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Ebrahim Tahassoni
CELTA, CertTESOL, Academic IELTS 9.0

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Master IELTS Essays
Academic and General Training Writing Task 2

By Ebrahim Tahassoni
Cambridge CELTA (Pass B), Sussex Downs CertTESOL (Merit), IELTS Academic 9.0,
Level 3 Certificate in English, Trained for teaching IELTS courses by IDP Australia &
Sussex Downs College

Sixth Edition (ver. 5.9.4)

January 2019
In compliance with IELTS assessment criteria, Cambridge model answers, and IDP teaching guidelines
Downloaded from www.tahassoni.com

Use our IELTS writing assessment service! Visit

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 Master IELTS Essays | Ebrahim Tahassoni

Introduction
Understanding the Rubric

WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Some people believe that television programmes are of no real value for children.
How far do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.

Write at least 250 words.

The Task
Task 2 involves writing an essay on the given topic. You have to
• answer the question(s) clearly and completely;
• give reasons for your answer;
• include relevant example
▪ from your knowledge
▪ from your experience
• spend about 40 minutes on the task
• write at least 250 words → 260-265 words

Note: Finish task 2 first before addressing task 1. Task 2 has twice as many marks as task 1 and is
less flexible, so if you do not get around to finishing it, you may lose more marks than when you
leave task 1 unfinished.

The Answer Sheet

The last two pages of the IELTS writing answer sheet are dedicated to task two and together
have over 40 lines. Although you may ask for extra sheets to write your answer in, this is not likely
to become necessary since the space you are already provided with is way more than
sufficient. You must not write in the blank space at the bottom of the first page or in the scoring
section at the bottom of page two.

Focus on Academic Register

• Use longer sentences (about 20-30 words)
• Use subordinate clauses
• Use academic words (see “The Academic Words List” at www.tahasoni.com/resources)
• Avoid contractions like doesn’t, can’t or they’ll
• Avoid “get” phrases where possible
• Avoid a personal tone except when giving personal opinions or talking of personal experiences
• Avoid phrasal verbs where possible
• Avoid over-generalisation by avoiding absolute statements and Introducing probability/possibility

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Task Types
 Remember that the aim of this classification is only to facilitate the understanding of task
requirements. In reality, no such classification exists in IELTS assessment criteria.

Opinion-led
a. New parents should attend parenting classes to learn how to bring up their children well.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

b. Some people think that every individual is responsible for their own healthy lifestyle.
Others believe that governments should take care of it.
What are your views on this?

c. Many parents now let their young children use tablet computers to see pictures and
photographs, watch videos or play games.
Is this a positive or negative development?

Argument Discussion
a. Some people believe that children should listen to and obey their parents. Others
believe that children should think and do things on their own.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

b. While some people prefer to live in apartments, others do not think an apartment is a
suitable form of accommodation.
Do you think the advantages of living in an apartment outweigh the disadvantages?

c. Some people believe that modern designs for schools and offices with more open
spaces are necessary.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such spaces?

Issue Discussion
a. Housing and accommodation has become a major problem in many countries around
the world.
What are some of the main factors that have contributed to this problem?
What can be done to help reduce the number of homeless people?

b. While mobile phones have many advantages, a number of problems have also resulted
from them or the ways in which they are used.
What are some of these problems?
What solutions can you suggest for solving these problems?

c. Nowadays most people choose to throw away broken things instead of repairing them,
and replace them with new ones.
Why is this happening?
What problems may it lead to?

Mixed (Two-Part) Questions

In some countries people prefer to buy used things rather than new ones.
Why is this the case?
Is it a positive or negative trend?
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Assessment Criteria
Every essay is assessed by a trained examiner according to four assessment criteria:
• Task Response (TR)
• Coherence and Cohesion (CC)
• Lexical Resource (LR)
• Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

Task Response (TR)

This criterion focuses on the degree to which the task has been answered properly.

