[D]
ratio was [L]
= 0.059. (Note that the racemization also takes place during the hydrolysis, with the rate
constant k'1 , different from k1).
2.8 How long was the Holy Roman Emperor Lothar III boiled in water in 1137?
Note: The racemization of arginine is an extremely slow process at temperatures typically
encountered in graves. As both bodies are only some 880 years old, we can neglect the natural
racemization during this time.

Calculation:
Let us assume the following schemes for Lothar and Richenza
'
k1 k1
Lothar: 0 → 1 → 2
'
k1
Richenza: 0 → 3
[D]
where 0 is the state before boiling with [L]
ratio X0, 1 corresponds to the Lothar’s state after
[D]
boiling in water in 1137 with the [L]
ratio X1, 2 is the Lothar’s state after the acidic hydrolysis
[D] [D]
with the ratio X2, and 3 is the Richenza’s state after the hydrolysis with the ratio X3. k1
[L] [L]

is the rate constant for racemization at 373 K, k'1 is the rate constant for acid-catalyzed
racemization at 383 K.
We can write the following equations:
1 + X3
ln = 2 k'1 thydrolysis (eq. 1)
1 – X3
1 + X1
ln = 2 k1 tboiling (eq. 2)
1 – X1
1 + X2 1 + X1
ln = 2 k'1 thydrolysis + ln (eq. 3)
1 – X2 1 – X1
Combining the equations leads to
1 + X2 1 + X3
ln = ln + 2 k1tboiling
1 – X2 1 – X3
From which the time of boiling tboiling is
(1 + X2 ) (1 – X3 )
ln = 2 k1 tboiling
(1 – X2 ) (1 + X3 )
Using the values X2 = 0.090 and X3 = 0.059 we get

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1 (1 + 0.090) (1 – 0.059)
tboiling = –3
ln = 6.11 h
2 × 5.10 × 10 (1 – 0.090) (1 + 0.059)
tboiling = h
8 points for rate equations describing the time evolution of the ratio between the optical isomers for
Lothar and Richenza (2 points for each eq. 1 and 2; 4 points for eq. 3; 1 point for eq. 3 with an incorrect
evaluation of C)
4 points for the combination of the equations to get the time of boiling
2 points for the evaluation of the boiling time
Some steps may be taken implicitly. If the correct boiling time is provided with correct assumptions in
calculations, full marks will be scored.
Example of a partially correct solution:
1 point if the boiling time is derived correctly but the result is incorrect
No points are scored if the calculations are not provided.

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Question 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Points 2 6 7 3 7 8
Theoretical
Problem 3 Score
Question 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Total
8% of the total
Points 6 10 5 2 6 62
Score

Problem 3. Emerging electro-mobility

Contemporary means of transportation rely on burning fossil fuels, although the efficiency of real
combustion engines is inherently limited and typically ranges between 20 and 40%.
3.1 Mark the factors that can make the efficiency of a heat engine higher:
☐ Increasing the friction in the mechanical parts of the engine
☒ Increasing the burning temperature of the fuel in the engine
☐ Narrowing the working temperature interval of the engine
☒ Increasing the working pressure of the gas
2 points in total; 1 points for each correct answer (the second and fourth options in the list), −1 points for each
incorrect answer, total points scored in this question may not be negative

Fuel cells represent a way to improve the engine efficiency for future vehicles. The engine efficiency
can be improved by using hydrogen-based fuel cells.
3.2 The standard enthalpy of formation of liquid water is ΔfH°(H2O,l) = −285.84 kJ mol−1, and the
standard combustion enthalpy of isooctane is ΔcH°(C8H18,l) = −5 065.08 kJ mol−1 (both at
323.15 K). Calculate the values of specific (per unit of mass) combustion enthalpy at 232.15 K
of pure liquid isooctane and pure gaseous hydrogen.

Δc Hs °(C8 H18 ) =
Δc H°(C8 H18 ) – 5 065.08 × 103 J mol–1
Δc Hs °(C8 H18 ) = = –3 –1
= – 44.34 MJ kg–1
M(C8 H18 ) 114.23 × 10 kg mol
Δc Hs °(H2 ) =
Δc H°(H2 ) – 285.84 × 103 J mol–1
Δc Hs °(H2 ) = = –3 –1
= – 141.50 MJ kg–1
M(H2 ) 2.02 × 10 kg mol
6 points in total. Some of the steps may be condensed or performed implicitly. As long as this is
performed correctly, full marks are scored for all of the elementary steps. Zero points will be scored
for any numerical (sub)result given with wrong or missing units.
1 point for each numerically correct molar mass (including unit)
2 points for the correct way of calculation of the specific combustion enthalpy
1 point for each numerically correct specific combustion enthalpy (including unit)
−1 point for the wrong sign(s)

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3.3 Calculate the standard electromotive force (EMF) of a fuel cell using gaseous oxygen and
hydrogen, both ideal gases at 100 kPa and 323.15 K, to produce liquid water. Use the
following entropy data for 323.15 K: S°(H2O,l) = 70 J K−1 mol−1, S°(H2,g) = 131 J K−1 mol−1,
S°(O2,g) = 205 J K−1 mol−1.

Calculations:

The oxidation of molecular hydrogen requires the transfer of z = 2 electrons according to the
equation: H2 + ½ O2 → H2O

1
Δr S° = S°(H2 O,l) – (S°(H2 ,g) + S°(O2 ,g)) = – 164 J K–1 mol–1
2

Δr G° = Δr H° – TΔr S° =

= –285.84 × 103 J mol–1 + 323.15 K × 164 J K–1 mol–1 = – 233 kJ mol–1

Δr G° – 233 × 103 J mol–1

EMF = – =– = 1.21 V
|z|F 2 × 96 485 C mol–1
EMF = V
7 points in total for the correct result calculated in any correct way. Some of the steps may be
condensed or performed implicitly. As long as this is performed correctly, full marks are scored for all
of the elementary steps. Zero points will be scored for any numerical (sub)result given with wrong
or missing units.
1 point for the correct value of z resulting from the correctly written chemical equation
1 point for the correct formula for the reaction entropy according to the written chemical equation
1 point for the numerically correct value of the reaction entropy
1 point for the correct formula for the reaction Gibbs energy
1 point for the numerically correct value of the reaction Gibbs energy
1 point for the correct formula for the EMF
1 point for the numerically correct value of the EMF
−1 point for incorrect sign

3.4 Determine the ideal thermodynamic efficiency (η) of a fuel cell producing liquid water at
353.15 K. At this temperature, the enthalpy of formation of water is ΔfH°(H2O,l) = −281.64 kJ
mol−1 and the corresponding reaction Gibbs energy change is ΔrG° = −225.85 kJ mol−1.

Δr G° – 225.85 kJ mol–1
η= = × 100% = 80.19%
Δf H° – 281.64 kJ mol–1

η= %

3 points in total
2 points for the correct way of calculation
1 point for the numerically correct result

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3.5 A polymer membrane electrolyzer facility operates at the voltage of 2.00 V and is powered by
a 10.0 MW wind turbine plant which was running at full power from 10 pm to 6 am. The
electrolysis yielded 1 090 kg of pure hydrogen. Calculate the electrolysis yield defined as the
mass of produced hydrogen divided by its theoretical produced mass.

