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Picoscope 6 Users Guide PDF

Uploaded by

M Fawaz Satriaji

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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PicoScope® 6

PC Oscilloscope Software

User's Guide

psw.en r49
PicoScope 6 User's Guide I

Table of Contents
1 Welcome ............................................................................................................................. 1
2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4
1 Legal statement ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Updates ................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Trademarks ............................................................................................................................................ 4
4 System requirements ............................................................................................................................. 6
3 Using PicoScope for the first time .................................................................................... 7
4 PicoScope and oscilloscope primer ................................................................................. 8
1 Oscilloscope basics ............................................................................................................................... 8
2 PC Oscilloscope basics ......................................................................................................................... 9
3 PicoScope basics ................................................................................................................................. 10
1 Capture modes ......................................................................................................................... 11
4 PicoScope window ............................................................................................................................... 13
5 Scope view ............................................................................................................................................ 14
6 Overrange indicator .............................................................................................................................. 14
7 MSO view .............................................................................................................................................. 15
1 Digital view ............................................................................................................................... 16
2 Digital context menu ................................................................................................................ 16
8 XY view ................................................................................................................................................. 17
9 Trigger marker ...................................................................................................................................... 18
10 Time-delay arrow ............................................................................................................................... 18
11 Spectrum view .................................................................................................................................... 19
12 Persistence mode .............................................................................................................................. 20
13 Measurements table .......................................................................................................................... 21
14 DeepMeasure™ ................................................................................................................................... 22
15 Pointer tool tip .................................................................................................................................... 23
16 Signal rulers ........................................................................................................................................ 23
17 Time and frequency rulers ................................................................................................................. 24
18 Phase (rotation) rulers ....................................................................................................................... 25
19 Ruler settings ..................................................................................................................................... 27
20 Ruler legend ........................................................................................................................................ 28
21 Frequency legend ............................................................................................................................... 28
22 Properties sheet ................................................................................................................................. 29
23 Custom probes ................................................................................................................................... 30
24 Math channels .................................................................................................................................... 31
25 Reference waveforms ........................................................................................................................ 32
26 Serial decoding ................................................................................................................................... 33
27 Mask limit testing .............................................................................................................................. 34
28 Alarms ................................................................................................................................................ 35
29 Buffer Overview .................................................................................................................................. 35

5 Menus ................................................................................................................................ 37
1 File menu .............................................................................................................................................. 37
1 Connect Device dialog ............................................................................................................. 39
2 Open dialog .............................................................................................................................. 41
3 Save As... dialog ....................................................................................................................... 42
4 Start-up Settings menu ............................................................................................................ 47
5 Waveform Library Browser ...................................................................................................... 48
2 Edit menu .............................................................................................................................................. 49
1 Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 50
2 Details dialog ............................................................................................................................ 51
3 Views menu .......................................................................................................................................... 53
1 Custom grid layout dialog ....................................................................................................... 54
4 Measurements menu ........................................................................................................................... 55
1 Add/Edit Measurement dialog ................................................................................................ 56
2 DeepMeasure™ dialog ............................................................................................................. 59
5 Tools menu ........................................................................................................................................... 62
1 Custom Probes dialog ............................................................................................................. 64
2 Math Channels dialog .............................................................................................................. 79
3 Reference Waveforms dialog .................................................................................................. 91
4 Serial Decoding dialog ............................................................................................................. 93
5 Alarms dialog ........................................................................................................................... 98
6 Masks menu ........................................................................................................................... 100
7 Macro Recorder ..................................................................................................................... 103
8 Preferences dialog ................................................................................................................. 104
6 Automotive menu ............................................................................................................................... 119
7 Help menu .......................................................................................................................................... 120
1 Send Feedback dialog ........................................................................................................... 121
6 Toolbars and buttons ..................................................................................................... 122
1 Capture Setup toolbar ........................................................................................................................ 122
1 Spectrum Options dialog ....................................................................................................... 124
2 Persistence Options dialog ................................................................................................... 126
2 Buffer Navigation toolbar .................................................................................................................. 128
3 Zooming and Scrolling toolbar .......................................................................................................... 129
1 Zoom Overview window ........................................................................................................ 130
4 Channels toolbar (PicoScope devices) ............................................................................................. 131
1 Channel controls (PicoScope devices) ................................................................................. 131
2 Signal Generator button ........................................................................................................ 143
5 PicoLog 1000 Series Channels toolbar ............................................................................................ 151
1 PicoLog 1000 Series Digital Outputs dialog ......................................................................... 151
6 USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar ............................................................................................................ 152
1 USB DrDAQ Signal Generator dialog ..................................................................................... 153
2 USB DrDAQ RGB LED control ................................................................................................ 154

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide III

3 USB DrDAQ Digital Outputs dialog ........................................................................................ 155

7 Trigger toolbar .................................................................................................................................... 156
1 Stop and Go buttons .............................................................................................................. 156
2 Trigger controls ..................................................................................................................... 156
3 Measurements buttons ......................................................................................................... 166
4 Other buttons ......................................................................................................................... 166

7 How to... .......................................................................................................................... 167

1 How to change to a different device ................................................................................................. 167
2 How to use rulers to measure a signal ............................................................................................. 167
3 How to measure a time difference ................................................................................................... 169
4 How to move a view ........................................................................................................................... 170
5 How to scale and offset a signal ...................................................................................................... 172
6 How to set up the spectrum view ..................................................................................................... 175
7 How to find a glitch using persistence mode ................................................................................... 176
8 How to set up a mask limit test ........................................................................................................ 179
9 How to save on trigger ....................................................................................................................... 182
10 How to create a link file ................................................................................................................... 187
11 How to convert files in Windows File Explorer ............................................................................... 189

8 Reference ........................................................................................................................ 191

1 Command-line syntax ........................................................................................................................ 191
2 Flexible power .................................................................................................................................... 194
3 Hydraulic waveforms: Examples and analysis ................................................................................. 196
1 Hydraulic ram on a tractor's three-point hitch ...................................................................... 196
2 Hydraulic system on telehandler .......................................................................................... 197
3 Hydraulic clutch pack ............................................................................................................ 200
4 Measurement types ........................................................................................................................... 202
1 Scope measurements ........................................................................................................... 202
2 Spectrum measurements ...................................................................................................... 203
5 Serial protocols .................................................................................................................................. 205
1 1-Wire protocol ....................................................................................................................... 206
2 ARINC 429 protocol ............................................................................................................... 206
3 CAN protocol .......................................................................................................................... 207
4 CAN FD protocol .................................................................................................................... 207
5 DCC protocol .......................................................................................................................... 208
6 DMX512 protocol ................................................................................................................... 208
7 Ethernet 10BASE-T protocol ................................................................................................. 209
8 Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX protocol ..................................................................................... 209
9 FlexRay protocol .................................................................................................................... 209
10 I²C protocol .......................................................................................................................... 210
11 I²S protocol .......................................................................................................................... 211
12 LIN protocol ......................................................................................................................... 211
13 Modbus ASCII protocol ....................................................................................................... 212
14 Modbus RTU protocol ......................................................................................................... 213

15 PS/2 protocol ....................................................................................................................... 214

16 SENT Fast protocol .............................................................................................................. 214
17 SENT Slow protocol ............................................................................................................. 215
18 SPI protocol ......................................................................................................................... 215
19 UART protocol ...................................................................................................................... 216
20 USB (1.0/1.1) protocol ........................................................................................................ 216
6 Signal generator waveform types ..................................................................................................... 217
7 Spectrum window functions .............................................................................................................. 218
8 Device feature table ........................................................................................................................... 219
9 Glossary .............................................................................................................................................. 220

Index ................................................................................................................................... 223

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 1

1 Welcome
Welcome to PicoScope 6, the PC Oscilloscope software from Pico Technology. This user's
guide is designed to help you use both versions of the software: PicoScope 6, for test and
measurement users and PicoScope 6 Automotive, for vehicle diagnostics users.

With a scope device from Pico Technology, PicoScope turns your PC into a powerful PC
oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer, with all the features and performance of a benchtop
oscilloscope at a fraction of the cost.

Benefits include fast capture rates, fast data processing, clear graphics and text, touchscreen support,
frequent free-of-charge updates and the ability to easily save, print and share your data.

PicoScope 6 supports the devices listed in the device feature table and runs on Windows operating systems,
with beta versions for macOS and Linux. See System requirements for further recommendations.

For help getting started, see Using PicoScope for the first time and the PicoScope and oscilloscope primer.
For more in-depth information, refer to the sections on Menus, Toolbars and buttons and Reference. Finally,
for step-by-step tutorials, see the How to... section.

Here are some of the key features of the software:

Scope, spectrum and XY views show your data in both time

and frequency domains at once.

View and analyze your data in the frequency domain with a

fully optimized spectrum analyzer.

Signal generator for oscilloscopes with a built-in arbitrary

waveform generator (AWG).

Advanced triggering includes options for pulse, window,

digital and logic triggers.

Real-time serial decoding supports up to 16 different

protocols, with color-coded packet fields.

Math channels let you display mathematical functions of

input channels.

Persistence mode superimposes new waveforms on old,

making glitches and dropouts stand out.

Add, remove and edit a range of automatic measurements

in both time and frequency domains.

Set up mask limit testing to see when a signal goes out of

bounds.

Identify waveform glitches and mask test failures by

searching with the buffer overview.

Use rapid trigger mode to capture a sequence of

waveforms with the minimum possible dead time.

The custom probes dialog makes it easy to use your own

probes and sensors with PicoScope.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 3

Apply lowpass filtering to individual channels.

Use reference waveforms to compare stored copies of

input channel waves with the live signal.

The properties sheet displays all your settings at a glance.

Set alarms to alert you when specified events occur.

Windows Explorer integration lets you convert .psdata files

to other formats.

You can also run PicoScope 6 in the command line.

2 Introduction
2.1 Legal statement
Grant of license. The material contained in this release is licensed, not sold. Pico Technology Limited ('Pico')
grants a license to the person who installs this software, subject to the conditions listed below.

Access. The licensee agrees to allow access to this software only to persons who have been informed of
and agree to abide by these conditions.

Usage. The software in this release is for use only with Pico products or with data collected using Pico
products.

Copyright. Pico claims the copyright of, and retains the rights to, all material (software, documents etc.)
contained in this release.

Liability. Pico and its agents shall not be liable for any loss or damage, howsoever caused, related to the use
of Pico Technology equipment or software, unless excluded by statute.

Fitness for purpose. No two applications are the same, so Pico cannot guarantee that its equipment or
software is suitable for a given application. It is therefore the user's responsibility to make sure the product
is suitable for the user's application.

Mission-critical applications. Because the software runs on a computer that may be running other software
products, and may be subject to interference from these other products, this license specifically excludes
usage in 'mission-critical' applications, for example life-support systems.

Viruses. This software was continuously monitored for viruses during production. However, the user is
responsible for virus checking the software once it is installed.

Support. No software is ever error-free, but if you are dissatisfied with the performance of this software,
please contact our technical support staff.

2.2 Updates
We provide software updates, free of charge, from our web site at www.picotech.com and through the
software itself. We reserve the right to charge for updates or replacements sent out on physical media.

2.3 Trademarks
Pico Technology, PicoScope, PicoLog, DrDAQ and ConnectDetect are internationally registered trademarks or
trademarks of Pico Technology Limited, registered in the United Kingdom and other countries.

PicoScope and Pico Technology are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

DeepMeasure is a trademark of Pico Technology Limited.

Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds, registered in the U.S. and other countries.

macOS is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

Modbus is a registered trademark of Schneider Electric, licensed to the Modbus Organization, Inc.

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 5

Windows, Excel and Visual Basic are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
USA and other countries.

2.4 System requirements

To make sure that PicoScope operates correctly, you must have a computer with at least the minimum
system requirements to run your operating system, which must be one of the systems listed in the following
table. The performance of the oscilloscope will be better with a more powerful PC, and will benefit from a
multi-core processor.

Item Specification

Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10*. 32 bit and 64 bit versions.

Operating system
Beta software is also available for Linux and macOS operating systems.

Processor

Memory As required by the operating system

Free disk space

Ports USB 3.0 or USB 2.0 port(s)

* PicoScope version 6.11 and PicoSDK are compatible with Windows XP SP3 and Vista SP2 in addition to
the Windows versions listed above. For best performance we recommend Windows 7 or later.

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 7

3 Using PicoScope for the first time

We have designed PicoScope to be as easy as possible to use, even for newcomers to oscilloscopes. Once
you have followed the introductory steps listed below, you will soon be on your way to becoming a
PicoScope expert.

Download the latest version of PicoScope 6 from www.picotech.com/downloads

1.
and install it.

Plug in your scope device. Windows will recognize it and prepare your computer to
2.
work with it. Wait until Windows tells you that the device is ready to use.

3. Click the new PicoScope icon on your Windows desktop.

PicoScope will detect your scope device and prepare to display a waveform. The
4. "Running" label will appear in the bottom left corner of the PicoScope window, and
the green Go button will be highlighted.

Connect a signal to one of the scope device's input channels and see your first
5. waveform! To learn more about using PicoScope, please read the PicoScope
Primer.

Problems?
Help is at hand! Our technical support staff are always ready to answer your telephone call during office
hours (09:00 to 17:00, UK time and 09:00 to 17:00 US Central time, Mon-Fri: see the contact details on the
last page of this document). At other times, you can leave a message on our support forum or send us an
email.

4 PicoScope and oscilloscope primer

This chapter explains the fundamental concepts that you will need to know before working with the
PicoScope software. If you have used an oscilloscope before, then most of these ideas will be familiar to
you. You can skip the Oscilloscope basics section and go straight to the PicoScope-specific information. If
you are new to oscilloscopes, please take a few minutes to read at least the Oscilloscope basics and
PicoScope basics topics.

4.1 Oscilloscope basics

An oscilloscope is a measuring instrument that shows, graphically, how a signal varies with time. Probes
and sensors attached to its input channels enable it to plot various different signals (most commonly
voltage or current, although pressure and vibration sensors are available for the automotive oscilloscopes).
For example, the picture below shows a typical display on an oscilloscope screen when a varying voltage is
connected to one of its input channels.

Oscilloscope displays are always read from left to right. The voltage-time characteristic of the signal, or
waveform, is drawn as a line called the trace. In this example, the trace is blue and begins at point A. If you
look to the left of this point, you will see the number 0.0 on the vertical axis, which tells you that the voltage
is 0.0 V (volts). If you look below point A, you will see another number 0.0, this time on the horizontal axis,
which tells you that the time is 0.0 ms (milliseconds) at this point.

At point B, 0.25 ms later, the voltage has risen to a positive peak of 0.8 V. At point C, 0.75 ms after the start,
the voltage has dropped to a negative peak of –0.8 V. After 1 ms, the voltage has risen back to 0.0 V and a
new cycle is about to begin. This type of signal is called a sine wave, and is one of a limitless range of signal
types that you will encounter.

Most oscilloscopes allow you to adjust the vertical and horizontal scales of the display. The vertical scale is
called the input range, and can be measured in a number of different units: the example above uses volts.
The horizontal scale is called the collection time and is measured in units of time - in this example,
milliseconds.

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 9

4.2 PC Oscilloscope basics

A PC Oscilloscope is a measuring instrument that consists of a hardware scope device and an oscilloscope
program running on a PC. Oscilloscopes were originally stand-alone instruments with no signal processing
or measuring abilities, and with storage only available as an expensive extra. Later oscilloscopes began to
use new digital technology to introduce more functions, but they remained highly specialized and expensive
instruments. PC Oscilloscopes are the latest step in the evolution of oscilloscopes, combining the
measuring power of Pico Technology's scope devices with the convenience of the PC that's already on your
desk.

+ =
PC scope device PC Oscilloscope

4.3 PicoScope basics

PicoScope can produce a simple display such as the example in the Oscilloscope basics topic, but it also
has many advanced features. The screenshot below shows the PicoScope window. Click on any of the
underlined labels to learn more. See PicoScope window for an explanation of these important concepts.

Note: additional buttons may appear in the main PicoScope window depending on the capabilities of the
oscilloscope that is connected, and on the settings applied to the PicoScope program.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 11

4.3.1 Capture modes

PicoScope can operate in three capture modes: scope mode, spectrum mode and persistence mode. The
mode is selected by buttons in the Capture Setup toolbar.

· In scope mode, PicoScope displays a main scope view, optimizes its settings for use as a PC
Oscilloscope, and allows you to directly set the capture time. You can still display one or more secondary
spectrum views.

· In spectrum mode, PicoScope displays a main spectrum view, optimizes its settings for spectrum
analysis, and allows you to directly set the frequency range in a similar way to a dedicated spectrum
analyzer. You can still display one or more secondary scope views.

· In persistence mode, PicoScope displays a single, modified scope view in which old waveforms remain
on the screen in faded colors while new waveforms are drawn in brighter colors. See also How to find a
glitch using persistence mode and Persistence Options dialog.

When you save waveforms and settings, PicoScope only saves data for the mode that is currently in use. If
you wish to save settings for both capture modes, then you need to switch to the other mode and save your
settings again.

4.3.1.1 How do capture modes work with views?

The capture mode tells PicoScope whether you are mainly interested in viewing waveforms (scope mode or
persistence mode) or frequency plots (spectrum mode). When you select a capture mode, PicoScope sets
up the hardware appropriately and then shows you a view that matches the capture mode (a scope view if
you selected scope mode or persistence mode, or a spectrum view if you selected spectrum mode). The rest
of this section does not apply in persistence mode, which allows only a single view.

Once PicoScope has shown you the first view, you can, if you wish, add more scope or spectrum views,
regardless of the capture mode you are in. You can add and remove as many extra views as you wish, as
long as one view remains that matches the capture mode, as illustrated in the diagram below.

When using a secondary view type (a spectrum view in scope mode, or a scope view in spectrum mode), you
may see the data compressed horizontally rather than displayed neatly as in a primary view. You can usually
overcome this by using the zoom tools.

Examples showing how you might select the capture mode and open additional views in PicoScope

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 13

4.4 PicoScope window

The PicoScope window shows a block of data captured from the scope device. When you first open
PicoScope it contains one scope view, but you can add more views by clicking Add view in the Views menu.
The screenshot below shows all the main features of the PicoScope window. Click on the underlined labels
for more information.

To arrange the views within the PicoScope window

If the PicoScope window contains more than one view, PicoScope arranges them in a grid. This is arranged
automatically, but you can customize it if you wish. Each rectangular space in the grid is called a viewport.
You can move a view to a different viewport by dragging its name tab, but you cannot move it outside the
PicoScope window. You can also place more than one view in a viewport, by dragging a view and dropping it
on top of another.

For further options, right-click on a view, or select Views from the Menu bar, to open the Views menu.

4.5 Scope view

A scope view shows the data captured from the scope as a graph of signal amplitude against time. (See
Oscilloscope basics for more on these concepts). PicoScope opens with a single view, but you can add more
views by using the views menu. Similar to the screen of a conventional oscilloscope, a scope view shows
you one or more waveforms with a common horizontal time axis, with signal level shown on one or more
vertical axes. Each view can have as many waveforms as the scope device has channels. Click on one of the
labels below to learn more about a feature.

Scope views are available regardless of which mode - scope mode or spectrum mode - is active.

4.6 Overrange indicator

If the signal voltage exceeds the measurement input range, PicoScope displays the red overrange indicator
in the top left corner of the display, with the message "Channel overrange". A smaller version appears
next to the vertical axis of the affected channel. The waveform will be clipped: no data outside the
measurement input range will be shown. Increase the input range of the affected channel until the indicator
disappears.

Scopes with differential inputs (PicoScope 3425 and 4444 only)

If the common-mode voltage of the differential input exceeds the oscilloscope's common-mode input range,
the yellow common-mode overrange indicator appears in the top left corner of the PicoScope display,
with the message "Common-mode overrange". Again, a smaller version appears next to the vertical axis of
the affected channel. Exceeding the common-mode input range of the scope causes inaccurate
measurements and can lead to severe signal distortion.

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 15

Scopes with floating inputs (PicoScope 4225 and 4425 only)

If the voltage between the BNC shell and the oscilloscope chassis exceeds 30 V, the yellow warning
indicator appears in the top left corner of the PicoScope display. A smaller version appears next to the
vertical axis of the affected channel, and the LED next to that channel's input on the scope device will turn
solid red. When this warning appears, check the orientation of the test connections against the wiring
diagrams. In some cases, you may need to provide a 0 V reference to the scope, using the M4 bolt on the
rear of the unit.

4.7 MSO view

Applicability: mixed-signal oscilloscopes (MSOs) only

The MSO view shows mixed analog and digital data on the same horizontal scale.

Digital Channels & Switches the digital view on and off, and opens the Select Digital Channels/Groups
Groups button dialog.

Analog view Shows the analog channels. The same as a standard scope view.

Splitter Drag up and down to move the partition between analog and digital sections.

Digital view Shows the digital channels and groups. See Digital view.

4.7.1 Digital view

Location: MSO view

Note 1: you can right-click on the digital view to obtain the Digital context menu.

Note 2: if the digital view is not visible when required, check that (a) the Digital Channels & Groups button is
activated and (b) at least one digital channel is selected for display in the Select Digital Channels/Groups
dialog.

Digital channel: Displayed in the order in which they appear in the Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog,
where they can be renamed.

Digital group: Groups are created and named in the Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog. You can
expand and collapse them within the digital view using the and buttons.

4.7.2 Digital context menu

Location: right-click on the digital view

Sub View: Analog. View or hide the analog scope view

Digital. View or hide the digital scope view

Also available from the Views menu

Format: The numerical format in which group values are

displayed in the digital scope view

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 17

Draw Groups: By Values. Draw groups with transitions only

where the value changes:

By Time. Draw groups with transitions spaced

equally in time, once per sampling
period. You will usually need to zoom
in to see the individual transitions:

By Level. Draw groups as analog levels derived

from the digital data:

4.8 XY view
An XY view, in its simplest form, shows a graph of one channel plotted against another. XY mode is useful
for showing relationships between periodic signals (using Lissajous figures) and for plotting I-V (current-
voltage) characteristics of electronic components.

In the example above, two different periodic signals have been fed into the two input channels. The smooth
curvature of the trace tells us that the inputs are roughly or exactly sine waves. The three loops in the trace
show that Channel B has about three times the frequency of Channel A. We can tell that the ratio is not
exactly three because the loops do not line up exactly. Since an XY view has no time axis, it tells us nothing
about the absolute frequencies of the signals. To measure frequency, we need to open a Scope view.

How to create an XY view

There are two ways to create an XY view.

· Use the Add View > XY command on the Views menu. This adds a new XY view to the PicoScope window
without altering the original scope or spectrum view or views. It automatically chooses the two most
suitable channels to place on the X and Y axes. Optionally, you can change the X axis channel
assignment using the X-Axis command (see below).

· Use the X-Axis command on the Views menu. This converts the current scope view into an XY view. It
maintains the existing Y axes and allows you to choose any available channel for the X axis. With this
method, you can even assign a math channel or a reference waveform to the X axis.

4.9 Trigger marker

The trigger marker shows the level and timing of the trigger point.

The height of the marker on the vertical axis shows the level at which the trigger is set, and its position on
the time axis shows the time at which it occurs.

You can move the trigger marker by dragging it with the mouse or, for greater precision, using the Trigger
controls.

Other forms of trigger marker

If the scope view is zoomed and panned so that the trigger point is off the screen, the off-screen trigger
marker (shown above) appears at the side of the graticule to indicate the trigger level.

If you have set a time delay, the trigger marker is temporarily replaced by the time-delay arrow while you
adjust the time delay.

When some advanced trigger types are in use, the trigger marker changes to a window marker, which shows
the upper and lower trigger thresholds.

For more information, see Trigger controls and its subsections.

4.10 Time-delay arrow

The time-delay arrow is a modified form of the trigger marker that appears temporarily on a scope view
while you are setting up a time delay, or dragging the trigger marker after setting up a time delay.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 19

The left-hand end of the arrow indicates the trigger point, and is aligned with zero on
the time axis. If zero on the time axis is outside the scope view, then the left-hand
end of the time-delay arrow appears like this:

The right-hand end of the arrow (temporarily replacing the trigger marker) indicates the trigger reference
point.

You can set up a time delay using the Trigger controls. For more information on time delays, see Trigger
timing.

4.11 Spectrum view

A spectrum view is one view of the data from a scope device. A spectrum is a diagram of signal level on a
vertical axis plotted against frequency on the horizontal axis. PicoScope opens with a scope view, but you
can add a spectrum view by using the Views menu. Similar to the screen of a traditional spectrum analyzer,
a spectrum view shows you one or more spectra with a common frequency axis. Each view can have as
many spectra as the scope device has channels. Click on one of the labels below to learn more about a
feature.

Spectrum views are available regardless of which mode - Scope Mode or Spectrum Mode - is active.

For more information, see: How to set up the spectrum view and Spectrum Options dialog.

4.12 Persistence mode

Persistence mode superimposes multiple waveforms on the same view, with more frequent data or newer
waveforms drawn in brighter colors than older ones. This is useful for spotting glitches, when you need to
see a rare fault event hidden in a series of repeated normal events.

Enable persistence mode by clicking the Persistence Mode button on the Capture Setup toolbar. With
the persistence options set at their default values, the screen will look something like this:

The colors indicate the frequency of the data. Red is used for the highest-frequency data, with yellow for
intermediate frequencies and blue for the least frequent data. In the example above, the waveform spends
most of its time in the red region, but noise causes it to wander occasionally into the blue and yellow
regions. These are the default colors, but you can change them using the Colors page of the Preferences
dialog.

This example shows persistence mode in its most basic form. See the Persistence Options dialog for ways
to modify the display to suit your application, and How to find a glitch using persistence mode for a worked
example.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 21

4.13 Measurements table

A measurements table displays the results of automatic measurements. Each view can have its own table,
and you can add, delete or edit measurements from this table.

You can choose from 18 measurements in Scope view, plus another 11 in Spectrum view.

Measurements table columns

Name The name of the measurement that you selected in the Add/Edit Measurement
dialog.

Span The section of the waveform or spectrum that you want to measure. This is 'Whole
trace' by default.

Value The live value of the measurement, from the latest capture

Min The minimum value of the measurement since measuring began

Max The maximum value of the measurement since measuring began

Average The arithmetic mean of the measurements from the last n captures, where n is the
number of Statistics Captures set on the General page of the Preferences dialog

σ The standard deviation of the measurements from the last n captures, where n is the
number of Statistics Captures set on the General page of the Preferences dialog

Capture Count The number of captures used to create the statistics above. This starts at 0 when
triggering is enabled, and counts up to the number of Statistics Captures specified on
the General page of the Preferences dialog.

To add, edit or delete measurements

There are three ways to add, edit and delete measurements. You can right-click on the view, open the
Measurements menu, or use the Measurements buttons.

To change the width of a measurement column

First make sure that the Column Auto-width option is not enabled in the
Measurements menu. If necessary, click the option to switch it off. Then drag the
vertical separator between column headings to resize the columns, as shown
opposite.

To change the update rate of the statistics

The statistics (Min, Max, Average, Standard Deviation) are based on the number of captures shown in the
Capture Count column. You can change the maximum capture count using the Statistics Captures control
on the General page of the Preferences dialog.

4.14 DeepMeasure™
The standard measurements available in PicoScope 6 are average values taken across either a whole
waveform or across the interval between two time or frequency rulers. This means that making
measurements at the level of the individual wave cycle is time-consuming and complicated. DeepMeasure
allows you to make up to 1 million cycle-level measurements of 12 different parameters over a single
waveform or over the entire waveform buffer in seconds, and you can set it up to run multiple configurations
on one or more active channels. Please refer to the Device feature table for a list of supported devices.

To start using DeepMeasure, click Measurements > DeepMeasure from the Menu bar. You can
simultaneously run as many instances of DeepMeasure as you like, with different settings or on different
channels, and switch between them using the DeepMeasure tabs.

For more information, see DeepMeasure™ dialog.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 23

4.15 Pointer tool tip

The pointer tool tip is a box that displays the horizontal and vertical axis values at the mouse pointer
location. It appears temporarily when you click the background of a view.

Pointer tool tip in a scope view

4.16 Signal rulers

The signal rulers help you measure absolute and relative signal levels on a scope, XY or spectrum view.

In the scope view above, the two colored squares to the left of the vertical axis are the ruler drag-handles for
Channel A. Drag one of these downwards from its resting position in the top left corner, and a signal ruler (a
horizontal dashed line) will extend from it.

Whenever one or more signal rulers is in use, the ruler legend appears. This is a table showing all of the
signal ruler values. If you close the ruler legend using the button, all the rulers are deleted.

Signal rulers also work in spectrum and XY views.

Ruler tool tip

If you move the mouse pointer over one of the rulers, PicoScope displays a tool tip with the ruler number and
the signal level of the ruler. You can see an example of this in the picture above.

4.17 Time and frequency rulers

The time and frequency rulers are vertical dashed lines that measure time on a scope view and frequency
on a spectrum view.

In the scope view above, the two white squares on the time axis are the time ruler handles. When you drag
these to the right from the bottom left corner, the time rulers appear. The rulers work in the same way on a
spectrum view, but the ruler legend shows their horizontal positions in units of frequency rather than time.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 25

Ruler tool tip

If you hold the mouse pointer over one of the rulers, as we did in the example above, PicoScope displays a
tool tip with the ruler number and the time or frequency value at the ruler.

Ruler legend
The table at the top of the view is the ruler legend. In this example, the table shows that time ruler 1 is at –
1.748 milliseconds, ruler 2 is at –746.6 microseconds and that the difference between them is
1.001 milliseconds. Closing the ruler legend using the button deletes all the rulers.