The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your essay:

1. Is there a clear and relevant position throughout the response?

2. Are there relevant and well-developed (presented, extended and supported) main
ideas? Are any of the points underdeveloped or unclear?
3. Is there a tendency to overgeneralise?
4. Do any supporting ideas (e.g. examples) lack focus?
5. How have the different parts of the task been addressed:
a. addresses some parts only
b. unevenly addresses all parts
c. addresses all parts
d. sufficiently addresses all parts
e. fully addresses all parts

Coherence and Cohesion (CC)

This criterion is concerned with the overall clarity and fluency of the message: how the response
organises and links information, ideas and language. Coherence refers to the linking of ideas
through logical sequencing. Cohesion refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive
devices (for example, logical connectors, pronouns and conjunctions) to assist in making the
conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences clear.

The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your essay:

6. Have you organised your information logically?

7. Is there an overall flow or progression in your essay?
8. Have you used linkers correctly, properly and sufficiently without over- or under-using
them?
9. Have pronouns been used correctly and do they have clear references?
10. Have you organised the text in paragraphs logically and sufficiently?

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Lexical Resource (LR)

This criterion refers to the range of vocabulary the candidate has used and the accuracy and
appropriacy of that use in terms of the specific task.

The examiner takes the following points into account when assessing this aspect of your essay:

1. Words
a. Range and flexibility
b. Level
c. Precision
d. Style
e. Collocation
2. Vocabulary mistakes
a. Spelling
b. Word choice
c. Word formation

Note: when evaluating vocabulary errors, the effect each has on the reader and the
intelligibility of your essay is taken into account.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

This criterion refers to the range and accurate use of the candidate’s grammatical resource as
manifested in the candidate’s writing at the sentence level.

The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your essay:

1. Have you used a wide variety of sentence structures naturally and appropriately?
2. How often have you used complex structures?
3. Errors
a. Grammar
b. Punctuation

Note: when evaluating grammatical errors, the effect each has on the reader and the
intelligibility of your essay is taken into account.

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IELTS Task 2 Writing Band Descriptors (Public Version)

Band Task Response Coherence and Lexical Resource Grammatical Range
Cohesion and Accuracy
9 • fully addresses all parts • uses cohesion in • uses a wide range of • uses a wide range of
of the task such a way that it vocabulary with structures with full
• presents a fully attracts no very natural and flexibility and
developed position in attention sophisticated accuracy; rare
answer to the question • skilfully manages control of lexical minor errors occur
with relevant, fully paragraphing features; rare minor only as ‘slips’
extended and well errors occur only as
supported ideas ‘slips’
8 • sufficiently addresses all • sequences • uses a wide range of • uses a wide range of
parts of the task information and vocabulary fluently structures
• presents a well- ideas logically and flexibly to • the majority of
developed response to • manages all convey precise sentences are error-
the question with aspects of meanings free
relevant, extended cohesion well • skilfully uses • makes only very
and supported ideas • uses paragraphing uncommon lexical occasional errors or
sufficiently and items but there may inappropriacies
appropriately be occasional
inaccuracies in word
choice and
collocation
• produces rare errors
in spelling and/or
word formation
7 • addresses all parts of • logically organises • uses a sufficient • uses a variety of
the task information and range of vocabulary complex structures
• presents a clear ideas; there is clear to allow some • produces frequent
position throughout the progression flexibility and error-free sentences
response throughout precision • has good control of
• presents, extends and • uses a range of • uses less common grammar and
supports main ideas, cohesive devices lexical items with punctuation but
but there may be a appropriately some awareness of may make a few
tendency to over- although there style and errors
generalise and/or may be some collocation
supporting ideas may under-/over-use • may produce
lack focus • presents a clear occasional errors in
central topic within word choice,
each paragraph spelling and/or word
formation
6 • addresses all parts of • arranges • uses an adequate • uses a mix of simple
the task although some information and range of vocabulary and complex
parts may be more fully ideas coherently for the task sentence forms
covered than others and there is a clear • attempts to use less • makes some errors in
• presents a relevant overall progression common grammar and
position although the • uses cohesive vocabulary but with punctuation but
conclusions may devices effectively, some inaccuracy they rarely reduce
become unclear or but cohesion within • makes some errors in communication
repetitive and/or between spelling and/or word
• presents relevant main sentences may be formation, but they
ideas but some may be faulty or do not impede
inadequately mechanical communication
developed/unclear • may not always use
referencing clearly
or appropriately
• uses paragraphing,
but not always
logically

