Instituto Tecnológico De

Tapachula
Ing. Electromecánica

Taller de investigación ll

Ing. Luis Alfonzo Cruz Caballero

Presenta:
José Guadalupe Antonio Del Porte
Maynor Amilcar López Jiménez
 Abner Nahori Chun Hernandez
Hernandez
Julio Ovidio Wong Solís
Titulo:
MINI CNC

Tapachula Chiapas 11 De Diciembre Del 2017

pág. 0
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

ÍNDICE
PAGINA

CAPITULO 1
1.-INTRODUCCIÓN DEL PROYECTO……………………..............................
...................................1
..........1
CAPITULO 2: PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA
2.1.- ESTADO DEL ARTE…..……………………………………………………………2
2.2.- DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.........................
PROBLEMA......................................
.............................
.............................
..................9
.....9
2.3.- OBJETIVO GENERAL..........................
GENERAL...........................................
.............................
.........................
............................
................10
.10
2.4.- OBJETIVO ESPECIFICO ………............................
.........................................
...........................
...........................10
.............10
2.5.- JUSTIFICACIÓN ….………………………………………………………………..11
2.6.- ALCANCES Y LIMITACIONES …………………………………………………..12
CAPITULO 3: HIPOTESIS
3.1.- TIPO DE HIPOTESIS ……………………………………………………………..13
3.2.- DEFINICIÓN DE VARIABLES ……………………………………………………13
3.3.- DEFINICIÓN CONCEPTUAL …………………………………………………….14
3.4.- DEFINICIÓN OPERACIONAL ……………………………………………………14
3.5.- INDICADORES …………………………………………………………………….14
CAPITULO 4: MARCO TEORICO ……………………………………………………..15
CAPITULO 5: DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ……………………………………34
5.1.- TIPO DE INVETIGACIÓN ………………………………………………………...34
5.2.- ALCANCE DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN …………………………………………….35
5.3.- DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ……………………………………………….35
14.- CONCLUSIÓN……………….……………………………………………………..36
15.- BIBLIOGRAFIA ……………………………………………………………………..37
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

CAPITULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN.

En este proyecto daremos a conocer la importancia de un CNC hoy en día

con la ingeniería moderna, ya que una máquina-herramienta ha jugado un papel
fundamental en el desarrollo tecnológico del mundo hasta el punto de que no es
una exageración decir que la tasa del desarrollo
de máquinas herramientas gobierna directamente la tasa del desarrollo industrial.
En la actualidad, encontramos máquinas CNC en casi todas partes, que ya no solo
abarcan los grandes establecimientos industriales, sino también talleres de todo
tipo, tanto de pequeña como mediana envergadura. Prácticamente no existe
ámbito alguno de un proceso de fabricación que no dependa de estas poderosas y
versátiles máquinas.

Una máquina CNC es muy importante en las industrias ya que esta

máquina se puede utilizar para cualquier proceso de manufactura, el principal
objetivo de la maquina CNC es el hacer la operaciones de manufactura en menor
tiempo y tener más producción ya que los trabajadores están limitados para hacer
una mayor producción, además estas máquinas hacen el trabajo con calidad,
precisión y pueden tener una cierta repetibilidad del proceso de trabajo. Nuestro
proyecto es básicamente una mini maquina CNC, la cual tiene la capacidad de
poder realizar cualquier tipo de dibujo en 2d que es básicamente la impresión de
un dibujo en calidad. Una de las ventajas de tener una mini CNC que realice
dibujos es, que ya no hay que preocuparnos de la calidad del dibujo y la precisión
manual, ya que teniendo esta máquina podrá realizar sin ningún problema lo que
se busca en el proceso de trabajo, porque la mini CNC estará programada para
que pueda realizar cada una de las ordenes que le dará la computadora, como por
ejemplo las coordenadas donde debe de trabajar el lápiz. La mini CNC trae
muchos beneficios para el usuario como lo que hemos mencionado antes que es
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

CAPÍTULO 2: PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA.

2.1- Estado del arte.