Calculations:
Electric energy produced:

W = P × τ = 10 × 106 W × 8 × 3 600 s = 2.88 × 1011 J

is sufficient to transfer the charge:

W 2.88 × 1011 J
Q= = = 1.44 × 1011 C
U 2V
between the electrodes. Water formation is a two-electron process. Thus, the theoretical
mass of hydrogen produced is:

QM 1.44 × 1011 C
mtheory = = –1
× 2.02 × 10–3 kg mol–1 = 1 507 kg
|z| F 2 × 96 485 C mol
The efficiency of the electrolysis can be evaluated as the ratio:
mreal 1 090
ηelectrolysis = × 100% = × 100% = 72.3%.
mtheory 1 507

ηelectrolysis = %

7 points in total for the numerically correct final result calculated in any correct way. Some of the steps
may be condensed or performed implicitly. As long as this is performed correctly, full marks will be
scored for all elementary steps. If only the final equation for mtheory is derived correctly, but its
numerical value is wrong, 4 points will be scored for mtheory. If a wrong numerical subresult is used in
subsequent steps which are performed correctly but yield a wrong numerical value, 4 points will be
scored for mtheory. 0 points will be scored for any numerical (sub)result given with wrong or missing
units.
1 point for the correct formula for W
1 point for the numerically correct value of W
1 point for the correct way of calculation of Q
1 point for the numerically correct value of Q
1 point for any correct way of calculation of the theoretical amount of hydrogen
1 point for the numerically correct theoretical amount of hydrogen
1 point for the numerically correct electrolysis efficiency

3.6 Calculate the mass of hydrogen required to drive the distance between Prague and Bratislava
(330 km) at the average speed of 100 km h−1 with a car fitted with a 310 kW electric engine
running on average at a 15% rate of its maximum power. Assume that the efficiency of the
hydrogen cell producing electrical energy is 75%, the efficiency of the electric engine is 95%,
and the Gibbs energy change for combustion of hydrogen fuel is ΔrG = −226 kJ mol−1.

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Calcualtions:
Driving time:
s 330 km
τ= = = 11 880 s
v 100 km h–1 / 3 600 s

determines the ideal amount of energy required to cover the given distance:

Wideal = P × f × τ = 310 × 103 W × 0.15 × 11 880 s = 5.52 × 108 J.

Assuming the overall non-unity efficiency, the real energy required is:

Wideal 5.52 × 108 J

Wreal = = = 7.75 × 108 J.
ηelectrolysis × ηengine 0.75 × 0.95

This can be combined with the standard Gibbs energy of liquid water formation to yield the
amount of hydrogen:

Wreal 7.75 × 108 J

m= ×M = 5 –1
× 2.02 × 10–3 kg mol–1 = 6.93 kg.
|Δr G°| 2.26 × 10 J mol
m= kg
8 points in total for the numerically correct final result calculated in any correct way. Some of the steps
may be condensed or performed implicitly. As long as this is performed correctly, full marks will be
scored for all of the elementary steps. If only the final relation for m is derived correctly, but its
numerical value is wrong, 6 points will be scored in total . If a wrong numerical subresult is used in
subsequent steps which are performed correctly but yield a wrong numerical value, 6 points will be
scored for mtheory. 0 points will be scored for any numerical (sub)result given with wrong or missing
units.
1 point for the correct formula for 𝜏
1 point for the correct value of 𝜏
1 point for the correct formula for W ideal
1 point for the numerically correct value of W ideal
1 point for the correct formula for W real
1 point for the numerically correct value of W real
1 point for the correct formula for m
1 point for the numerically correct value of m

The low efficiency of hydrogen production and the safety issues connected with its storage impede
spreading the hydrogen-based transportation technology. Hydrazine (N2H4) fuel cells might be
a suitable alternative.
The following standard reduction potentials for aqueous hydrazine systems are available:
N2(g) + 5 H+(aq) + 4 e− → N2H5+(aq) E° = −0.23 V
N2H5+(aq) + 3 H+(aq) + 2 e− → 2 NH4+(aq) E° = +1.28 V
N2(g) + 4 H2O(l) + 4 e− → N2H4(aq) + 4 OH− (aq) E° = −1.16 V
N2H4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + 2 e− → 2 NH3(aq) + 2 OH− (aq) E° = +0.10 V
2 H2O(l) + 2 e− → H2(g) + 2 OH− (aq) E° = −0.83 V.

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3.7 Fill in the following Latimer diagrams with the forms of hydrazine and ammonia prevailing at the
given conditions and write the redox potential value for each arrow representing the
electrochemical half-reaction. Record all the necessary calculations.

a) Acidic environment (pH = 0)

N2

b) Basic environment (pH = 14)

N2

Acidic environment: N2 N2H5+ NH4+

−0.23 V +1.28 V

+0.27 V

Basic environment: NH3

N2 N2H4
−1.16 V +0.10 V

−0.74 V

Calculations:
Redox potentials for N2 to NH4+ and N2 to NH3, respectively, are calculated as follows:

4 E°(N2 /N2 H+5 ) + 2 E°(N2 H+5 /NH+4 ) 4 × (– 0.23) + 2 × 1.28

E°(N2 /NH+4 ) = = V = 0.27 V
6 6
4 E°(N2 /N2 H4 ) + 2 E°(N2 H4 /NH3 ) 4 × (– 1.16) + 2 × 0.10
E°(N2 /NH3 ) = = V = – 0.74 V
6 6
6 points in total
1 point for each diagram completely correctly filled with chemical species, no partial points given
if any mistake occurs
1 point for the numerically correct value of each of the standard redox potentials E°(N2 /NH+4 ) and
E°(N2 /NH3 ), no partial points given if any mistake occurs
1 point for each diagram correctly filled with the remaining standard redox potentials, no partial
points given if any mistake occurs

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Due to the toxicity, odour and its environmental impact, it is extremely unfavourable to produce
ammonia in fuel cells.
3.8 Write down the net reaction for the decomposition of hydrazine under basic conditions to
(i) ammonia and nitrogen and (ii) nitrogen and hydrogen and calculate the corresponding
equilibrium constants at T = 298.15 K.