Frequency legend
The frequency legend in the bottom right-hand corner of a scope view shows 1/Δ, where Δ is the difference
between the two time rulers. The accuracy of this calculation depends on the accuracy with which you have
positioned the rulers. For greater accuracy with periodic signals, use the frequency measurement
function built in to PicoScope. The frequency legend displays values in hertz or (if selected on the Options
page of the Preferences dialog) revolutions per minute (RPM).

4.18 Phase (rotation) rulers

The phase rulers (called rotation rulers in PicoScope 6 Automotive) help to measure the timing of a cyclic
waveform on a scope view. Instead of measuring relative to the trigger point, as time and frequency rulers
do, phase rulers measure relative to the start and end of a time interval that you specify. Measurements may
be shown in degrees, percent or a custom unit as selected in the Ruler settings box. Phase rulers are not
available in spectrum mode.

To use the phase rulers, drag the two phase ruler handles onto the waveform from their inactive position as
shown below:

When you have dragged both phase rulers into position, the scope view will look like this (we also added two
time rulers, for a reason that we will explain later):

In the scope view above, the two phase rulers have been dragged into place to mark the start and end of a
cycle.

The default start and end phase values of 0° and 360° are shown below the rulers and can be edited to any
custom value. For example, when measuring timings on a four-stroke engine, it is customary to show the
end phase as 720° as one cycle comprises two rotations of the crankshaft.

Ruler legend
The phase rulers become more powerful when used in conjunction with time rulers. When both types of
rulers are used together, as shown above, the ruler legend displays the positions of the time rulers in phase
units as well as time units. If two time rulers are positioned, the legend also shows the phase difference
between them. Closing the ruler legend dismisses all rulers, including the phase rulers.

Ruler settings
Options for the phase (rotation) rulers are configured by the Ruler Settings dialog, which is called up by the
Rulers button on the Trigger toolbar.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 27

4.19 Ruler settings

Location: Other buttons > Rulers

The Ruler Settings box allows you to control the behavior of the time rulers and phase rulers (called rotation
rulers in PicoScope 6 Automotive).

Ruler Settings in PicoScope 6 Ruler Settings in PicoScope 6 Automotive

Phase (Rotation) Wrap

If this box is checked, time ruler values outside the range set by the phase (rotation) rulers are wrapped back
into that range. For example, if the phase (rotation) rulers are set to 0° and 360°, the value of a time ruler just
to the right of the 360° phase (rotation) ruler will be 0°, and the value of a time ruler just to the left of the 0°
phase (rotation) ruler will be 359°. If this box is unchecked, ruler values are unconstrained.

Phase (Rotation) Partition

Increasing this value above 1 causes the space between the two phase (rotation) rulers to be partitioned
equally into the specified number of intervals. The intervals are marked by broken lines between the phase
(rotation) rulers. The lines help you to interpret complex waveforms such as the vacuum pressure of a four-
stroke engine with its intake, compression, ignition and exhaust phases, or a commutated AC waveform in a
switch mode power supply.

Phase (rotation) rulers with 4 partitions

Units
You can choose between Degrees, Percent or Custom. Custom allows you to enter your own unit symbol or
name.

4.20 Ruler legend

The ruler legend is a box that displays the positions of all the rulers you have placed on the view. It appears
automatically whenever you position a ruler on the view:

Editing
You can adjust the position of a ruler by editing any value in the first two columns. To insert a Greek µ (the
micro symbol, meaning one millionth or × 10-6), type the letter u.

Tracking rulers
When two rulers have been positioned on one channel, the Lock button appears next to that ruler in the
ruler legend. Clicking this button causes the two rulers to track each other: dragging one causes the other to
follow it, maintaining a fixed separation. The button changes to when the rulers are locked.

TIP: To set up a pair of tracking rulers with a known distance between them, first click the Lock button, then
edit the two values in the ruler legend so that the rulers are the desired distance apart.

Phase (rotation) rulers

When phase rulers (called rotation rulers in PicoScope 6 Automotive) are in use, the ruler legend displays
additional information.

4.21 Frequency legend

The frequency legend appears when you have placed two time rulers on a scope view. It shows 1/Δ in hertz
(the SI unit of frequency, equal to cycles per second), where Δ is the time difference between the two rulers.
You can use this to estimate the frequency of a periodic waveform, but you will get more accurate results by
creating a frequency measurement using the Add Measurements button.

For frequencies up to 1.666 kHz, the frequency legend can also show the frequency in RPM (revolutions per
minute). The RPM display can be enabled or disabled in the Preferences > Options dialog.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 29

4.22 Properties sheet

Location: Views > View Properties

Purpose: shows a summary of the settings that PicoScope 6 is using

The Properties sheet appears on the right-

hand side of the PicoScope window.

No. samples The number of samples captured. This may be lower than the number requested
in the Maximum Samples control. A number in brackets is the number of
interpolated samples, if interpolation is enabled.

Window Spectrum views only. The window function applied to the data before computing
the spectrum. This is selected in the Spectrum options dialog.

Time gate Spectrum views only. The time taken to collect all the data for the fast Fourier
transform (FFT), measured from the start of the capture.

Res. enhancement Indicates that you are using resolution enhancement. The number of bits,
(resolution including resolution enhancement, selected in the Channel Options dialog.
enhancement)
Effective res. Effective resolution: applies to flexible resolution oscilloscopes only. PicoScope
tries to use the value specified by the Hardware Resolution control in the Capture
Setup toolbar, but on some input ranges the hardware delivers a lower effective
resolution. The available resolutions are specified in the data sheet for the scope
device.

Capture rate Persistence mode only. The number of waveforms being captured per second.

4.23 Custom probes

A probe is any transducer, measuring device or other accessory that you connect to an input channel of your
scope device. PicoScope has a built-in library of common probe types, such as the x1 and x10 voltage
probes used with most oscilloscopes, but if your probe is not included in this list you can use the Custom
Probes dialog to define a new one. Custom probes can have any input range within the capabilities of the
oscilloscope, display in any units, and have either linear or nonlinear characteristics.

Custom probe definitions are particularly useful when you wish to display the probe's output in units other
than volts, or to apply linear or nonlinear corrections to the data.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 31

4.24 Math channels

A math channel is a mathematical function of one or more input signals. It can be displayed in a scope, XY
or spectrum view in the same way as an input signal, and like an input signal it has its own measurement
axis, scaling and offset button and color. PicoScope 6 has a set of built-in math functions for the most
important functions, such as Invert A, A+B and A–B. You can also define your own functions using the
equation editor, or load predefined math channels from files.

Here is a three-step guide to using math channels:

1. Tools > Math Channels command. Click this to open the Math Channels dialog, shown in the image
above.

2. Math Channels dialog. This lists all the available math channels and allows you define new ones. In the
example above, only the built-in functions are listed.

3. Math channel. Once enabled, a math channel appears in the selected scope or spectrum view. You can
change its scale and offset as with any other channel. In the example above, the new math channel
(bottom) is defined as A-B, the difference between input channels A (top) and B (middle).

You may occasionally see a flashing warning triangle - - at the bottom of the math channel axis. This
means that the channel cannot be displayed because an input source is missing. For example, this
occurs if you enable the A+B function while Channel B is set to Off.

4.25 Reference waveforms

A reference waveform is a stored version of an input signal. You can create one by right-clicking on the view,
selecting the Reference Waveforms command and selecting which channel to copy. It can be displayed in a
scope or spectrum view in the same way as an input signal, and similarly it has its own measurement axis,
scaling and offset button, and color. The reference waveform may have fewer samples than the original.

For more control over Reference Waveforms, use the Reference Waveforms dialog as shown below.

1. Tools > Reference Waveforms command. Click this open the Reference Waveforms dialog, shown in the
image above.

2. Reference Waveforms dialog. This lists all the available input channels and reference waveforms. In the
example above, input channels A and B are switched on, so they appear in the Available section. The
Library section is empty to begin with.

3. Duplicate button. When you select an input channel or reference waveform and click this button, the
selected item is copied to the Library section.

4. Library section. This shows all your reference waveforms. Each one has a check box that controls
whether or not the waveform appears on the display.

5. Reference waveform. Once enabled, a reference waveform appears in the selected scope or spectrum
view. You can change its scale and offset as with any other channel. In the example above, the new
reference waveform (bottom) is a copy of Channel A.

6. Axis control button. Opens an axis scaling dialog allowing you to adjust the scale, offset and delay for
this waveform.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 33

4.26 Serial decoding

You can use PicoScope to decode data from a serial bus such as I2C or CAN Bus. Unlike a conventional bus
analyzer, PicoScope lets you see the high-resolution electrical waveform at the same time as the data. The
data is integrated into the scope view, with color-coded packets, so there's no need to learn a new screen
layout.

To start decoding your data, click Tools > Serial Decoding from the Menu bar. There are many different
protocols available, and the data can be viewed in Graph or Table formats, or both. You can simultaneously
decode multiple channels in different formats, and switch between them using the Decoding tabs.

For more information, see Serial Decoding dialog.

4.27 Mask limit testing

Mask limit testing is a feature that tells you when a waveform or spectrum goes outside a specified area,
called a mask, drawn on the scope view or spectrum view. PicoScope can draw the mask automatically by
tracing a captured waveform, or you can draw it manually. Mask limit testing is useful for spotting
intermittent errors during debugging, and for finding faulty units during production testing. For step-by-step
instructions, see How to set up a Mask Limit Test.

When you have selected, loaded or created a mask, the scope view will appear:

(A) Mask Shows the allowed area (in white) and the disallowed area (in blue).
Right-clicking the mask area and selecting the Edit Mask command takes
you to the Edit Mask dialog. You can change the mask colors in the
Colors page of the Preferences dialog and add, remove, hide, display and
save masks using the Masks menu.

(B) Failed waveforms If the waveform enters the disallowed area, it is counted as a failure. The
part of the waveform that caused the failure is highlighted, and persists
on the display until the capture is restarted.

(C) Measurements table The number of failures since the start of the current scope run is shown
in the Measurements table. You can clear the failure count by stopping
and restarting the capture using the Stop and Go buttons. The
measurements table can display other measurements at the same time
as the mask failure count.

For detailed information on setting up a mask limit test, see How to set up a Mask Limit Test.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 35

4.28 Alarms
Alarms are actions that you can program PicoScope to execute when certain events occur. Use the Tools >
Alarms command to open the Alarms dialog, which configures this function.

The events that can trigger an alarm are:

· Capture - when the oscilloscope has captured a complete waveform or block of waveforms
· Buffers Full - when the waveform buffer becomes full
· Mask(s) Fail - when a waveform fails a mask limit test

The actions that PicoScope can execute are:

· Beep
· Play Sound
· Stop Capture
· Restart Capture
· Run Executable
· Save Current Buffer
· Save All Buffers
· Trigger Signal Generator

See Alarms dialog for more details.

4.29 Buffer Overview

The PicoScope waveform buffer can hold up to 10 000 waveforms, subject to the amount of available
memory in the oscilloscope. The Buffer Overview helps you to scroll through the buffer quickly to find the
waveform you want.

To begin, click the Buffer Overview button in the Buffer Navigation toolbar. This opens the Buffer
Overview window:

Click on any one of the visible waveforms to bring it to the front of the overview for closer inspection, or use
the controls:

Buffers to show If any of the channels has a mask applied, then you can select the channel from this
list. The Buffer Overview will then show only the waveforms that failed the mask test
on that channel.

Scroll to waveform number 1.

Scroll to the next waveform on the left.

Change the scale of the waveforms in the Buffer Overview view. There are three zoom
levels:

Large: default view. One waveform fills the height of the window.

Medium: a medium-sized waveform above a row of small waveforms.

Small: a grid of small waveforms. Click on the top or bottom row of images to
scroll the grid up or down.

Scroll to the next waveform on the right.

Scroll to the last waveform in the buffer. (The number of waveforms depends on the
Tools > Preferences > General > Maximum Waveforms setting and on the type of
scope connected).

Click anywhere on the main PicoScope window to close the Buffer Overview window.

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5 Menus
Menus are the quickest way to get to PicoScope's main features. The Menu bar is always present at the top
of the PicoScope main window, just below the window's title bar. You can click any of the menu items, or
press the Alt key and then navigate to the menu using the arrow keys or by typing the underlined letter in the
desired menu item.

Click on a menu for more information

The list of items in the menu bar may vary depending on the windows that you have open in PicoScope.

5.1 File menu

Location: Menu bar > File

Purpose: gives access to file input and output operations

Connect Device. This command appears only when there is no scope device connected or
PicoScope is in Demo mode. It opens the Connect Device dialog, which allows you to select the
scope device you wish to use.

Open... Takes you to the Open dialog, where you can open data, settings, math formula and
reference waveform files.

Save. Saves all waveforms using the file name shown in the title bar. If you haven't entered a file
name yet, the Save As dialog opens to prompt you for one.

Save As. Opens the Save As dialog, which allows you to save the settings, waveforms, custom
probes and math channels for all views in various formats. Only the waveforms for the mode
currently in use (Scope Mode or Spectrum Mode) will be saved.

In persistence mode, this command is called Save Persistence As and saves only the data for this
mode.

Waveform Library Browser (PicoScope 6 Automotive only). Accesses the Waveform Library
Browser. Only available when a scope device is connected.

Start-up Settings. Opens the Start-up Settings menu.

Print Preview. Opens the Print Preview window, which allows you to see how your workspace will
be printed when you select the Print command.

Print. Opens a standard Windows Print dialog, which allows you to choose a printer, set printing
options and then print the selected view.

Recent Files. A list of recently opened or saved files, with a thumbnail image of the waveform. This
list is compiled automatically, but you can clear it using the Recent Files control on the Options
page of the Preferences dialog.

Exit. Close PicoScope without saving any data.

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5.1.1 Connect Device dialog

Location: File > Connect Device
or start PicoScope with more than one scope device connected

Purpose: when PicoScope finds more than one available scope device, this dialog allows you to select
which one to use

The Connect Device dialog, as seen in the Test and Measurement software

Note: PicoScope 6 Automotive is only compatible with Pico's range of automotive oscilloscopes. Non-
automotive oscilloscopes, such as the two illustrated above, will not appear in the list of available devices,
as they cannot be used with the PicoScope 6 Automotive software.

See How to change to a different device if you wish to switch to a different scope device later.

Connecting a new device

1. Open the Connect Device dialog and wait for the list of scope devices to appear. This may take a few
seconds.

2. Select a device and click OK.

3. PicoScope will open a scope view for the selected device.

4. Use the toolbars to set up the device and the scope view to display your signals.

5.1.1.1 Demo mode

If you start PicoScope without a device connected, the No Device Found dialog will automatically appear.

· Select Yes to start PicoScope 6 in Demo mode.

· Select No to start PicoScope 6 without a signal, allowing access to a limited selection of menu items.
Select File > Connect Device to change to Demo mode or open another connected device.

· You can also select a Demo device from the Connect Device dialog.

When in Demo mode, PicoScope adds a Demo Signal Generator button to the toolbar. Use this button
to set up test signals using the Demo device.

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5.1.2 Open dialog

Location: File > Open

Purpose: allows you to open saved waveforms and settings (including custom probes and active
math channels)

Allows you to select the file you want to open. You can open files in the following formats:

Data files (.psdata) Contains waveform data and settings (including any custom probes, active
math channels etc.) from the scope device used to capture the data. You
can create your own files using the Save and Save As... commands.

Settings files (.pssettings) Contains all settings, including any custom probes, active math channels
etc., from the current scope device. Does not contain any waveform data.
You can create your own files using the Save and Save As... commands.

Math Formula files (.psmaths) Select this option to open a math channel exported from the Math Channels
dialog.

Reference Waveform files Select this option to open a waveform exported from the Reference
(.psreference) Waveforms dialog.

If you open a .psdata or .pssettings file that was saved using a different scope device from the one
connected, PicoScope may need to modify the saved settings to suit the present device. A notification like
the one below will appear in the bottom right corner of the PicoScope display:

Once you have opened a .psdata file, if you are using the default keyboard map, you can use the Page Up
and Page Down keys to cycle through all the other data and settings files in the same directory.

Note: channel information for .psdata files is displayed in the Properties sheet. If a device is already
connected when a .psdata file is loaded, the channel settings are changed to match the .psdata file
where possible. The resulting settings are displayed on the Channels toolbar.

5.1.3 Save As... dialog

Location: File > Save As...

Purpose: allows you to save your waveforms and settings (including custom probes and active math
channels) to a file in various formats

PicoScope 6 Automotive only: the Options page of the Preferences dialog allows you to set the Details
dialog to appear before the Save As dialog, enabling you to record details about the vehicle and the
customer.

Type your chosen file name in the File name box, and then select a file format in the Save as type box. You
can save data in the following formats:

Data files (.psdata) Stores waveforms and settings (including any custom probes, active math
channels etc.) from the current scope device. Can be opened on any
computer running PicoScope.

Settings files (.pssettings) Stores all settings, including any custom probes, active math channels etc.,
from the current scope device. Does not save any waveform data. Can be
opened on any computer running PicoScope.

CSV (Comma delimited) files Stores waveforms as a text file with comma-separated values. This format
(.csv) is suitable for importing into spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel. The
first value on each line is the time stamp, and it is followed by one value for
each active channel, including currently displayed math channels. See Text
formats for more information.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 43

Text (Tab delimited) files (.txt) Stores waveforms as a text file with tab-separated values. The columns are
the same as those in the CSV format. See Text formats for more
information.

Bitmap images (.bmp) Stores pictures of the waveforms, graticule and rulers in Windows BMP
format. The image is displayed in 16 million colors and is uncompressed.

GIF images (.gif) Stores pictures of the waveforms, graticule and rulers in CompuServe GIF
format. The image is displayed in 256 colors and is compressed.

Animated GIF image (.gif) Creates an animated GIF that displays all of the waveforms in the buffer in
sequence. Each waveform is formatted as in the single GIF format
described above.

PNG images (.png) Stores pictures of the waveforms, graticule and rulers in PNG format. The
image is displayed in 16 million colors, with lossless compression.

MATLAB 4 files (.mat) Stores the waveform data in MATLAB 4 format.

JPEG (.jpg) Stores pictures of the waveforms, graticule and rulers in JPG format. The
image is displayed in 16 million colors, with lossy compression.

PDF (.pdf) Creates a PDF document with a images of each of the waveforms in the
buffer, along with their graticules and rulers. There is one image on each
page, displayed in 16 million colors.

Options
The first three options control what happens when the waveform buffer contains more than one waveform:

All waveforms Saves all of the waveforms in the selected file format. If the file format is
.psdata, all of the waveforms are collected in a single file. You can then
load this into PicoScope and step through the waveforms using the buffer
navigation controls. If the selected file format does not support multiple
waveforms, PicoScope creates a new directory containing multiple files.

Current waveform only Saves the single waveform that is currently on view.

Waveform numbers Saves the specified list or range of waveforms. Each waveform is identified
by its index number. For example:

1,2,9,10

2, 5-10

5.1.3.1 File formats for exported data

PicoScope 6 can export raw data in either text or binary format:

Text-based file formats

· Easy to read without special tools

· Can be imported into standard spreadsheet applications

· Files are very large if there are many samples in the data

There is no maximum file size when you export a text-based file, but not all editing applications can open
large files. When you save a text-based file with more than 1 million values per channel, PicoScope 6 will
display the following warning:

Text file format details

Binary file format

· Files remain relatively small and can even be compressed in some situations

· Either a special application is required to read the files or the user must write a program to read the data
from the file

· Recommended for large data sets

Binary file format details

Data types for storing PicoScope 6 data

Regardless of whether the data types were loaded from a binary file or from a text-based file, we
recommend the following data formats for storing the values loaded from a PicoScope 6 data file:

· Sampled data (such as voltages) should use 32-bit single-precision floating-point data types

· Times should use 64-bit double-precision floating-point data types

5.1.3.1.1 Text formats

Text-format files exported by PicoScope 6 are encoded in UTF-8 format by default. This is a popular format
which is capable of representing a huge range of characters, whilst still retaining some compatibility with the
ASCII character set if only standard Western European characters and numbers are used in the file.

CSV (comma-separated values)

CSV files store data in the following format:

Time, Channel A, Channel B

(µs), (V), (V)
-500.004, 5.511, 1.215
-500.002, 4.724, 2.130
-500, 5.552, 2.212
…
There is a comma after each value on a line to represent a column of data and a carriage return at the end of
the line to represent a new row of data.

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PicoScope 6 User's Guide 45

Tab-delimited
Tab-delimited files store data in the following format:

Time Channel A Channel B

(µs) (V) (V)
500.004 5.511 1.215
-500.002 4.724 2.130
-500 5.552 2.212
…

The files have a tab character after each value on a line to represent a column of data and a carriage return
at the end of the line to represent a new row of data.

5.1.3.1.2 Binary formats

PicoScope 6 can export data in version 4 of the .mat binary file format. This is an open format and the full
specification is available as PDF documentation from the www.mathworks.com website. PicoScope 6 saves
data into the MAT-file in a specific way, which is detailed below.

Note: data arrays saved in version 4 of the .mat file format must not exceed the maximum size of 100
million elements. MATLAB cannot read arrays with more elements than this in this format.

Importing into MATLAB

Load the file into your workspace using this syntax:

load myfile

Each channel’s data is stored in an array variable named by the channel. So, the sampled data for channels
A to D would be in four arrays named A, B, C and D.

There is only one set of time data for all channels and this is loaded in one of two possible formats:

· A start time, an interval and a length. The variables are named Tstart, Tinterval and Length.

· An array of times (sometimes used for ETS data). The time array is named T.

If the times are loaded in as Tstart, Tinterval and Length then you can use the following command to create
the equivalent array of times:

T = [Tstart : Tinterval : Tstart + (Length – 1) * Tinterval];

Note: the size of the largest file that MATLAB can open depends on the resources of the computer. It is
therefore possible for PicoScope to create a MATLAB file that some installations of MATLAB would be
unable to open. Please be aware of this risk when saving critical data.

The other three variables used in the file are:

ExtraSamples the number of samples added, for example when filtering or resolution enhancement
is enabled

RequestedLength the number of samples. This will be the same as No. samples in the PicoScope 6
Properties sheet. Note that if the signal is not acquired in its entirety, this will be
different from Length.

Version the exact version of PicoScope 6 used to export the file

Exploring the file format

The full file specification, available from www.mathworks.com, is comprehensive so this guide does not
describe the entire format. Instead, this guide describes enough of the format to allow you to get data from
the file and use it in your own program.

The variables described above (under Importing into MATLAB) are stored in a series of data blocks, each
preceded by a header. Each variable has its own header and data block and the corresponding variable
names are stored with them (such as A, B, Tstart). The following sections describe how to read each
variable from the file.

The order of the data blocks is not specified, so programs should look at the variable names to decide which
variable is currently being loaded.

The header
The file consists of a number of data blocks preceded by 20-byte headers. Each header contains five 32-bit
integers (as described in the table below).

Bytes Value
0 to 3 Data format (0, 10 or 20)
4 to 7 Number of values
8 to 11 1
12 to 15 0
16 to 19 Name length

Data format
The Data format in bytes 0 to 3 describes the type of numerical data in the array.

Value Description
0 Double (64-bit floating point)
10 Single (32-bit floating point)
20 Integer (32-bit)

Number of values
The Number of values is a 32-bit integer describing the number of numerical values in the array. This value
may be 1 for variables that only describe one value; but for arrays of samples or times, expect this to be a
large number.

Name length
The Name length is the length of the name of the variable as a null-terminated 1-byte per character ASCII
string. The last null terminating character (\0) is included in the Name length so if the variable name is
Tstart (same as Tstart\0) then the name length will be 7.

The data block

The data block begins with the name of the variable (such as A, Tinterval) and you should read in the
number of bytes described by the Name length part of the header (not forgetting that the last byte in the
string is \0 if your programming language needs to take account of this).

The remaining part of the data block is the actual data itself, so read in the number of values described in
the Number of values part of the header. Remember to take account of the size of each value as described in
the ‘Data format’ part of the header.

Channel data such as voltages, in variables such as A and B, are stored as 32-bit single-precision floating-
point data types. Times such as Tstart, Tinterval and T are stored as 64-bit double-precision floating-point
data types. Length is stored as a 32-bit integer.

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5.1.4 Start-up Settings menu

Location: File > Start-up Settings

Purpose: allows you to load, save and restore the PicoScope 6 startup settings

Save Settings As... Stores all the current settings (for example collection time, input range, trigger),
which can then be opened on any computer running PicoScope 6. This allows
you to create a library of different setups.

Save User Default Settings Saves the current settings as the default. This means you only have to
configure the oscilloscope once in order to use these settings every time you
open PicoScope 6.

Reset User Default Settings This replaces your saved default settings with the original factory settings.

Load User Default Settings Resets all settings to the saved default. You can also use the home button on
the toolbar to achieve this.

Restore Last Session This option returns the settings to those from your last session.

Load Factory Settings Returns the settings to the factory original.

Load User Default Settings Selecting this option makes sure that the next time you start up PicoScope 6,
on Start-up the saved user default settings will be applied.

Restore Last Session on You should check this box if you want PicoScope 6 to open with the settings
Start-up you used for your last session.

5.1.5 Waveform Library Browser

Location: File > Waveform Library Browser

Purpose: allows you to search hundreds of user-uploaded waveforms by entering various fields of
required data

Applicability: PicoScope 6 Automotive only

Oscilloscope must be connected

Users of PicoScope Automotive oscilloscopes have access to the online Waveform Library. This is a
collection of user-generated waveforms, with information about the vehicle under test. You can search the
Waveform Library for waveforms from the vehicle and component you want to test, and also share your own
examples. You can also treat the Waveform Library as an online backup for your own waveform files.

Once you have found a waveform, you can preview or open it. You can also use the waveform's individual
channels as reference waveforms for your own signal, in PicoScope 6.

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Login details
When you open the Waveform Library, a login page appears. Enter your username and password, and the
software will take you to the page shown below.

The Waveform Library uses the same account information as the Pico automotive forum: if you are not
already a member, you can register for free by following the link on the Waveform Library Login page.

5.2 Edit menu

Location: Menu bar > Edit

Purpose: gives access to the clipboard-related and note-editing functions

Copy as Image Copies the active view to the clipboard as a bitmap. You can then paste the
image into any application that accepts bitmap images.

Copy as Text Copies the data in the active view to the clipboard as text. You can paste
the data into a spreadsheet or other application. The text format is the
same as that used by the Save As dialog when you select the .txt file
type.

Copy Entire Window as Image This copies a picture of the PicoScope window to the clipboard. It is
provided as an alternative equivalent to pressing Alt + Print Screen for
users of laptops without a Print Screen key. You can paste the picture into
any application that can display pictures, such as a word processor or
desktop publishing program.

Notes Opens a Notes area at the bottom of the PicoScope window. You can type
or paste your own notes in this area.

Details... PicoScope 6 Automotive only. Opens the Details dialog, which allows you to
enter or view vehicle details, customer details, notes and channel labels.

5.2.1 Notes
Location: Edit > Notes

Trigger toolbar > Other buttons > Notes button

Purpose: provides a text box for typing your own notes

You can place a Notes area at the bottom of the PicoScope window, and you can enter any text you wish in it
or paste text into it from other programs. This text is included when you save the waveform as a file.

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5.2.2 Details dialog

Location: File > Save As

Edit > Details

Purpose: allows you to record channel labels and vehicle and customer details, before saving a file

Applicability: PicoScope 6 Automotive only

You can enter information about the vehicle under test in the form shown above. You can also view and edit
your notes and channel labels at the bottom of the PicoScope window by clicking the Notes and Channel
Labels buttons in the Trigger toolbar.

Click the Customer tab to note down the customer's details. All of this information will be saved in the
.psdata file. You can then view it in PicoScope using the Edit > Details menu command.

5.2.2.1 Channel Labels

Location: Edit > Details

Trigger toolbar > Other buttons > Channel Labels button

Purpose: allows you to supply and view information on the waveforms

Applicability: PicoScope 6 Automotive only

Channel labels can be displayed at the bottom of the PicoScope window.

Label Select a standard label from the drop-down list or type any text in the box.

Description Type any text in the box to describe the waveform.

Status Select Good, Bad or Unknown. This helps other engineers to identify whether the
waveform is from a working engine or a faulty one.

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5.3 Views menu

Location: Menu bar > Views, or right-click on a view

Purpose: controls the layout of the current view, which is a rectangular area of the PicoScope window
that display scope, spectrum or other kinds of data

The contents of the Views menu may vary depending on where you
click and how many views are open. If the current view contains a
Measurements table, a combined Measurements menu and Views
menu will appear.

Add View Add a view of the selected type (scope, XY or spectrum). In automatic grid
layout mode (the default), PicoScope rearranges the grid to make room for the
new view, up to a limit of nine views. Any further views will be added as tabs in
existing viewports. If you have selected a fixed grid layout, PicoScope will not
change it.

Sub View Mixed signal oscilloscopes only: switch the analog view and digital view on and
off independently

Rename View Change the standard Scope or Spectrum label to a title of your choice

Close View Remove a view from the PicoScope window. In automatic grid layout mode (the
default), PicoScope rearranges the grid to make the best use of the remaining
space. In fixed grid layout mode (if you have selected a fixed grid layout),
PicoScope will not change the grid.

Channels Select which channels are visible in the current view. Each view, when created,
shows all the input channels, but you can switch them on and off using this
command. Only the input channels that are enabled (not set to Off in the
Channel Setup Toolbar) are available for viewing. The Channels menu also list
math channels and reference waveforms. You can select up to 8 channels in any
view.