Introducción

 A la hora de tratar cualquier tema relacionado con las mini CNC cabe
mencionar los diferentes tipos de materiales que se utilizan y el diferente proceso
que cada uno desempeñan. A continuación se muestran, de forma general, estos
temas, haciendo notar que más a delante se profundizará sobre los materiales de
utilización el proceso que realizan.

 2.1.2.- Los materiales

La lectora de DVD (en algunos países "toca DVD") es el dispositivo o aparato

electrónico utilizado para reproducir discos DVD
discos  DVD y CD.
La mayoría de los reproductores de DVD tienen que estar conectados a un
aparato de salida como el televisor.
el televisor.

También existe el reproductor portátil, que tiene una pantalla

de LCD
de LCD incorporada.

Un reproductor de DVD realiza estas funciones:

 Leer un disco DVD en formato UDF

formato  UDF versión 2.
 Opcionalmente, descifrar los datos, con CSS
con  CSS

 Decodificar el flujo de vídeo MPEG-2

vídeo  MPEG-2 con un máximo de 10 Mbit/s
10  Mbit/s (pico) o 8
Mbit/s (continuo).
 Decodificar sonido en formato MPEG,
formato  MPEG, PCM
 PCM o AC-3 y salida (con opcional AC-3
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 Dar salida a una señal de vídeo, bien analógica (en

formato PAL,
formato PAL, SECAM
 SECAM o NTSC) 
 NTSC)  en el conector de 
de  señal de vídeo de color o
digital en el conector de salida DVI.
salida  DVI.

La mayoría de los reproductores de DVD permiten a los usuarios reproducir

audio CD
audio CD (CDDA, MP3,
(CDDA, MP3,   etc.) y video CD e incluyen un decodificador 
un decodificador  home
 home
cinema (Dolby Digital).
Digital). Algunos aparatos nuevos también reproducen videos en el
formato de compresión DivX
compresión DivX y Xvid, ambos
 Xvid, ambos muy populares en internet.
en internet.

Arduino (Genuino a nivel internacional hasta octubre 2016),  es una

compañía de hardware libre y una comunidad tecnológica que diseña y
manufactura placas de desarrollo de hardware, compuestas por
Microcontroladores, elementos pasivos y activos. Por otro lado las placas son
programadas a través de un entorno de desarrollo (IDE), el cual compila el código
al modelo seleccionado de placa.

 Arduino se enfoca en acercar y facilitar el uso de la electrónica y

programación de sistemas embebidos en proyectos multidisciplinarios. Toda la
plataforma, incluyendo sus componentes de hardware (esquemáticos) y Software,
son liberados con licencia de código abierto que permite libertad de acceso a ellos.

El hardware consiste en una placa de circuito impreso con un

microcontrolador, usualmente Atmel AVR, puertos digitales y analógicos de
entrada/salida, los cuales pueden conectarse a placas de expansión (shields), que
amplían los funcionamientos de la placa Arduino. Asimismo, posee un puerto de
conexión USB desde donde se puede alimentar la placa y establecer
comunicación con el computador.

Por otro lado, el software consiste en un entorno de desarrollo (IDE) basado

en el entorno de processing y lenguaje de programación basado en Wiring, así
como en el cargador de arranque (bootloader) que es ejecutado en la placa. El
microcontrolador de la placa se programa mediante un computador, usando una
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

interactivos con su entorno mediante el uso de actuadores y sensores. A partir de

octubre de 2012, se incorporaron nuevos modelos de placas de desarrollo que
usan microcontroladores Cortex M3, ARM de 32 bits,que coexisten con los
originales modelos que integran microcontroladores AVR de 8 bits. ARM y AVR no
son plataformas compatibles en cuanto a su arquitectura, por lo cual tampoco lo es
su set de instrucciones, pero se pueden programar y compilar bajo el IDE
predeterminado de Arduino sin ningún cambio.