Equations for hydrazine decomposition:

N2H4(aq) → N2(g) + 2 H2(g)

3 N2H4(aq) → 4 NH3(aq) + N2(g)
Calculations:
|z|FE°
Δr G° = – RT ln K = – |z|FE° → K = exp ()
RT
Hydrazine decomposition to NH3 and N2 in a basic environment:

E° = E°(N2 H4 ⁄NH3 ) + (– E°(N2 ⁄N2 H4 )) = (0.10 + 1.16) V = 1.26 V

|z|FE° 4 × 96 485 C mol–1 × 1.26 V

K = exp ( ) = exp ( –1 –1
) = 1.6 × 1085
RT 8.314 J K mol × 298.15 K

K=

Hydrazine decomposition to H2 and N2 in a basic environment:

E° = E°(H2 O⁄H2 ) + (– E°(N2 ⁄N2 H4 )) = (– 0.83 + 1.16) V = 0.33 V

|z|FE° 4 × 96 485 C mol–1 × 0.33 V

K = exp ( ) = exp ( –1 –1
) = 2.1 × 1022
RT 8.314 J K mol × 298.15 K

K=
10 points in total
2 points for each correctly balanced reaction (4 points in subtotal)
4 points for the correct way of calculation of the equilibrium constant (2 points will be scored if the
correct formula for the related standard reaction Gibbs energy is given)
1 point for each numerically correct value of equilibrium constant (2 points in subtotal), no points will
be scored if a wrong value of z is used in the calculation

Rechargeable lithium-based batteries are an alternative to fuel cells. Lithium-ion batteries

commonly use graphite for one of the electrodes, in which lithium clusters intercalate in betwe en
the graphite sheets. The other electrode is made of lithium cobalt oxide, which can reversibly
absorb lithium ions moving from one electrode to the other during the charge and discharge
processes. The half-reactions relevant for the system can be formally written as:

(C)n + Li+ + e– → Li(C)n E° = – 3.05 V,

CoO2 + Li+ + e– → LiCoO2 E° = +0.19 V.
3.9 Using the formalism given above, write down the overall chemical reaction occurring in the
battery during the discharge process. Give the oxidation states of the cobalt atom.

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Because E°lower > E°upper, the upper reaction occurs spontaneously in the opposite direction.
Therefore, the discharge of the battery occurs when lithium leaves the graphite structure
and its ions intercalate in the cobalt oxide:

Li(C)n + CoIV O2 → LiCoIII O2 + (C)n

5 points in total
1 point for each oxidation state of cobalt atom
3 points for the overall reaction
No points will be scored for the reaction written in the opposite direction.

3.10 Tick the boxes to get the correct statements which are valid for the discharge of the lithium-based
battery described in 3.9:

 cathode because lithium ions are reduced here.

Li(C)n electrode is
✓ anode ✓ because lithium atoms are oxidized here.

✓ cathode ✓ because cobalt ions are reduced here.

LiCoO2 electrode is
anode because cobalt ions are oxidized here.
2 points in total
1 point for each correct pair of boxes marked

3.11 Assume that a C6 unit, a CoO2 unit and Li atom form the active battery mass required to transfer
one electron between the electrodes. Using the corresponding standard EMF, calculate the
theoretical specific reversible charge capacity (in mAh g−1) and the energy density (in kWh
kg−1) of such a model lithium ion battery related to the whole active battery mass.

Calculations:
The transfer of 1 mol of electrons requires at least the molar mass of the active ingredients
Mtotal = 169.94 g mol−1, meaning that the specific charge capacity is:

F 96 485 C mol–1
cq,s = = = 567.76 C g–1 ≈ 567.76 A s g–1 ≈ 157.71 mAh g–1
M 169.94 g mol–1

Charge capacity (cq,s ) = mAh g−1

Calculations:

Assuming the standard EMF (voltage) of the battery is:

U = E°(Lix1 CoO2 /Lix2 CoO2 ) – E°(Li+ /Li0 ) = 0.19 + 3.05 V = 3.24 V,

the energy density of the battery can be calculated as:

ρel = U × cq,s = 3.24 V × 567.76 C g–1 = 1 839.6 W s g–1 ≈ 0.511 kWh kg–1

Energy density (ρel )= kWh kg−1

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6 points in total for the numerically correct final result. Some of the steps may be condensed or
performed implicitly. As long as this is performed correctly, full marks will be scored for all elementary
steps.
1 point will be scored if only the correct numerical value for the Gibbs energy associated with the
electron transfer is given. Zero points will be scored for any numerical (sub)result given with wrong or
missing units.
1 point for the numerically correct value of the active molar mass
1 point for the correct formula for the specific charge capacity
1 point for the numerically correct value of the specific charge capacity
1 point for the numerically correct value of EMF
1 point for the correct formula for the energy density
1 point for the numerically correct value of the energy density

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Theoretical Question 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Total
Problem 4 Points 2 5 1 2 7 2 3 2 24
6% of the total Score

Problem 4. Column chromatography of radioactive copper

64
Cu for positron emission tomography is prepared by the bombardment of a zinc target with
deuterium nuclei (further referred to as the activated target).
4.1 Write down the balanced equation for the 64Zn nucleus bombardment with deuterium nuclei,
giving 64Cu. Specify the corresponding atomic and mass numbers of all species. Disregard the
charges.

64 2 64 1
1
… Zn 1
+… H → 1
… Cu + 2
… p
30 1 29 1

2 points (1 point if any mass number is missing or the reaction is written with a wrong
stoichiometry; 0 points if both or other mistakes are made)

The activated target is dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl (aq)) to give a mixture
containing Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions and their respective chlorido complexes.

4.2 Calculate the mole fraction of negatively charged copper species with respect to the amount
of copper prepared by zinc target activation. Assume [Cl−] = 4 mol dm−3. For the overall
complexation constants, β, see Table 1.
Before you start the calculation, write down the charges in the upper right boxes:

2+ + 0 − 2−
Cu [CuCl] [CuCl2] [CuCl3] [CuCl4]
1 point for correct charges for all species; 0 points for 1 or more incorrect charge(s)

Table 1. Overall complexation constants β of Cu species (charges were omitted in the formula).
[CuCli ]
βi =
[Cu] × [Cl]i

i in [CuCli]
1 2 3 4
βi 2.36 1.49 0.690 0.055

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Calculation:
The mole fraction is the sum of the distribution coefficients of [CuCl3]− and [CuCl4]2−:
([[CuCl3]−] + [[CuCl4]2−]) / c(Cu2+) = (3 [Cl−]3 + 4 [Cl−]4) / (1 + 1 [Cl−] + 2 [Cl−]2+ 3 [Cl−]3 +
4 [Cl−]4) = (0.69 × 43 + 0.055 × 44) / (1 + 2.36 × 4 + 1.49 × 42 + 0.69 × 43 + 0.055 × 44) =
= 58.24 / 92.52 = 0.63

Mole fraction: 0.63

(answer with 2 digits after decimal point)
4 points for completely correct answer; −1 point for the wrong mole fraction obtained by the correct
procedure

The mixture containing Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions and their respective chlorido complexes was separated
with an anion exchange resin. Dry resin in OH− form was dispersed in water and the suspension was
transferred into a column. To occupy all sites with Cl− ions (i.e. to obtain resin in a Cl− form), the resin
was washed with hydrochloric acid and then with deionized water to wash out all the unbound Cl−
ions.
4.3 Everything was initially at laboratory temperature before washing with hydrochloric acid. Does
the column temperature change during the washing with hydrochloric acid?
☐ No.
☐ Yes, the temperature decreases.
☒ Yes, the temperature increases.
1 point for the correct answer

The mixture containing Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions and their respective chlorido complexes was transferred
onto the resin-filled column. Hydrochloric acid solution was used as an eluent.
Using the simple experimental formula below, you can calculate quantities that determine average
elution properties of both copper species and zinc species on the column.
The retention volume VR (the mobile phase volume at which 50% of the compound has been eluted
from the column) can be calculated as follows:
VR = Dg × mresin,dry,OH form + V0
4.4 Using the average mass distribution coefficients Dg (Dg(Cu species) = 17.4 cm3 g−1,
Dg(Zn species) = 78.5 cm3 g−1), calculate the retention volumes VR in cm3 of both copper
species and zinc species. The mass of dry resin in OH− form mresin,dry,OH form = 3.72 g and the
void volume of a column V0 = 4.93 cm3.