X-Axis Select any suitable channel to drive the X axis. By default, the X axis represents
time. If you select an input channel instead, the scope view will become an XY
view that plots one input against another. A quicker way to create an XY view is
to use the Add View command (see above).

Grid Layout The grid layout defaults to Automatic mode, in which PicoScope automatically
arranges viewports in a grid. You can also select one of the standard grid
layouts or create a custom layout, which PicoScope will preserve as you add or
remove views.

Arrange Grid Layout Adjust the grid layout to fit the number of views. Moves any tabbed views to
empty viewports. Overrides any previous choice of grid layout.

Reset View Sizes If you have resized any of the views by dragging the vertical or horizontal
separator bars between viewports, this option resets all the viewports to their
original sizes.

Move View To Move a view to a specified viewport. You can achieve the same effect by
dragging the view by its name tab and dropping it in a new viewport: see How to
move a view.

Arrange Views If multiple views are stacked in the same viewport, move them into their own
viewports

Auto-arrange axes Scale and offsets all traces to fill the view and avoid overlaps

Reset View Layout Reset the scale factor and offset of the selected view to their default values

View Properties Show the Properties sheet, which lists scope settings that are normally hidden

5.3.1 Custom grid layout dialog

Location: Views menu > Grid Layout > Custom layout...

Purpose: if the Grid Layout section of the Views menu does not contain the layout you want, this
dialog gives further options

You can lay out the view grid with any number of rows and columns up to 4 by 4. You can then drag the
views to different locations in the grid.

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5.4 Measurements menu

Location: Menu bar > Measurements

Purpose: controls the Measurements table

Add Measurement. Adds a row to the measurements table, and opens the Add Measurement
dialog.

Edit Measurement. This takes you to the Edit Measurement dialog. You can also edit a
measurement by double-clicking on a row of the measurements table.

Delete Measurement. Removes the selected row from the measurements table.

Grid Font Size. Sets the font size for the entries in the measurements table.

Column Auto-width. If this box is checked, the columns of the measurements table will
continually adjust to fit the contents whenever the table changes. Click again to release the
button.

DeepMeasure™. Allows you to make and analyze a number of automatic measurements over
up to 1 million individual cycles.

You can also access the Add Measurement, Edit Measurement and Delete Measurement commands from
the Measurements buttons, on the Trigger toolbar, or by right-clicking on a view.

5.4.1 Add/Edit Measurement dialog

Location: Trigger toolbar > Measurements buttons > Add Measurement or Edit
Measurement button

Measurements menu > Add Measurement or Edit Measurement button

Double-click a measurement in the measurements table

Purpose: allows you to add a measurement of a waveform to the selected view, or edit an existing
measurement

If this is the first measurement for the active view, PicoScope will create a new measurements table;
otherwise, it will add the new measurement to the bottom of the existing table. PicoScope automatically
refreshes the measurement every time it updates the waveform.

Select the channel to measure

Choose which of the scope device's channels to measure.

Select the type of measurement

PicoScope can calculate a wide range of measurements for waveforms. See scope measurements (for use
with scope views) or spectrum measurements (for use with spectrum views) for a list.

Choose which section of the graph will be measured

Measure the whole trace, the section between two time or frequency rulers or a single cycle marked by one
ruler.

Measurement Options
Some measurements have additional settings to choose from: see Scope measurement options and
Spectrum measurement options for more information.

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5.4.1.1 Scope measurement options

Threshold and hysteresis (Edge Count, Falling Edge Count and Rising Edge Count only)

Use these options to control the threshold method and the degree of hysteresis for Edge Count, Falling Edge
Count and Rising Edge Count measurements.

Threshold (Falling Rate, Fall Time, Rise Time and Rising Rate only)

Falling Rate, Fall Time, Rise Time and Rising Rate measurements can be made with different thresholds. Use
this control to select one.

When comparing rise and fall times with manufacturers' specifications, it is important to use the same
thresholds for all measurements.

5.4.1.2 Spectrum measurement options

Spectrum Span (all Spectrum measurements)

When measuring peak-related parameters in a spectrum view, PicoScope can search for a peak near the
specified frequency ruler location. This option tells PicoScope how many frequency bins to search.

Harmonic control options (Total Harmonic Distortion [all variants], SINAD and Signal to Noise Ratio [SNR]
only)
The following options apply to distortion measurements. You can specify which harmonics PicoScope uses
for these measurements.

Highest Harmonic
The highest harmonic to include when calculating distortion power.

Search Range
The number of frequency bins to search, centered on the expected frequency, when looking for a harmonic
peak.

Harmonic Noise Floor

The level in dB above which signal peaks will be counted as harmonics.

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5.4.2 DeepMeasure™ dialog

Location: Measurements > DeepMeasure

Purpose: lets you set up which channel to use for DeepMeasure

Adding a new instance of DeepMeasure

1. Make sure the channel you want to measure is enabled, using the Channels toolbar.

2. Click the Create button.

3. This opens the DeepMeasure Settings dialog: use this to select which channel to measure and define the
waveform cycles and how you would like to view the data.

4. Click OK. The new instance of DeepMeasure will appear in the list, as shown above, where you can edit or
delete it, or add more.

5.4.2.1 DeepMeasure™ Settings

Use this dialog to set up the channel and waveform characteristics to measure, and set up the display
options.

Channels
Data The input channel to measure

Cycle Threshold The signal level that defines the beginning and end of the cycle. The signal will cross
this threshold three times in every cycle.

Cycle Hysteresis Eliminates the effect of noise on the Cycle Threshold, in a similar way to trigger
hysteresis. The value you enter here is a range, to be divided equally either side of
the threshold.

Rise/Fall Time High and low measurement thresholds as a percentage of waveform height,
Threshold excluding ringing. Choose lower and upper step values of 10/90 or 20/80.

Display
Name Enter a name for this instance of DeepMeasure. This is optional, but can be useful if
you set up more than one instance for the same channel.

If you do not enter a name, PicoScope will generate one automatically.

Display cycles in Graph: Enables the DeepMeasure overlay.

Between time rulers: Only measures the section of waveform shown between the
time rulers.

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5.4.2.2 DeepMeasure™ data window

When you use DeepMeasure, PicoScope automatically displays the measurement data in a table below your
waveform, as shown below. You can sort this data by any of the fields.

Double-click one of the waveform cycles in the scope view to zoom in on it and go to the corresponding row
in the table, or double-click a row in the table to zoom in on the selected cycle in the scope view.

DeepMeasure overlay
This feature highlights individual waveform cycles in the graph.

· Boundaries between cycles are marked with thick black lines.

· Each cycle is numbered so you can easily match the waveforms in the graph to the entries in the data
table.

· Hover the mouse pointer over any cycle to display a summary of its measurements.

· Double-click any cycle in the graph or the data table to highlight it in the graph and zoom on it, and to
highlight it in the data table.

DeepMeasure tabs
Each instance of DeepMeasure is displayed in a separate table. Use these tabs to switch between them.

Control bar
Open the DeepMeasure Settings dialog

Export Save the decoded data in a link file, as an OpenDocument Spreadsheet (ODS) or
Comma-Separated Values (CSV) text file

View Fields: Choose which data fields are displayed

Grid Font Size: Change the size of the characters in the table

Buffer Choose whether to display packets from the Current Buffer or All Buffers

Fields
Each field in the data table represents one type of measurement.

Click and drag the edges of each column to change the width, and make viewing the field data clearer.

Click the field header to sort the table by that field, in ascending order. Click again to sort in descending
order.

5.5 Tools menu

Location: Menu bar > Tools

Purpose: gives access to assorted tools for signal analysis

Custom Probes. Define new probes and copy, delete, move and edit existing ones.

Math Channels. Add or edit a channel that is a mathematical function of one or more other
channels.

Reference Waveforms. Create, load or save a channel as a copy of an existing channel.

Serial Decoding. Decode and display the contents of serial data streams such as CAN bus.

Alarms. Specify actions to be taken on certain events.

Masks. Perform mask limit testing on a waveform. This detects when the waveform departs from
a specified shape.

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Macro Recorder. Save a frequently-used sequence of operations.

Preferences. Set various options that control PicoScope's behavior.

5.5.1 Custom Probes dialog

Location: Tools > Custom Probes
or open it from the Channel Options menu:

Purpose: allows you to set up and edit custom probes

The selection of built-in probes shown may vary depending on the version of the PicoScope
software that you are using.

Understanding the probe list

All the probes that PicoScope knows about are listed under three main headings: Built-in, Library and
Loaded. The probe list is preserved between sessions, so that PicoScope will never forget your custom
probes unless you delete them.

· Built-in probes. The built-in probes are supplied by Pico Technology and do not change unless you
download an authorized update from us. As a safeguard, PicoScope does not allow you to edit or delete
these probes. If you want to modify one of them, you can copy it to your library by clicking Duplicate, and
then edit the copy in your library.

· Library probes. These are the probes that you have created using any of the methods described in this
topic. You can edit, delete or duplicate any of these probes by clicking the appropriate button in this
dialog.

· Loaded probes. Probes in PicoScope data files (.psdata) or settings files (.pssettings) that you
have opened appear here until you copy them to your library. You cannot edit or delete these probes
directly, but you can click Save to Library to copy them to your library where you can edit them.

Adding a new probe to your library

There are three ways to create a new probe:

· Use the Duplicate button as described above.

· Click New Probe... to define a new probe.

· Click Import to load a probe definition from a *.psprobe file and add it to your library. These files are
normally supplied by Pico, but you can also create your own by defining a new probe and then clicking
Export.

The last two methods open the Custom Probe wizard to guide you through the probe definition process.

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5.5.1.1 Custom Probe wizard

Location: Custom Probes dialog > New Probe

Purpose: allows you to define custom probes and set up custom ranges

The first dialog in the series is either the Custom Probe wizard introduction dialog or the Edit an existing
Custom Probe dialog.

1. Introduction or Edit

2. Probe output units

3. Scaling method

4. Range management

5. Manual ranges setup

6. Filter method

7. Custom probe identification

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5.5.1.1.1 Custom Probe wizard introduction dialog

Location: Custom Probes dialog > New Probe...

Purpose: introduces you to the process for creating a new custom probe

Click Next to continue to the Probe Output Units dialog.

5.5.1.1.2 Edit Existing Custom Probe dialog

Location: Custom Probes dialog > Edit...

Purpose: introduces you to the process for editing an existing custom probe

Click Next to continue to the Probe Output Units dialog.

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5.5.1.1.3 Probe Output Units dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard

Purpose: allows you to choose the units that PicoScope will use to display the output of your custom
probe

To choose a standard SI unit, click Use a standard unit from the list and select one from the list.

To enter a custom unit, click Use the custom unit defined below and type the unit name and symbol.

Click Next to continue to the Scaling Method dialog.

Click Back to return to the Custom Probe wizard introduction dialog if this is a new probe, or the Edit Existing
Custom Probe dialog if this is an existing probe.

5.5.1.1.4 Scaling Method dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard

Purpose: allows you to define the characteristic that PicoScope will use to convert the custom probe's
voltage output to a measurement on the display

If you do not require any scaling or offset, select Don't apply any scaling to the data.

If the probe requires linear scaling, select Use a linear equation to scale the data and enter the gradient (or
scale factor) m and the offset c in the equation y = mx + c, where y is the displayed value and x is the probe's
voltage output.

If you wish to apply a nonlinear function to the probe's output, choose Use a look-up table, then click the
Create a Lookup Table... button to create a new lookup table. This will take you to the Lookup-table Scaling
dialog.

Click Next to continue to the Range Management dialog.

Click Back to return to the Probe Output Units dialog.

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5.5.1.1.4.1 Lookup-table Scaling dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard > Scaling Method dialog > Create a Lookup Table... or Edit the
Lookup Table...

Purpose: creates a lookup table to calibrate a custom probe

Editing the Lookup Table

First, select suitable values in the Input units and Scaled units drop-down boxes. For example, if your probe
is a current clamp that outputs one millivolt per ampere over the range –600 to +600 amperes, select Input
units of millivolts and Scaled units of amperes.

Next, enter some data in the scaling table. Click the first empty cell at the top of the table and type –600,
then hit the Tab key and type –600. When you are ready to enter the next pair of values, press the Tab key
again to start a new row. You can also right-click on the table to obtain a more detailed menu of options, as
shown in the picture. In the example above, we have entered a slightly nonlinear response; if the response
had been linear then it would have been easier to use the linear option in the Scaling Method dialog.

Import.../Export...
Using the Import... button, you can fill the lookup table from data in a comma-separated or tab-delimited text
file. The Export... button allows you to save the lookup table to a new file.

Finishing
Clicking OK or Cancel will return you to the Scaling Method dialog.

5.5.1.1.5 Range Management dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard

Purpose: allows you to override PicoScope's automatic range-creation feature for custom probes. In
most cases, the automatic procedure will be sufficient.

If you select Let the software manage my ranges for me automatically, clicking Next will take you to the
Custom Probe Identification dialog. PicoScope's automatic ranges should be ideal for most applications.

If you select I will manage the Custom Probe Ranges manually, clicking Next will take you to the Manual
Ranges Setup dialog.

Click Back to return to the Scaling Method dialog.

What is Auto-ranging?
When the Auto-ranging function is selected, PicoScope continually monitors the input signal and adjusts
the range when necessary to allow it to display the signal with maximum resolution. This function is
available on all standard ranges, and can be used with custom ranges if you select Let the software
manage my ranges for me automatically in this dialog.

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5.5.1.1.6 Manual Ranges Setup dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard > Range Management dialog > Advanced > Next

Purpose: creates ranges manually for your custom probe

If you wish, you can click Auto Generate Ranges and the software will create a number of ranges for the
selected device. This will create the same list of ranges that you would have obtained by selecting Let the
software manage my ranges for me automatically in the previous dialog. When you select a range, a
diagram below the list will show its relationship to the scope device's input range – this is explained further
under Edit range dialog. You can then edit the ranges by clicking Edit, or you can also add a new range by
clicking New Range. Both of these buttons take you to the Edit Range dialog.

Click Next to continue to the Filter Method dialog.

Click Back to return to the Range Management dialog.

How to use a new custom range

Here is the standard input range

menu for the built-in x1 probe:

When you create a custom input range, it appears in

the drop-down list of ranges in the channels toolbar,
like this:

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5.5.1.1.6.1 Edit Range dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard > Range Management dialog > Manual Ranges Setup dialog > Edit
Range or New Range

Purpose: editing a manual range for a custom probe

An input range is the signal range, usually in volts, on the input channel of the scope device. The scaled
range is the range that will appear on the vertical axis of the scope display when the probe is selected. Your
scaled range should match the input range as closely as possible, to make the most of the scope's
resolution.

The scaling that you chose on the Scaling Method page defines the relationship between the input range
and the scaled range. This dialog enables you to set up ranges to display the scaled data on the scope view.

Standard Options tab

Automatically select the hardware input range for the range limits I specify below
If you leave this radio button pressed, PicoScope will automatically determine the best hardware input range
for the device as you change the Scaled range limits. This is the best mode to use for almost all ranges. You
should set the Scaled range limits to the maximum and minimum values you wish to see on the vertical axis
of the scope display.

Use this hardware input range

If you press this radio button and select a hardware input range from the drop-down box, PicoScope will then
use that hardware input range whatever scaled range limits you choose. Set the upper and lower scaled
range limits to the limits you wish to appear at the top and bottom of the vertical axis in PicoScope's scope
view.

The range utilization bar

This diagram at the bottom of the dialog shows how well the input range of the device is matched to the
scaled range.

· Green - The section of the input range that is used by the scaled range. This should be as large as
possible, to maximize the use of the scope device's resolution.

· Blue - Areas of the input range that are not being used. These indicate wasted resolution.

· Grey - Parts of the scaled range that are not covered by the input range. These will result in wasted space
on the graph. The range utilization bar may not represent these areas accurately when non-linear scaling
is being used, so you should always test the scaled range limits on the scope view.

Advanced tab

The Advanced tab allows you to configure advanced options for custom probes. However, these options are
for factory use and we recommend that you do not change them.

Finishing
Clicking OK or Cancel will return you to the Manual Ranges Setup dialog.

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5.5.1.1.7 Filter Method dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard

Purpose: sets up lowpass filtering for this custom probe

This dialog has the same effect as manually enabling the Lowpass Filtering option in the Channel Options
dialog. Filtering will only occur if the attached scope device supports filtering.

Click Back to go to the Manual Range Setup dialog.

Click Next to go to the Custom Probe Identification dialog.

5.5.1.1.8 Custom Probe Identification dialog

Location: Custom Probe wizard

Purpose: entering text to identify the custom probe

Click Back to return to the Filter Method dialog.

The probe name will appear in the probe list.

The optional description is not used in the current version of the software.

Click Finish to accept your custom probe settings and return to the Custom Probes dialog.

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5.5.2 Math Channels dialog

Location: Tools > Math Channels

Purpose: creating, editing and controlling math channels, which are virtual channels generated by
mathematical functions of input channels

Math Channel list The main area of the Math Channels dialog is the Math Channel list, which shows all
the built-in, library and loaded math channels. To choose whether or not a channel
appears in the main PicoScope window, click the appropriate check box and then
OK. You can have up to eight channels in any view, including input channels and
math channels. If you enable a ninth channel, PicoScope opens a new view.

Built-in: these math channels are defined by PicoScope and cannot be changed

Library: these are the math channels that you define using the Create, Duplicate or
Edit buttons, or load with the Import button

Loaded: these are the math channels present in any PicoScope settings or data files
that you have loaded

Create Opens the Math Channel wizard, which guides you through the process of creating
or editing a math channel. The new channel will appear under Library in the Math
Channel list.

Edit Opens the Math Channel wizard to allow you to edit the selected math channel. You
must first select a channel in the Library section of the Math Channel list. If the
channel you want to edit is in the Built-in or Loaded section, first copy it to the
Library section by clicking Duplicate, then select it and click Edit.

Delete Permanently deletes the selected math channel. Only math channels in the Library
section can be deleted.

Duplicate Creates a copy of the selected math channel. The copy is placed in the Library
section, where you can edit it by clicking Edit.

Import Opens a .psmaths math channel file and places the math channels it contains in
the Library section

Export Saves all math channels from the Library section to a new .psmaths file

5.5.2.1 Math Channel wizard

Location: Channel Setup toolbar > Math Channels button

Purpose: creating, editing and controlling math channels, which are virtual channels generated by
mathematical functions of input channels

1. Introduction

2. Equation

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3. Channel name

4. Units and range

5. Finished

5.5.2.1.1 Math Channel wizard introduction dialog

Location: Math Channels dialog > Create

Purpose: introduces you to the process for creating a new math channel

Click Next to continue to the Math Channel wizard Equation dialog.

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5.5.2.1.2 Math Channel wizard Equation dialog

Location: Math Channel wizard

Purpose: allows you to enter or edit the equation for a math channel

You can type directly into the equation box, or click the calculator buttons and let the program insert the
symbols for you. A red error indicator will appear to the right of the equation box if the equation contains
a syntax error.

When you are happy with your equation, click Next to continue to the Math Channel wizard Name dialog.

Basic view

Math Channel wizard Equation dialog, basic view

Basic buttons
Button Equation Description

Clear Equation. Clears the entire contents of the equation box.

Clear. Clears the single character to the left of the cursor.

+ Add

– Subtract (or negate)

* Multiply

/ Divide

A...D Input Channels. The selection available depends on the number of

... enabled channels on the scope device.

{...}, T Other Operands. Shows a drop-down list of available inputs to

equations, including reference waveforms and Time.

(...) Brackets. Expressions within brackets will be evaluated before the

expressions to either side.

Advanced view
Clicking the Advanced button reveals more function buttons. Initially these are the Main group of buttons, as
shown below.

Math Channel wizard Equation dialog, advanced view, showing Main group of buttons

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Advanced buttons (numeric keypad)

Button Equation Description

0..9 0 to 9. The decimal digits.

...

. Decimal point

E Exponent. aEb means a × 10b.

Advanced buttons (Main group)

Button Equation Description

^ Power. Raise x to the power of y.

ln() Natural logarithm

Natural exponent. Raise e, the base of the natural logarithm, to the power of
exp()
x.

freq() Frequency. Calculated in hertz.

duty() Duty. Calculate the duty cycle as a percentage.

log() Logarithm. Base-10 logarithm.

Derivative. Calculated with respect to the x-axis.

derivative() Note: the derivative of a sampled signal contains a large amount of noise,
so it is advisable to apply digital lowpass filtering to all channels used as
inputs to this function.

integral() Integral. Along the x-axis.

sqrt() Square root

Normalize. PicoScope calculates the maximum and minimum values of the

norm() argument over the capture period, and then scales and offsets the
argument so that it exactly fits the range [0, +1] units.

abs() Absolute value

Crank speed (PicoScope Automotive only). This function requires two

arguments: the channel, and the number of teeth on the crank sensor
crank()
(including the spaces for missing teeth). PicoScope then calculates and
plots the crank speed in RPM.

Click Trigonometric, Buffered or Filters to reveal alternative groups of buttons:

Advanced buttons (Trigonometric group)

Button Equation Description

pi Pi. The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

Inverse. Modifies the sin, cos and tan buttons to the inverse trigonometric
functions asin, acos and atan.

sin() Sine. The operand is in radians.

cos() Cosine. The operand is in radians.

tan() Tangent. The operand is in radians.

sinh() Hyperbolic sine.

cosh() Hyperbolic cosine.

tanh() Hyperbolic tangent.

Advanced buttons (Buffered group)

When the scope is running, these functions operate continuously on all waveforms since the scope started
capturing. If a math channel containing these functions is enabled when the scope is stopped, it operates on
the contents of the waveform buffer instead.

Button Equation Description

min() Minimum. Negative peak detect of all previous waveforms.

max() Maximum. Positive peak detect of all previous waveforms.

average() Average. Arithmetic mean of all previous waveforms.

Peak detect. Display maximum-to-minimum range of all previous

peak()
waveforms.

Advanced buttons (Filters group)

Parameters:
i is the input channel or other operand (see under Basic buttons above)
f (or f1 and f2) are the –3 dB cutoff frequencies of the filter, in hertz

Button Equation Description

HighPass(i,f) Highpass filter. Attenuates low frequencies.

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Button Equation Description

LowPass(i,f) Lowpass filter. Attenuates high frequencies.

BandPass(i,f1,f2) Bandpass filter. Attenuates high and low frequencies outside the specified
range.

BandStop(i,f1,f2) Bandstop filter. Attenuates mid-band frequencies inside the specified

range.

These are digital filters with a finite number of taps and therefore cannot attenuate down to DC. They have a
minimum cutoff frequency of 1/64 000 of the scope's sampling rate. You can find the current sampling rate
displayed in the Properties sheet.

Additional functions
There are a few operators that can be entered only by using the equation box:

Signum function. The sign() operator returns the sign of its input. The result is +1 when the input is positive,
–1 when the input is negative, and 0 when the input is 0.

Advance/Delay. To deskew a signal, select the channel and add the deskew time in seconds, in square
brackets. For example, to advance Channel A by 1 millisecond, enter A[0.001], and to delay Channel A by 1
millisecond, enter A[–0.001]. Using time offsets to adjust one channel relative to another can compensate
for differences in cable lengths or skew in trace lengths.

5.5.2.1.3 Math Channel wizard Name dialog

Location: Math Channel wizard

Purpose: allows you to enter or edit the name and color of a math channel

PicoScope initially sets the name to the text of the equation, but you can edit it to anything you like. The
name will appear in the channel list in the Math Channels dialog. You can set the color of the trace to one of
the standard colors in the drop-down-list, or click Custom to choose any possible color allowed by Windows.

Click Next to continue to the Math Channel wizard Units and Range dialog.

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5.5.2.1.4 Math Channel wizard Units and Range dialog

Location: Math Channel wizard

Purpose: allows you to specify the measurement units and the range of values to display for a math
channel

Units
Long Name: This is for your reference only.

Short Name: This will be displayed on the vertical axis in scope and spectrum views, in the ruler legend and
in the measurements table.

Range
If you leave the Override automatic range selection check box empty, PicoScope will choose the most
appropriate range for the vertical axis. If you prefer to set your own minimum and maximum values for the
axis, check the box and enter them in the Min and Max boxes.

Click Next to continue to the Math Channel wizard Finished dialog.

5.5.2.1.5 Math Channel wizard Finished dialog

Location: Math Channel wizard

Purpose: shows you the settings for the math channel that you have just created or edited

Click Back to return to previous dialogs in the Math Channel wizard if you wish to change any of the settings.

Click Finish to accept the settings shown and return to the Math Channels dialog. If you want the new or
edited channel to appear on the scope or spectrum display, remember to check the appropriate box in the
channel list. You can change them later by returning to the Math Channels dialog.

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5.5.3 Reference Waveforms dialog

Location: Tools > Reference Waveforms

Purpose: enables you to create, edit and control reference waveforms, which are stored copies of
input channels

Reference Waveforms The main area of the Reference Waveforms dialog is the Reference Waveforms list,
list which shows all the available input channels and the library and loaded reference
waveforms. To choose whether or not a waveform appears in the main PicoScope
window, click the appropriate check box and then OK. You can have up to eight
channels in any view, including input channels, math channels and reference
waveforms. If you try to enable a ninth channel, PicoScope will open another view.

Available: these input channels are suitable as sources for reference waveforms

Library: these are the reference waveforms that you have defined using the
Duplicate button or loaded with the Import button

Loaded: these are the reference waveforms present in any PicoScope settings or
data files that you have loaded

Edit Opens the Edit Reference Waveform dialog to allow you to edit the selected
reference waveform. You must first select a waveform in the Library section of the
Reference Waveforms list. If the waveform you want to edit is in the Loaded section,
first copy it to the Library section by clicking Duplicate, then select it and click Edit.

Delete Permanently deletes the selected reference waveform. Only reference waveforms in
the Library section can be deleted.

Duplicate Creates a copy of the selected input channel or reference waveform. The copy is
placed in the Library section, from where you can edit it by clicking Edit. A quicker
way to do the same thing is to right-click on the view, select Reference Waveforms
and then click the channel that you wish to copy.

Import Opens a .psreference reference waveform file and places the waveforms it
contains in the Library section.

Export Saves the highlighted reference waveform from the Library or Loaded sections to a
new .psreference or MATLAB 4 .mat file.

5.5.3.1 Edit Reference Waveform dialog

Location: Reference Waveforms dialog > Edit

Purpose: allows you to edit the name and color of a reference waveform

Name: PicoScope initially names the waveform after the input channel used as its source, but you can
edit it to anything you like. Here we have named it noise. The name will appear in the waveform
list in the Reference Waveforms dialog.

Color: You can set the color of the trace to one of the standard colors in the drop-down-list, or click
Custom to choose any color allowed by Windows.

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5.5.4 Serial Decoding dialog

Location: Tools > Serial Decoding

Purpose: lets you set up which channels and protocols to use for serial decoding

Adding a new serial decoder

1. Make sure the channel you want to decode is enabled, using the Channels toolbar. For duplex protocols
such as UART, you must decode each direction (for example Tx and Rx) using a separate channel.

2. Click the Create button, as shown above, and select the serial decoding protocol you would like to use
from the list.

3. This opens the Decoder Settings dialog: use this to select which channel to decode and how you would
like to view the data, and to adjust other settings. Each protocol has different settings to adjust.

4. Click OK. Your selected protocols will appear in the Serial decoders list, as shown above, where you can
edit or delete them.

5.5.4.1 Decoder Settings

Different settings options are available for each protocol decoder.

If the serial decoding parameters entered are incorrect, PicoScope will display an error message.

Channels
Signals
Data Data channel for various protocols.

Note: bidirectional SPI can be decoded as two separate buses, one with Data In
(DI) as the I/O signal and the other with Data Out (DO) as the I/O signal. The
Clock (and Chip Select if present) can be shared by both buses.

Tx (Master) Master signal for Modbus protocols

Rx (Slave) Slave signal for Modbus protocols

Clock Clock for various protocols

Word Select For the I2S protocol. Indicates which stereo channel the data belongs to.

Chip Select For the SPI protocol. If there is no Chip Select signal, clear the check box.

DataPlus and For the USB (1.0/1.1) protocol.

DataMinus

Controls
Invert Reverses the polarity of the signal

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Threshold The voltage that defines the transition in either direction between high and low
logic states

Hysteresis Eliminates the effect of noise on the threshold, in a similar way to trigger
hysteresis. The value you enter here is a range, to be divided equally either side
of the threshold.

Configuration
Baud Rate The symbol frequency in baud. PicoScope will automatically detect the baud
rate and select a value for you. Alternatively, you can choose one of the
standard values from the drop-down list or enter an arbitrary value.

Bit Order Whether the most or least significant bit occurs first.

For protocols with application-specific bit order, such as UART, you must set
this to match to the data format.

Bus Speed The maximum data rate of the I2C serial bus

Chip Select State The polarity of the Chip Select (CS) signal

Clock Edge Whether to sample the clock (SCK) on the falling or rising edge

Data Bits The number of bits in the data payload of each packet

Data Bit Rate The bit rate (in baud) of the data phase of the signal, independent of bit
encoding and decoding

Data Encoding Encoding of the ARINC 429 data field: binary coded decimal (BCD), binary
number representation (BNR), or discrete data representation

Display 4B/5B Code Show the 4B/5B block coding scheme output (rather than Ethernet packets)
Groups for the Fast Ethernet protocol

End Of Packet Byte For the Modbus ASCII protocol. Byte value of the line feed (LF) byte.

First Slot The first DMX channel to display

Full-speed Full speed USB 1.0 or 1.1 protocol

(12 Mbit/s)

High or Low The signal polarity of the CAN or CAN FD protocol

High Threshold The voltage level of the high signal state

Id Bytes The number of bytes used to identify slave devices in the Modbus protocols.
Using one-byte slave IDs imposes a limit of 247 slave devices on the network;
using two bytes extends this to 65535 devices.