Las placas Arduino están disponibles de dos formas: ensambladas o en

forma de kits "Hazlo tú mismo" (por sus siglas en inglés "DIY"). Los esquemas de
diseño del hardware están disponibles bajo licencia libre, con lo que se permite
que cualquier persona pueda crear su propia placa Arduino sin necesidad de
comprar una prefabricada. Adafruit Industries estimó a mediados del año 2011
que, alrededor de 300 000 placas Arduino habían sido producidas comercialmente
y en el año 2013 estimó que alrededor de 700 000 placas oficiales de la empresa
 Arduino estaban en manos de los usuarios.

 Arduino se puede utilizar para

par a desarrollar objetos interactivos autónomos
autó nomos o
puede ser conectado a software tal como Adobe Flash, Processing, Max/MSP,
Pure Data, etc. Una tendencia tecnológica es utilizar Arduino como tarjeta de
adquisición de datos desarrollando interfaces en software como JAVA, Visual
Basic y LabVIEW. El entorno de desarrollo integrado es software libre, y por tanto
se puede descargar y modificar gratuitamente; utiliza la licencia Creative
Commons, con copyleft y derechos de atribución al autor.

El proyecto Arduino recibió una mención honorífica en la categoría de

Comunidades Digitales en el Prix Ars Electrónica de 2006.

 Arduino como herramienta educativa es muy útil y efectiva. Existen

diferentes web con recursos, tutoriales, trucos y ejercicios, además de existir
tutoriales oficiales de Arduino. La plataforma en sí misma tiene una gran
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 Aplicaciones

La plataforma Arduino ha sido usada como base en diversas aplicaciones

electrónicas:

 Xoscillo: Osciloscopio de código abierto

 Equipo científico para investigaciones
 Arduinome: Un dispositivo controlador MIDI
 OBDuino: un económetro que usa una interfaz de diagnóstico a bordo que
se halla en los automóviles modernos
 SCA-ino: Sistema
Sistema de cómputo automotriz capaz de monitorear sensores
como el TPS, el MAP y el 02S y controlar actuadores automotrices como la
bobina de ignición, la válvula IAC y aceleradores electrónicos
 Humane Reader: dispositivo electrónico de bajo coste con salida de señal
de TV que puede manejar una biblioteca de 5000 títulos en una tarjeta
microSD
 The Humane PC: equipo que usa un módulo Arduino para emular un
computador personal, con un monitor de televisión y un teclado para
computadora
 Ardupilot: software y hardware de aeronaves no tripuladas
 ArduinoPhone: un teléfono móvil construido sobre un módulo Arduino
 Máquinas de control numérico por computadora (CNC)
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Poniendo de ejemplo al módulo Diecimila, este consta de 14 entradas

digitales configurables como entradas y/o salidas que operan a 5 voltios. Cada
contacto puede proporcionar o recibir como máximo 40 mA. Los contactos 3, 5, 6,
9, 10 y 11 pueden proporcionar una salida PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Si se
conecta cualquier cosa a los contactos 0 y 1, eso interferirá con la comunicación
USB. Diecimila también tiene 6 entradas analógicas que proporcionan una
resolución de 10 bits. Por defecto, aceptan de 0 hasta 5 voltios (aunque es posible
cambiar el nivel más alto utilizando el contacto Aref y algún código de bajo nivel).
Especificaciones

Las especificaciones de los distintos modelos de placas Arduino se

resumen en la siguiente tabla:

 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Los modelos Arduino Diecimila, Arduino Duemilanove y Arduino Mega están

basados en los microcontroladores ATmega168, ATmega328 y ATmega1280

Un servomotor   (también llamado servo) es un dispositivo similar a un motor

de corriente continua que tiene la capacidad de ubicarse en cualquier posición
dentro de su rango de operación, y mantenerse estable en dicha posición.

Un servomotor es un motor eléctrico que puede ser controlado tanto en

velocidad como en posición.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

corriente depende principalmente del par, y puede exceder un amperio si el servo

está enclavado.

En otras palabras, un servomotor es un motor especial al que se ha añadido un

sistema de control (tarjeta electrónica), un potenciómetro y un conjunto de
engranajes. Con anterioridad los servomotores no permitían que el motor girara
360 grados, solo aproximadamente 180; sin embargo, hoy en día existen
servomotores en los que puede ser controlada su posición y velocidad en los 360
grados. Los servomotores son comúnmente usados en modelismo como aviones,
barcos, helicópteros y trenes para controlar de manera eficaz los sistemas
motores y los de dirección.