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Calculation:

VR(Cu species) = 69.7 cm3 (answer with 1 digit after the decimal)
VR(Zn species) = 297 cm3 (answer with 0 digit after the decimal)
2 points in total (1 point for each VR)

If you cannot find the answer, use VR(Cu species) = 49.9 cm3 and VR(Zn species) = 324 cm3 for
further calculations.

Using the simple experimental formula, separation of two sets of species, A and B, can be
considered complete if
V0.001(A) – V0.999(B) > 10Vc
where V0.001 is the mobile phase volume at which 0.1% of A has been eluted from the column, and
V0.999 is the mobile phase volume at which 99.9% of B has been eluted from the column.
V0.001 (A) = VR (A) × (1 – 6.91√dp /Lc )

V0.001 (B) = VR (B) × (1 – 6.91√dp /Lc)

V0.999 (B) = 2VR (B) – V0.001 (B)
4.5 Based on a calculation, decide whether copper species were separated completely from zinc
species. The volume of the column filled with the swollen resin Vc = 10.21 cm3, the resin particle
diameter dp = 0.125 mm, and the height of the wet resin in a swollen state in the column
Lc = 13.0 cm.

According to the retention volumes (VR), V0.001(A) corresponds to V0.001(Zn species) and
V0.999(B) corresponds to V0.999(Cu species)

V0.001(A) = 297 cm3 × (1 – 6.91 × √0.125 mm/130 mm) = 233 cm3

2 points (1 point if Lc and dp are used with different units;)

V0.999(B) = 2 × 69.7 cm3 − 54.8 cm3 = 84.6 cm3

1 point (even with the wrong VR and V0.001 for Cu species)

where V0.001(Cu species) = 69.7 cm3 × (1 – 6.91 × √0.125 mm/130 mm) = 54.8 cm3
2 points (1 point if Lc and dp are used with different units)

It is possible to separate copper species from zinc species.

☒ True ☐ False
2 points for the correct decisions based on V0.001 and V0.999 calculations

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4.6 Calculate the theoretical value of the total ion exchange mass capacity of the dry resin used in
this problem, Qm,theor, in mmol g−1. Consider tetralkylammonium groups were the only ones
responsible for ion exchange of the resin. No other nitrogen containing groups were present.
The mass fraction of nitrogen in the dry resin was 4.83%.

Qm,theor = w(N) / M(N) = 0.0483 / (14.01 g mol−1) = 3.45 mmol g−1

2 points (1 point if the value is in the wrong order of magnitude)

(answer with 2 digits after decimal point)

If you cannot find the answer, use Qm,theor = 4.83 mmol g−1 for further calculations.
In reality, not all tetraalkylammonium groups are involved in the ion exchange. To determine the total
ion exchange volume capacity, Qv, the column filled with 3.72 g dry resin converted to the Cl− form
was washed with the excess of sodium sulfate solution. The effluent was collected in a 500 cm3
volumetric flask, which was then filled with water to the mark. An aliquot of 100 cm3 was
potentiometrically titrated with 0.1027 mol dm−3 silver nitrate. The silver nitrate solution volume at
the equivalence point was 22.20 cm3. The volume of the column filled with the swollen resin, Vc, was
10.21 cm3.
4.7 Calculate the Qv of the swollen resin in mmol of active tetraalkylammonium groups per cm3 of
the swollen resin.

Qv = V(AgNO3) × c(AgNO3) × Vflask / (Valiquot × Vc) =

= 0.0222 dm3 × 0.1027 mol dm−3 × 0.500 dm3 / (0.100 dm3 × 0.01021 dm3) = 1.12 mmol cm−3
3 points
−1 point if dilution is forgotten
−1 point for the wrong order of magnitude
(1 point for titration calculation)

(answer with 2 digits after decimal point)

If you cannot find the answer, use Qv = 1.00 mmol cm−3 for further calculations.
4.8 Calculate the mole fraction (x) of the tetraalkylammonium groups actively involved in the ion
exchange.

x = Qv × Vc / (Qm,teor × mresin) = 1.12 mmol cm−3 × 10.21 cm3 / (3.45 mmol g−1 × 3.72 g) =
0.891
2 points

(answer with 3 digits after decimal point)

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Question 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

Theoretical Points 3 3 1 5 3 2 4 1 2
Problem 5 Score

8% of the Question 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 Total
total Points 5 7 3 2 6 1 1 1 50
Score

Problem 5. Bohemian garnet

Bohemian garnet (pyrope) is a famous Czech blood coloured semi-precious stone. The chemical
composition of natural garnets is expressed by the general stoichiometric formula of A3B2(SiO4)3,
where AII is a divalent cation and BIII is a trivalent cation. Garnets have a cubic unit cell that contains
8 formula units. The structure comprises 3 types of polyhedra: the AII cation occupies a dodecahedral
position (it is surrounded with eight O atoms), the BIII cation occupies an octahedral position (it is
surrounded with six O atoms) and SiIV is surrounded with four O atoms arranged into a tetrahedron.
The most common garnet mineral is almandine with the formula of Fe3Al2(SiO4)3. Its unit cell
parameter is a = 11.50 Å.
5.1 Calculate the theoretical density of almandine.

M(almandine) = 497.75 g mol−1

 = m / V = (8 × M) / (NA × a3) = (8 × 497.75) / [6.022 × 1023 × (11.50 × 10−8)3] = 4.35 g cm−3
3 points in total
correct molar mass 1 point, correct equation 1 point, correct numerical calculation starting from
correct equation 1 point

The Bohemian garnet has the composition of Mg3Al2(SiO4)3. Pure compound is colourless and the
colour of natural garnets comes from chromophores – transition metal cations that substitute the
host material cations. The red colour of the Bohemian garnet comes from trace amounts of CrIII ions
in the octahedral sites and FeII ions in the dodecahedral sites.
5.2 Draw the splitting diagram for the [CrIIIO6]oct d-orbitals and fill it with electrons.

Splitting diagram – configuration d3:

3 points in total
correct orbital splitting 1 point, correct number of electrons 1 point, correct configuration according

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to Hund’s rule 1 point, −1 point if only a line not indicating the electron spin is used (deducted only
once per Problem); orbital marking is not evaluated

5.3 Identify the 1st transition row element(s) whose trivalent cation(s) MIII placed in an octahedral
position is/are diamagnetic in the low-spin arrangement and paramagnetic in the high-spin
arrangement.