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• addresses the task • presents information • uses a limited range • uses only a limited
5 only partially; the with some of vocabulary, but range of structures
format may be organisation but there this is minimally • attempts complex
inappropriate in may be a lack of adequate for the task sentences but these
places overall progression • may make tend to be less
• expresses a position • makes inadequate, noticeable errors in accurate than simple
but the development inaccurate or over- spelling and/or word sentences
is not always clear use of cohesive formation that may • may make frequent
and there may be no devices cause some difficulty grammatical errors
conclusions drawn • may be repetitive for the reader and punctuation may
• presents some main because of lack of be faulty; errors can
ideas but these are referencing and cause some difficulty
limited and not substitution for the reader
sufficiently • may not write in
developed; there paragraphs, or
may be irrelevant paragraphing may be
detail inadequate
4 • responds to the task • presents information • uses only basic • uses only a very
only in a minimal way and ideas but these vocabulary which limited range of
or the answer is are not arranged may be used structures with only
tangential; the format coherently and there repetitively or which rare use of
may be is no clear progression may be subordinate clauses
inappropriate in the response inappropriate for the • some structures are
• presents a position • uses some basic task accurate but errors
but this is unclear cohesive devices but • has limited control of predominate, and
• presents some main these may be word formation punctuation is often
ideas but these are inaccurate or and/or spelling; errors faulty
difficult to identify repetitive may cause strain for
and may be • may not write in the reader
repetitive, irrelevant paragraphs or their
or not well supported use may be confusing
3 • does not adequately • does not organise • uses only a very • attempts sentence
address any part of ideas logically limited range of forms but errors in
the task • may use a very limited words and grammar and
• does not express a range of cohesive expressions with very punctuation
clear position devices, and those limited control of predominate and
• presents few ideas, used may not word formation distort the meaning
which are largely indicate a logical and/or spelling
undeveloped or relationship between • errors may severely
irrelevant ideas distort the message
2 • barely responds to • has very little control • uses an extremely • cannot use sentence
the task of organisational limited range of forms except in
• does not express a features vocabulary; memorised phrases
position essentially no control
• may attempt to of word formation
present one or two and/or spelling
ideas but there is no
development
1 • answer is completely • fails to communicate • can only use a few • cannot use sentence
unrelated to the task any message isolated words forms at all
0 • does not attend
• does not attempt the task in any way
• writes a totally memorised response

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 Section 1
Sample Task 2
Topics & Model
Answers

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people say that computer skills should be added to primary subjects in elementary school
such as reading, writing and math.

How far do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicants for their age.

Is this a positive or negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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Some think the best way to motivate and encourage people to work hard is to pay them based on
how much they produce and sell.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:

One of the responsibilities of a manager is to motivate their employees to increase their

performance. However, I strongly disagree that basing their salaries on their rates of
production and sales would be the most effective method. (37 words)

The performance in many cases cannot simply be quantified in terms of sales or

production. A teacher’s job, for example, is to teach classes, assess homework, and
provide students with feedback, none of which involves producing or selling any goods. In
this case, it is the performance of her students and their levels of satisfaction with
aspects of her performance such as rapport or punctuality that decide how successful he
has been. (72 words)

Furthermore, the performance of many workers is greatly affected by external factors

beyond their control. The state of the economy, unexpected political developments, and
extreme weather conditions can all have significant impacts on how much a worker can
sell or produce. A hurricane, for example, can easily devastate a farm and all its produce
without its workers being responsible for any of the damages or the ensuing drop in
production rates. Basing wages on sales or production rates would actually demotivate
workers in such cases. (85 words)

Some may argue that it is difficult to assess anything other than a worker’s output,
making any other form of appraisal less effective. However, managers these days have
tools such as questionnaires and Customer Relations Management platforms that allow
them to form a relatively clear picture of a worker’s overall performance. (85 words)

In conclusion, I think deciding how much an employee should earn based solely on their
sales or production figures would be both impossible and unfair in most, if not all, cases.
Instead, employers should look at a more diverse set of performance indicators, including
customer satisfaction and punctuality. (48 words)