Control

Los servomotores hacen uso de la modulación por ancho de pulsos (PWM)

para controlar la dirección o posición de los motores de corriente continua. La
mayoría trabaja en la frecuencia de los 50 Hertz, así las señales PWM tendrán un
periodo de veinte milisegundos. La electrónica dentro del servomotor responderá
al ancho de la señal modulada. Si los circuitos dentro del servomotor reciben una
señal de entre 1 a 1,4 milisegundos, éste se moverá en sentido horario; entre 1,6 a
2 milisegundos moverá el servomotor en sentido antihorario; 1,5 milisegundos
representa un estado neutro para los servomotores estándares. A continuación se
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Esta clase de motor no es muy usado en las industrias ni en los trabajos

mecánicos por su precio y el coste del control. Esta tendencia va a menos a
medida que dichos aspectos van reduciendo su coste.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

trabajos prácticos. Además existe poco material didáctico creado por los
estudiantes, los mismos que necesitan aplicar los conocimientos teóricos que dan
los maestros, a más de eso no existe suficiente motivación por parte de todos los
maestros para que se interesen por realizar material didáctico para los talleres.

2.3.- Objetivo general

Incentivar y promocionar a la especialidad de mecanizado y construcciones

metálicas con la construcción de máquinas e implementos necesarios para los
estudiantes.

Necesidades planteadas por el usuario.

Las necesidades planteadas por los posibles usuarios son las siguientes:

  Precisión.
 Fácil interacción con el usuario.
 Compatible con herramientas de CAD.
 De fácil mantenimiento.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

2.5. Justificación

Con la elaboración de este proyecto se contribuirá a la solución de

problemas existentes en el en el instituto tecnológico de Tapachula debido a que
no cuenta con el suficiente equipamiento en sus talleres, por lo que es necesario
como en toda rama técnica las debidas prácticas ya que estas son las que forman
parte de los futuros profesionales y son la esencia del dominio y destreza de los
conocimientos.

Dentro de la especialidad todo técnico debe tener motricidad excelente, y

esto lo conseguiremos con una perseverante practica y la constante manipulación
de las maquinas herramientas que se utilizan en esta especialidad. Se justifica
también el presente trabajo porque a más de beneficiarse el instituto tecnológico
de Tapachula, este proyecto es una motivación para que los profesores maestros
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

2.6. Alcances y limitaciones

Alcances

 Se determina la viabilidad del proyecto expuesto, su rentabilidad, sus

ventajas y su monto de inversión
 Se definirá un plan estratégico para que el proyecto se realice en tiempo y
forma.
 Lograr que el proyecto se utilice
utilice como material didáctico en el instituto.
instituto.
 Lograr que los alumnos y el maestro se interesen por las materias donde se
realizan maquinados y elaboración de piezas.
 Que el alumno adquiera el conocimiento
conocimiento de su utilización
utilización y su importancia
que tiene esta especialidad en la carrera.

Limitaciones
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

CAPITULO 3: HIPOTESIS
Dado al hecho en que nos enfocaremos a través de este proyecto, dando a
conocer la formación y función de un equipo didáctico pero con un gran potencial
en cuanto a la rama de mecánica, y programación, así pues dado a la falta de
herramientas y equipamiento en el taller, éste proyecto servirá de ayuda como
ejemplo de que podemos avanzar hacia un mejor aprendizaje en cuanto a la
programación y tener las bases para poder hacer uso de las cnc, dado a que esta
programación no solo es usado en impresoras 3D si no también en fresadoras,
torneado, taladrado etc. Así pues se hace énfasis en que podremos elaborar una
mini impresora 3D funcional y dar ejemplo a través de ella la importancia que tiene
la rama de la automatización de máquinas.

Con este proyecto se demostrara la importancia que tiene el uso de la

programación en CNC con un prototipo simple pero funcional, para que con el fin
de darnos cuenta que la tecnología ha avanzado demasiado y nosotros no
podemos quedarnos obsoleto y debemos avanzar y promover los conocimientos y
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Dar un impulso a la carrera para la implementación de maquinara a través de la

programación.