Co
1 point
correct answer 1 point, incorrect answer −1 point, minimum 0 points (the score may not be
negative)

5.4 The figure below shows d-orbitals splitting in the dodecahedral crystal field. Fill in the electrons
for the [FeIIO8]dod chromophore for both existing arrangements.

a) high-spin arrangement b) low-spin arrangement

5 points in total
correct number of electrons 1 point, correct high-spin configuration 2 points, correct low-spin
configuration 2 points (any other configuration 0 points: high spin and low spin configurations differ
in total spin. Any other configurations do not fulfil this condition.)
If incorrect number of electrons is considered, then the correctness of such a configuration is taken
into account.

5.5 Derive the inequalities (e.g. P < E1 + E2 + E3) for the pairing energy (P) magnitude in relation
to energies E1, E2 and E3 for both arrangements.

a) high-spin arrangement: P > E1 − E3

b) low-spin arrangement: P < E1 − E3
3 points in total
correct BOTH inequality signs 1 point (half-points are not allowed), correct right-side terms
(according to the answer in 5.4) 1 + 1 points

5.6 Assuming that P > E3, identify the 1st transition row element(s) whose divalent cation MII placed
in dodecahedral position is diamagnetic in the low-spin arrangement and paramagnetic in the
high-spin arrangement.

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Cr, Ni
2 points
each correct metal 1 point, each incorrect metal −1 point, minimum 0 points (the score may not be
negative)

The figures below show simplified absorption spectra of four coloured minerals – blood-coloured
Bohemian garnet, green uvarovite, blue sapphire and yellow-orange citrine.

Absorbance
Absorbance

A B

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 λ (nm) 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 λ (nm)
Absorbance

Absorbance

C D

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 λ (nm) 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 λ (nm)

5.7 Match the spectra with the minerals.

Bohemian garnet: B Sapphire: D

Uvarovite: C Citrine: A
4 points in total, each correct assignment 1 point

5.8 If illuminated with monochromatic blue-green light, how will the Bohemian garnet look?

 Red  Blue  Yellow-orange  Black

 Yellow  Blue-green  Violet  White
1 point

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Andradite is another garnet mineral; its chemical composition is Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3. A double cation
substitution – TiIV for FeIII in the octahedral position and FeIII for SiIV in the tetrahedral position – gives
rise to black schorlomite. Its chemical composition can be expressed as
tet
Ca3[Fe,Ti]oct
2 ([Si,Fe] O4)3.

5.9 Calculate the percentage of SiIV ions in a sample of schorlomite that must be substituted with
FeIII, if we know that 5% of FeIII ions in octahedral position are substituted with TiIV.

Both substitutions change the charge by 1 unit per ion. Taking total number of ions in formula
into consideration we get:
5%  2 = p  3
p = 3.33 %
2 points
correct starting consideration in the form of an equation 1 point, correct numerical calculation 1
point

The colour of the mineral is caused by two chromophores: [FeIIIO6]oct and [FeIIIO4]tet. The central ions
of both chromophores have equal number of unpaired electrons.
5.10 Draw the d-orbitals splitting diagrams for both chromophores and fill in the electrons.

[FeIIIO6]oct: [FeIIIO4]tet:

5 points in total
correct octahedral splitting 1 point, correct tetrahedral splitting 1 point, correct number of electrons
1 point, correct high-spin configurations 1 + 1 points; orbital marking is not evaluated.

4
Tetrahedral field causes a smaller splitting than the octahedral field (∆tet = 9
∆oct). Surprisingly for
III
the Fe ion, the energy of the first d–d transition (although very weak) for the octahedral
chromophore is smaller (11 000 cm−1) than for the tetrahedral one (22 000 cm−1).
5.11 Calculate the size of pairing energy (P) and the sizes of Δoct and Δtet splitting. Assume that the
pairing energy is equal in both chromophores.

Because Δoct < P (high-spin configuration in tetrahedral as well as in octahedral field), the
wavenumber corresponds to electron transition from the upper to the lower level in both
cases and thus:
11 000 cm−1 = P − Δoct

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4
22 000 cm−1 = P − Δtet = P − 9 Δoct

By solving the system of these equations we get:

P = 30 800 cm−1
Δoct = 19 800 cm−1
Δtet = 8 800 cm−1

Alternative solution comes from the assumption (independent of the result of 5.10) of the
low-spin arrangement in octahedral field and high-spin arrangement in tetrahedral field:
11 000 cm –1 = Δoct – P
4
22 000 cm−1 = P − Δtet = P − 9 Δoct

By solving the system of these equations we get:

P = 48 400 cm−1
Δoct = 59 400 cm−1
Δtet = 26 400 cm−1

7 points in total
formulation of equations 2 + 2 points, correct energy values (i.e. correct numerical calculation
starting from correct assumption) 1 + 1 + 1 points

Synthetic garnet YAG (Yttrium Aluminium Garnet), used in optoelectronics, has the composition
of Y3Al5O12. Its structure is derived from the general garnet structure A3B2(SiO4)3 by placing the ions
YIII and AlIII to the A, B and Si positions.
5.12 Based on your knowledge of the relative ion radii, determine which cation occupies which
position.

A: YIII B: AllII Si: AlIII

3 points in total, each correct assignment 1 point

5.13 For the use in LED technology, YAG is doped with CeIII. Determine the values of x and y in the
formula of YAG in which 5% of yttrium atoms are substituted with cerium.

YxCeyAl5O12 x = 2.85 y = 0.15

2 points in total, each value 1 point

If you don’t get result, use x = 2.25 and y = 0.75.

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5.14 The CeIII-doped YAG is prepared by annealing the mixture of Y2O3, Al2O3 and CeO2 in H2
atmosphere. Use the formula from 5.13, write down a balanced equation for this reaction with
the smallest whole-number stoichiometric coefficients.

57 Y2O3 + 6 CeO2 + 100 Al2O3 + 3 H2  40 Y2.85Ce0.15Al5O12 + 3 H2O

(or 2 Y57Ce3Al100O240 + 3 H2O)
for x = 2.25 and y = 0.75:
9 Y2O3 + 6 CeO2 + 20 Al2O3 + 3 H2  8 Y2.25Ce0.75Al5O12 + 3 H2O
(or 2 Y9Ce3Al20O48 + 3 H2O)

complete set of correct coefficients 6 points

−1 point if correct stoichiometric coefficients are only on one side of the equation
−1 point if stoichiometric coefficients are correct and whole-number but not the smallest
−2 points if stoichiometric coefficients are correct but not whole-numbers
if hydrogen+water are omitted from the equation or when redox change was incorrect, then penalty
−3 point is applied
if incorrect formula in 5.13 is given, the answer is judged with respect to the incorrect formula

Doping the YAG structure with rare-earths ions enables the production of lasers with emission
wavelengths ranging from the UV to the mid-IR region. In the scheme below, simplified f–f energy
transitions of selected rare-earths ions are shown.