Last Slot The last DMX channel to display

Low-speed Low speed USB 1.0 or 1.1 protocol

(1.5 Mbit/s)

Low Threshold The voltage level of the low signal state

Parity The type of error-correction bit added to each packet

Sample time from falling The time since the last falling edge at which to sample the 1-Wire bus
edge

Sensor Type The type of SENT sensor attached. Defines the contents of the packet data
nibbles.

Stop Bits The number of fixed bits at the end of each packet

Tick Time SENT transmitter-specific nominal clock period (tick)

Word Length For the I2S protocol. Word length used in the packet.

Display
Name Create a name for each protocol setup, which is displayed in the scope view

Display packets in Graph: shows the data in logic-analyzer style, on the same time axis as the
analog waveform.
• Hover the mouse pointer over any decoded packet to display its
contents.
• Click-and-drag the decoded data up or down the scope view.
• If the Table display is visible, double-click on any packet to highlight it in
the table.

Table: displays the decoded data in a table in the serial data window, with
advanced search and filtering functions.

Between time rulers: Only decodes the section of waveform shown between
the time rulers.

You can also choose a format for the decoded data: Hex, Binary, Decimal, or
ASCII.

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5.5.4.2 Serial Decoding data window

Select Table in the Decoder Settings dialog to view the decoded serial data in an alphanumeric format below
your waveform, as shown below. This format allows advanced filtering and searching of the data. You can
also sort the data by any of the fields.

When Graph is also selected in the Decoder Settings dialog, the data will appear in graphical form on the
scope view too. You can click on one of the data packets in the scope view to go to the corresponding row in
the table, or you can double-click a row in the table to zoom to the corresponding frame in the scope view.

Control bar
Open the Decoder Settings dialog

Link Open: Open a previously created link file, which translates numerical decoded data to
text

Create Template: Create a link file with the correct field headers, but without any
populated data

Clear: Clear the loaded link file

Recent Files: Files which have recently been saved or opened

Export Save the decoded data in a link file, as an OpenDocument Spreadsheet (ODS) or
Comma-Separated Values (CSV) text file

View Fields: Choose which data fields are displayed

Grid Font Size: Change the size of the characters in the table

Statistics View or hide the statistics columns, which list the signal voltages and packet time for
each packet

Change numeric Choose the format your data is displayed in: Hex, Binary, Decimal or ASCII
display format

Buffer Choose whether to display packets from the Current Buffer or All Buffers

Filter Allows you to reduce the size of the table by selecting which data to show. When you
click the Filter button, text entry boxes appear above each column in the table. Choose
a field to filter by and enter the value you are looking for. Only the packets which
match your filter term will be displayed.

For example, enter 6C7 in the filter box at the top of the ID column, and PicoScope will
only display the packets where the ID contains the value 6C7.

[Field] and Search Select the field you wish to search using the drop-down list, and then enter a search
term in the search box. Use the arrows to scroll through matching data packets.

Fields
The fields shown will vary depending on which protocol has been selected. For more information on the data
displayed, see the individual sections in Serial protocols.

Click and drag the edges of each column to change the width, and make viewing the field data clearer.

Click on the field header to sort the table by that field, in ascending order. Click again to sort in descending
order. To restore the default order, sort by Packet.

PicoScope sorts by value rather than by string. This is also the case if you are using a link file and have
converted numerical codes into plain text: PicoScope will sort by the underlying value.

Selection tabs
A separate table will be displayed for each serial decoding setup created, with different channels and
protocols. Use the tabs to switch between them.

5.5.5 Alarms dialog

Location: Tools > Alarms

Purpose: gives access to the alarms feature, which specifies actions to be taken on various events

Event: Select the event(s) that will trigger the alarm:

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Capture: when a waveform is captured. If triggering is enabled, this option

corresponds to a trigger event. You can therefore use this function to save a file on
each trigger event.

Buffers Full: when the number of waveforms in the waveform buffer reaches the
maximum waveform count.

Mask(s) Fail: when any channel fails a mask test.

Note: for an event to be active, its check box must be selected.

Actions list Add actions to this list by clicking Add. Whenever the event selected above occurs,
PicoScope will execute the all the actions in the list from top to bottom. For an
action to execute, its check box must be selected.

Apply Set up the scope according to the settings in this dialog.

Add Add an event to the Actions list. Possible events are:

Beep: activate the computer's built-in sounder. 64-bit PCs redirect this sound to the
headphone output.

Play Sound: specify the name of a .wav sound file to play.

Stop Capture: equivalent to pressing the red Stop button.

Restart Capture: equivalent to pressing the green Go button. Use this action only if
you have used the Stop Capture action earlier in the list.

Run Executable: run the specified .exe, .com or .bat program file. You can type
the %file% variable after the program name to pass the name of the last file saved
as an argument to the program. PicoScope will stop capturing while the program
runs, and resume after the program terminates.

Save Current Buffer: save the current waveform from the buffer as a .psdata
or.pssettings file, or in numerous other binary, text and image formats. You can
use the %buffer% variable to insert the buffer index number into the file name, or
the %time% variable to insert the time of capture.

Save All Buffers: save the entire waveform buffer as a file.

Trigger Signal Generator: if the scope device has a triggerable signal generator,
start generating a signal. The signal generator's Trigger Source option must be set
to Manual for this operation to work.

Enable external code As a security feature, to enable Run Executable you must also select the Enable
execution external code execution option.

5.5.6 Masks menu

Location: Tools > Masks

Purpose: gives control over mask limit testing

Add Masks Add a mask to the display using the Mask Library dialog

Clear Mask Remove the mask from the display

Save Mask Save the displayed mask to disk as a .mask file

5.5.6.1 Mask Library dialog

Location: Tools > Masks > Add Masks

Purpose: allows you to create, export and import masks for mask limit testing

Channel Select the channel to which you want to apply the mask

Available masks The Library section shows all the masks that you have saved in the past and not
deleted

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Generate Create a new mask based on the last waveform captured from the selected channel.
Opens the Generate Mask dialog.

Import Load a mask that has previously been saved as a .mask file

Export Save a mask as a .mask file for future import

Apply Use the selected mask on the selected channel but remain in the Mask Library dialog

OK Use the selected mask on the selected channel and return to the scope view

5.5.6.2 Generate Mask dialog

Location: Mask Library dialog > Generate

Purpose: allows you to set parameters for the automatically generated mask. PicoScope will then
create a new mask based on the last captured waveform.

Name: PicoScope automatically chooses a name for the new mask. You can edit the name in this
box.

X Offset: The horizontal distance between the waveform and the mask.

Y Offset: The vertical distance between the waveform and the mask.

/ This button toggles the offset value between absolute units (SI) and relative units (% of full
scale).

This button resets the offset value to its default.

5.5.6.3 Editing a mask

To edit a mask in mask limit testing mode, right-click on the scope view and select Masks > Edit Mask:

A mask is made up of one or more shapes called polygons. Click on the polygon you wish to edit. PicoScope
will then draw edit handles on the selected mask polygon and display the mask edit box. If you drag any of
the handles to edit the polygon, the statistical results will be updated immediately.

The mask edit box looks like this:

Normal view Minimized view

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If the edit box is not immediately visible, it may have been minimized; if this is the case, click the restore
button . If you edit the coordinates of a vertex, the statistical results will be updated immediately. You can
also export the mask to a .mask file with the export button . Use the and buttons to add or remove
vertices. The minimize button has its usual function. To leave mask editing mode, close the mask edit box
with the close button .

To add or remove an entire polygon, right-click the scope view and select either Add Mask Polygon or
Remove Mask Polygon:

5.5.7 Macro Recorder

Location: Tools > Macro Recorder

Purpose: records a sequence of commands to be replayed later

The Macro Recorder is useful when you want to execute a series of commands repeatedly. It saves all
commands to a .psmacro file, which you can modify using an XML editor.

Execute in real time Play back the macro at the same speed as it was recorded. When this box is not
checked, playback will be as fast as possible.

Load Load a macro from a file

You can also play back .psmacro files from the PicoScope command line. See Command-line syntax for
information on this and other macro commands.

5.5.8 Preferences dialog

Location: Tools > Preferences

Purpose: Allows you to set options for the PicoScope software. Click one of the tabs in the image
below to learn more.

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5.5.8.1 General page

Location: Tools > Preferences > General

Purpose: contains general controls for PicoScope

Reset "Don't show this Restore any missing dialogs that you asked PicoScope not to show again.
again" dialogs

Reset preferences Set all preferences back to their default values.

Waveform Buffer Maximum Waveforms: the maximum number of waveforms that PicoScope will
store in the waveform buffer. You can select any number from 1 to the maximum
allowed by the oscilloscope that is connected: see the scope specifications for
details. The actual number of waveforms stored depends on the available memory
and the number of samples in each waveform.

Collection Time Units Choose how the collection time is displayed in the Capture Setup toolbar.

Times per division: collection time is expressed in units of time per division, for
example 5 ns/div.

Total collection time: the collection time shows the length of time represented by
the entire width of the scope view, for example 50 ns.

The horizontal axis of the PicoScope display has ten divisions, with the time
marked at each, so 5 ns/div and 50 ns represent exactly the same horizontal scale.

Measurement Statistics Capture Size: the number of successive captures that PicoScope uses to calculate
the statistics in the Measurements Table. A larger number produces more
accurate statistics but causes them to be updated less frequently.

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5.5.8.2 Power Management page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Power Management

Purpose: controls features of the oscilloscope that affect power consumption

Capture Rate
This control limits the speed at which PicoScope captures data from the scope device. The other PicoScope
settings, the type of scope device and the speed of the computer will all affect whether this limit can actually
be reached. PicoScope automatically selects the appropriate limit according to whether your computer is
running on batteries or on mains (line) power.

The settings are in captures per second. By default, the capture rate is set to 30 Captures per second when
your computer is running on Mains (line) power, for maximum performance. If other applications on your PC
run too slowly while PicoScope is capturing, reduce the capture rate. When your computer is running on
Battery power, PicoScope imposes a performance limit to save the battery. You can increase this limit
manually, but this will cause the battery to drain very quickly.

5.5.8.3 Sampling page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Sampling

Purpose: controls the sampling behavior of the oscilloscope

Slow Sampling Transition

In normal (fast) sampling mode, PicoScope collects enough data to fill the screen and then redraws the
whole view at once. This method is suitable for short collection times, when the screen is redrawn many
times each second, but with long collection times it can cause a unacceptable delay before the data appears
on the screen. To avoid this delay, PicoScope automatically switches to slow sampling mode, in which the
scope trace advances gradually across the screen as the scope captures data. The Collection Time control
lets you choose the collection time at which PicoScope makes this switch.

Slow Sampling Display

When this box is checked, PicoScope displays the previous waveform in the buffer while gradually redrawing
the new waveform over the top of it. Thus, at any time, the left-hand side of the view shows the beginning of
the new waveform, while the right-hand side shows the end of the previous waveform. A vertical bar
separates the two waveforms. This operation uses the Fast Streaming Mode capability of the PicoScope
oscilloscope hardware.

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Sin(x)/x Interpolation
When the number of pixels across the scope view is greater than the number of samples in the waveform
buffer, PicoScope interpolates - that is, it fills the space between the samples with estimated data. It can
either draw straight lines between the samples (linear interpolation) or connect them with smooth curves
(sin(x)/x interpolation). Linear interpolation makes it easier to see where the samples are, which is useful for
high-accuracy measurements, but results in a jagged waveform. Sin(x)/x interpolation gives a smoother
waveform but disguises the true locations of the samples, so should be used with care when the number of
samples on the screen is low.

You can adjust the number of samples below which sin(x)/x interpolation is switched on. Sin(x)/x
interpolation is used only on the scope's shortest collection time.

5.5.8.4 Keyboard page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Keyboard

Purpose: displays, and allows you to edit, keyboard shortcuts

A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that can be pressed on the keyboard to activate a PicoScope
operation.

Keyboard Shortcuts This is a list of PicoScope operations and their associated keyboard shortcuts (if
defined). The extent of the list depends on the Show Full Key List option (see
below).

To edit or add a keyboard shortcut:

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· Scroll through the list of PicoScope commands until the required operation is
visible
· Select the required operation
· Click the Press shortcut Keys: box
· Press the required key combination on the keyboard
· Click Assign

Show Full Key List Check this box to show all available operations. By default, only the most common
operations are listed, plus any other operations that have a keyboard shortcut
assigned to them.

Select keyboard map A set of keyboard shortcuts is called a map. You can define multiple maps for
different applications.

Default: This map cannot be edited. Use it to return to the factory-defined basic
shortcuts.

Advanced (QWERTY) and Advanced (DVORAK): These are some more factory-
defined maps that cannot be edited. They contains more comprehensive sets of
shortcuts, for two different keyboard layouts.

User: This is the map that you most recently created or imported. It is preserved
between PicoScope sessions.

Import: Load a keyboard map from a .pskeys file

Export Save the current keyboard map to a .pskeys file

5.5.8.5 Regional & Language page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Regional & Language

Purpose: lets you select the language and other location-dependent settings for PicoScope's user
interface

Language Select the language you wish to use for the PicoScope 6 user interface from the
drop-down box. PicoScope will ask you to restart the program before switching to
the new language.

Measurement System Select metric or U.S. units.

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5.5.8.6 Printing page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Printing

Purpose: lets you enter the details that will appear at the bottom of any printed output

Default Print Settings When you print a view from the File menu, these details will be added to the bottom
of the page.

5.5.8.7 Colors page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Colors

Purpose: lets you set the colors for various parts of the user interface

Custom Colors
These controls let you specify the colors for various parts of the PicoScope screen:

Channels the trace color for each scope channel

Digital Channels if you have a mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO), the color of each channel can be set
here

Masks the mask areas in Mask Limit Testing

Misc miscellaneous items on the display, including:

Grid lines the horizontal and vertical lines on the graticule

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Background the area behind the waveforms and graticule. (In persistence
mode, you can override this setting using the Persistence
Options dialog.)

Live trigger the trigger marker for the current trigger position

Trigger secondary trigger marker (appears when the live trigger has
moved since the last waveform capture)

Horizontal axis the numbers across the bottom of each view, which usually
indicate time measurements

Rulers the horizontal and vertical rulers that you can drag into
position to help measure features on the waveform

Persistence the three colors to use for each channel in digital color persistence mode. The top
color is used for the most frequently hit pixels, the middle and bottom colors for the
less and least frequently hit pixels.

Line Thickness
These controls let you specify the thickness of the lines drawn on the scope and spectrum views:

Channel the waveforms and spectrum traces for all scope channels

Grid Lines the horizontal and vertical lines on the graticule

Rulers the horizontal and vertical rulers that you can drag into position to help measure
features on the waveform

Reset Colors to Default

Resets all of the color and line thickness settings to their default values.

5.5.8.8 Options page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Options

Purpose: lets you set various options that control the way that PicoScope 6 works

Device Startup Settings

Remember Last Device. This option is used when PicoScope finds more than one scope device. If the box is
checked, PicoScope will attempt to use the same device that was used last time. Otherwise it will use the
first device available.

Advanced Features
The advanced capture modes are enabled by default in PicoScope 6 and disabled by default in PicoScope 6
Automotive. Regardless of the version you have, you can enable or disable these features using the
following options:

Spectrum Spectrum view features

Persistence Digital Color, Analog Intensity and custom persistence display modes

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Zoom Overview A window that appears when you zoom in, to help you move around large waveforms
with the minimum of mouse clicks

RPM Revolutions per minute, displayed alongside hertz in the frequency legend

Show Analog Options Allows you to adjust settings such as DC Offset in the Channel Options menu

Trigger Delay The Time-delay function in the Trigger controls

Rapid Trigger Enables the Rapid trigger mode in the Trigger controls

Show Vehicle Library PicoScope 6 Automotive only. Opens the Details dialog before the Save As... dialog
on Save when you save a waveform, enabling you to record details about the vehicle and the
customer.

Move Trigger toolbar The Trigger toolbar, containing the Trigger controls and the Stop and Go,
to top Measurements and other buttons, is at the bottom of the PicoScope
window by default. This option moves it to the top, immediately below
the Channels toolbar.

Show Analog Options Enables the Analog Options in the Channel Options menu

Recent Files
The maximum number of files listed in the File > Recent Files menu. Click the button to clear the list.

5.5.8.9 Updates page

Location: Tools > Preferences > Updates

Purpose: configures the automatic update checker and related services

Automatic Updates
Don't check for updates If you prefer, you can check for updates yourself, either by clicking the
Check for updates command in the Help menu, or by visiting
www.picotech.com/downloads.

Notify me when updates are PicoScope will regularly check for updates to your software. Note: this
available option requires an internet connection.

Reset "Don't prompt me again for If you have checked the box marked Don't notify me about selected
these versions" update(s) again in the Update Available dialog, this button enables
reminders again.

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Usage Statistics
To help us to continue to improve PicoScope, the program periodically sends anonymous information back
to our developers about which features you use the most. This information does not contain your name,
email address or any other personal details, but does allow us to identify which country you are in. If you do
not wish to send us this information, uncheck this box.

5.6 Automotive menu

Location: Menu bar > Automotive

Purpose: gives access to a wide variety of preset guided tests

Applicability: PicoScope 6 Automotive only

Show Web Help: when you select a test with this box checked, a
web-based guidance page for that test opens, with full instructions
for carrying out the test, along with some connection and technical
information. If you clear this box, guided tests will be disabled,
although PicoScope will still display an example waveform and
adjust the settings for the preset test.

The Automotive menu contains over 150 preset guided tests ready for you to perform on vehicles.

To run a guided test

1. Select the test you wish to run.

2. If you have checked the Show Web Help box, PicoScope opens the relevant guided test page that
explains how to set up the test for the scope you have connected, run the test and interpret the results (a
few tests do not have an information page).

3. PicoScope displays an example waveform.

4. PicoScope configures itself with the necessary settings.

5. Start the oscilloscope running, either using the red and green Stop and Go buttons, or (if you are using
the default keyboard map) by pressing the space bar.

5.7 Help menu

Location: Menu bar > Help

Purpose: gives access to the PicoScope 6 User's Guide and related information

User's Guide The document you are reading now. This is the most complete source of
information on PicoScope.

Online Documentation Find manuals, data sheets, training guides and more for Pico Technology
products

Online Forum Request technical support and discuss questions with fellow PicoScope users.
New software features are sometimes announced here before they make it into
the User's Guide.

Send Feedback Opens the Send Feedback dialog. You can use this to suggest improvements and
report software bugs. You can also tell us about errors in documentation such as
user's guides, and about any translation errors in the software or the
documentation.

Check for Updates Check online for later versions of PicoScope. If you have both stable and beta
versions installed, this can check for updates to both of them. You can configure
the settings for automatic update checking on the Updates page of the
Preferences dialog.

About PicoScope 6 Displays useful information such as the model and serial number of your scope,
and software and driver version numbers.

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5.7.1 Send Feedback dialog

Location: Help > Send Feedback

Purpose: allows you to send comments, queries and bug reports to Pico Technology

The Send Feedback dialog is provided as a convenient way to let us know about your experience using
PicoScope 6.

If you are reporting a bug, please let us know what you were doing, what happened and what should have
happened.

If you are reporting a translation or documentation error, please tell us where the error is, what it says and
what you believe it should say.

6 Toolbars and buttons

A toolbar is a collection of buttons and controls with related functions. PicoScope 6 includes the following
toolbars and buttons:

6.1 Capture Setup toolbar

The Capture Setup toolbar controls the time-related or frequency-related settings of your oscilloscope.

Scope Mode
In scope mode, the toolbar looks like this:

See below for different versions of the toolbar in spectrum mode and persistence mode.

Scope Mode. Sets up PicoScope to operate as an oscilloscope. Use the Auto

Setup button to optimize the settings. If you wish, you can add a secondary
spectrum view from the context menu (by right-clicking on the scope view).

Persistence Mode. Toggles persistence mode, which allows old traces to

remain on the screen in faded colors while new traces are drawn on top in
brighter colors. The use of colors is controlled by the Persistence Options
dialog. PicoScope will remember any views that were open, so that you can
return to them by clicking the Persistence Mode button again.

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Spectrum Mode. Sets up PicoScope to operate in spectrum analyzer mode.

Use the Auto Setup button to optimize the settings. If you wish, you can add
a secondary scope view from the context menu (by right-clicking on the
scope view).

Auto Setup. Searches for a signal on one of the enabled input channels, then
sets up the collection time and signal range to display the signal correctly.

Home. Restores PicoScope to its default settings. Equivalent to the File >
Startup Settings > Load Startup Settings command.

Collection Time. Sets the time represented by the horizontal axis when the
horizontal zoom control is set to x1. The options available depend on
the type of scope device you are using and, for some devices, on the
number and combination of channels enabled and the selected trigger mode.
PicoScope can display the collection time as either times per division (as
shown here) or a total collection time: you can choose between them using
the Collection Time Units control on the General page of the Preferences
dialog.

Choosing a collection time equal to or longer than PicoScope's Slow

Sampling Transition setting (200 ms/div by default) causes the scope to
switch to a different mode of data transfer. The internal details of this are
taken care of by PicoScope, but the slow mode limits the sampling rate to
the 'streaming mode sampling rate' specified in the scope device's data
sheet. The Slow Sampling Transition setting can be changed on the
Sampling page of the Preferences dialog.

Number of Samples. Sets the maximum number of samples that will be

captured for each channel. If this is larger than the number of pixels across
the scope view, you can zoom in to see more detail. The actual number of
samples captured is displayed on the Properties sheet, and may be different
from the number requested here, depending on which collection time is
selected and which scope device is in use. To capture one waveform that
occupies the entire buffer memory, first set the Trigger Mode control to
Single.

Hardware Resolution (Flexible resolution oscilloscopes only). Sets the

number of hardware bits used for sampling. The range of options depends
on the number of channels enabled and the sampling rate selected.
Automatic Resolution chooses the highest resolution compatible with the
currently selected sampling rate and capture size. To find out what
resolution is actually in use, view the Effective Resolution value in the
Properties Sheet. Resolution can be further increased by software filtering:
see resolution enhancement.

Spectrum Mode
In spectrum mode, the Capture Setup toolbar looks like this:

Spectrum Range control. Sets the frequency range across the horizontal axis of
the spectrum analyzer when the horizontal zoom control is set to x1.

Spectrum Options. Appears if a spectrum view is open, regardless of whether

scope mode or spectrum mode is selected. It opens the Spectrum Options
dialog.

Persistence Mode
In persistence mode, the Capture Setup toolbar looks like this:

Persistence Options. Opens the Persistence Options dialog, which controls

several parameters affecting the way that PicoScope represents old and new
data in persistence mode.

6.1.1 Spectrum Options dialog

This dialog appears when you click the Spectrum Options button in the Capture Setup toolbar. It is available
only when a spectrum view is open. It contains controls that determine how PicoScope converts the source
waveform in the current scope view to a spectrum view.

FFT Options
Spectrum Bins The number of frequency bins into which the spectrum is divided. This control sets
the maximum number of frequency bins, which the software may or may not be
able to provide depending on other settings. The main constraint is that the
number of bins cannot greatly exceed half the number of samples in the source
waveform.

If the source waveform contains fewer samples than required (that is, fewer than
twice the number of frequency bins), then PicoScope zero-pads the waveform up
to the next power of two. For example, if the scope view contains 10 000 samples,
and you set Spectrum Bins to 16 384, then PicoScope zero-pads the waveform to

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16 384 samples, which is the nearest power of two above 10 000. It then uses
these 16 384 samples to provide 8192 frequency bins, not the 16 384 requested.

If the source waveform contains more samples than required, then PicoScope
uses as many samples as necessary, starting from the beginning of the waveform
buffer. For example, if the source waveform contains 100 000 samples and you
request 16 384 frequency bins, PicoScope needs only 2 x 16 384 = 32 768
samples, so it uses the first 32 768 samples from the waveform buffer and ignores
the rest. The amount of data actually used is displayed as the Time Gate setting in
the Properties sheet.

Window Function Allows you to choose one of the standard window functions to reduce the effect of
operating on a time-limited waveform. See Spectrum window functions for a list of
available functions.

Y Axis
Display Mode You can choose Magnitude, Average or Peak Hold.

Magnitude: the spectrum view shows the frequency spectrum of the last
waveform captured, whether live or stored in the waveform buffer.
Average: the spectrum view shows a rolling average of spectra calculated from all
the waveforms in the waveform buffer. This has the effect of reducing the noise
visible in the spectrum view. To clear the averaged data, click Stop and then Go, or
change from Average mode to Magnitude mode.
Peak Hold: the spectrum view shows a rolling maximum of the spectra calculated
from all the waveforms in the buffer. In this mode, the amplitude of any frequency
band in the spectrum view will either stay the same or increase, but never
decrease, over time. To clear the peak hold data, click Stop and then Go, or change
from Peak Hold mode to Magnitude mode.
Note: when you switch to Average or Peak Hold mode, there may be a noticeable
delay while PicoScope processes the entire contents of the waveform buffer,
which may contain many waveforms, to build up the initial display.

Scale Specifies the labeling and scaling of the vertical (signal) axis. This can be one of
the following:

Linear: The vertical axis is scaled in volts RMS

Logarithmic: The vertical axis is scaled in decibels, with reference quantities

selectable in the Logarithmic unit control below.

Logarithmic unit Specifies the reference quantity used on the logarithmic scale. This option is only
available when you have already selected Logarithmic in the Scale control.

dBV: Reference level is 1 V

dBu: Reference level is 1 mW with a load resistance of 600 Ω. This corresponds to
a voltage of about 775 mV.

dBm: Reference level is 1 mW into the specified load impedance. You can enter the
load impedance in the box below the Logarithmic unit control.

Arbitrary dB: Reference level is an arbitrary voltage, which you can specify in the
box below the Logarithmic unit control.

X Axis
X Scale Specifies the scale of the frequency axis. You can choose between Linear and Log
10.

Linear: The axis is scaled in equal intervals from DC to the frequency set by the
Spectrum Range control.

Log 10: The axis is scaled in decades ending at the specified Spectrum Range
frequency, and beginning at a number of decades below that as specified by
the Number of Decades control.

Num Decades Specifies the number of decades into which the frequency axis is divided when X
Scale is set to Log 10.

6.1.2 Persistence Options dialog

This dialog appears when you click the Persistence Options button in the Capture Setup toolbar. It is
available only when persistence mode is selected. It controls the colors and fading algorithm used to
distinguish new or frequent data from old or intermittent data in the persistence view.

Mode Digital Color: This mode uses a range of colors to indicate the frequency of
waveform data. Red is used for the most frequent data, and less frequent data is
represented successively by yellow and blue.

Analog Intensity: This mode uses color intensity to indicate the age of waveform
data. The latest data is drawn at full intensity in the selected color for that
channel, with older data being represented by paler shades of the same color.

Fast: A mode with simplified display options to enable the fastest possible
update rate. Only available on scope devices that support rapid triggering.

Advanced: This mode activates the Advanced options at the bottom of the
dialog, allowing you to customize the persistence mode display.

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Decay Time The time, in milliseconds, taken for waveform data to fade from red to blue or
from maximum to minimum analog intensity. The longer the decay time, the
longer the older waveforms will remain on the screen.

Saturation The intensity or color with which new waveforms are drawn.

Decayed Intensity The intensity or color to which the oldest waveforms decay when the decay time
expires. If the decayed intensity is zero, then older waveforms will be completely
erased from the display after the decay time. For non-zero values of decayed
intensity, old waveforms will remain indefinitely on the screen at that intensity
unless overwritten by new ones.

Advanced
These options are available when Mode is set to Advanced.

Line Drawing The type of line drawn between samples that are adjacent in time.

Phosphor Emulation: Joins each pair of sample points with a line whose intensity
varies inversely with the slew rate

Constant Density: Joins each pair of sample points with a line of uniform color

Scatter: Draws sample points as unconnected dots

Color Scheme Phosphor: Uses a single hue for each channel, with varying intensity.

Color: Uses a color from red to blue to represent the age of each waveform.

Background Black: Overrides the Colors page of the Preferences dialog.

White: Overrides the Colors page of the Preferences dialog. This is the default in
Analog Intensity and Digital Color modes.

User Preference: Sets the background color to the preference set on the Colors
page of the Preferences dialog.

Data Hold This option is enabled only when Persistence Type (see below) is set to Time
Decay.

Decay Timeout: Old waveforms fade until they reach Decayed Intensity and then
disappear.

Infinite: Old waveforms fade until they reach Decayed Intensity and then remain
indefinitely unless overwritten by new waveforms.

Persistence Type Fast: The Line Drawing, Decay Time, Saturation and Decayed Intensity options
are disabled to maximize the update rate. In addition, resolution enhancement,
lowpass filtering, sin(x)/x interpolation and nonlinear custom probes are
unavailable in this mode. This mode requires a scope that supports rapid
triggering (see Device feature table).

Time Decay: Points on the display are drawn at full intensity when hit by a
waveform, and are then allowed to decay to Decayed Intensity. The behavior
after this depends on the Data Hold setting (see above).

Frequency: Points on the display are drawn with a color or intensity that depends
on the frequency with which they are hit by waveforms.

6.2 Buffer Navigation toolbar

The Buffer Navigation toolbar allows you to select a waveform from the waveform buffer.

What is the waveform buffer?

Depending on the settings you have chosen, PicoScope can store multiple waveforms in its waveform
buffer. When you click the Go button or change a capture setting, PicoScope clears the buffer and
then adds a new waveform to it each time the scope device captures data. This continues until the buffer is
full or you click the Stop button. You can set the maximum number of waveforms in the buffer to
any number between 1 and 10 000 using the General page of the Preferences dialog.