Total: 293 words

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Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.
However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer
nations in such areas.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:

Many underdeveloped countries nowadays face serious problems trying to provide their
citizens with decent education and health facilities, as well as in other areas like trade.
However, I disagree that developed nations ought to support these countries, and think
they should try to stand on their own feet instead. (49 words)

It is usually possible for poor countries to raise enough money to overcome their
predicaments since the source of their shortcomings is usually deep corruption and
domestic mismanagement, which have resulted in their funds being embezzled by
dishonest officials and their affairs in areas like education, health and trade run by
unqualified authorities. If they are in need of support in such areas, they should first
make an effort to eradicate the abovementioned issues before asking for aid from the
outside world. (82 words)

Furthermore, the money that the governments of developed countries have belongs to
their citizens because it originates from their taxes, customs duties, and national
resources. It should therefore be spent on providing better facilities like health centres and
universities, and improving business environments for their own citizens, not for people
living elsewhere in the world. (55 words)

Some may argue that the decline in living conditions in developing countries could result
in the migration of their citizens to developed countries in search of a better life, which
involves serious financial and cultural concerns for rich nations. However, public
investment in improving border control and defense structures can render these concerns
insignificant. (54 words)

In conclusion, I think developed countries should not aid poor countries, as their funds
should be invested in the betterment of life for their own citizens. Undeveloped nations
can often overcome their shortcomings in commerce, health and education on their own
through eliminating corrupt officials and improving their management practices. (50 words)

Total: 290 words

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Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products
anywhere in the world.

Do you think this is positive or negative development?

Model Answer:

I think it is beneficial that goods like food, cars, furniture and clothes that are produced
in a certain part of the world are now available almost everywhere, which means the
similarities between various countries are growing. (37 words)

People in different regions now have access to products they could not use before. There
are numerous goods that are produced only in certain parts of the world, which means
that people living in other places could not normally take advantage of them in the past.
For example, bananas and pineapples are grown in tropical countries and so, did not use
to be available to consumers in colder countries like Russia and Canada. Nevertheless,
most people in such countries are now able to buy and eat these beneficial fruits. (89 words)

Furthermore, people can now migrate to different countries with less fear of becoming
homesick since the products they are used to are now available in shops wherever they
go. For instance, Iranian immigrants could not cook their national dish, Ghormesabzi, in
other parts of the globe because the specific vegetables required were not grown there.
However, as they can access all these ingredients in shops and supermarkets around the
world today, they do not miss a significant part of their cultural heritage anymore,
allowing them to work and live more productively. (91 words)

Some may argue that the global spread of similar goods and the growing similarity
between countries can reduce people’s motivation to travel to other parts of the world,
decreasing tourism and the revenue it brings to countries. But I think people will still
travel to see and experience the natural features of other countries like forests,
mountains and wildlife. (59 words)

In conclusion, I believe the growing similarity between countries around the world is a
desirable development. People can now take advantage of beneficial goods from other
countries, and immigrants can be less stressed and more productive. (46 words)

Total: 312 words

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Some people argue that it is not wise for an industry to replace its experienced but old workers
with new and young yet inexperienced individuals.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Model Answer:

INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays, almost every company tends to retire its employees once they have reached a certain
age. I completely agree with this practice and believe elderly staff need to be replaced with
younger workers despite the difference in their work experience. (40 words)

OR

In the past people would often work in their businesses until they died or were no longer able to
continue, whereas today most industries have set a definite retirement age for their employees. I
think replacing elderly staff with young recruits is a wise practice. (44 words)

Body:
First and foremost, a large majority of workers lose their strength as they become older. This is
mainly because the human body has limits, and working for a long time, say, 30 or 35 years, can
affect it negatively. For example, young industrial workers tend to work for five to six hours before
they take breaks while older ones usually need to rest every one or two hours. This means that
productivity levels would certainly decline. (76 words)

Furthermore, new employment opportunities for young people are very limited. Most companies do
not offer more than a few new jobs every year and try not to increase their staff members
dramatically to keep expenses low. Consequently, they should definitely lay off some of the older
personnel to make room for younger ones, especially those around 20 to 30 years old who are
about to form families and support them. (70 words)