5.15 Which cation has a transition which corresponds to blue light emission.

 Er3+  Sm3+  Tm3+  Pr3+

 Yb3+  Nd3+  Tb3+
1 point

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5.16 Calculate the emission wavelength of this light.

1
λ = 2 127 700 m = 4.70 × 10−7 m = 470 nm

1 point. The result of 5.16 is evaluated with respect to the answer in 5.15

5.17 According to a legend, Noah used a stick with a garnet stone for illumination during his voyage.
Assuming only the photoluminescence effect, determine the colour of the laser light emitted
from his stick if the stone were the blood-coloured Bohemian garnet.

 Red  Blue  Yellow-orange  Black

 Yellow  Blue-green  Violet  White
1 point

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Theoretical Question 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Total
Problem 6 Points 18 4 8 3 4 12 16 3 68
7% of the total Score

Problem 6. Let’s go mushrooming

Mushrooming belongs to Czech and Slovak traditional pastimes. While some of our mushroom
species are edible, some are inedible or even poisonous.
Inky cap (Coprinopsis atramentaria) is considered edible and delicious. It contains a natural
compound called coprine (E), which can be easily synthesized from ethyl 3-chloropropanoate (1).

6.1 Draw the formulae of compounds A–E including stereochemistry when necessary. Hint: The first
reaction affording compound A proceeds via an organometallic compound which then cyclizes.

A B C

4 points 2 points for TMS deprotection 4 points for ethoxy group

substitution by amino group

D E

4 points for amide formation 4 points for Boc and tBu deprotection (zwitterionic
2 points for the corresponding ester formation form is also accepted with no penalty)
−2 points for wrong or undefined stereo-chemistry −2 points for wrong or undefined stereo-chemistry
(2 rules may apply at once)

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No points will be given for structure A if it is acyclic.

For wrong isomeric structures of compounds A–E, 0–2 points will be given depending on the rationality of the
answer.
No points will be given for structures A–C or E if they do not match the given molecular formulae, except for
minor mistakes (see below).
−1 point for each atom with abnormal valence or for incorrect number of hydrogens on heteroatoms.

In the human body, coprine undergoes hydrolysis to L-glutamic acid (3) and compounds C and 4,
which are responsible for the coprine adverse side-effects. They inhibit the enzyme acetaldehyde
dehydrogenase, which is involved in the metabolism of alcohol. When the enzyme is
inhibited, acetaldehyde formed by alcohol dehydrogenase accumulates in the body, causing strong
symptoms of hangover (so called antabuse effect). The active site of the enzyme contains a cysteine
SH group, which is blocked either by compound C or 4.

Enzyme = acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

6.2 Using the pictogram for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase above, draw the structure F of the
enzyme inhibited by compound 4.

4 points; 0 points for structures like

No penalty if two molecules of the enzyme are blocked by one molecule of 4.

The antabuse effect got its name after antabuse (5), the most known drug used in
alcohol-addiction treatment. This drug can be synthesized according to the following scheme.

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6.3 Draw the formulae of compounds G and H. Hint: Compound H contains five carbon atoms.

G H

4 points
No penalty for other meaningful reagents, such as
halodithioformic acid, its ester or salt.
4 points
0 points for xanthates. 3 points for the above-pictured salt if the cation is
wrong or missing
2 points for the corresponding acid

6.4 Mark all possible reagents which could be used for I from the following list.
☒ m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) ☒ diluted H2O2

☐ Zn/CH3COOH ☐ NaBH4

☒ I2 ☐ hot concentrated H2SO4

☐ K2CO3, H2O ☐ AlCl3

1 point for each correct answer (3 points in total).

−1 point for each incorrect answer. The total score in task 6.4 may not be negative.

The way antabuse inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is similar to the effect of compounds
C and 4.

Enzyme = acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

6.5 Using the pictogram for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase above, draw the structure J of the
enzyme inhibited by antabuse (5). Hint: Three sulfur atoms should be in the structure.

4 points (the only acceptable answer)

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False morel (Gyromitra esculenta) is another interesting mushroom. Although it was considered
edible in the past (esculentus means edible in Latin), there is clear evidence that this mushroom is
poisonous due to the content of gyromitrin (M). This natural compound can be prepared from
N-methylhydrazine (6):

6.6 Draw the formulae of compounds K–M.

L M
K

4 points for the correct structure 4 points for the correct structure
4 points −1 point if acetylated (cis or trans isomer)
4 points for formic anhydride −1 point for multiple acylation −1 point for aminal (exception
2 points for formyl chloride −2 points if acylated on the down below)
other nitrogen atom −3 points if the reaction with
acetaldehyde was carried out
on the amidic nitrogen atom

−1 point for each atom with abnormal valence or for each missing hydrogen atom.
If L is acylated with wrong regioselectivity, then in M aminals, enamines, and iminium salts are accepted with
no penalty.

In human body, gyromitrin (M) hydrolyzes and provides N-methylhydrazine (6), which is strongly
hepatotoxic. Gyromitrin (M) hydrolysis occurs as soon as it enters the acidic environment in human
stomach where both its amide and imine groups are hydrolyzed.
Let us focus on the hydrolysis of the amide moiety within the gyromitrin molecule. The vibrational
wavenumber of the stretching mode of the relevant C−N bond amounts to 1 293.0 cm−1 and the
potential energy surface does not significantly alter its shape with isotope substitution effect.

6.7 Calculate the highest possible hypothetical kinetic isotope effect at the temperature of human
body, 37 °C, for the given hydrolysis reaction assuming that both relevant nitrogen and carbon
atoms were simultaneously substituted, 14N with the 15N isotope and 12C with the 13C isotope.
Consider that only the zero point vibrational energy affects the rate constants. Assume that the
molar masses of all isotopes are integers. In all steps consider five significant digits.

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C−N bond reduced mass:

14
N 14.000 g mol–1 × 12.000 g mol–1
μ12 = –1 23 –1
= 1.0730 × 10–26 kg
C (14.000 + 12.000) g mol × 6.0221 × 10 mol
14
N
Alternatively, (μ 12 )’ = 6.4615 g mol–1
C
15
N 15.000 g mol–1 × 13.000 g mol–1
μ 13 = –1 23 –1
= 1.1565 × 10–26 kg
C (15.000 + 13.000) g mol × 6.0221 × 10 mol
15
N
Alternatively, (μ13 )' = 6.9643 g mol–1
C
14 2 14
N N
C−N bond force constant: k = (2π c ν̃ 12C ) × μ12 = 636.48 kg s–2
C

C−N substituted bond wavenumber:

15
N 1 k
ν̃ 13C = √ = 1 245.5 cm–1
2πc 15
N
μ13
C

Hypothetical kinetic isotope effect:

14
N
k 12C hc 14 15
N N
= exp ( (ν̃ 12 − ν̃ 13 )) = 1.1166
15
N 2kB T C C
k 13C

16 points in total
2 points for the correct formula for the reduced mass, 1 point for each numerical value of the reduced
mass (4 points in total), full marks will be scored if the reduced mass is given in units such as kg, g,
amu, kg mol−1 or g mol−1
2 points for the correct formula for the C–N force constant, 2 points for its numerical value
2 points for the correct formula for the wavenumber, 2 points for its numerical value
2 points for the correct formula for the KIE, 2 points for its numerical value

