Lesson 3 – Concrete Research

1. Background Narrative
Working in groups, students will research concrete topics on the internet, and then share the
information they have gathered on their group’s concrete topic with the entire class. By the end of the
lesson students should have a solid grasp of the information covered in each concrete research topic.
This will give students a basic understanding about some of the physical properties and how concrete is
made and tested,
Note: If you need to make some groups larger than others, make groups 1 and 2 larger, there is more
information in their topics.

This information sharing can be done quickly by having students just report their answers while other
students fill in their worksheets. If an assessment is desired, groups could prepare overhead
transparencies or PowerPoint slides of the answers to their sections and present to the class. If this is
done, students should get a copy of the grading rubric that will be used so they know what is required.

2. Performance Objectives
• Students will be able to determine what information is relevant and necessary to understand in
order to solve our problem.
• Students will be able to apply the new knowledge to the process and problem.

3. Standards:
• NYS Integrated 2.1, 2.2, 5.3, 5.5
• US Science: 2.3
• US Technology: 1.3, 3.2, 4.1, 5.4

4. Resources
• Key Concept Worksheet
• Student Research Worksheets, along with the answer key
• Computers and Internet access
• Blank overhead transparencies or PowerPoint access

5. Vocabulary:
hydration Compression strength
curing Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI)
Concrete – A heterogeneous mixture of cement, water, and aggregate.
Cement – The “glue” that holds the concrete together.
Fine Aggregate - Generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles ranging in size
from 0.025 to 6.5 mm.
Course Aggregate - Any particles greater than 4.75 mm, but generally range between from 6.5 to 38 mm
in diameter.
6. Instruction Plan
Introduction: (5 minutes)
Since maximizing discussion time is important for this lesson the introduction should be kept short.
Simply recap what you told the students last lesson about what they are to do today. Explain that we
will go through the work sheet in its entirety and the group that researched a given topic will be
responsible for explaining the answers to those questions to the class (either just saying the answers or
– preferably – standing in front and presenting the answers on an overhead), while the rest of the class
writes down the answers on their own work sheet packets. Also explain that students will be given a
grade based on student participation in class discussion, and correctness and completeness of group
answers. (provide rubric if used) Remind students that they will be tested on this material at the end
of the unit, so they need to record the answers!

Computer time: (15-20 minutes)

Allow the students approximately 15 minutes on the computers to finish up any loose ends, and to give
those students who could not obtain Internet access outside of the classroom a chance to participate.
Students who finished the questions in their section are encouraged to “surf the web” to find
information on other sites.

Discussion: (10 - 15 minutes)

Following this work period, instructors should facilitate discussion by reviewing the questions on the
research worksheet and writing the correct answers on the blackboard or overhead. Having students
write their answers on the overhead, or letting each group make a short presentation with their
information takes longer, but is a good way to keep them engaged. Throughout discussion, keep
students focused on relevant material. As each question is addressed, ask a different member of the
designated group to provide an answer to assure all members have equally participated and are familiar
with the content. If there are more students than questions in a group, ask for alternate responses and
compromise on the answer.

Hand out key concept worksheet. If time permits go over the key concepts worksheet with the students
and ask if there are any questions about it. Tell students to save these! Inform them that there will be a
test at the end of this unit over this material!

Closure:
Review what the students learned through questioning. Focus on what they now know about the
ingredients in concrete (cement, water, sand and gravel – cement and water critical for making
“concrete,” sand and gravel really just fillers to reduce the cost - cheaper than cement). They’ve used
the web as an information resource . Was it effective? Was it efficient (quick)?
Tomorrow we will learn more about aggregates and how we can use waste materials as aggregates.

Concrete Research
Key Concepts
 Name _____________________________ Date ______________________
Clarkson Partnership

Key Concepts:

• The ratio of water to cement in most concrete mixtures is about 0.5:1 by weight. For
example, if you used 2 pounds of cement in your concrete you would need to add 1
pound of water to your mixture.

• In most concrete mixtures sand is used as a fine aggregate and pea stone is used as a
course aggregate.

• During the curing process concrete gains most of its strength. Concrete hardens due to
hydration. Hydration only occurs if there is enough water to react with the cement. For
this reason concrete needs to be kept wet during curing, by frequent watering and
covering with wet cloth or plastic to hold in moisture.

• Concrete is usually tested after 7 or 28 days of curing. By the 28th day the concrete has
gained most of its strength. Concrete’s strength is most commonly tested by
compression, and measured in PSI.