You can review the waveforms stored in the buffer using these buttons:

Previous button. Displays the previous waveform in the buffer.

Waveform buffer index. Shows which waveform is currently being displayed and
how many waveforms are in the buffer. Edit the number in the box and press Enter
to make PicoScope jump to the specified waveform.

Next button. Displays the next waveform in the buffer.

Buffer Overview button. Opens the Buffer Overview window, for quick selection of
buffer waveforms.

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6.3 Zooming and Scrolling toolbar

The Zooming and Scrolling toolbar allows you to examine a scope view or spectrum view in greater
detail and move about the zoomed view. Each button has a keyboard shortcut, as listed below.

Horizontal zoom control. Zooms the view, in the horizontal direction only, by the
specified amount. Click the and buttons to adjust the zoom factor, or the
button to reset.

Ctrl+S Normal Selection tool. Restores the mouse pointer to its normal appearance.
or You can use this pointer to click buttons, drag rulers and operate any other
Esc controls in the PicoScope window.

Ctrl+D Hand tool. Turns the mouse pointer into a hand tool ( ) that you can use to
click and drag the view to pan it vertically and horizontally when you are
zoomed in. You can also pan using the scroll bars. Press the Esc key to return to
the Normal Selection tool.

Ctrl+M Marquee Zoom tool. This button turns the mouse pointer into a marquee zoom
tool: . Use it to draw a box (called a marquee) on the view and PicoScope
will magnify that box to fill the view. Scroll bars will appear, which you can drag
to pan around in the view, or you can pan by using the Hand tool (see above).
Zooming in also opens the Zoom Overview window. Press the Esc key to return
to the Normal Selection tool.

If you point to the time axis, the pointer changes into the horizontal marquee
zoom tool ( ), which restricts zooming to the horizontal axis. This lets you
zoom in by an arbitrary amount without disturbing the vertical zoom factor.

Holding down the Ctrl key while dragging also restricts zooming to the
horizontal axis.

Ctrl+I Zoom-in tool. Turns the mouse pointer into a zoom-in tool: . Click on the
view with this tool to zoom in to the specified location. Zooming in also opens
the Zoom Overview window.

If you point to the time axis, the pointer changes into the horizontal zoom-in tool
( ), which restricts zooming to the horizontal axis. This lets you zoom in
without disturbing the vertical zoom factor.

Holding down the Ctrl key while dragging also restricts zooming to the
horizontal axis.

Holding down the Shift key while dragging changes the zoom mode to 'zoom
out'.

Ctrl+O Zoom-out tool. Turns the mouse pointer into a zoom-out tool: . Click on the
view with this tool to zoom out around the specified location.

If you point to the time axis, the pointer changes into the horizontal zoom-out
tool ( ), which restricts zooming to the horizontal axis. This lets you zoom out
without disturbing the vertical zoom factor.

Holding down the Ctrl key while dragging also restricts zooming to the
horizontal axis.

Holding down the Shift key while dragging changes the zoom mode to 'zoom in'.

Undo zoom. Returns the view to the previous zoom and pan settings.

Ctrl+U Zoom to full view. Resets the view to normal size. The view will no longer have
scroll bars, and panning will no longer be possible.

6.3.1 Zoom Overview window

Whenever you zoom in using the Zooming and Scrolling toolbar, the Zoom Overview window should appear.
If the Zoom Overview window does not appear, you may have switched it off: make sure you have checked
the Zoom Overview box on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

The Zoom Overview shows the full waveforms on all enabled

channels. The rectangle indicates the area that is visible in
the current view.

You can move around the waveform by dragging the

rectangle.

You can also adjust the zoom factor by dragging the edges of
the rectangle to resize it.

Minimize button: reduce the Zoom Overview window in size

without affecting the zoom settings.

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Close button: close the Zoom Overview window and return

the zoom factor to 100%.

6.4 Channels toolbar (PicoScope devices)

The Channels toolbar contains all the Channel controls and the Signal Generator button.

If you are using PicoScope 6 with a data logger, please refer to PicoLog 1000 Series Channels toolbar and
USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar.

6.4.1 Channel controls (PicoScope devices)

The Channel controls allow you to adjust the settings for each input channel. The screenshot below shows
the toolbar for a two-channel MSO scope device, but different scope devices may have different numbers
of channels. Demo device settings are also displayed here.

If you are using PicoScope 6 with a data logger, please refer to PicoLog 1000 Series Channels toolbar and
USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar.

Each channel has its own set of buttons:

Channel Options button. Opens the Channel Options menu with options for
probes, resolution enhancement, scaling and filtering.

Input Range control. Sets up the scope device to capture signals over the
specified range of values. The list of options depends on the selected scope
device and probe. The red overrange indicator appears if the input signal
exceeds the selected range. If you select Auto, PicoScope will continually adjust
the vertical scale so that the height of the waveform fills as much of the view as
possible.

Coupling control. Sets up the input circuitry.

AC coupling: rejects frequencies below about 1 Hz.

DC coupling: accepts all frequencies from DC to the scope's maximum

bandwidth.

50Ω DC: low-impedance option (see Device feature table).

Accelerometer: switches on the current source output for IEPE-enabled

scopes such as the PicoScope 4224 IEPE. The User's Guide for the
oscilloscope has details of the IEPE channel specifications.

Frequency: enable the built-in frequency counter. Only one channel at a time
can be operated in this mode. Available only if your scope device has hardware
support for this feature: see Device feature table. Not available in Demo mode.

ConnectDetect® button. Automotive oscilloscopes only.

Digital Channels & Groups button. MSOs only.

6.4.1.1 Channel Options menu

The Channel Options menu appears when you click the

Channel Options button (for example: ) on the

Channels toolbar. There is one Channel Options menu for
each channel.

Probe list. Indicates the probe currently in use and allows you
to select a different one. Use it to tell PicoScope what type of
probe is connected to the channel. By default, the probe is
assumed to be x1, which means that a 1 V signal at the input to
the probe will appear as 1 V on the display. Click to select
a probe from the list or click to open the Custom Probes
dialog and edit your library of custom probes.

Note: When selecting a Flow Meter probe, you will have to enter
a K Factor calibration value upon first use. You can usually find
this value on the flow meter itself.

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Frequency counting. Graphs the frequency of a user-defined

pulse. For availability of the built-in frequency counter, see the
Device feature table.

Upper and lower thresholds: Voltage levels that the signal

must fall and rise through respectively to register as a valid
pulse. The two thresholds provide hysteresis and eliminate
noise. If this is not a concern, you can set both thresholds to
the same value.

Input range: see Input Range control

Coupling: see Coupling control

Resolution enhancement. Allows you to increase the effective

resolution of your scope device using Resolution enhancement.
The number in this box is a target value that the software will
attempt to use whenever possible.

Lowpass Filtering. An independent digital lowpass filter for

each input channel, with programmable cut-off frequency. This
can be useful for removing noise from your signal to make
more accurate measurements. For availability, see the Device
feature table.

Analog Options. Options that can be applied to the

oscilloscope input hardware, if the oscilloscope hardware
supports them.

DC Offset: an offset voltage added to the analog input before

digitization. For availability, see the Device feature table.

Bandwidth Limit: a fixed-frequency single-pole analog filter.

This can be useful for rejecting noise and harmonics that
would otherwise cause aliasing. This advanced feature needs
to be enabled on the Options page of the Preferences dialog
before use. For availability, see the Device feature table.

Axis Scaling. These are the axis scaling controls that allow you
to set the scale and offset for each vertical axis individually.

Zero offset. Digitally removes any offset from the input

channel. Before starting this operation, remove any input signal
from the selected channel and short-circuit the input. Click
Zero to begin the adjustment. Click Clear to restore the input to
its uncorrected state.

6.4.1.1.1 Resolution enhancement

Resolution enhancement is a technique for increasing the effective vertical resolution of the scope at the
expense of high-frequency detail. In some scope operating modes, PicoScope may reduce the number of
samples available to maintain display performance.

For this technique to work, the signal must contain a very small amount of Gaussian noise, but for many
practical applications this is generally supplied by the scope itself and the noise inherent in normal signals.

The resolution enhancement feature uses a flat moving-average filter. This acts as a lowpass filter with
good step response characteristics and a very slow roll-off from the pass-band to the stop-band.

Some side effects will be observed when using resolution enhancement. These are normal and can be
counteracted by reducing the amount of enhancement used, increasing the number of samples captured or
changing the collection time. Trial and error is usually the best way to find the optimum resolution
enhancement for your application. The side effects include:

· Widened and flattened impulses (spikes)

· Vertical edges, such as those of square waves, turned into straight-line slopes
· Inversion of the signal, sometimes making it look as if the trigger point is on the wrong edge
· A reduction in signal amplitude, or even a flat line, when there are not enough samples in the waveform

Procedure

· Click the Channel Options button in the Channel controls to open the Channel Options menu.
· Use the Resolution Enhancement control to select the effective number of bits, which can be equal to or
greater than the vertical resolution of your scope device.

Quantifying resolution enhancement

The table below shows the number of values, n, used by the moving-average filter for each resolution
enhancement setting, e. A larger number of values in the filter requires a higher sampling rate to represent a
given signal without significant side effects (as detailed above).

Resolution Number of values

enhancement n
e (bits)
0.5 2
1.0 4
1.5 8
2.0 16
2.5 32
3.0 64
3.5 128
4.0 256

Example
Your scope device is a PicoScope 5204 (resolution = 8 bits). You have selected an effective resolution of 9.5
bits. The resolution enhancement is therefore:

e = 9.5 – 8.0 = 1.5 bits

The table shows that this is achieved using a moving average of:

n = 8 samples

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This number gives a guide to what sort of filtering effect the resolution enhancement will have on the signal.
The best way of seeing the actual lowpass filter effect is to add a spectrum view and look at the shape of
the noise floor (try dragging the y-axis upwards to see the noise more clearly).

Related topics
See Hardware resolution (applies to flexible resolution oscilloscopes only).

6.4.1.1.2 Axis scaling controls

The axis scaling controls let you change the scale and offset of each vertical axis individually. If the axis
belongs to a reference waveform, you can also adjust its delay relative to the live waveforms. You can use
the axis scaling controls in any capture mode.

Controls for a live waveform (Channel Options

menu)

Controls for a live waveform Controls for a reference waveform

(scaling button) (scaling button)

There are two ways to open the axis scaling control:

· For any channel displayed in a view: click the colored scaling button at the bottom of the vertical
axis
· For any input channel: click the Channel Options button in the Channels toolbar

Scale control. Increase to magnify the waveform, decrease to reduce it. The vertical
axis rescales accordingly so that you can always read the correct voltage from the
axis. Click the reset button ( ) to return to a scale of 1.0. The scaling button always
shows the selected scale.

Offset control. Increase to move the waveform up the display, decrease to move it
down. The vertical axis shifts accordingly so that you can always read the correct
voltage from the axis. Click the reset button ( ) to return to an offset of 0.00%. You
can also adjust the offset by dragging the vertical axis up or down the display.

Delay control (for reference waveforms only). Increase to move the waveform to the
left relative to the timing reference point, decrease to move it to the right. Click the
reset button ( ) to return to a delay of 0 s.

The location of the timing reference point depends on which trigger mode PicoScope
is in. If the trigger mode is None then the delay is measured relative to the left-hand
edge of the display. In all other trigger modes, the delay is measured relative to the
trigger marker.

Send to back. Draws the channel behind all others. Use if the channel is obscuring
another channel of interest.

Bring to front. Draws the channel in front of all others. Use if the channel is hidden
behind another.

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6.4.1.1.3 Lowpass filtering

The lowpass filtering feature can reject high frequencies from any selected input channel. The filtering
control is found in the Advanced Channel Options dialog, which is opened by clicking the Channel Options

button ( ) for the relevant channel on the Channels toolbar. The control determines the cut-off frequency
of the filter, which must be below half the sampling rate shown in the Properties sheet.

For availability, see the Device feature table.

Lowpass filtering is useful for rejecting noise. The split screenshot below shows the effect of applying a 1
kHz lowpass filter on a noisy signal. The underlying shape of the signal is preserved but the high-frequency
noise is eliminated:

Left: before lowpass filtering. Right: after 1 kHz lowpass filtering.

Filter details
The lowpass filtering algorithm is chosen according to the ratio of the selected cut-off frequency (fC) to the
sampling rate (fS), as follows:

fC ÷ fS Filter type Description

0.0 to 0.1 Moving average A moving average filter is used for low cut-off frequencies. The length
of the filter is adjusted to achieve the selected cut-off frequency,
which is defined as the first minimum in the frequency response.
There is significant signal leakage above the cut-off frequency. This
filter changes a vertical edge into a linear slope.
0.1 to < 0.5 FIR A finite impulse response filter is used for medium to high cut-off
frequencies. This has a monotonic roll-off above the cut-off frequency
and therefore suffers from less leakage than the moving average
filter.

You can force PicoScope to use one or other of the filter types by adjusting the Samples control in the
Capture Setup toolbar to make the ratio fC/fS fall into one of the two ranges shown in the table. As the table
shows, the cut-off frequency must be below half the sampling frequency.

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6.4.1.2 ConnectDetect®

Purpose: Indicates whether or not a test probe has a good physical connection to the component
under test

Location: Channels toolbar (automotive oscilloscopes only)

Applicability: PicoScope 4225 and 4425 automotive scopes only

DC coupling mode only

Every channel input on the PicoScope 4225 and 4425 scopes has an LED next to it. When ConnectDetect is
activated for a channel, the LED for that channel is either green, to indicate that the test probe is directly
connected across a component, or red to indicate that it is not. You can select which channels

ConnectDetect is activated for by clicking the arrow on the ConnectDetect button: .

An icon representing the LED is also shown on the PicoScope screen, as in the example above, where
ConnectDetect has been activated on all four channels, but only Channels A and B are properly
connected.

Note: ConnectDetect can only be used with probes that come into direct contact with the component under
test. Sensors such as the TA204 coil-on-plug and signal probe, which works using electrical induction from
the ignition coils attached to the spark plugs, do not make such a connection, so ConnectDetect will not
work with them.

6.4.1.3 Digital Channels & Groups button

Location: Channels toolbar (MSOs only)

Purpose: controls the settings for the digital inputs of a mixed signal oscilloscope (MSO)

Switches the digital view on or off. If you have not yet set up any digital inputs, the Select Digital
Channels/Groups dialog will open.

Opens the Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog for channel selection and options. Any digital
inputs you activate here will remain active even when you switch the digital view off.

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6.4.1.3.1 Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog

Location: Digital Channels & Groups button

Purpose: controls the digital inputs of an MSO

Set Thresholds
Choose the digital threshold voltage from the drop-down list, or select the Custom threshold and set your
own voltage using the numeric entry control. The preset thresholds are:

TTL 1.5 V LVCMOS 1.8 V 0.9 V

CMOS 2.5 V LVCMOS 2.5 V 1.25 V
ECL –1.3 V LVCMOS 3.3 V 1.65 V
PECL 3.7 V LVDS 100 mV
LVPECL 2V 0V Differential 0V
LVCMOS 1.5 V 750 mV

Each port has its own independent threshold. Port 0 contains channels D7...D0 and Port 1 contains
channels D15...D8.

Available Channels
This section lists the available digital input channels. They will not be displayed unless you add them to the
Channels and Groups for Display section of the dialog. Click and drag individual channels into the Channels
and Groups for Display section, select a range of channels and drag them all at once, or double-click a
channel to add it directly.

Channels and Groups for Display

This section lists the digital channels that have been selected for display. Any groups of channels that you
have defined will also be listed here.

indicates a digital channel.

indicates a group of digital channels. By default, channels added to a group are placed with the
most significant bit at the top of the list.

Click the Create Group button to add a new group. This adds a new group to the Channels and Groups for
Display section, and you can add channels to it by dragging them on top of it: you can do this from the
available channels or from the Channels and Groups for Display section.

To rename a channel or group, click the name and type. For other operations, right-click the channel or group
for a menu of actions:

Enable Show the channel. All channels in the list are enabled by default.

Disable Hide the channel from the display

Invert Reverse the polarity of the channel. Useful for active-low signals.

Rename Enter a new name for the channel

Reverse Channel Order Groups only. Reverse the order of the channels in the group.

Remove Remove the channel from the list

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6.4.2 Signal Generator button

The Signal Generator button allows you to set up your scope's test signal generator, if it has one, or
the demo signal settings if PicoScope is in demo mode.

If your scope has a built-in signal generator, clicking the Signal Generator button opens the Signal
Generator dialog.

If PicoScope is in demo mode then clicking the Signal Generator button opens the Demo Signals menu.

6.4.2.1 Signal Generator dialog (PicoScope devices)

Location: Channels toolbar > Signal Generator button

Purpose: controls the scope device's built-in signal generator

Not all scope devices have a signal generator, and those that do have a varying range of controls in the
signal generator dialog. See the device feature table for details.

The Signal Generator dialog has three sections, the Basic controls, the Sweep controls and the Signal
generator triggers.

6.4.2.1.1 Basic controls

Signal On Check this box to enable the signal generator

Wave Type Select the type of signal to be generated. The list of signal types depends on the
capabilities of the scope device.

Arbitrary... Opens the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window. This button is available only if your
scope has an AWG.

Start Frequency Type in this box or use the spin buttons to select the frequency. If the scope device
has a frequency sweep generator, then this box sets the start frequency of the sweep.

Amplitude The peak amplitude of the waveform. For example, if Amplitude is 1 V and Offset is
0 V, the output will have a negative peak of –1 V and a positive peak of +1 V.

Offset The mean value of the signal. For example, when Offset is 0 V, a sine or square wave
will have equal positive and negative peak voltages.

Sweep Mode Check this box to activate the Sweep controls

Triggers Check this box to enable Signal generator triggers

6.4.2.1.2 Sweep controls

The signal generator normally generates a fixed frequency set by the Start Frequency control. In sweep
mode, it generates a frequency that varies between two specified limits.

Active Check this box to enable sweep mode

Sweep Type Specifies the direction in which the frequency is swept

Stop Frequency Specifies the frequency at which the generator stops increasing the frequency

Frequency Increment Specifies the amount by which the generator increases or decreases the frequency
every Increment Time Interval

Increment Time Sets the time interval to elapse between Frequency Increments
Interval

6.4.2.1.3 Signal generator triggers

Usually, the signal generator of your oscilloscope runs continually. However, some PicoScope PC
oscilloscopes allow you to trigger the signal generator, so that it waits for a specified event before
generating an output, and will only generate a predetermined number of cycles of the signal.

Active Check this box to enable signal generator triggering

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Trigger Source Allows you to specify what signal will trigger the signal generator.

Scope: The same condition that triggers the scope. This allows you to start the
signal generator at a specific point on the PicoScope display, and to use an
advanced trigger.

Note: if you set the oscilloscope to trigger on the generated signal, then the
signal generator may never trigger.

Manual: The Trigger Now button or an alarm action

Ext Input: The trigger input marked EXT (if fitted) on the scope device

Aux Input: The trigger input marked AUX (if fitted) on the scope device

Type If the Trigger Source is Ext or Aux, you can select the type of trigger that the signal
generator will use.

Rising Edge: The signal generator starts running when the trigger signal
changes from low to high.

Falling Edge: The signal generator starts running when the trigger signal
changes from high to low.

Gate High: The signal generator runs whenever the trigger signal is high.

Gate Low: The signal generator runs whenever the trigger signal is low.

Cycles Per Trigger The number of cycles of the specified waveform to output each time the signal
generator is triggered. If the trigger Type is Gate High or Gate Low, the generator
will stop when the gate signal becomes inactive, even if the requested number of
cycles has not been generated.

Threshold Available only when the Trigger Source is Ext Input. Sets the voltage level used to
distinguish between the high and low states of the trigger signal.

Manual Trigger Available only when the Trigger Source is Manual. Click the Trigger Now button to
trigger the signal generator to produce the specified number of cycles (or sweeps, if
the signal generator is in sweep mode).

6.4.2.2 Arbitrary Waveform Generator window

Location: Signal Generator dialog > Arbitrary

Purpose: allows you to import, edit, draw and export arbitrary waveforms to load into your scope's
arbitrary waveform generator. You can also import and export the data in CSV format for
use in other applications.

Many PicoScope PC oscilloscopes have an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), which is enabled using the
Signal Generator dialog. You can program the AWG to a standard waveform shape, such as a sine or square
wave, use the Smooth Drawing and Line Drawing controls to customize one of these standard waveforms or
to create an arbitrary waveform, or import an arbitrary waveform from a CSV file or one of the oscilloscope
channels.

Once the desired waveform appears in the window, click OK or Apply to start using it.

Toolbar buttons
Import from a channel. Opens the Import from Channel dialog, which lets you
copy a waveform from the scope into the arbitrary waveform window.

Import from CSV. Displays an Open dialog to allow you to import an arbitrary
waveform from a CSV file.

Export as CSV. Displays a Save As... dialog to allow you to export the arbitrary
waveform as a CSV file.

Smooth Drawing mode. Allows you to draw or edit a waveform shape

freehand, using the mouse.

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Line Drawing mode. Enters straight line mode, in which you can click on the
waveform to draw a straight line from the previous point. To start a new series
of lines, click the button again.

Bit Stream mode. Draws a sequence of bits according to binary or hex data
that you specify. The logic high and low levels are adjustable.

Samples. The number of samples in the arbitrary waveform. Each sample

represents the signal value at a given instant in time, and the samples are
equally spaced in time. For example, if there are 1024 samples and the
arbitrary waveform generator is set to play back at 1 kHz, then each sample
represents (1/1 kHz ÷ 1024) or about 0.98 microseconds.

Clear All. Deletes the arbitrary waveform.

Normalize. Expands the waveform vertically about 0 V, until the highest peak
value reaches either –1 or +1.

Undo and Redo. The Undo button reverses the last change made to the
arbitrary waveform. The Redo button reverses the last action of the Undo
button.

Zoom tools. To zoom the time axis in or out, click the + or - zoom button and
then click on the waveform area. Click the 100% button to restore the time axis
to its original scale.

Waveform settings
Standard waveform shapes. Draw a standard waveform with the settings
specified in the numerical controls below the toolbar. The current waveform
will be erased.

Cycles. The number of cycles to draw. This control is used in conjunction with
the Standard waveform shapes buttons. Select one of the standard waveform
shapes and then enter the number of cycles, and PicoScope will draw the
requested number of cycles of the waveform.

Minimum. When one of the Standard waveform shapes buttons is pressed,

this control sets the minimum signal level.

Maximum. When one of the Standard waveform shapes buttons is pressed,

this control sets the maximum signal level.

Duty cycle. When a square, triangular or ramp waveform is selected using one
of the Standard waveform shapes buttons, this control sets the duty cycle of
the signal. A symmetrical square or triangular wave has a duty cycle of 50%.
Reducing the duty cycle shortens the positive part of the cycle and lengthens
the negative part, and increasing the duty cycle does the opposite.

Other buttons

OK Copies the waveform from the graphical editor into the arbitrary waveform
generator and returns to the main PicoScope window.

Apply Copies the waveform from the graphical editor into the arbitrary waveform
generator and remains in the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window.

6.4.2.2.1 Import from a Channel dialog

Location: Arbitrary Waveform Generator window > Import from a Channel button

Purpose: allows you to copy captured data from a scope channel to the Arbitrary Waveform Generator
window

Select Channel You can import the latest waveform from any available channel

Select Samples By default, the entire capture is imported. This control allows you to specify a
subset of the capture, either between specified sample numbers or between time
rulers. The subset will be scaled to fit the number of samples specified in the
Samples control in the Arbitrary Waveform window.

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6.4.2.2.2 Import from CSV

Location: Arbitrary Waveform Generator window > Import from CSV button

Purpose: allows you to copy an existing arbitrary waveform to the Arbitrary Waveform Generator
window

You can import an existing arbitrary waveform into PicoScope 6 as a CSV file, which must be laid out as a
single column of decimal floating-point values, as in this example:

0.0
0.3
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.0 ®
-0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0

The minimum number of values a file may have is 10; the maximum is determined by the size of the AWG
buffer (specified in the data sheet for your scope device).

The values are samples between –1.0 and +1.0 and are equally spaced in time. The output is scaled to the
amplitude selected in the Signal Generator dialog and the selected offset is added if necessary. For
example, if the signal generator amplitude is set to 1 V and the offset to 0 V, then a sample value of –1.0
corresponds to an output of –1.0 V and a sample of +1.0 corresponds to an output of +1.0 V.

Your file should contain exactly one cycle of the waveform, which PicoScope will then play back at the Start
Frequency specified in the Signal Generator dialog. In the example above, the signal generator was set to 1
kHz, so one cycle of the waveform lasts for 1 ms. There are 10 samples in the waveform, so each sample
lasts for 0.1 ms.

To import a file, click the Import from CSV button in the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window. An Open
dialog will appear, allowing you to find and select your file. The waveform appears in the window: click OK or
Apply to start using it.

6.4.2.2.3 Export as CSV

Location: Arbitrary Waveform Generator window > Export as CSV button

Purpose: allows you to save a copy of your arbitrary waveform

PicoScope 6 allows you to save the waveforms you create in the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window.

When you have created an arbitrary waveform and are happy with the result, click the Export as CSV button

to open a Save As... dialog and save your work as a CSV file in the location of your choice.

You can now use the Import from CSV button to play back your waveform whenever you like.

The file will contain between 10 and 8192 values between –1.0 and +1.0, evenly spaced in time. The output
is scaled to the amplitude selected in the Signal Generator dialog and the selected offset is added if
necessary.

6.4.2.3 Demo Signals menu

Location: start PicoScope with no scope device plugged in, select Demo mode, then click the Signal
Generator button

Purpose: allows you to set up test signals so that you can experiment with PicoScope when no scope
device is connected

The Demo Signals menu looks like this:

Click one of the channels to open the Demo Signals dialog, which will allow you to set up a signal from that
channel.

6.4.2.3.1 Demo Signals dialog

Location: Demo Signals menu > select a channel

Purpose: controls one channel of the demo signal source, a feature of PicoScope that creates a
variety of test signals to simulate a scope device.

Check this box to enable the demo signal source.

Signal type. Select from a list of standard signal types.

Create Arbitrary Waveform. Opens the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window.

Frequency. Type the desired frequency in hertz, or use the spin buttons.

Amplitude (Peak). Type the desired amplitude in volts, or use the spin buttons.

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Offset. Enter a number to add a DC offset to the demo signal. By default, the demo
signals have a mean value of zero volts.

6.5 PicoLog 1000 Series Channels toolbar

The Channels toolbar controls the settings for each vertical input channel. The toolbar has a different
appearance for PicoLog 1000 Series Data Loggers than for PicoScope oscilloscopes. See Channels toolbar
(PicoScope devices) for the standard version.

Channel control. This control contains two buttons in one rectangular outline. Click the small
triangle on the right to open a simplified version of the Channel Options menu, with options for
probes, scaling and zero offset. Click the channel name to toggle the channel on or off.

Digital Outputs button. For controlling the 2 or 4 digital outputs of the PicoLog 1000 Series
device. Opens the Digital Outputs dialog.

6.5.1 PicoLog 1000 Series Digital Outputs dialog

Location: PicoLog 1000 Series Channels toolbar > Digital Outputs button

Purpose: controls the data logger's built-in signal generator

Digital Outputs dialog for the PicoLog 1216

The range of controls available depends on which model of data logger you have.

Digital Out 4
This set of controls allows you to set up a pulse-width modulated (PWM) waveform. This is a logic signal
that is toggled with a specified period and duty cycle. The average value of the signal is proportional to its
duty cycle, so it can be processed by an external lowpass filter to produce a signal that is proportional to the
duty cycle.

Off: Disable the PWM output.

PWM: Enable the PWM output with the specified controllable Period and Duty
Cycle.

Period. Select the duration of one cycle of the PWM output.

Duty Cycle. The percentage of the PWM signal period that the signal spends at the
logic high level. For example, if the period is 1 ms and the duty cycle 25%, then the
signal will spend 25% of 1 ms = 250 µs of each cycle at the logic high level, and the
remaining 750 µs at the logic low level. The voltages of the logic high and low
levels are specified in the User's Guide for the data logger, but are typically 0 volts
(low) and 3.3 volts (high). Using our example figures, the average value of the PWM
output will be 25% x 3.3 volts = 0.825 volts.

Digital Outputs
PicoLog PC Data Loggers have one or more digital outputs capable of driving low-current loads.

Each output can be set to a high or low logic level by moving the slider.

6.6 USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar

The Channels toolbar for the USB DrDAQ controls the settings for each input and output channel. Click
the channel name to toggle it on or off.

Sound waveform sensor control. The small arrow sets options for the sound waveform input
(measured in uncalibrated amplitude units) using the on-board microphone.

Sound level sensor control. The small arrow sets options for the sound level input (measured in
decibels) using the on-board microphone.

Scope input control. The small arrow sets options for the oscilloscope input (the BNC socket
marked Scope), with options for probes and scaling.

Resistance input control. The small arrow sets options for the 0 to 1 MΩ resistance-measuring
input on the screw-terminal block.

pH input control. The small arrow sets options for the pH and redox/ORP (oxidation/reduction
potential) measuring input.

Temperature sensor control. The small arrow sets options for the on-board temperature sensor.

Light sensor control. The small arrow sets options for the on-board light level sensor.

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External sensor controls. The small arrows set options for external sensor inputs 1 to 3.

Signal Generator button. Opens the Signal Generator dialog, which allows you to set the
characteristics of the signal generator output.