Alternative to force constant and wavenumber one can derive formula for KIE as follows

14
N
15 14 μ12
N N C
ν̃ 13C = ν̃ 12C √ 15
= 1 245.5 cm–1
N
μ13
C
14
N
hcν̃ 12C
E 14N = = 1.2851 × 10–20 J
ν̃ 12 2
C

15
N
hcν̃ 13
C
E 15N = = 1.2379 × 10–20 J
ν̃ 13 2
C

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14
N E 14
N
−E 15
N
k 12C ν̃ 12 ν̃ 13
C C
= exp ( ) = 1.1166
15
N kB T
k 13C

2 points for the correct formula for the wavenumber, 2 points for its numerical value
2 points for the correct formula for the ZPVE, 1 point for each numerical value
2 points for the correct formula for the KIE, 2 points for its numerical value

Some of the steps in the derivation may be taken implicitly or simultaneously. As long as they are
correct, full marks will be scored for each of the partial steps. If the correct KIE (a dimensionless
quantity) is provided, full marks will be scored for the whole 6.7 problem. If the calculation of the KIE
is not completed or its wrong value is given, 0 points will be scored for any of the numerical results of
the partial steps if these are given with wrong units or no units at all.

6.8 After making these isotopic changes, the rates of hydrolysis are not significantly different.
Which of the following is the most likely the rate determining step?
☒ Nucleophilic attack of water on a protonated amidic moiety

☐ C−N bond cleavage

☐ Protonation of the gyromitrin molecule

3 points for the correct answer.
−3 points for each incorrect answer. The total score in task 6.8 may not be negative.

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Theoretical Question 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Total

Problem 7 Points 10 6 15 9 11 6 57
7% of the total Score

Problem 7. Cidofovir
Cidofovir (1), originally designed and prepared by the group of Professor Holy in former
Czechoslovakia, is a nucleotide analogue with antiviral activity. It is used to treat viral infections,
mostly in patients with AIDS.

The key intermediate in the synthesis of cidofovir is optically pure diol 2, which can be prepared from
L-mannitol (3).

The total for each structure/sub-problem may not be negative.

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7.1 Draw the structures of compounds A–D, including stereochemistry. One molecule of A
produces two molecules of B.

A C12H22O6 B

3 points for the correct structure

3 points if any wrongly assigned compound A is
cleaved between two adjacent free OH groups
3 points for the correct structure 2 points if stereochemistry is wrong or missing
2 points if the molecular formula is correct but 1 point if compound A is cleaved properly but
different OH groups are protected the oxidation state of C1 is wrong
2 points if the correct OH groups are protected 1 point if A is not determined and B contains
but the stereochemistry is wrong or missing one CHO group
1 point if different adjacent OH groups are 1 point if B contains one CHO group, but the
protected and the stereochemistry is wrong protecting groups are cleaved
0 points if the molecular formula is not correct -1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing

C D

2 points for alcohol protection (“Bn” also

accepted)
If C is not correct:
2 points for aldehyde reduction to alcohol 2 points if all primary OH groups are benzyl-
(ONa scores full marks) protected
1 point if B is not determined and C contains a 1 point if D contains a benzyloxy- group (and not
primary OH group all primary OH groups are benzyl-protected)
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing -1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing

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7.2 Draw the structural formulae of all alternative stereoisomers of compound 3 which could be
used in the same reaction sequence to afford only the same product 2.

3 points for each correct compound (maximum 6 points)

−2 point for each incorrect compound
−2 point for a compound which is drawn twice (i.e. 1 point for a pair of compounds which are identical)

Diol 2 is further modified to provide compound I. The synthesis of phosphonate 4 used to convert
compound F to G will be discussed later.

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7.3 Draw the structures of compounds E–I, including stereochemistry. Use the abbreviation MMT
for the (4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl group.

The same scheme as on the previous page, for E C30H30O4

easier orientation

3 points for the correct structure

1 point if the secondary OH group is protected
and the configuration on C2 is correct
0 points if the secondary OH group is protected
and the configuration on C2 is incorrect
0 points if the molecular formula is not correct
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing

F G

3 points for the correct structure)

2 points if written without the Na+ counter ion
3 points for the correct structure
1 point if the alkoxide on C2 is formed, but the
1 point if the substitution was performed on
configuration is inverted
phosphorus and the configuration on C2 is
1 point if the alkoxide on C2 is formed and any
correct
of the protecting groups is cleaved
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing

H I C16H27O8PS

3 points for MMT cleavage 3 points for the mesylate formation (“Ms” also
1 point if either benzyl or both the protecting accepted)
groups are cleaved and the phosphonate is 1 point if the molecular formula is correct, but I
retained with the correct configuration contains a mesylate group
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing 0 points if molecular formula is not correct
-1 point if stereochemistry is wrong or missing

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Phosphonate 4 can be prepared according to the following scheme:

7.4 Draw the structures of compounds J–L.

J K

3 points for any phosphite or dialkyl

phosphonate salt Transesterification in the
subsequent step would provide the required
diethyl phosphonate.
3 points for the correct structure
1 point if all R = aryl in P(OR)3

3 points for the correct structure

The reaction of I (from question 7.3) with cytosine (5) leads to a 3:1 mixture of isomeric compounds
M and N. The formation of these two products may be understood by realizing that cytosine (5) can
also exist as an aromatic tautomer P. The reaction of M with cyclohexa-1,4-diene and palladium
hydroxide on carbon leads to compound O. The phosphonic ester moiety in compound O reacts with
bromotrimethylsilane to provide cidofovir (1).

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7.5 Draw the structures of the two isomers M, N, and of compound O, including stereochemistry
and the structure of the aromatic tautomer P of cytosine (5). Transformation of M to O is the
removal of a protecting group.

M (75%) N (25%)

3 points for the correct structure

2 points if cytosine is linked via the amino group
3 points for the correct structure -1 point if the stereochemistry is wrong or missing
-1 point if the stereochemistry is wrong or missing 3 points in total if M and N are interchanged

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O P

3 points for the benzyl cleavage 2 points for the correct aromatic structure
-1 point if the stereochemistry is wrong or missing

7.6 Draw the structures of the two simple organic side products Q and R formed during the
conversion of M to O.

Q from cyclohexadiene R from the protecting group

3 points for the correct structure 3 points for the correct structure

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Theoretical Question 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Total
Problem 8 Points 14 14 2 16 6 8 9 6 75
9% of the total Score

Problem 8. Caryophyllene
-Caryophyllene (3) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene present in clove tree and in some
traditional Czech and Slovak plants, such as the hop plant or small-leaved linden.
The synthesis of -caryophyllene starts from a single enantiomer of dienone A. The reaction of A
with silyl ketene acetal 1, followed by immediate reduction and aqueous work-up affords ketone 2.
This intermediate then undergoes reaction with tosyl chloride, providing B. Basic cyclization of this
compound affords C. Finally, the reaction of C with ylide D provides -caryophyllene.