Concrete Vocabulary:
• Concrete – A heterogeneous mixture of cement, water, and aggregate.

1. Cement – The “glue” that holds the concrete together.

2. Fine Aggregate - Generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most
particles ranging in size from 0.025 to 6.5 mm.
3. Course Aggregate - Any particles greater than 4.75 mm, but generally range
between from 6.5 to 38 mm in diameter.
4. Water – Reacts with the cement to start the hardening process of the mixture.

• Hydration – The hardening of concrete through a chemical reaction of cement with

water.

• Curing – The chemical process required for the hydration of cement. This process takes
a period of time, which is referred to as “curing”.

• Compressive strength - Is tested by pouring cylinders of fresh concrete and measuring

the force needed to break the concrete cylinders by applying compression at proscribed
intervals as they harden.

• Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) – The unit used to measure the compressive strength of
concrete.
 Concrete Web Research

Look through this website to help you answer the questions below:
{See the list of sites at the end of this document and give each group the relevant site.}
[We created a webpage that has all the web links to the concrete sites - to eliminate the need for
students needing to type the url addresses – saves lots of time!]
If your group finishes your section try the extra credit or find the answers to some of the other
questions. Also feel free to help other groups out that are having trouble finding answers to their
questions.
Group 1. Cement and Concrete

What is the difference between concrete and cement?

What is the name of the chemical reaction that takes place in concrete?

What are the two ingredients that take part in this reaction?

There is more than one type of cement, list the name and type of the most common form used for
general purposes.
Group 2. Concrete Mixture

What four ingredients do you mix together to make concrete?

Approximately what percentage of concrete’s volume is made up of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates,
and cement?

What is the best water-to-cement ratio to use to make strong concrete?

Explain the “Rule of 6’s” for mixing concrete:

Group 3. Aggregates

What are the approximate sizes of coarse and fine aggregates (in mm)?

Give an example of each type of aggregate:

What happens to concrete if the aggregates are not clean?

What percentage of the concrete’s volume is taken up by the aggregates?

Group 4: Curing

What is curing?

What temperature range is ideal for curing?

What chemical reaction happens during curing?

Will concrete cure underwater? Why or why not?

Group 5: Testing

What is 28-day strength?

How long does it take for concrete to reach its greatest strength?

What unit of measure is used to describe concrete’s strength?

What would be a good strength for concrete?

What test do we usually perform to test concrete’s strength?

Extra Credit

Search for “recycled waste materials in concrete.” Can you name 2 waste materials that people have
used to make concrete?

Describe 2 benefits of using waste materials instead of sand and gravel in concrete.
Concrete Web Research
List of Websites (2004):
http://www.cement.org/basics/
http://www.ecosmart.ca/facts/what.asp
http://www.wrmca.com/
http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsubsection1_1_3_1.html
http://va.essortment.com/mixingconcrete_rupc.htm
http://doityourself.com/concrete/cement_water_ratio.htm
http://www.clovisusd.k12.ca.us/rec/classofmatter.htm

For the instructor:

Note: before doing this activity, check the websites to see that they are still current!

Categories – Topics covered:

Cement- types (I-V), difference from concrete, reaction with water (hydration)
http://www.ecosmart.ca/facts/what.asp

Aggregate- Fine, course

http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_aggregate.asp

Curing- how, length of time, temperature, under water?

http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_curing.asp
http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_faqs.asp

Mix – What recipe, Method of 6, 1:3:4, homogeneous mixture

http://va.essortment.com/mixingconcrete_rupc.htm
http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_concretebasics.asp
http://www.cement.org/basics/
http://doityourself.com/concrete/cement_water_ratio.htm
http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsubsection1_1_3_1.html
http://www.clovisusd.k12.ca.us/rec/classofmatter.htm

Testing – Compression, Normal PSI strength

http://www.cement.org/basics/

Weathering- Hot & Cold, deicers, Air Entrained

http://www.wrmca.com/

Note: If you need to make some groups larger than others, make groups 1 and 2 larger, there is more
information in their topics.
Concrete Web Research KEY

Group 1. Cement and Concrete

What is the difference between concrete and cement?

“Cement is the glue that holds concrete together.” Although the terms cement and concrete often are
used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. Concrete is basically a mixture of
aggregates and paste. The aggregates are sand and gravel or crushed stone; the paste is water and
portland cement.