RGB LED button. Opens the RGB LED control dialog, which allows you to set the color of the on-
board LED.

Digital Outputs button. Opens the Digital Outputs dialog, which allows you to control the states
of the four digital outputs.

6.6.1 USB DrDAQ Signal Generator dialog

Location: USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar > Signal Generator button

Purpose: controls the USB DrDAQ's built-in signal generator

Signal generator dialog for the USB DrDAQ

Controls
Signal On. Check this box to enable the signal generator.

Wave Type. Select the shape of the waveform to be generated.

Create Arbitrary Waveform. Opens the Arbitrary Waveform Generator window,

allowing you to define your own waveform shape.

Frequency. Type in this box or use the spin buttons to select the frequency of the
output waveform.

Amplitude. The amplitude of the waveform measured from peak to peak. For
example, if Amplitude is 1 V and Offset is 0 V, the output will have a negative peak
of –0.5 V and a positive peak of +0.5 V.

Offset. The mean value of the signal. For example, when Offset is 0 V, a sine or
square wave will have equal positive and negative peak voltages.

6.6.2 USB DrDAQ RGB LED control

Location: USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar > RGB LED button

Purpose: allows you to set the color of the on-board LED to any one of 16.7 million colors

Enable LED Control Box checked: you can set the on-board RGB LED to any color

Box clear: the LED has its normal function of flashing red to indicate data
capture on the input channels

Other controls Experiment with these to see what they do!

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6.6.3 USB DrDAQ Digital Outputs dialog

Location: USB DrDAQ Channels toolbar > Digital Outputs button

Purpose: allows you to set the characteristics of the four digital outputs on the screw-terminal block.

Each output has its own set of controls:

Out: you can set the output to either a fixed logic low (near 0 V) or a fixed logic high
(near 3.3 V)

PWM: the output is a two-level pulse-width modulated (PWM) waveform

(alternating between 0 V and 3.3 V) with variable Period and Duty Cycle. The signal
can be filtered to produce a DC level proportional to the duty cycle.

Period. The time between successive pulses on the output

Duty Cycle. The percentage of the Period for which the output is high

6.7 Trigger toolbar

The Trigger toolbar is a general name for the collection of toolbars found at the bottom of the PicoScope 6
window by default. You can move the Trigger toolbar to the top of the window, directly below the Channels
toolbar, by checking the box on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

Click a button below for more information:

6.7.1 Stop and Go buttons

The Stop and Go buttons allow you to start and stop the scope device. Click anywhere on this part of the
toolbar, or use a keyboard shortcut (by default, the space bar), to start or stop sampling.

Go. Highlighted if the oscilloscope is sampling.

Stop. Highlighted if the oscilloscope is stopped.

These buttons are usually at the bottom of the PicoScope 6 window, but you can move them to the top by
selecting Move Trigger toolbar to top on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

6.7.2 Trigger controls

The Trigger controls tell the scope device when to start capturing data. See also Trigger.

Trigger Mode. The list of available modes varies depending on the type of scope
device in use.

None: PicoScope acquires waveforms continually, without waiting for an event

to trigger on.

Auto: PicoScope waits for a trigger event before capturing data. If there is no
trigger event within a reasonable time, it captures data anyway. It repeats this
process until you click the Stop button. Auto mode does not set the trigger
level automatically.

Repeat: PicoScope waits indefinitely for a trigger event before displaying data.
It repeats this process until you click the Stop button. If there is no trigger
event, PicoScope displays nothing.

Single: PicoScope waits for one occurrence of a trigger event, then stops
sampling. To repeat the process, click the Go button. The Single trigger is the
only type that allows one capture to fill the entire buffer memory.

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Rapid: PicoScope instructs the scope device to acquire a sequence of

waveforms with the minimum possible delay between them. The display is not
updated until the last waveform in the sequence has been captured. When the
operation is finished, you can step through the waveforms using the Buffer
Navigation toolbar.

Note: rapid triggering is available only on certain devices and with collection
times of 1 ms/div or shorter.

ETS: Equivalent time sampling. PicoScope captures many cycles of a repetitive

signal, then combines the results to produce a single waveform with higher
time-resolution than is possible with a single capture. For accurate results, the
signal must be perfectly repetitive and the trigger must be stable. ETS is not
available on mixed-signal oscilloscopes when digital channels are enabled.

Note: if you select ETS when an advanced trigger type is enabled, the trigger
type will revert to simple edge and the Advanced Triggers button will be
disabled.

Advanced Triggers. Click to open the Advanced Triggers dialog, which gives you
extra trigger types beyond the simple edge trigger. If this button is disabled, it is
either because the Trigger Mode has been set to None or ETS, or because your
scope device does not support advanced triggers. To enable the Advanced
Triggers button, set the Trigger Mode to Auto, Repeat, Single or Rapid.

Trigger Channel. This is the channel that PicoScope monitors for the trigger
condition. You can set it to any of the scope channels, or to Ext or AuxIO.

Rising Edge. Click to trigger on the rising edge of the waveform.

Falling Edge. Click to trigger on the falling edge of the waveform.

Threshold. Sets the voltage threshold for the trigger. You can also set the
threshold by dragging the trigger marker up or down the screen.

Pre-trigger (0% to 100%). This parameter controls how much of the waveform
appears before the trigger point. It defaults to 50%, which puts the trigger
marker in the middle of the screen. You can also control this parameter by
dragging the trigger marker left or right.

Time-delay Enable. Click this button to toggle the Time-delay control. You can use
this button to switch the scope view between the trigger event and the trigger
reference point.

Time-delay. The time-delay function allows you to view and analyze data from a
certain time after the trigger event, by introducing an offset between the trigger
event and the trigger marker. For this control to take effect, make sure that you
have clicked the Time-delay Enable button and that it is highlighted in blue.

You can reposition the trigger marker, while preserving the time delay you have set,
by dragging it with the mouse. As you drag the marker, the time-delay arrow
appears on the screen: it is displayed until you release the mouse button.

See Trigger Timing for information on how the Pre-trigger and Time-delay
controls interact.

Rapid Captures. In Rapid trigger mode, this is the number of waveforms to capture
in a sequence. They will be captured with the minimum possible dead time
between them.

These controls are usually at the bottom of the PicoScope 6 window, but you can move them to the top by
selecting Move Trigger toolbar to top on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

6.7.2.1 Advanced Triggers dialog

Location: Trigger controls > Advanced Triggers button

Purpose: allows you to set up more complex trigger types

List of advanced trigger types. This control lists all the

available advanced trigger types. Click on the condition
you require, and a diagram and description will appear
alongside the advanced trigger options on the right.

If ETS triggering is enabled in the Trigger controls, the

trigger type will be set to Simple Edge.

Advanced trigger options. The options available

depend on the trigger type selected: see Advanced
trigger types for a list.

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6.7.2.1.1 Advanced trigger types

The advanced trigger types can be switched on in the Advanced Triggers dialog.

For all trigger types except Digital, the first step is to select which signal the scope should use as the trigger;
so set Trigger Channel to the desired channel, or to Ext or AuxIO. These names correspond to the BNC input
connectors on the scope device. Then choose one of the trigger types below.

Simple Edge. This type provides the same Rising and Falling edge triggers that are available from
the Trigger controls. It is included in the Advanced Triggers dialog as an alternative setup method.

You can set the trigger threshold in this dialog, or you can drag the trigger marker on the scope
view.

This is the only trigger type that is compatible with ETS mode.

Advanced Edge. This trigger type is similar to the simple edge trigger, but with two additional
options. The Rising or Falling option triggers on both edges of a waveform, and is useful for
monitoring pulses of both polarities at once (dual-edge triggering). Hysteresis can be set to reduce
the number of false triggers on a noisy signal, and is described in a separate topic.

Window. This trigger type detects when the signal enters or leaves a specified voltage window. The
Direction control specifies whether the trigger should detect the signal entering the window, leaving
it, or both. Threshold 1 and Threshold 2 are the upper and lower voltage limits of the window. The
order in which you specify the two voltages does not matter. Hysteresis is described in a separate
topic.

Pulse Width. This trigger type detects pulses of a specified width.

First set the Pulse Direction to either Positive or Negative according to the polarity of the pulse you
are interested in.

Next, set one of the four Condition options:

Greater than triggers on pulses wider than the specified time.

Less than triggers on pulses that are narrower (useful for finding glitches).

Inside time range triggers on pulses that are wider than Time 1 but no wider than Time 2 (useful
for finding pulses that meet a specification).

Outside time range does the opposite: it triggers on pulses that are either narrower than Time 1
or wider than Time 2 (useful for finding pulses that violate a specification).

Now set the trigger Threshold in volts or other units, or drag the trigger marker on the scope view.

Finally, set up Time 1 (and Time 2 if present) to define the pulse width.

Interval. This type lets you search for two successive edges of the same polarity that are separated
by a specified interval of time.

First, set the Starting edge to either Rising or Falling according to the polarity of the edges you are
interested in.

Next, select one of the four Condition options:

Greater than triggers when the second edge occurs later than Time 1 after the first edge (useful
for detecting missing events).

Less than triggers when the second edge occurs earlier than Time 1 after the first edge (useful
for detecting timing violations and spurious edges).

Inside time range triggers when the second edge is later than Time 1 after the first edge and
earlier than Time 2 (useful for finding valid edges).

Outside time range triggers when the second edge is earlier than Time 1 after the first edge or
later than Time 2 (useful for finding spurious edges).

Finally, set up Time 1 (and Time 2 if present) to define the time interval.

Window pulse width. This is a combination of the window trigger and the pulse width trigger. It
detects when the signal enters or leaves an input range for a specified period of time.

Level dropout. This detects an edge followed by a specified time with no edges. It is useful for
triggering on the end of a pulse train.

Window dropout. This is a combination of the window trigger and the dropout trigger. It detects
when the signal enters a specified input range and stays there for a specified time. This is useful for
detecting when a signal gets stuck at a particular level.

Runt. Detects a pulse that crosses one threshold and then falls below the same threshold, without
crossing the second threshold. This is typically used for finding pulses that fail to reach a valid logic
level.

Digital (MSO devices only). Triggers on a combination of the state of the digital inputs and a
transition (edge) on one digital input. See Digital trigger.

Logic. This detects a logical combination of the scope's inputs. The conditions that can be applied
to each input vary: analog inputs can be edge-, level- or window-qualified; EXT and D15...D0 (if
present) are level-qualified with a variable threshold; and AUX is level-qualified with a fixed TTL
threshold. See Logic trigger.

psw.en r49 Copyright © 2007–2018 Pico Technology Ltd. All rights reserved.
PicoScope 6 User's Guide 161

6.7.2.1.1.1 Hysteresis

Hysteresis is a feature of the advanced trigger types in PicoScope 6 that reduces false triggering on noisy
signals. When hysteresis is enabled, a second trigger threshold voltage is used in addition to the main
trigger threshold. The trigger fires only when the signal crosses the two thresholds in the correct order. The
first threshold arms the trigger, and the second causes it to fire. An example will help to illustrate how this
works.

Noisy signal with a single threshold

Consider the very noisy signal above. It is difficult to trigger reliably on this signal with a normal rising edge
trigger because it crosses the trigger threshold, the red line in this picture, several times in one cycle. If we
zoom in on the highlighted parts of the signal, we will see how hysteresis can help.

Noisy signal with hysteresis threshold

In these zoomed-in views, the original threshold is the lower red line. The upper red line is the second
threshold used by the hysteresis trigger.

The signal rises across the lower threshold at (1) and (2), arming the trigger but not firing it. At (3) the signal
finally crosses the upper threshold, firing the trigger. On the falling edge of the signal, at (4) and (5), rising
edges of noise pulses cause the signal to cross the upper and lower thresholds, but in the wrong order, so
the trigger is not armed and does not fire. Thus the trigger occurs at only one well-defined point in the cycle
(3), despite the noise on the signal.

Hysteresis is enabled by default for all the advanced trigger types. The Hysteresis controls in the Advanced
triggers dialog let you change the hysteresis voltage as a percentage of full scale. The trigger marker
shows the size of the hysteresis window.

6.7.2.1.1.2 Digital trigger dialog

Location: Advanced Triggers dialog > Digital

Purpose: sets up triggering on digital inputs

Applicability: MSO devices only

Pattern table
Lists all available inputs as selected in the Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog. Each one can be
monitored for a low or high level or a rising or falling edge, or ignored. Any number of levels can be specified,
but no more than one transition (edge).

D11 = X (don't care)

D11 = 0 (low level)

D11 = 1 (high level)

D11 = R (rising edge)

D11 = F (falling edge)

Pattern summary
This section contains the same settings as the pattern table but in a more concise format.

The numerical format to use for this section: Binary or Hex.

The complete triggering pattern and transition. In Binary mode the bits are
labeled as follows:

X = don't care
0 = binary 0
1 = binary 1
R = rising edge
F = falling edge
6.7.2.1.1.3 Logic trigger dialog

Location: Advanced Triggers dialog > Logic

Purpose: sets up triggering on a combination of inputs

Applicability: all devices with more than one active input

Input controls
There is a set of controls for each active input of the oscilloscope. The selection of inputs depends on the
model of oscilloscope in use. The selection of controls (thresholds, hysteresis, window mode and so on) for
each input also depends on the hardware capabilities of the oscilloscope.

Channel A

Channel B

Channel C

Channel D

EXT input (if present)

AUX input (if present)

Digital inputs (mixed-signal oscilloscopes only). The controls here are the same
as those in the Digital Trigger dialog.

Check this box to include the relevant input in the Logic Trigger condition. If the
box is not checked, the input will be ignored by the Logic Trigger.

Logic control
Specifies the Boolean operation used to combine the input trigger conditions.
Only inputs with the Used box checked (see above) are included in the trigger
logic.

AND All of the input trigger conditions must be met

NAND None of the input trigger conditions must be met
OR One or more of the input trigger conditions must be met
NOR None of the input trigger conditions must be met
XOR An odd number of input trigger conditions must be met
XNOR An even number of the input trigger conditions must be met

6.7.2.2 Trigger timing

The pre-trigger and time-delay functions are both described individually under Trigger controls, but it is
also important to understand how they interact with one another. Here is a screenshot of a scope view with
time delay enabled:

The pre-trigger control positions the scope view in relation to the trigger reference point, allowing you to
decide how much of the waveform should appear before the reference point, and how much after it. In this
example, it is set to 30%, so the trigger reference point appears 30% of the way across the display from the
left-hand edge.

The trigger reference point ( ) does not lie on the waveform. This is because the time-delay control is set to
200 µs, which means that the trigger event occurred 200 µs before the reference point, closer to the left-
hand edge of the display. The time axis is aligned so that the trigger reference point is at 200 µs. If the time
delay is greater than the pre-trigger, the trigger event itself will be somewhere beyond the left-hand side of
the display.

Note: The number of sampling intervals that can elapse over the course of the time delay is limited by the
scope device's capture memory. The trigger event and trigger reference must both occur within the time
taken to fill the waveform buffer. If you set too long a time delay, the PicoScope software will adjust the pre-
trigger to prevent the total from exceeding this limit. Capture memory varies between oscilloscopes, so refer
to the data sheet for the exact specification.

6.7.3 Measurements buttons

The Measurements buttons control the Measurements table.

The buttons are as follows:

Add Measurement. Opens the Add Measurement dialog, allowing you to add a measurement of a
waveform to the selected view.

Delete Measurement. Deletes the currently selected row from the Measurements table.

Edit Measurement. Opens the Edit Measurement dialog for the currently selected measurement. You
can also edit a measurement by double-clicking on a row of the Measurements table.

These buttons are usually at the bottom of the PicoScope 6 window, but you can move them to the top by
selecting Move Trigger toolbar to top on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

6.7.4 Other buttons

The buttons in the bottom right corner of the PicoScope window control the Phase (Rotation) Rulers, Notes
and Channel Labels (PicoScope 6 Automotive only).

The buttons are as follows:

Rulers Opens the Ruler Settings dialog that controls the Phase rulers (called Rotation
rulers in PicoScope 6 Automotive)

Notes Displays the Notes at the bottom of the window

Channel Labels PicoScope 6 Automotive only. Displays the Channel Labels at the bottom of the
window.

These buttons are usually at the bottom of the PicoScope 6 window, but you can move them to the top by
selecting Move Trigger toolbar to top on the Options page of the Preferences dialog.

7 How to...
This chapter explains how to perform some common tasks.

7.1 How to change to a different device

1. Unplug the old device.

2. Cancel the Check USB cable... dialog.

3. Plug in the new device.

4. PicoScope will detect the new device and begin to use it.

Alternatively, close and reopen the PicoScope software after plugging in the new device.

7.2 How to use rulers to measure a signal

Using a single ruler for signal-to-ground measurements
1. Look at the Channel controls to find the color code for the channel you wish to measure. The default
colors are shown in the image below. In this example, we will measure the signal on Channel A.

2. Find the ruler handle (the small colored square in the top left or top right corner of the scope view or
spectrum view) in this color:

3. Drag the ruler handle downwards. A signal ruler (horizontal broken line) will appear across the view.
Release the ruler handle when the ruler is where you want it.

4. Look at the ruler legend (the small table that appears on the view). It should have a row marked by a
small square the same color as your ruler handle. The first column shows the signal level of the ruler.

Using two rulers for differential measurements

1. Follow the steps above for using a single ruler.

2. Drag the second ruler handle of the same color downwards until its ruler is at the signal level to be
measured.

3. Look at the ruler legend again. The second column now shows the signal level of the second ruler, and
the third column shows the difference between the two rulers.

7.3 How to measure a time difference

1. Find the time ruler handle (the small white square in the bottom left corner of the scope view).

2. Drag the time ruler handle to the right. A time ruler (vertical broken line) will appear on the scope view.
Release the ruler handle when the ruler is at the time you wish to use as the reference.

3. Drag the second time ruler handle to the right until its ruler is at the time to be measured.

4. Look at the ruler legend (the small table that appears on the scope view). It should have a row marked by
a small white square. The first two columns show the times of the two rulers, and the third column shows
the time difference.

5. The frequency legend shows 1/Δ, where Δ is the time difference.

You can use a similar method to measure a frequency difference on a spectrum view.

7.4 How to move a view

You can easily drag a view from one viewport to another. This example shows four view ports, which contain
scope views labeled Scope 1 to Scope 4. Suppose that you wish to move the Scope 4 view to the top left
view port.

1. Click on the name tab of the Scope 4 view and hold down the left mouse button.

2. Drag the mouse pointer to the new location, next to the name tab of the Scope 1 view.

3. Release the mouse button. The Scope 4 view will move to its new location.

7.5 How to scale and offset a signal

PicoScope offers several ways to change the size and position of a signal during or after
capture. These methods apply equally to scope views and spectrum views. They do not change
the stored data, only the way in which it is displayed. These options are provided in addition
to the analog offset capability of some scopes (see Device feature table).

Global zooming and scrolling

This is usually the quickest way to get a closer look at the fine detail on your signals. The global zooming
and scrolling tools move all the signals at once and are found on the zooming and scrolling toolbar.

When a view is zoomed in, it has vertical and horizontal scroll bars that let you move the signals around as a
group. You can also use the hand tool to scroll around the graph.

Auto-arrange axes
Right-click the scope or spectrum view, or open the Views menu, and select Auto-arrange axes:

PicoScope automatically scales and offsets the channels to make them fit on the view without overlapping.
This is the quickest way to tidy up the scope view:

Axis scaling and offset

Use these tools if Auto-arrange axes (see above) does not give you the results you want. It allows you to
position channels individually on the view (unlike the global zooming and scrolling tools, which are applied to
all of the channels at the same time).

Click the scaling button at the bottom of the axis you wish to modify, and the axis scaling controls will
appear. To adjust the offset without using the axis scaling controls, click on the vertical axis and drag it up
or down.

How is this different from scaling my data with a Custom Probe?

You can create a Custom Probe to apply scaling to the raw data. A Custom Probe may change the scale and
position of data on the graph but it has a few important differences from the other scaling methods.

· Custom Probe scaling is a permanent transformation. The scaling is applied when the waveform is
captured and cannot be changed later.

· The actual data values themselves are changed, so the graph axes may no longer display the original
input range of the device.

· Custom Probe scaling can be nonlinear and so may alter the shape of the signal.

Custom Probes are useful when you want to represent the characteristics of a physical probe or transducer
that you plug into your scope device. All of the zooming, scrolling, scaling and offset tools still apply to data
that has been scaled with a Custom Probe in exactly the same way that they would apply to the raw data.

7.6 How to set up the spectrum view

Creating a spectrum view
First, make sure that the trigger mode is not set to ETS, as it is not possible to open a spectrum view in ETS
trigger mode.

There are three ways to open a spectrum view:

· Click the Spectrum Mode button in the Capture Setup toolbar. We recommend using this method to get
the best spectrum analysis performance from your scope. Once in Spectrum Mode, you can still open a
scope view to see your data in the time domain, but PicoScope optimizes the settings for the spectrum
view.

· Go to the Views menu select Add view, then select Spectrum.

This method opens a spectrum view in the currently selected mode, whether this is Scope Mode or
Spectrum Mode. For best results, we recommend that you switch to Spectrum Mode, as described in the
method immediately above.

· Right-click on any view, select Add view, then select Spectrum. The menu is similar to the Views menu
shown above.

Configuring the spectrum view

See Spectrum Settings dialog.

Selecting the source data

PicoScope can produce a spectrum view based on either live or stored data. If PicoScope is running (the Go
button is highlighted in blue), the spectrum view represents live data. Otherwise, with PicoScope stopped
(the Stop button is highlighted in blue), the view represents data stored in the currently selected page of the
waveform buffer. When PicoScope is stopped, you can use the buffer controls to scroll through the buffer
and the spectrum view will be recalculated from the waveform currently selected.

7.7 How to find a glitch using persistence mode

Persistence mode helps you find rare events hidden in otherwise repetitive waveforms. In normal scope
mode, such an event may appear on the display for just a fraction of a second, too quickly for you to stop the
capture and freeze it on the screen. Persistence mode keeps the event on the display for a predetermined
time, allowing you to set up the trigger options to capture it more reliably.

In the example below, we will look at a waveform with an occasional glitch, identify it in persistence mode
and set up a trigger in scope mode so we can analyze it in more detail.

Step-by-step guide

· Set up the scope to display your waveform, then click the Persistence Mode button . It is important
that the waveform display is stable. We have set a simple rising-edge trigger.

· Our original scope view is replaced by a persistence view, as shown below. At this point, we have left the
Saturation control in the Persistence Options dialog on its default setting of 50%, so the most common
samples are shown in red and the least common in blue: the patches of yellow fall somewhere between
the two. We can see that although there is a clear and regular cycle shown in red and yellow, there is also
a less regular and less frequent pattern shown in blue.

· Looking more closely, we can also see that there appears to be a much narrower pulse than usual
immediately after the trigger marker. It is also visible approximately 50 µs before the trigger marker and
about 55 µs later. Below is a close-up of one of these spikes:

· Persistence mode has done its job: we have found our glitch. In order to examine our waveform in more

detail and carry out automatic measurements, we will need to click the Scope Mode button and
return to Scope mode.

· Now we know what the glitch looks like, we can click the Advanced Triggers button and set up a
pulse-width trigger to look for a positive pulse narrower than 10 µs. PicoScope finds it immediately:

· We can now add automatic measurements or drag the rulers into place to analyze the spike in detail.

7.8 How to set up a mask limit test

You can carry out a mask limit test in a Scope, Spectrum or XY view. In this example, we will use a scope
view.

1. Set up the display to show a stable waveform. Adjust the input range and collection time so that the
feature of interest fills most of the view. In this example, we are viewing a repetitive pulse, such as you
might find on a data bus.

2. Select the Tools > Masks > Add Masks command.

3. The Mask Library dialog will open:

Channel A is selected by default. You can change this to any active channel.

4. Click the Generate button to open the Generate Mask dialog:

5. For now, accept the default settings and click Generate. Make sure your mask is highlighted in the Mask
Library dialog, click OK and return to the scope view:

You now have a mask drawn around the original waveform.

6. PicoScope stops capturing when you enter the Mask Library dialog, so click the Go button to restart. If
any captured waveform fails to fit inside the mask, the offending parts are drawn in a contrasting color.
The Measurements table shows the number of failures:

7. You now have a functioning mask limit test. Please refer to Mask limit testing for information on editing,
importing and exporting masks. It is also possible to set up a mask limit test on a spectrum or XY view.

7.9 How to save on trigger

Save-on-trigger is just one of a number of functions that are possible with the Alarms feature.

1. Set up PicoScope to display your waveform, and enable triggering:

2. Select the Tools > Alarms command:

3. The Alarms dialog will open:

4. Set Event to Capture, making sure that you have checked the box:

5. Select the first item in the Actions list, click Edit, and change Action to Save Current Buffer:

6. Click the button to the right of the File box, browse to the location you wish to save to, enter the file
name and click Save.

7. Click OK in the Alarm Action dialog:

8. Make sure that both the Save Current Buffer check box and the Enable external code execution check
boxes are set:

9. Click OK. PicoScope will now save a file on every trigger event.

10. Switch off the alarm when you have finished using it, to avoid creating unwanted files.

7.10 How to create a link file

When you perform Serial decoding, the Table view uses a link file to convert numeric data to text. This is
useful for displaying decoded packets in a human-readable format. The example below shows the creation
of a link file for the DCC bus used by a digital train set, but although different protocols have different fields,
these steps will work for any serial protocol supported by the PicoScope software.

The Serial protocols section lists which data fields each serial protocol uses.

1. Use the Serial Decoding dialog to select the required serial protocol and create a serial decoder. Make
sure the Table view is enabled.

2. PicoScope will show the decoded data in numeric format:

3. To create a link file, begin by creating a blank template. Click the Link button in the Serial Data Table
toolbar and select Create Template:

4. A Save As dialog will appear. Choose the file type from the Save As Type box (.ods for OpenDocument
Spreadsheet format, or .csv for comma-separated text format) and save the link file to a convenient
location.

5. Open the link file with an appropriate text or spreadsheet editor, and add number/string pairs appropriate
to the target system.

In this example we have specified that the string "Ivor" will appear in place of the value "00000011" in the
Address field, and so on. The numeric values are treated literally, so if the Change numeric display
format control (next to the Statistics button) in the data window is set to Hex, the link file must contain
the string "0D" to match the hexadecimal value 0D. If you change the numeric display format to Decimal,
for example, you will need to create a new link file containing decimal values.

Note: spreadsheet editors such as Microsoft Excel will often delete any zeroes before a number, so that
"00000011" becomes "11". Make sure you format all numbers in the link file as text and preserve all
preceding zeroes.

4. Save the link file.

5. Click the Link button again and select Open:

6. An Open dialog will appear. Select the link file and click OK.

7. PicoScope will now replace the numeric data with the text strings that you have defined:

7.11 How to convert files in Windows File Explorer

You can convert PicoScope data files to other formats for use in other applications, or to different forms of
data for use with PicoScope.

The easiest way to do this conversion is through the context menu in Windows File Explorer. The context
menu is the menu that pops up when you right-click the file icon with the mouse or activate it with the menu
button on a Windows keyboard. When you install PicoScope, a Convert entry is added to the context menu to
enable you to convert PicoScope data files.

The PicoScope context menu in Windows Explorer

Converting to PicoScope 6.2.4 format

The example above shows four pre-existing PicoScope data files represented by standard PicoScope icons.
PicoScope 6.2.4 introduced a new feature that allows PicoScope data files to appear as waveforms instead
of icons. To enable this feature for old data files, you need to convert them to the new format using the
context menu of Windows Explorer.

· If PicoScope is running, close it.

· In Windows Explorer, right-click a PicoScope data file.
· Select Convert > All waveforms > .psdata. A PicoScope icon will appear in the Windows notification
area while the conversion is in progress.
· PicoScope will ask you to confirm that you wish to overwrite the .psdata file with a new version. Click
Yes.
· Wait for Windows Explorer to update the display.
· Repeat for all .psdata files.

The .psdata files should now appear as in this picture:

Converting to other formats

For all of these conversions, you can choose either All waveforms or Current waveform. A .psdata file can
contain either a single waveform or the entire contents of the waveform buffer, which can hold a number of
waveforms from successive trigger events. If the .psdata file contains more than one waveform, then you
can choose to convert all of them or just the one that was last viewed in PicoScope.

· Right-click a PicoScope data file.

· To convert all waveforms in the file, select Convert > All waveforms or Convert > Current waveform and
then the file format that you require. A PicoScope icon will appear in the Windows notification area
while the conversion is in progress.

Complex operations
For more complex operations, such as converting all files in a directory, you can run PicoScope in a
command window (see Command-line syntax).

8 Reference
This is where you can find detailed information on the operation of PicoScope. The topics covered are:

· Command-line syntax
· Flexible power
· Hydraulic waveforms: Examples and analysis
· Measurement types
· Serial protocols
· Signal generator waveform types
· Spectrum window functions

This section is also home to the Device feature table and the Glossary.

8.1 Command-line syntax

PicoScope can be run from the Windows command line, allowing you to run tasks manually or under the
control of a batch file or other program.

To display the GUI

PicoScope

To open a file
PicoScope <filename>

<filename> Specifies a single .psdata or .pssettings file.

Example: PicoScope C:\Temp\source.psdata

To display help
PicoScope /?

Shows help on all command-line options.

To convert a psdata file

PicoScope /C,/c

Converts a psdata file from one format to another. Cannot be used with /p[rint].

Syntax:

PicoScope /c[onvert] <names> [/d <names>] /f <format> [/q]

[/b [<n>[:<m>]] | [all]] [/v <viewportname>]

<names> Specifies a list of one or more directories or psdata files. Wildcards may
be used to specify multiple files. If a directory is specified, all psdata files
within that directory will be specified. This is a mandatory argument.