3.3 Definición conceptual

La impresora 3D funciona a través de servomotores que se accionaran

haciendo un dibujo según el comando dado.

3.4 Definición operacional

Los costos de mantenimiento para una máquina que trabaja a través de

programación son costos elevados. Su eficiencia en el procesamiento como su
costo en mantenimiento son elevados.

3.5 indicadores

Con la implementación de la manufactura avanzada, se ha dado un gran

salto de desarrollo en el último siglo. La carrera ingeniería electromecánica como
ya es conocida, con la especialidad de automatización es aquí donde más énfasis
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

CAPITULO 4: MARCO TEÓRICO

CNC (CONTROL NUMÉRICO COMPUTARIZADO)

En la actualidad, encontramos máquinas CNC en casi todas partes, que ya

no solo abarcan los grandes establecimientos industriales, sino también talleres de
todo tipo, tanto de pequeña como mediana envergadura. Prácticamente no existe
ámbito alguno de un proceso de fabricación que no dependa de estas poderosas y
versátiles máquinas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su amplia aplicación, pocos fuera
del entorno industrial están familiarizados con el fundamento de la tecnología CNC
y desconocen su funcionamiento y utilidad.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

fue precisamente el desafío que enfrentaron las industrias durante la primera

mitad del siglo XX y, por lo tanto, los avances tecnológicos cobraron impulso hacia
la automatización de los procesos de manufactura, es decir, hacia el diseño de
máquinas capaces de programarse para realizar automáticamente todas las tareas
manuales de un operario.

Es así como ya entrada la década de los ‘50 se introdujo en Estados Unidos

el concepto de control numérico (CN) en una fresadora, que
fresadora, que usaba tecnología de
válvulas de vacío y la carga de datos se realizaba mediante tarjetas perforadas.
Ya en los años ‘60 las válvulas de vacío eran reemplazadas por transistores, hasta
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

la herramienta de corte. Las máquinas menos exigentes usadas en talleres

admiten el uso de una computadora personal externa. El controlador CNC trabaja
en conjunto con una serie de motores (servomotores y/o motores paso a paso),
así como componentes de accionamiento para desplazar los ejes de la máquina
de manera controlada y ejecutar los movimientos programados.

Una máquina CNC, por lo tanto, consiste en seis elementos principales:

 Dispositivo de entrada

 Unidad de control o controlador

 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Figura 1: Diagrama de bloques de una maquina CNC

¿Cómo funciona una máquina CNC?

Como observamos en la figura anterior, básicamente, el controlador de las

máquinas CNC recibe instrucciones de la computadora (en forma de códigos G y
códigos M) y mediante su propio software convierte esas instrucciones en señales
eléctricas destinadas a activar los motores que, a su vez, pondrán en marcha el
sistema de accionamiento.

Para comprender en términos generales cómo funciona una máquina CNC

 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

variables X (medida del diámetro final) y Z (medida en dirección paralela al

eje de giro del husillo).

 Valores incrementales (código G91), donde las coordenadas del punto de

destino son referidas al punto actual. Se usan las variables U (distancia
radial) y W (medida en dirección paralela
pa ralela al eje de giro del husillo).
hus illo).

Programa CNC
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Figura 2: Programa Maquina CNC

El código G describe las funciones de movimiento de la máquina (por

ejemplo, movimientos rápidos, avances, avances radiales, pausas, ciclos),
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

CNC SHIELD

El CNC Shield para Arduino, hace que sus proyectos CNC sean fáciles de
montar haciéndolos que funcionen en unas pocas horas. Utiliza el firmware de
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 Opciones de "Habilitar Husillo", "Dirección de Husillo" y

"Habilitar/Deshabilitar Refrigerante”.

 4 Zócalos compatibles para el uso de controladores de motores paso a

 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

ARDUINO UNO

Arduino - Distribución de pines:

Todos los pines de distribución desde el Arduino al CNC Shield, con su

 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

The world's largest digital library

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.