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8.1 Draw the structures of compounds A–D, including the appropriate stereochemistry. Hint: In
transformation A → 2, the silyl ketene acetal acts as a nucleophile.

A C10H14O B

4 points
2 points if configuration on C2-C3 double bond 4 points
is (E) 2 points if stereo configuration is incorrect
1 point for the β,γ-unsaturated isomer of A or unclear

C D

4 points
2 points if stereo configuration is incorrect 2 points
or unclear

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Due to the large ring size, both compounds 2 and 3 are stable, even though they contain a double
bond in the trans configuration. trans-Cyclooctene (4) is the smallest ring that can accommodate
a trans double bond. It can be prepared according to the following scheme:

8.2 Draw the structures of reagent E and intermediates F and G, including the appropriate
stereochemistry. For F and G, tick the box indicating the stereochemical outcome.
E F

4 points for the structure (O-Li+ and OH are

also accepted)
3 points when Li cation is missing from OLi
2 points if stereochemistry is incorrect
or unclear

2 points for ticking the right box (these points

2 points are additive to the points for the structure)
Other common epoxidation agents are also ☐ achiral
accepted.
☐ single enantiomer
1 point if a two-step epoxidation is given
0 points for H2O2 (with no acid indicated) ☒ racemic mixture
☐ mixture of diastereoisomers

4 points for the structure

4 points for the oxidized product with acetylated -OH
3 points if charges and/or multiple bonds
on phosphine oxide are incorrect or missing
2 points if stereochemistry is incorrect or unclear
1 point for oxidizing the alcohol to a ketone
instead of or in addition to the phosphine
0 points for only acetylating -OH
2 points for ticking the right box (these points are
additive to the points for the structure)
☐ achiral
☐ single enantiomer
☒ racemic mixture
☐ mixture of diastereoisomers

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8.3 Draw the structure of the enantiomer of cycloalkene 4.

2 points (other correct drawings are also accepted)

The two double bonds in -caryophyllene display different reactivity: the double bond in the ring
(endocyclic) is more reactive than the other one (exocyclic) due to the ring strain.

8.4 Draw the structures of compounds Ha + Hb, I and Ja + Jb, including the appropriate
stereochemistry. Hint: Ha + Hb and Ja + Jb are pairs of diastereomers.

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Ha + Hb

6 points if both diastereomers are given

4 points if both diastereomers are given but stereochemistry of one of the two newly formed
stereocenters is missing, unclear or incorrect
4 points if only one diastereomer is given (the second is missing) but stereochemistry is correct
3 points if one diastereomer is drawn correctly and the second structure is incorrect
2 points if both diastereomers are given but stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
2 points if both diastereomers are given but incorrect double bond or both double bonds are syn-
epoxidized
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and incorrect double bond or both double bonds are syn-
epoxidized
the above partial credit points are not additive

4 points
2 points if primary or secondary ozonide is drawn
1 point if the correct ozonolysis product of the exocyclic bond or of both bonds is given

Ja + Jb

6 points if both diastereomers are given

4 points if both diastereomers are given but stereochemistry of one of the two newly formed
stereocenters is missing, unclear or incorrect
4 points if only one diastereomer is given (the second is missing) but stereochemistry is correct
3 points if one diastereomer is drawn correctly and the second structure is incorrect
2 points if both diastereomers are given but stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
2 points if both diastereomers are given but regioselectivity is incorrect
2 points if both diastereomers are given but correct hydration of the wrong double bond or of both
double bonds is given
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and regioselectivity is incorrect
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and incorrect double bond or both double bonds are
correctly syn-hydrated
the above partial credit points are not additive

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Interestingly, the reactivity of the double bonds is reversed when isocaryophyllene (5) is used instead
of -caryophyllene (3).

8.5 Draw the structures of compounds Ka and Kb. Hint: Ka + Kb are a pair of diastereomers.

Ka + Kb

6 points if both diastereomers are given

4 points if only one diastereomer is given (the second is missing) but stereochemistry is correct
3 points if one diastereomer is drawn correctly and the second structure is incorrect
2 points if both diastereomers are given but stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
2 points if both diastereomers are given but regioselectivity is incorrect
2 points if both diastereomers are given but correct hydration of the wrong double bond or of both
double bonds is given
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and stereochemistry is incorrect or missing
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and regioselectivity is incorrect
1 point if only one diastereomer is given and incorrect double bond or both double bonds are
correctly syn-hydrated
the above partial credit points are not additive

Isotope-labelled compounds are invaluable tools for reaction mechanism investigation, structure
determination, and mass or NMR spectroscopy studies. Let us have a look at the synthesis of some
labelled analogues of -caryophyllene.

8.6 Draw the structures of compounds L and M, including the appropriate stereochemistry.

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L M C14H20D2O

4 points 4 points

2 points for the structure below

-Caryophyllene (3) undergoes acid-catalyzed cyclization, which leads to a complex mixture

of products. Among them, the pair of diastereomers Na + Nb and the pair of diastereomers 7a + 7b
are the most abundant. The reaction starts with protonation of the more reactive internal double bond
affording cation O. This cyclizes without the cleavage of a carbon-carbon single bond to yield
diastereomeric tricyclic cations Pa and Pb, which undergo hydration to give the target alcohols Na
and Nb. Alternatively, the cations Pa and Pb rearrange with the cleavage of a carbon-carbon single
bond to cations Qa and Qb, which deprotonate to compounds 7a and 7b.

8.7 Draw the structures, including the appropriate stereochemistry, of the three intermediates O,
Pa, Qa leading to the diastereomer 7a, including the appropriate stereochemistry.

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Pa
O

3 points for the correct structure

2 points for the carbocation with incorrect
3 points for the correct structure regioselective ring closure
2 points if stereochemistry is missing or 1 point if stereochemistry is missing or
incomplete incomplete
1 point if the wrong double bond is protonated 2 points for structure Pb
with correct regioselectivity
0 points if either double bond is protonated with
incorrect regioselectivity

Qa

3 points for the correct structure

2 points for the carbocation with incorrect
regioselective rearrangement
1 point if stereochemistry is missing or
incomplete
2 points for structure Qb
2 points for incorrect cation Qa'

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8.8 Draw the structures of diastereomers Na + Nb.

Na + Nb C15H26O

6 points if both diastereomers are given

4 points if only one diastereomer is given
4 points if both diastereomers are given which are tricyclic compounds resulting from
a regioisomeric attack on the correct carbocation (see example below)
2 points if both diastereomers are given which are tricyclic compounds resulting from an attack
on incorrect carbocation (see example below)
2 points if only one diastereomer is given which is a tricyclic compound resulting from
a regioisomeric attack on the correct carbocation (see example below)
1 point if only one diastereomer is given which is a tricyclic compound resulting from an attack
on an incorrect carbocation (see example below)

• incorrect regioisomeric attack on the correct carbocation intermediate

• attack on the incorrect carbocation intermediate

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