/d <names> Destination. Default is input filename with new extension.

/f <format> Destination format: .csv, .txt, .png, .bmp, .gif, .agif (animated
GIF), .psdata, .pssettings, .mat (MATLAB). This is a mandatory
argument.

/q Quiet mode. Do not ask before overwriting files. The default is to prompt.

/b [<n>[:<m>]]|all Waveform number n, waveform range n to m or all waveforms. The default

is the current waveform.

/v <viewportname> View to convert. Default is current view.

Example:

PicoScope /c C:\Temp\source.psdata /f png /b 5:9 /v Scope2

To print a view
PicoScope /P,/p

Prints a view in the psdata file. Cannot be used with /c[onvert].

Syntax:

PicoScope /p[rint] <names> [/b [<n>[:<m>]] | all] [/v <viewportname>]

<names> Specifies a list of one or more directories or .psdata files. Wildcards may
be used to specify multiple files. If a directory is specified, all .psdata files
within that directory will be specified. This is a mandatory argument.

/b [<n>[:<m>]]|all Waveform number n, waveform range n to m or all buffers. Default is

current waveform.

/v <viewportname> View to convert. Default is current view.

Example:

PicoScope /p C:\Temp\source.psdata /b 5:9 /v Scope2

To import notes
PicoScope /N,/n

Copies text from a specified file to the Notes area.

Syntax:

PicoScope /n[otes] <notes filename> <filename>

<notes filename> Specifies a single text file.

<filename> Specifies a single psdata or pssettings file.

Example:

PicoScope /n C:\Temp\source.txt C:\Temp\source.psdata

To run an automation command

PicoScope /A,/a

Run automation command or macro on an existing instance of PicoScope 6.

Syntax:

PicoScope /a[utomation] <command> | <macro>

<command> Automation command

<macro> Path to .psmacro file containing a macro

Examples:

PicoScope /a Run.Pressed=True
PicoScope /a MyMacro.psmacro
PicoScope /a ? (prints a list of automation commands to the console)
PicoScope /a Measurements? (prints information on the Measurements command)

An instance of PicoScope must be running before any automation command is issued.

8.2 Flexible power

The flexible power system for PicoScope devices provides a choice of power sources. In most cases a
straightforward USB connection will be enough to power the scope. If PicoScope needs you to switch to a
different powering method, it will display a dialog similar to this:

The power icons explained

USB 3.0 port. If this symbol appears, you may power the scope from any USB 3.0 port using
the USB 3.0 cable provided with your scope.

USB charging port. If this symbol appears, you may power the scope from any USB port
capable of supplying 1200 mA of current.

Dual USB port power. If this symbol appears, you may power the scope from any two powered
USB ports using the dual-headed USB 2.0 cable supplied with your scope.

AC adapter. Use the adapter supplied and plug it into the DC IN socket on your scope. If you
power the scope in this way, the Power Options dialog will automatically close and the scope
will start working immediately.

Insufficient USB power

If insufficient USB power is available, PicoScope displays this dialog:

Connect one of the power sources listed and try again. If you plug in the AC adapter, the dialog will
automatically close and you can continue working.

8.3 Hydraulic waveforms: Examples and analysis

Pico’s Engine and hydraulics kit allows you to diagnose problems on your engine and hydraulics equipment.
You can use it for simple tests of purely electric signals, such as extending and retracting a hydraulic ram,
and for full system tests.

The settings and connections you have to use depend on the test you want to perform and the vehicle you
wish to test.

On the following pages we have compiled some examples to illustrate what possible waveforms you may
see on the screen, and what to look for during the diagnostic process.

· Example 1 – Hydraulic ram on a tractor's three-point hitch

· Example 2 – Hydraulic system on telehandler
· Example 3 – Hydraulic clutch pack

8.3.1 Hydraulic ram on a tractor's three-point hitch

Test: Extending and lowering the hydraulic ram on a tractor’s three-point hitch.

Example waveform:
· Channel A: Current on lowering solenoid
· Channel B: Current on lifting solenoid
· Channel C: Position sensor

Waveform key:
1. Lifting operation
2. Lowering operation
3. Position sensor voltage during lifting and lowering

Description:
This example shows you the difference in behavior between lifting and lowering. The lift was under manual
control, and you can see that the waveform during this period is quite uneven. Lowering was under the
control of the ECU, and here you can see that the waveform displays a soft start and finish.

The control valves used in this example are both pulse width modulated (PWM) dither valves. This means
that the average current through them is proportional to the mark-space ratio of the controlling voltage
signal, the midpoint current at any instant indicating the degree to which the valve is open or closed. The
ripple on the PWM current shows the underlying frequency of the PWM signal (in this case 125 Hz).

8.3.2 Hydraulic system on telehandler

With more advanced system testing, you can explore the operation of the whole system with one capture. In
this example, we look at the performance of the hydraulic system on a telehandler using the TA377 300 lpm
Webtec flowmeter (not included in the kit).

There is a huge amount of diagnostic information in this capture, showing both the basic operation of the
system and some of the feedback controls built into this vehicle. Engine speed can be inferred from the
crank speed sensor by using a measurement showing the frequency of the crank signal between two closely
spaced rulers. As the crank sensor on this engine is a 60-tooth wheel with two teeth missing, engine RPM is
almost the same as the crank sensor frequency (RPM is 3.5% higher). The vehicle was sitting with the boom
raised and the forks pointing down.

Example waveform:
· Channel A: Crank speed sensor
· Channel B: Main control valve solenoid
· Channel C: Flow through aux (auxiliary) line
· Channel D: Hydraulic pressure at control valve output

Waveform Key:
1. The engine is started – the crank sensor speeds up to its tick-over value and the hydraulic system
pressurizes to its standby pressure. The dither control on the main valve starts at a minimum value and
builds slowly to avoid stalling the engine.

2. The waveform shows a steady state, with the engine idling and only the standby flow in the internal
hydraulic system to provide lubrication for the main hydraulic components.
Note: at this time there is no significant hydraulic flow in the aux line.

3. The aux system is turned on with the full flow rate of 30 lpm going to tank. The engine speed remains
constant. The hydraulic pressure at the pump has increased to cope with the flow through the aux line.

4. The forks are lifted to apply some load to the system. As you can see, the flow to the ram has priority
over the aux line and the flow in the aux line drops to near zero (the flow meter used had a minimum flow
reading of around 15 lpm – below this value the scope trace will disappear off the bottom of the screen).
As the forks start to lift, you can see the line pressure drop to near standby, as there is no real load on the
forks and the standby pressure is enough to overcome gravity. As the ram reaches its end stop, you can
see a small pressure step as the soft-finish function of the ram cuts in.

5. With the forks fully up, the operator applies and maintains full pressure to the system to generate
maximum load. As this occurs, several things happen:

A. First, the pressure goes to system maximum.

B. The flow is switched back to the aux line as the forks cylinder no longer requires a significant flow.
C. The engine slows down as the load comes on due to the increased power demand. If you calculate
the engine speed as the system goes to max load you will see the approximate engine speed drop
from around 820 RPM to 720 RPM. Once the revs have dropped by the preset amount, the engine’s
anti-stall system cuts in to keep it running.
D. The pulse width modulated (PWM) main control valve is backed off a small amount to unload the
engine. You can see this in the way the max current (Channel B) dips slightly. This unloading, along
with the engine’s electronic controls, allows the ECU to return the engine to the correct number of
revs. An additional effect of the pressure backing off is the rounded nature of the initial corner as the
pump goes to maximum pressure.

6. The operator stops applying pressure to the forks cylinder. Although the forks do not actually move, you
can see the pressure decay. When this happens, the load on the engine is removed and the engine starts
to speed up. The engine ECU uses the hydraulic system as a brake and opens the main control valve
slightly to apply more load to the engine, bringing its speed back to the correct value as quickly as
possible.

Description:
From this simple test, we can see how the system’s electronic control is applied to manage the operation of
the complete system.

It is important to understand that a simple-sounding fault such as “the engine stalls when a heavy hydraulic
load is applied” can be down to problems with either the engine or the hydraulic system. Having the ability to
directly relate the hydraulic system’s performance to engine signals such as injectors or the crank sensor
can show the technician not only what is happening, but also what the ECU expects to be happening, hence
highlighting an issue.

In PicoScope 6 you can set up a math channel to plot the engine RPM as it varies. This gives you a graphical
view of the behavior of the engine anti-stall system. In the example below we are using a lowpass filter with
a 2 Hz cut-off in order to remove the peaks that come from the missing teeth in the crank sensor reluctor
wheel.

Example math channel formula: 1.034*LowPass(freq(A),2), with Units named as RPM and Max Range
set at 1200. 1.034 is the correction factor to convert from 58 pulses per second from the crank sensor to
RPM.

8.3.3 Hydraulic clutch pack

This example is from a hydraulic clutch pack changing from Clutch A to Clutch B. It illustrates the real-world
delays caused by the time it takes for the valve spools to move, oil to flow, and pressure to decay. Note that
the entire changeover only takes 250 ms, and there is less than 200 ms between turning one solenoid on
and turning the second off.

Example waveform:
· Channel A: Clutch B pressure
· Channel B: Clutch A pressure
· Channel C: Clutch B current
· Channel D: Clutch A current

Waveform key:
1. The solenoid in Clutch B is activated
2. The pressure in Clutch A starts to decrease
3. The pressure in Clutch B starts to increase
4. The solenoid in Clutch A is deactivated
5. The pressure in Clutch B plateaus until the clutch is deactivated. The pressure then rises to its full normal
operating pressure

Description:
We can see that Clutch A is already engaged and that the pulse width modulated (PWM) signal to its control
solenoid is active. Note that the pressure traces for the two clutches have different vertical scales.

When the clutch change is activated, first the power is turned on to Clutch B. For a short period of time
nothing appears to happen. In fact, the spool moves within the directional control valve and oil starts to flow.
Once the valve spool has moved far enough, we can see the pressure in Clutch A begin to decrease. With
this clutch pack design, there is an internal gallery between the two clutches to speed operation. Initially the
pressure decay is caused by oil flowing through the internal gallery and directly into Clutch B. As the
hydraulic pump on this system (like many others) cannot supply the volume of oil required to fill the second
clutch while already supplying oil to the first one, the system is designed to start filling the second clutch by
using the oil draining from the first one.

When the second clutch comes on load (marker 5), the pressure stabilizes while the clutch plates move.
During this period the pump is still supplying oil to both clutches, but the internal gallery is making sure the
pressure in the two units equalizes as quickly as possible and that the pressure in Clutch A decreases as
pressure builds in Clutch B. Note that the system is configured to make this crossover time, with both
clutches driving, as small as possible to minimize clutch slippage and wear. The behavior of the system
during this crossover period is critical to the smoothness of the changeover. If Clutch A fully disengages
before Clutch B is ready, the vehicle will decelerate suddenly with a noticeable jerk. If the clutch overlap is
too long, you will get accelerated wear of the clutch plates and excessive heating of the hydraulic oil.

When the solenoid in Clutch A is deactivated we see a small time delay while the valve spool moves to cut
off flow to Clutch A. Once this is completed you can see that the pressure in Clutch A drops rapidly to tank
pressure and that the pressure in Clutch B builds to normal operating pressure. The system is now operating
normally with Clutch B fully engaged and Clutch A off.

8.4 Measurement types

The Add/Edit Measurement dialog presents a choice of measurements that PicoScope can calculate for the
selected view. This list varies depending on whether you are using a scope view or a spectrum view, as
some are based on the time domain and others are based on the frequency domain.

The topics in this section explain the different choices available for Scope measurements and Spectrum
measurements.

8.4.1 Scope measurements

The measurements available in a scope view are:

AC RMS. The root mean square (RMS) value of the waveform minus the DC Average.

Cycle Time. PicoScope will attempt to find a repeated pattern in the waveform and measure the duration of
one cycle.

DC Average. The mean value of the waveform.

Duty Cycle. The amount of time that a signal spends above its mean value, expressed as a percentage of
the signal period. A duty cycle of 50% means that the high time is equal to the low time.

Edge Count. Counts the number of rising and falling edges in the signal.

Falling Edge Count. Counts the number of falling edges in the signal.

Falling Rate. The rate at which the signal level falls, in signal units per second. Click the Advanced button in
the Add Measurement or Edit Measurement dialog to specify the signal level thresholds for the
measurement.

Frequency. The number of cycles of the waveform per second.

Fall Time. The time the signal takes to fall from the upper threshold to the lower threshold. Click the
Advanced button in the Add Measurement or Edit Measurement dialog to specify the signal level thresholds
for the measurement.

High Pulse Width. The amount of time that the signal spends above its mean value. This is the average
value for all the pulses in a waveform that have a rising edge.

Low Pulse Width. The amount of time that the signal spends below its mean value. This is the average value
for all the pulses in a waveform that have a falling edge.

Maximum. The highest level reached by the signal.

Minimum. The lowest level reached by the signal.

Peak To Peak. The difference between maximum and minimum. It is equivalent to a ripple measurement.

Rise Time. The time the signal takes to rise from the lower threshold to the upper threshold. Click the
Advanced button in the Add Measurement or Edit Measurement dialog to specify the signal level thresholds
for the measurement.

Rising Edge Count. Counts the number of rising edges in the signal.

Rising Rate. The rate at which the signal level rises, in signal units per second. Click the Advanced button in
the Add Measurement or Edit Measurement dialog to specify the signal level thresholds for the
measurement.

True RMS. The root mean square (RMS) value of the waveform, including the DC component.

Mask Failures. A special measurement that counts the number of failed waveforms during mask limit
testing. This measurement is added to the table automatically when you use mask limit testing, so there is
usually no need to select it manually.

8.4.2 Spectrum measurements

The measurements available in a spectrum view are as follows.

Note: the term datum refers to the noise-free signal.

Frequency at peak. The frequency at which the peak signal value appears.

Amplitude at peak. The amplitude of the peak signal value.

Average amplitude at peak. The amplitude of the peak signal value averaged over a number of captures.

Total power. The power of the whole signal captured in the spectrum view, calculated by adding the powers
in all of the spectrum bins.

Total harmonic distortion (THD). The ratio of the sum of harmonic powers to the power at the fundamental
frequency.

Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N). The ratio of the harmonic power plus noise to the
fundamental power. THD+N values are always greater than the THD values for the same signal.

Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). This is the ratio of the amplitude of the highest peak in the spectrum
to that of the second highest peak. The second peak is not necessarily a harmonic of the fundamental
frequency. For example, it might be a strong, independent noise signal.

Signal to noise and distortion ratio (SINAD). The ratio, in decibels, of the signal-plus-noise-plus-distortion to
noise-plus-distortion.

Signal to noise ratio (SNR). The ratio, in decibels, of the mean signal power to the mean noise power.
Hanning or Blackman windows are recommended because of their low noise.

Intermodulation distortion (IMD). A measure of the distortion caused by the nonlinear mixing of two tones.
When multiple signals are injected into a device, modulation or nonlinear mixing of these two signals can
occur. For input signals at frequencies f1 and f2, the two second-order distortion signals will be found at
frequencies: f3 = (f1 + f2) and f4 = (f1 - f2).

IMD is expressed as the dB ratio of the RMS sum of the distortion terms to the RMS sum of the two input
tones. IMD can be measured for distortion terms of any order, but the second-order terms are most
commonly used. In the second-order case, the intermodulation distortion is given by:

where

F3 and F4 are the amplitudes of the two second-order distortion terms (at frequencies f3 and f4 defined
above)

and

F1 and F2 are the amplitudes of the input tones (at frequencies f1 and f2, as marked by the frequency
rulers in the spectrum window).

For reference, the third-order terms are at frequencies (2F1 + F2), (2F1 – F2), (F1 + 2F2) and (F1 – 2F2).

Note: Hanning or Blackman windows are recommended because of their low noise. An FFT size of 4096 or
greater is recommended in order to provide adequate spectral resolution for the IMD measurements.

8.5 Serial protocols

The serial decoding feature of PicoScope understands a range of serial protocols. Each one will show
different sets of data, as detailed in the following sections. To see all of these data fields, make sure Table
is selected in the Decoder settings. You can decode the following serial protocols in PicoScope 6:

1-Wire I²S
ARINC 429 LIN
CAN Modbus ASCII
CAN FD Modbus RTU
DCC PS/2
DMX512 SENT Fast
Ethernet 10BASE-T SENT Slow
Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX SPI
FlexRay UART (RS-232, RS-422, RS-485)
I²C USB

There are some fields which every protocol will display:

Packet Serial number of the frame (decimal).

If All Buffers is selected, this is counted from the start of the selected waveform.
If Current Buffer is selected, this is counted from the start of the first waveform in
the current waveform buffer.

Start Time Value of the PicoScope collection time at the start of the frame

End Time Value of the PicoScope collection time at the end of the frame

When you click the Statistics button, a further four columns appear:

Min Voltage Minimum voltage

Max Voltage Maximum voltage

Voltage Pk-Pk Voltage range of the signal, from Max Voltage to Min Voltage

Packet Time The duration of the packet, from Start Time to End Time

8.5.1 1-Wire protocol

1-Wire is a serial protocol originally developed by the Dallas Semiconductor Corporation. It provides low-
speed data and power to the target device over the same wire.

For more information on the 1-Wire protocol, see PicoScope from A to Z.

Reset Pulse Duration of the reset pulse generated by the master.

Presence Pulse Duration of the presence pulse generated by the slave.

Command The numerical value of the command.

Command Code The name of the command code.

Data The data content of the packet.

8.5.2 ARINC 429 protocol

ARINC 429, also known as the Mark 33 DITS specification, was developed to provide interchangeability and
interoperability of line replaceable units (LRUs) in commercial aircraft. ARINC 429 defines the physical and
electrical interfaces of a two-wire data bus and the data protocol to support an aircraft's avionics local area
network.

For more information on ARINC 429, see PicoScope from A to Z.

BNR Data Binary Data. Formatted according to the SSM bits.

BNR STATUS MATRIX The meaning of the SSM field decoded according to the Label.

Label An 8-bit value indicating the data type.

SDI Source/Destination Identifier.

Data The data content of the word.

SSM Sign/Status Matrix. The meaning of this 2-bit field depends on the Label.

Parity Bit The error-correction bit at the end of the word.

Parity Valid Parity result calculated by PicoScope.

Valid Confirms whether the packet is valid.

8.5.3 CAN protocol

CAN (Controller Area Network) is a serial protocol used in automotive and industrial machinery to allow
microcontrollers to communicate with each other. The standard was originally developed in 1983 by Robert
Bosch GmbH. It typically uses differential signaling (with signals named CAN H and CAN L) to increase
noise immunity.

For more information on the CAN protocol, see PicoScope from A to Z.

ID Identifier (hexadecimal). This should be unique for a specified data type. Base
frames have an 11-bit identifier, and extended frames have a 29-bit identifier.

RTR Remote transmission request.

IDE ID Extension bit. 0 for standard format packet, 1 for extended format.

DLC Data length code. Indicates the number of bytes of data.

Data The data content of the packet.

CRC A cyclic redundancy check of the data.

ACK Node asserts this bit to acknowledge receipt.

CRC Valid The result of PicoScope's CRC.

8.5.4 CAN FD protocol

The CAN FD (Controller Area Network with Flexible Data Rate) serial protocol is an enhancement of the
Classical CAN protocol. Like the CAN protocol, it is used in automotive and industrial machinery to allow
microcontrollers to communicate with each other, and typically uses differential signaling (with signals
named CAN H and CAN L) to increase noise immunity.

ISO 11898-1:2015 specifies both the Classical CAN and CAN FD protocols. The Classical CAN protocol
allows bit rates up to 1 Mb/s and payloads up to 8 bytes per frame. The CAN FD protocol allows bit rates
higher than 1 Mb/s and payloads longer than 8 bytes per frame.

BRS Bit rate switch. Indicates whether or not the bit rate is switched inside the FD frame.

ESI Error state indicator.

Stuff Count The number of stuff bits in a frame before the CRC field, not including fixed stuff bits.

Parity Stuff count parity check. The receiver checks whether the stuff count field matches
its own count.

ID Identifier (hexadecimal). This should be unique for a specified data type. Base
frames have an 11-bit identifier, and extended frames have a 29-bit identifier.

RTR Remote transmission request.

IDE ID Extension bit. 0 for standard format packet, 1 for extended format.

DLC Data length code. Indicates the number of bytes of data.

BRS Bit rate switch. Indicates whether or not the bit rate is switched inside the FD frame.

Data The data content of the packet.

CRC A cyclic redundancy check of the data.

ACK Node asserts this bit to acknowledge receipt.

CRC Valid The result of PicoScope's CRC.

8.5.5 DCC protocol

DCC (Digital Command Control) is a serial protocol used for the control of digital model railway systems. It
allows users to control multiple locomotives and accessories independently.

For more information on DCC, see PicoScope from A to Z.

Address Shown for address packets.

Instructions Commands sent to multi-function digital decoders. The First three bits determine an
instruction type, and the rest describe the actions within this type.

Preamble String of ones indicating start of packet.

Error Detection Error correction byte.

Valid The results of the error check.

Address Partition Assigned based on the type of decoder. Specified in the DCC standard.

Instruction Type The first three bits of the instruction bytes determining the instruction type, as
specified in the DCC standard.

Data The rest of the instruction bits determining a specific action for a corresponding
instruction type (given in Instruction Type Field).

8.5.6 DMX512 protocol

DMX512 (Digital Multiplex) is a serial protocol designed for the control of stage lighting and effects.

Slot Count Number of channels.

Slot 0 Value Also known as the start code.

Slot Range Numbers of the first and last slots in this packet.

Slot Values An 8-bit value for each slot.

Active Channel Count The number of channels which are above 0.

8.5.7 Ethernet 10BASE-T protocol

Ethernet 10BASE-T is a serial protocol supporting Ethernet speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s.

Preamble Ethernet preamble (PRE).

Start Frame Delimiter A fixed bit pattern of 10101011.

Destination MAC Destination address.

Source MAC Source address.

Type Length/Type. If <= 1500, the number of LLC bytes. If > 1536, the packet type.

Data The data content of the packet.

Frame Check CRC value used for error detection.

Sequence

Ethertype Meaning of the Length/Type field if it represents a Type.

CRC Pass Result of the cyclic redundancy check.

8.5.8 Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX protocol

Ethernet 100BASE-TX is a serial protocol supporting Ethernet speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s.

Preamble Ethernet preamble (PRE).

Start Frame Delimiter A fixed bit pattern of 10101011.

Destination MAC Destination address.

Source MAC Source address.

Type Length/Type. If <= 1500, the number of LLC bytes. If > 1536, the packet type.

Data The data content of the packet.

Frame Check CRC value used for error detection.

Sequence

Ethertype Meaning of the Length/Type field if it represents a Type.

CRC Pass Result of the cyclic redundancy check.

8.5.9 FlexRay protocol

FlexRay is an automotive network communications protocol for high-speed data. It is designed to be fault-
tolerant.

Header Header segment.

Payload Payload segment.

Trailer Trailer segment.

Reserved Bit Undefined.

Payload Preamble Indicates the presence of a network management vector or message ID.
Indicator

Null Frame Indicator Indicates that the payload contains no useful payload data.

Sync Frame Indicator Indicates whether the frame is a synchronization frame.

Startup Frame Indicates that this is a clock startup frame.

Indicator

Frame ID Defines the slot in which the frame is transmitted.

Payload Length The number of payload bytes divided by 2.

Header CRC Cyclic redundancy check of data from the sync frame indicator to the payload length.

Cycle Count The value of the cycle counter.

Header CRC Pass Result of Header cyclic redundancy check test.

Frame CRC A Pass FlexRay frame CRC calculation algorithm - Channel A.

Frame CRC B Pass FlexRay frame CRC calculation algorithm - Channel B.

8.5.10 I²C protocol

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) was developed by Philips in the 1980s as a low-cost way to connect peripheral
chips in consumer electronics products, and is widely adopted in embedded systems. Many devices,
including temperature sensors, control panels, microcontrollers, and single board prototyping systems
incorporate multiple I2C interfaces for easy chip-to-chip and inter-module communications. It uses two
signals: clock (SCL) and data (SDA).

For more information on I2C, see PicoScope from A to Z.

Address Bits Address size.

Address Shown for address packets.

Address + R/W Address including read/write flag.

R/W Polarity of the read/write flag.

Address ACK Address acknowledgment.

Data The data content of the packet (hexadecimal).

Data ACK Data acknowledgment.

8.5.11 I²S protocol

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) is a serial protocol used in digital audio devices for communications between circuits
such as CD transports and audio DACs. The standard was originally developed by Philips Semiconductors. It
uses three signals: clock (SCK), word select (WS) and data (SD).

Channel 0 = channel 1 (left). 1 = channel 2 (right).

Data Raw data.

Value Data decoded as a two's complement value.

8.5.12 LIN protocol

LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a serial protocol used in automotive electronics to allow
microcontrollers to communicate with low-speed peripherals. The standard was defined by the LIN
Consortium, a group of five vehicle manufacturers. It uses a single wire pair with a master-slave topology.

Sync Byte A fixed value (0x55) used for automatic baud rate detection.

Protected Identifier Message address plus two parity bits.

Frame Identifier Message address.

Parity OK Result of Protected Identifier parity check.

Data The data content of the packet.

Checksum A cyclic redundancy check of the data.

Classic Checksum Validates the data bytes.

Enhanced Checksum Validates the data bytes and identifier.

8.5.13 Modbus ASCII protocol

Modbus is a low-speed serial data protocol commonly used in industrial applications where a supervisory
computer (master) controls or monitors multiple remote devices (slaves). The standard was originally
published in 1979 by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) for use with its programmable logic controllers.

Modbus ASCII uses ASCII characters, making it more readable than Modbus RTU but less efficient. Modbus
ASCII messages require twice as many bytes to transmit the same content as Modbus RTU messages.

Master Identifies whether the communicating device is the master or a slave.

ü represents the master
û represents the slave

Start byte Indicates the start of the packet.

Slave ID When the packet is transmitted by the master device, this represents the slave being
addressed.

When the packet is transmitted by a slave device, this represents the slave's own ID.

Function The requested function, as defined in the Modbus library.

Exception Any errors. If this field is blank, there are no errors. Only a slave device can send an
exception.

Data Data content of the packet.

LRC Longitudinal redundancy check. An error check of the Data field.

Parity Check The result of PicoScope's parity check.

End Byte Indicates the end of the packet.

ASCII Data The result of PicoScope's ASCII data check.

Length OK The result of PicoScope's length check.

Valid LRC The result of PicoScope's LRC.

8.5.14 Modbus RTU protocol

Modbus RTU (remote terminal unit) uses binary coding and CRC error checking. It is more efficient than
Modbus ASCII, but harder to read without a link file. Modbus RTU messages require half as many bytes to
transmit the same content as Modbus ASCII messages.

Master Identifies whether the communicating device is the master or a slave.

ü represents the master
û represents the slave

Slave ID When the packet is transmitted by the master device, this represents the slave being
addressed.

When the packet is transmitted by a slave device, this represents the slave's own ID.

Function The requested function, as defined in the Modbus library.

Exception Any errors. If this field is blank, there are no errors. Only a slave device can send an
exception.

Data Data content of the packet.

CRC Cyclic redundancy check. An error check of the Data field.

Parity Check The result of PicoScope's parity check.

Valid Start

Valid End
Validity checks carried out by the software on the data format, packet length and the
signal itself.
Valid CRC

Valid Gap

Valid Whether or not the packet as a whole is valid.

8.5.15 PS/2 protocol

PS/2 (Personal System/2) is the serial protocol used with PS/2 DIN connectors, designed to connect
keyboards and mice to a PC. The system was developed by IBM in the late 1980s.

Acknowledge Bit Device pulls 0 to acknowledge host.

Data The data content of the packet.

Parity Error-checking bit. Parity is odd.

Parity Valid Result of parity check.

Data Direction Device to Host or Host to Device.

8.5.16 SENT Fast protocol

SENT (Single Edge Nibble Transmission) is a one way, point-to-point protocol for transmission of signal
values from sensors to a controller. It is used mainly in automotive applications and enables reliable
transmission of high-resolution data with lower cost than standards such as CAN, and higher bit rate than
LIN.

This decoder extracts only the fast channel data. Use the SENT Slow decoder to extract the other channel.

For more information on the SENT Fast protocol, visit the PicoScope A to Z.

Ch1 Channel 1 data.

Ch2 Channel 2 data.

Calibration Pulse Duration of pulse, equal to 56 clock ticks.

Clock Tick Clock period, calculated as 1/56 of calibration pulse.

Status Status and communication bits.

Data Variable number of nibbles (4-bit values) depending on the application.

Checksum Error-checking value.

Reserved 1 Reserved for specific application.

Reserved 2 Reserved for specific application.

Serial Data Serial data message bits.

Message Start Message start = 1. Otherwise = 0.

Legacy Checksum Result of CRC test to February 2008 standard.

Pass

Recommended Result of CRC test to January 2010 standard.

Checksum Pass

8.5.17 SENT Slow protocol

This decoder extracts only the slow channel data. Use the SENT Fast decoder to extract the other channel.

For more information on the SENT Fast protocol, visit the PicoScope A to Z.

8Bit Message ID Definition of the message ID.

Enhanced Serial Definition of the data value.

Message

CRC The cyclic redundancy check value within the packet.

Configuration bit Packet is 12-bit data and 8-bit message ID, or 16-bit data and 4-bit message ID.

Message ID Message value.

Data The data content of the packet.

Data Value Integer value of the data field.

CRC Pass Serial data message bits computed CRC matches the packet CRC.