What is the name of the chemical reaction that takes place in concrete?

Hydration is the chemical reaction that occurs in concrete.

What are the two ingredients that take part in this reaction?
Cement
Water

There is more than one type of cement, list the name and type of the most common form used for
general purposes.

Type I is a general purpose portland cement suitable for most uses

Group 2. Concrete Mixture

What four ingredients do you mix together to make concrete?

Cement
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Water

Approximately what percentage of concrete’s volume is made up of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates,
and cement?
11% Cement
41% Coarse Aggregates
26% Fine Aggregates
What is the best water-to-cement ratio to use to make strong concrete?
About 0.5:1 by weight

Explain the “Rule of 6’s” for mixing concrete:

A minimum cement content of 6 bags per cubic yard of concrete,

A maximum water content of 6 gallons per bag of cement,
A curing period (keeping concrete moist) a minimum of 6 days, and
An air content of 6 percent (if concrete will be subject to freezing and thawing).

3. Aggregates
What are the approximate sizes of coarse and fine aggregates (in mm)?

Coarse (4.75 mm, but generally range between from 6.5 to 38 mm in diameter)
Fine (most particles ranging in size from 0.025 to 6.5 mm)

Give an example of each type of aggregate:

Coarse: Pea Stone, crushed rock, gravel

Fine: Sand

What happens to concrete if the aggregates are not clean?

For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals
or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.

What percentage of the concrete’s volume is taken up by the aggregates?

Aggregates account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete.

4: Curing
What is curing?
Curing is the period of time that the concrete is left to harden.

What temperature range is ideal for curing?

After concrete is placed, a satisfactory moisture content and temperature (between 50°F and 75°F) must
be maintained.

What chemical reaction happens during curing?

Hydration is the chemical reaction that occurs during curing.

Will concrete cure underwater? Why or why not?

Yes, concrete will cure underwater. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement which means that it sets and
hardens due to a chemical reaction with water. Consequently, it will harden under water.

5: Testing
What is 28-day strength?
The time period of 28 days was selected by specification writing authorities as the age that all concrete
should be tested. At this age, a substantial percentage of the hydration has taken place.

What unit of measure is used to describe concrete’s strength?

Concrete’s strength is measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).

How long does it take for concrete to reach its greatest strength?
Concrete will reach its ultimate strength after several years.

What would be a good strength for concrete?

3,000 – 4,000 PSI is a good strength for concrete.

What test do we usually perform to test concrete’s strength?

Compressive tests are typically preformed to test concrete’s strength.

Grading Rubric: Internet Research Activity and Presentation
Outcome Distinguished Proficient Apprentice Novice
Category 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point
Thoroughly and clearly States most of the main States few main points and
Adequately states the main
states the main points and points and details that focus details that focus on the
points and details that are
Content precise details that are on the internet research internet research activity, or
accurately focused on the
accurately focused on the activity. May include some information does not relate
internet research activity.
internet research activity. unnecessary information. to topic.
Minimal or no logical
Adequate evidence of a Fair evidence of a logical
Clearly organized into a flowchart usage. No logical
logical sequence of sequence of information.
logical sequence. Excellent organization; some
Organization information. Good use of a Some use of a flowchart.
use of a flowchart. Excellent digressions. Unclear,
flowchart. Satisfactory Weak introduction and
introduction and conclusion. confusing, no introduction
introduction and conclusion. Conclusion.
or conclusion.
Effectively and creatively
Adequately delivers the Delivers the information but
delivers the information Little or no attempt is made
information while staying on does not stay on topic. Little
while staying on topic and to stay on the topic. Does
Delivery topic and considering the consideration of the
considering the audience. not consider audience.
audience. Speaks clearly and audience. Uses incomplete
Uses voices and variations; Difficult to understand.
confidently. sentences.
interesting and vivid to hear.

Presentation shows detailed Presentation shows Presentation shows some Presentation is lacking in
Preparation preparation and practice in satisfactory preparation as preparation as well as some preparation and in practice
delivery. well as practice in delivery. practice in delivery. of the delivery.

Answers the questions

somewhat. Most
Written Answers the questions Adequately answers the
information missing, and Does not answer the
Worksheet clearly and completely. questions. Some
little or no use of questions correctly.
Questions Provides all key information. information may be missing.
vocabulary, or improper
use.
Needs interpretation from
Neatness Clear, creative, and concise. Adequate. Not Legible.
student.