8.5.18 SPI protocol

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) bus was originally developed by Motorola for use with their microcontrollers.
Due to the simplicity of the bus, other manufacturers adopted it and it has become widely available in
components used in embedded system designs. It is commonly used for chip-to-chip communications
between a CPU and a peripheral device such as keyboard, display, ADCs and DACs, real-time clocks,
EEPROM, SD and other memory devices.

SPI is a bidirectional protocol. To decode both directions (SDI and SDO) set up two PicoScope SPI decoders,
one for each direction.

For more information on the SPI protocol, visit the PicoScope A to Z.

Data The data content of the packet (hexadecimal).

8.5.19 UART protocol

A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is the communication interface found in the serial
or COM ports once commonly found on computers. UARTs were developed in the 1960s for connecting
modems to terminals. Each channel of data is transmitted on a single wire pair using an electrical standard
such as RS-232, RS-422, or RS-485.

A typical full-duplex UART link consists of a Tx (transmit) and an Rx (receive) channel. To decode both
channels, set up two PicoScope UART decoders, one for each channel.

For more information, see PicoScope from A to Z.

Data The data content of the packet.

Parity Error-checking bit (if parity is enabled).

Parity Check Result of parity check (if parity is enabled).

8.5.20 USB (1.0/1.1) protocol

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is widely adopted in today’s personal computers and tablets for communication
and power to printers, scanners, keyboard, mice, memory devices and many other peripherals. It is also used
for chip-to-chip and module-to-module communication in many other types of electronic devices and
embedded systems. The USB specification has evolved several times since its launch in 1996.

There are four types of USB packet: Handshake, Data, Token and Special. Handshake is used to initialize
communication between two end points. Data is used to send actual information. Token and Special (a
specialized version of Token) are used to keep both devices informed concurrently. The data fields shown
will vary depending on the USB packet type.

For more information on the USB (1.0/1.1) protocol, visit the PicoScope A to Z.

Data The data content of the packet.

CRC5 Cyclic Redundancy Check, 5 bits.

CRC16 Cyclic Redundancy Check, 16 bits.

Pid Packet Identifier. Determines the packet type and structure.

Address For Token-specific USB packets.

Endpoint For Token-specific USB packets.

Error Message Set if PicoScope detects an error.

8.6 Signal generator waveform types

The list of waveform types available in the Signal Generator dialog varies according to the type of
oscilloscope connected. The full list is as follows:

Sine Sinusoid

Square Square wave

Triangle Symmetrical triangle wave

Ramp Up Rising sawtooth

Ramp Down Falling sawtooth

Sin (x)/x sin(x)/x, truncated on the x axis

Gaussian The 'bell curve' of the normal distribution, truncated on the x axis

Half Sine A rectified sinusoid

White Noise Random samples at the maximum update rate of the AWG

Pseudo-random binary sequence - a random sequence of bits

PRBS
with adjustable bit rate

DC Voltage Constant voltage, adjustable using the Offset control

Arbitrary Any waveform created by the arbitrary waveform editor

8.7 Spectrum window functions

To create a spectrum view, PicoScope captures a block of sampled data over a finite time interval and then
uses a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to compute its spectrum. The algorithm assumes a signal level of zero
at all times outside the captured time interval. Typically, this assumption causes sharp transitions to zero at
either end of the data, and these transitions have an effect on the computed spectrum, creating unwanted
artifacts such as ripple and gain errors. To reduce these artifacts, the signal can be faded in and out at the
start and end of the block. There are several commonly used window functions that can be convolved with
the data to effect this fading, and which are chosen according to the type of signal and the purpose of the
measurement.

The Window Functions control in the Spectrum Options dialog lets you select one of the standard window
functions for spectrum analysis. The following table shows some of the figures of merit used to compare
the functions.

Window Main peak Highest Side lobe Remarks

width (bins side lobe roll-off
@ -3 dB) (dB) (dB/octave)

Blackman 1.68 -58 18 Often used for audio work

Gaussian 1.33 to 1.79 -42 to -69 6 Gives minimal time and frequency errors

Triangular 1.28 -27 12 Also called Bartlett window

Hamming 1.30 -41.9 6 Also called raised sine-squared; used in

speech analysis

Hann 1.20 to 1.86 -23 to -47 12 to 30 Also called sine-squared; used for audio and
vibration work

Blackman-Harris 1.90 -92 6 General-purpose

Flat-top 2.94 -44 6 Negligible pass-band ripple; used mainly for

calibration

Rectangular 0.89 -13.2 6 No fading; maximal sharpness; used for short

transients

8.8 Device feature table

Some PicoScope 6 features require specialized hardware and are therefore not available on all devices.
Feature availability is indicated in the table below. (Detailed specifications for each feature may vary). Please
see the relevant device data sheet for more details.

50 50 Ω inputs FC Frequency counter

AT Advanced triggers FR Flexible resolution
AW Arbitrary waveform generator LP Lowpass filtering
AX Auxiliary input/output RA Rapid triggering
BL Switchable bandwidth limiter RU Runt pulse trigger
CD ConnectDetect® SG Signal generator
DC DC offset adjustment SM Streaming mode
DI Digital inputs ST Signal generator triggers
DM DeepMeasure™ SW Signal generator sweep modes
EX External trigger input

Series / Model 50 AT AW AX BL CD DC DI DM EX FC FR LP RA RU SG SM ST SW
USB DrDAQ a a a
PicoLog 1000 a
PicoScope 2104-2105 a
PicoScope 2202 a
PicoScope 2203 a a a a
PicoScope 2204-2205 a a a a a
PicoScope 2206-2208 a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2204A
PicoScope 2205A
a a a a a
PicoScope 2206A
PicoScope 2207A a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2208A
PicoScope 2205 MSO a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2205A MSO a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2000B a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2000B MSO a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 2405A a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3204 a a a a
PicoScope 3205-3206 a a a a a
PicoScope 3223/3423
PicoScope 3224/3424
a a a
PicoScope 3425 a a a
PicoScope 3200A a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3400A a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3200B a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3400B a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3000D a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3000 MSO a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 3000D MSO a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4223-4224
PicoScope 4423-4424
a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4225/4425 a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4226-4227 a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4262 a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4444 a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 4824 a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 5203-5204 a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 5000A a a a a a a a a a a a a a

Series / Model 50 AT AW AX BL CD DC DI DM EX FC FR LP RA RU SG SM ST SW
PicoScope 5000B a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 5000D a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 5000D MSO a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 6000 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 6000A/C a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 6000B/D a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PicoScope 6407 a a a a a a a a a a a a
8.9 Glossary
AC coupling. In this mode, the scope device rejects very low signal frequencies below about 1 hertz. This
allows you to use the full resolution of the scope to measure AC signals accurately, ignoring any DC offset.
You cannot measure the signal level with respect to ground in this mode.

AWG. An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is a circuit that can generate a waveform of almost any
shape. It is programmed with a data file, supplied by the user, which defines the output voltage at a number
of equally spaced points in time. The circuit uses this data to reconstruct the waveform with a specified
amplitude and frequency.

Axis. A line marked with measurements. PicoScope shows one vertical axis for each channel that is enabled
in a view, giving measurements in volts or other units. Each view also has a single horizontal axis, which is
marked in units of time for a scope view, or units of frequency for a spectrum view.

Channel. A scope device has one or more channels, each of which can sample one signal. High-speed scope
devices typically have one BNC connector per channel.

Collection Time. The time represented by the horizontal axis of the PicoScope display, when the horizontal
zoom control is set to ×1. On traditional oscilloscopes, this function is often known as the timebase. Click
here for more information.

CSV. Comma-separated values. A text file containing tabulated data, with columns separated by commas
and rows by line-breaks. CSV format is used for importing and exporting PicoScope arbitrary waveform files.
You can also export PicoScope waveforms in CSV format. CSV files can be imported into spreadsheets and
other programs.

DC coupling. In this mode, the scope device measures the signal level relative to signal ground. This shows
both DC and AC components.

Dead time. The time between the end of one capture and the start of the next. To obtain the minimum
possible dead time, use Rapid trigger mode.

Demonstration (demo) mode. If PicoScope is started when no scope device is plugged in, it allows you to
select a "demo device", a virtual scope unit that you can use to test the software. The program is then in
demo mode. This mode provides a simulated, configurable signal source for each input channel of the demo
device.

ETS. Equivalent time sampling (ETS) is a method of increasing the effective sampling rate of the scope. In a
scope view, PicoScope captures several cycles of a repetitive signal, then combines the results to produce a
single waveform with higher time-resolution than a single capture. For accurate results, the signal must be
perfectly repetitive and the trigger must be stable.

Floating inputs. A feature of the PicoScope 4225 and 4425 oscilloscopes. These are inputs that do not
share a common measurement ground. The channels are separated by high impedances and their
measurement grounds can be connected to any voltage within the specification range. It is important,
however, that every input in use has both a signal and a ground connection.

Graticule. The horizontal and vertical dashed lines in every view. These help you estimate the amplitude and
time or frequency of features on the waveform.

Grid. The arrangement of viewports. The number of grid rows and the number of grid columns can each be
either 1, 2, 3 or 4.

IEPE. Integrated circuit piezoelectric. A type of sensor, usually built to detect acceleration, vibration or sound,
and with a built-in amplifier. IEPE sensors can only be used with special PicoScope oscilloscopes that have
IEPE-compatible inputs.

In focus. PicoScope can display several views, but only one view is in focus at any time. When you click a
toolbar button, it will usually affect only the view that is in focus. To bring a view into focus, click on it.

MSO. Mixed-signal oscilloscope. An instrument that captures and displays analog and digital signals on the
same horizontal scale.

PC Data Logger. A measuring instrument consisting of a hardware interface and the PicoLog software
running on a PC. You can also use selected data loggers with the PicoScope software to create a
multichannel voltage input oscilloscope.

PC Oscilloscope. A measuring instrument consisting of a scope device and the PicoScope software running
on a PC. A PC Oscilloscope has the same functions as a traditional bench-top oscilloscope but is more
flexible and cost-effective. You can improve its performance by upgrading the PC using standard parts from
any computer shop, or by purchasing a new scope device, and you can upgrade the software by
downloading an update from Pico Technology.

Probe. An accessory that attaches to your oscilloscope and picks up a signal to be measured. Probes are
available to pick up any form of signal, but they always deliver a voltage signal to the oscilloscope.
PicoScope has built-in definitions of standard probes, but also allows you to define custom probes.

Resolution enhancement. Collecting samples at a faster rate than requested, then combining the excess
samples by averaging. Resolution enhancement can increase the effective resolution of a scope device
when there is a small amount of noise on the signal.

Ruler. A vertical or horizontal dashed line that can be dragged into place on a waveform in a view.
PicoScope displays the signal level, time value or frequency value of all rulers in the Ruler Legend.

Scope device. The box from Pico Technology that you plug into the USB or parallel port of your computer.
With the help of the PicoScope software, the scope device turns your computer into a PC Oscilloscope.

Slow sampling mode. Normally, PicoScope redraws the waveform in a scope view many times every second.
However, at collection times longer than 200 ms/div (adjustable on the Sampling page of the Preferences
dialog), it switches to slow sampling mode. In this mode, PicoScope updates the scope view continuously as
each capture progresses, rather than waiting for a complete capture before updating the view.

Standard deviation. A statistical measure of the spread of a set of samples. The standard deviation of the
set is defined as:

where is the arithmetic mean of all the samples. The units of the standard deviation value are the same as
those of the original samples.

Tool tip. A label that appears when you move the mouse pointer over some parts of the PicoScope screen,
such as buttons, controls and rulers.

Trigger. The part of an oscilloscope that monitors an incoming signal and decides when to begin a capture.
Depending on the trigger condition that you set, the scope may trigger when the signal crosses a threshold,
or may wait until a more complex condition is satisfied.

Vertical resolution. The number of bits that the scope device uses to represent the signal level. This number
depends on the design of the device, but can be boosted in some cases by using resolution enhancement.

View. A presentation of data from a scope device. A view may be a scope view, an XY view or a spectrum
view.

Viewport. The views in the PicoScope window are arranged in a grid, and each rectangular area in the grid is
called a viewport.

Index bmp files 43

Bring channel to front 135
Buffer Navigation toolbar 128
Buffer Overview 35
% Bugs
reporting 121
%buffer% variable 99
%file% variable 99 Buttons 122
Measurements 166
%time% variable 99
Notes 166
Rulers 166
A Signal Generator 143
AC adapter 194 Stop and Go 156
AC coupling 220
AC power 107
Accelerometer inputs 131
C
Capture count 21
Access 4
Capture modes 11
Add Measurement dialog 56
Adding a measurement 56 Capture rate 29
preference 107
Advance function 87
Capture Setup toolbar 122
Advanced trigger
types 159 Capture size preference 106

Advanced triggers 157, 158, 219 Changing device 167

Alarms 35, 62, 98 Channel 220

selecting in a view 53
save on trigger 182
Channel controls 131
Analog intensity 126
Analog offset 133 Channel Labels 51, 52, 166

AND logical operator 164 Channel Options

button 131
Animated GIF 43
menu 132
Arbitrary waveform generator 143, 219, 220
editing window 146 Channel ordering 135
exporting as CSV file 149 Channel settings
in Properties sheet 29
importing from channel 146, 148
importing from CSV file 149 Channels toolbar
PicoLog 1000 Series 151
Automotive menu 119
standard 131
Auxiliary (AUX) I/O 157, 159, 219
USB DrDAQ 152
Average (math channel) 86
Clipboard 49
Average (statistics) 21
AWG 220 Collection Time 220
control 123
Axis 14, 17, 19, 220
auto-arrange 54 Collection Time control 122
horizontal 14, 17, 19 Collection time units 105
offset 174 Color preferences 114
scaling 133, 135, 174 Column Auto-width 55
vertical 14, 17, 19 Command-line syntax 191
Connect Device dialog 37, 39
ConnectDetect 131, 139
B Controls 122
Bandwidth limiter 133, 219 Channel 131
Battery power 107 Trigger 156
Beep 98 Converting data files 189, 191
Binary files, exporting 45 Copy
Bit stream 147 as image 49

Copy Device feature table 219

as text 49 Digital Channels & Groups button 140
Copyright 4 Digital color 126
Coupling control 131 Digital inputs 141, 219
Create New Custom Probe dialog 67 Digital Inputs button 131
Create New Math Channel dialog 82 Digital outputs
CSV files 42, 220 PicoLog 1000 Series 151
exporting 44 USB DrDAQ 155
Custom grid layout dialog 54 Digital trigger 160
Custom Probe wizard 65 dialog 162
Create New Custom Probe dialog 67 Digital view 16
Edit Existing Custom Probe dialog 68 context menu 16
Edit Range dialog 75 DrDAQ 152
Filter Method dialog 77 LED control 154
Lookup-table Scaling dialog 71 Dropout trigger 160
Manual Ranges Setup dialog 73
Probe Identification dialog 78
Probe Output Units dialog 69
E
Range Management dialog 72 Edge trigger 159
Scaling Method dialog 70 Edit Existing Custom Probe dialog 68
Edit Measurement dialog 56
Custom probes 30, 62, 174
dialog 64 Edit menu 49
saving 37 Edit Range dialog 75
advanced options 76
Edit Reference Waveform dialog 92
D Editing a measurement 56
Data files Effective resolution 29, 133, 134
converting 189 Equivalent time sampling 157
DC coupling 220 ETS 157, 220
DC IN power 194 and advanced triggers 158
DC inputs, 50 Ω 131, 219 Exit 38
DC offset 133, 219 Exporting data 43
Dead time 220 binary format 45
Decoding tab 33 text format 44
DeepMeasure 22, 55, 59, 219 External (EXT) trigger 157, 159, 219
data window 61
DeepMeasure settings dialog 60
dialog 59
F
overlay 61 Fall time
threshold 57
Default print settings 113
Delay function 87 Falling Edge button 157

Demo device 40, 150 Feedback 120, 121

File conversion 189
Demo mode 40, 150, 220
File menu 37
Demo Signals
dialog 150 Filter Method dialog 77
menu 150 Filtering 133
channels 137
Details dialog
measurements 21
channel labels 51
customer details 51 Fitness for purpose 4
vehicle details 51 Flexible power 194
Flexible Resolution 219
Device
how to change 167 Flow meter 132

Focus 221 inputs 131

Frequency counter 219 Image, saving as 42
Frequency counting 131, 133 Import from a Channel dialog 148
Frequency difference Input impedance 131
measuring 169 Interpolation
Frequency legend 24, 28 linear 109
Frequency rulers 19, 24 sin(x)/x 109
Functions, mathematical 31, 83 Interval trigger 159

G K
General preferences 105 K Factor 132
Generate Mask K Factor calibration 132
button 100 Keyboard maps 111
dialog 101 Keyboard shortcuts 110, 129
gif files 43
Glitches, finding 159
Glossary 220
L
Language preferences 112
Graticule 17, 19, 221
LED
Grid 221
layout 54 on USB DrDAQ 154

Groups, digital input 142 Legal statement 4

Liability 4
Guided tests 119
Line thickness 115
Link file 97
H creating 187
Hand tool 129 Lissajous figures 17
Hardware resolution 123 Logic trigger 160
Harmonic control for measurements 58 dialog 163
Help menu 120 Lookup-table Scaling dialog 71
Horizontal axis 14, 17, 19 Lowpass filtering 77, 133, 137, 219
House current 107
How to... 167
change device 167
M
convert files in Windows File Explorer 189 Macro
create a link file 187 recorder 62, 103

find a glitch using persistence mode 176 running from command line 193

measure frequency difference 169 Mains power 107

measure time difference 169 Manual Ranges Setup dialog 73
move a view 170 Marquee Zoom tool 129
save on trigger 182 Mask limit testing 34
Setup 179
scale and offset a signal 172
set up a Mask Limit Test 179 Masks 62
set up the spectrum view 175 colors 34, 114

use rulers to measure a signal 167 displaying 100

editing 102
Hydraulics 196, 197, 200
exporting 100
ram 196
telehandler 197, 200 generating 100, 101
importing 100
Hysteresis 161
in Buffer Overview 35
mask files 100
I Mask Library dialog 100
IEPE 221 menu 100

Masks 62 Mission-critical applications 4

polygons 102 MSO 221
Math Channel wizard 80 setup 141
Create new math channel 82 view 15
Equation dialog 83
Finished dialog 90
Name and Color dialog 88
N
Units and Range dialog 89 NAND logical operator 164
No. samples 29
Math channels 62, 79
Built-in 79 NOR logical operator 164
dialog 79 Normal Selection tool 129
Library 79 Notes 49, 50, 166
area 50
Loaded 79
operands 84 importing from command line 192

overview 31
saving 37 O
warning symbol 31
Offset 172
wizard 80
analog 133
MATLAB files Open
exporting 45, 92 dialog 41
saving 43
Open file 37, 41
Max (math channel) 86
OR logical operator 164
Max (statistics) 21 Oscilloscope 8
Maximum Waveforms setting 105 Other buttons 166
Measurement system
Overrange
selecting 112
BNC shell to chassis 14
Measurements indicator 14, 131
adding 21, 55, 56 normal measurement range 14
buttons 166
capture size 106
DeepMeasure 55 P
deleting 21, 55 Panning 129, 130
editing 21, 55, 56 Pattern trigger 162
grid font size 55 PC Data Logger 221
menu 55 PC Oscilloscope 9, 221
scope 57, 202 Persistence mode 11, 20
spectrum 58, 203 button 122
statistics 21 enabling and disabling 116
table 21 finding a glitch 176
types 202 options 126
Menus 37 Phase rulers 25
Automotive 119 partition 27
Edit 49 units 27
File 37 wrap 27
Help 120 PicoLog 1000 Series
Measurements 55 Channels toolbar 151
Tools 62 Digital Outputs control 151
View 53 PicoScope 6 1
Metric measurements 112 how to use 1, 7, 8, 10
Min (math channel) 86 main window 13
Min (statistics) 21 png files 43
Missing events, finding 159 Pointer tool tip 23

Polygon 102 Reference 191

Power Management preferences 107 Reference waveforms 32, 62
Power supply 194 delay 135
Preferences 62 dialog 91
capture rate 107 edit 92
colors 114 Library 91
Default Print Settings 113 Loaded 91
device selection 116 using in equations 84
dialog 104 Reset "Don't show this again" dialogs 105
general 105 Resolution enhancement 29, 133, 134, 221
keyboard 110 RGB LED on USB DrDAQ 154
language 112 Rise time
persistence modes 116 threshold 57
power management 107 Rising Edge button 157
sampling 108 Rotation rulers 25
spectrum modes 116 partition 27
updates 118 units 27
Pre-trigger 165 wrap 27
control 157, 165 RPM 28, 117
Printing 38 Rulers 14, 19, 166
from command line 192 definition 221
from menu 38 deleting 23, 24
preferences 113 frequency 19, 24, 169
preview 38 handles 14, 23, 24, 25
Probe 221 legend 28
custom 30, 62, 64, 174 lock button 28
Identification dialog 78 phase 25
Output Units dialog 69 rotation 25
Properties sheet 29 settings 27
displaying 54 signal 14, 19, 23, 167
psdata files time 14, 24, 169
converting 189, 191 using to measure a signal 167
opening 41 Runt pulse trigger 160, 219
saving 42
pskeys files 111
psmaths files 80
S
opening 41 Sampling preferences 108

psreference files 92 Sampling rate 123

opening 41 Save As 37
dialog 42
pssettings files 42
opening 41 Save file 37

Pulse width trigger 159 Save on trigger 99, 182

PWM output Scaling 135, 172

PicoLog 1000 Series 151 Scaling Method dialog 70
USB DrDAQ 155 Scope device 221
Scope measurements
AC volts 202
R Cycle time 202
Range control 131 DC average 202
Range Management dialog 72 Duty cycle 202
Rapid trigger 157 Fall time 202
Rapid triggering 219 Falling rate 202

Scope measurements button 143

Frequency 202 Signal generator
High pulse width 202 basic mode 143
Low pulse width 202 dialog 143
Mask failures 202 dialog, USB DrDAQ 153
Maximum 202 sweep mode 144, 219
Minimum 202 triggers 144, 219
options 57 waveform types 217
Peak to peak 202 Signal rulers 14, 19, 23
Rise time 202 Sin(x)/x preferences 109
Rising rate 202 Slow sampling mode 221
True RMS 202 Slow sampling transition 108
Scope mode 11 Smoothing 109
button 122 Software version 1
Scope view 11, 14 Sound file 99
Scrolling 172 Space bar 156
Select Digital Channels/Groups dialog 141 Spectrum measurements
Selection tool, normal 129 Amplitude at peak 203
Send channel to back 135 Average amplitude at peak 203
Serial decoding 33, 62, 93 Frequency at peak 203
1-Wire protocol 206 Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) 203, 204
ARINC 429 protocol 206 Mask failures 203
CAN FD protocol 207 options 58
CAN protocol 207 Signal to noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) 203
data window 97 Signal to noise ratio (SNR) 203
DCC protocol 208 Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) 203
decoder settings dialog 94 Total harmonic distortion (THD) 203
dialog 93 Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) 203
DMX512 protocol 208 Total power 203
Ethernet 10BASE-T protocol 209 Spectrum mode 11
Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX protocol 209 button 122
FlexRay protocol 209 enabling and disabling 116
I²C protocol 210 Spectrum options
I²S protocol 211 bins 124
LIN protocol 211 dialog 124
link file 97 display mode 125
LPS/2 protocol 214 scale 125
Modbus ASCII protocol 212 window functions 125, 218
Modbus RTU protocol 213 Spectrum view 11, 19
protocols 205 how to set up 175
SENT Fast protocol 214 Spreadsheet, exporting to 42
SENT Slow protocol 215 Spurious edges, finding 160
SPI protocol 215 Standard deviation 21, 221
UART protocol 216 Start-up Settings menu 47
USB (1.0/1.1) protocol 216 Statistics 21
Serial number Stop and Go buttons 156
of oscilloscope 120 Suggestions 121
Settings Support 4
saving 37 Sweep mode 144, 219
Signal difference Symbols
how to measure 167 red warning 14, 131
Signal enerator yellow warning 14

System requirements 6 window 159

txt files 43

T Types of measurement 202

Text files, exporting 43, 44

Threshold for measurements 57 U
Thresholds, digital input 141 U.S. measurements 112
Time difference Undo zoom 130
how to measure 169 Updates
Time gate 29 checking for 120
Time rulers 14, 24 preferences 118
Timebase 220 Upgrades 4
Time-delay 165 Usage 4
arrow 18 Usage statistics 118
control 157, 165 USB DrDAQ 152
Enable button 157 digital outputs 155
Tool tip 222 LED control 154
Toolbars 122 PWM output 155
Buffer Navigation 128 USB power 194
Capture Setup 122 User's Guide 120
Channels 131, 151, 152
move bottom toolbar 117
Trigger 156
V
Zooming and Scrolling 129 Valid edges, finding 160

Tools menu 62 Version number

hardware 120
Trace 8
software 1, 120
Tracking rulers 28
Vertical axis 14, 17, 19
Trade marks 4
Translation 120, 121 Vertical resolution 222

Trigger 156, 165, 222 View 222

enabling sub views 53
advanced 156, 158
how to move 170
controls 156
digital 160, 162 menu 53

dropout 160 scope 14

selecting channels 53
dual-edge 159
spectrum 19
edge 159
glitches 159 XY 17

hysteresis 161 Viewport 222

interval 159 Viruses 4
logic 160, 163
marker 18 W
missing events 159
Warning symbol
mode control 156 red 14, 131
pulse width 159
yellow 14
reference point 165
Waveform 8, 14
runt pulse 160 saving 37
signal generator 144
Waveform buffers
spurious edges 160
maximum 105
threshold 157
Waveform Library 48
timing 165
Window functions 29, 124, 125, 218
toolbar 156
Window trigger 159
valid edges 160
WPS600C 196, 197, 200

X
X axis, configuring 53
X-Axis command 17
XNOR logical operator 164
XOR logical operator 164
XY view 17

Z
Zero offset 133
Zooming 172
undo 130
Zoom Overview window 130
Zooming and Scrolling toolbar 129

Pico Technology Pico Technology Pico Technology

James House 320 N Glenwood Blvd Room 2252, 22/F, Centro
Colmworth Business Park Tyler 568 Hengfeng Road
St. Neots Texas 75702 Zhabei District
Cambridgeshire United States Shanghai 200070
PE19 8YP PR China
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1480 396 395 Tel: +1 800 591 2796 Tel: +86 21 2226-5152
Fax: +44 (0) 1480 396 296 Fax: +1 620 272 0981

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

[email protected] [email protected]

www.picotech.com

psw.en r49 2019-01-24

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Picoscope 6 Users Guide PDF

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Picoscope 6 Users Guide PDF

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PicoScope® 6

3 USB DrDAQ Digital Outputs dialog ........................................................................................ 155

7 How to... .......................................................................................................................... 167

8 Reference ........................................................................................................................ 191

15 PS/2 protocol ....................................................................................................................... 214

Index ................................................................................................................................... 223

Here are some of the key features of the software:

Scope, spectrum and XY views show your data in both time

View and analyze your data in the frequency domain with a

Signal generator for oscilloscopes with a built-in arbitrary

Advanced triggering includes options for pulse, window,

Real-time serial decoding supports up to 16 different

Math channels let you display mathematical functions of

Persistence mode superimposes new waveforms on old,

Add, remove and edit a range of automatic measurements

Set up mask limit testing to see when a signal goes out of

Identify waveform glitches and mask test failures by

Use rapid trigger mode to capture a sequence of

The custom probes dialog makes it easy to use your own

Apply lowpass filtering to individual channels.

Use reference waveforms to compare stored copies of

The properties sheet displays all your settings at a glance.

Set alarms to alert you when specified events occur.

Windows Explorer integration lets you convert .psdata files

You can also run PicoScope 6 in the command line.

DeepMeasure is a trademark of Pico Technology Limited.

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

2.4 System requirements

Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10*. 32 bit and 64 bit versions.

Memory As required by the operating system

Free disk space

Ports USB 3.0 or USB 2.0 port(s)

3 Using PicoScope for the first time

Download the latest version of PicoScope 6 from www.picotech.com/downloads

3. Click the new PicoScope icon on your Windows desktop.

4 PicoScope and oscilloscope primer

4.1 Oscilloscope basics

4.2 PC Oscilloscope basics

4.3 PicoScope basics

4.3.1 Capture modes

See also How do capture modes work with views?

4.3.1.1 How do capture modes work with views?

4.4 PicoScope window

To arrange the views within the PicoScope window

4.5 Scope view

4.6 Overrange indicator

Scopes with differential inputs (PicoScope 3425 and 4444 only)

Scopes with floating inputs (PicoScope 4225 and 4425 only)

4.7 MSO view

4.7.1 Digital view

4.7.2 Digital context menu

Sub View: Analog. View or hide the analog scope view

Digital. View or hide the digital scope view

Also available from the Views menu

Format: The numerical format in which group values are

Draw Groups: By Values. Draw groups with transitions only

By Time. Draw groups with transitions spaced

By Level. Draw groups as analog levels derived

How to create an XY view

4.9 Trigger marker

Other forms of trigger marker

For more information, see Trigger controls and its subsections.

4.10 Time-delay arrow

4.11 Spectrum view

4.12 Persistence mode

4.13 Measurements table

Measurements table columns

Min The minimum value of the measurement since measuring began

Max The maximum value of the measurement since measuring began

To add, edit or delete measurements

To change the width of a measurement column

To change the update rate of the statistics

For more information, see DeepMeasure™ dialog.

4.15 Pointer tool tip

Pointer tool tip in a scope view

4.16 Signal rulers