Some may argue that removing older workers from the workplace will deprive younger workers of
what they can teach them in terms of experience and skills. However, I think the old workers’
experience is usually out of date and is of little use to new recruits who need to learn how to
employ modern technologies such as computers and lasers. (60 words)

Conclusion
In conclusion, I think companies need to force their elderly workforce to retire and employ
younger workers to replace them to improve productivity, have up-to-date workers and provide
jobs for young people. (32 words)

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Every year several languages die out. Some people think that this is not important because life will
be easier if there are fewer languages in the world.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:

As the global trend toward globalism and the use of a lingua franca grows, local languages
continue to perish. I think although a smaller number of languages can make life easier, it
is important to try and preserve all languages. (40 words)

On the one hand, when fewer languages are in use, communication tends to become easier
in most cases. It will be really convenient if one can talk with others from various parts of
the world without the need for a live translator or special software for assistance. This
means that different nations around the globe are likely to be able to cooperate more
closely if fewer languages are in use. For instance, a conference at the United Nations will
be more convenient and productive for politicians if they all can communicate using a
limited set of languages, or perhaps even one, instead of having to wait for translations to
come through. Consequently, better results are likely to be achieved more quickly, and
many issues could be resolved as a result of better mutual understanding. (134 words)

On the other hand, every language represents the culture within which it has developed. It
reflects the lifestyle and traditions of the people who use it to communicate within the
context of their daily lives, and it is the foundation of their folklore and literature.
Although some might argue that these could be translated into more common languages
like English or Chinese, it is quite unlikely that the exact meaning of each phrase,
expression, idiom, proverb or poem can be translated. This means that once a nations’
language has died out, a significant portion of its culture and history is lost with it, leaving
them with a weaker cultural and national identity. (112 words)

In conclusion, I believe even though the fall in the number of languages in use allows people
to communicate more conveniently, making their lives less complicated, it is still
important for every language to be saved from extinction so that the culture, history and
literature of all nations are protected. (50 words)

Total: 336 words

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Some people think governments should spend less money on arts and invest more in education.

How far do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:

Many governments today allocate significant portions of their national budgets to the
development and protection of arts. I think this is necessary and governments should not
curb art budgets, although it is vital that more money is spent on education, as well.
(42 words)

Decreasing public financial support for art would definitely leave normal people with little
or no access to original fine art pieces. High art is immensely sought and supported by the
private sector in most parts of the world, with art galleries and agents investing heavily in
famous professional artists so that they can sell their works to wealthy private collectors.
Therefore, if the government stops investing in this sector, there will practically be no
paintings, sculptures or other forms of art available for ordinary citizens to enjoy, which
can not only diminish their pursuit of beauty and perfection, but also leave them more
depressed and passive, even vulgar. (108 words)

However, education plays a crucial role in the development of a country. More educated
and skillful citizens can contribute greatly to a country’s progress since its industries,
healthcare system and defense capabilities rely mostly on its progress in different fields of
science and technology, which in turn requires skillful teachers, advanced computers and
better-equipped laboratories. This means that the more money is spent on educational
facilities and equipment and the more budget is allocated to supporting students and
educators, the more likely it is for a country to develop. (87 words)

In conclusion, I think governments ought to maintain their financial support for arts while
increasing education budgets, ensuring both continued access to fine arts for their citizens
and sustained development for their countries. (33 words)

Total: 270 words

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Some people believe that professional workers such as doctors and teachers should be paid more
than sports and entertainment personalities.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Model Answer:

Salary is an issue that many people have strong opinions about, and the pay gap between
top entertainers and sports stars on the one hand, and professionals in vital service
sectors such as medicine and education on the other, has been quite controversial for
some time now. However, I personally think that, except in certain cases, the latter
group do not necessarily deserve higher pays than the former. (68 words)

One reason is that the cash flow of service sectors is significantly lower than that of sports
and entertainment industries. People willingly spend trillions of dollars every year buying
tickets to sports matches, concerts and movies, while the revenue in service sectors like
education or medicine originates mainly from households in need of their services. And
even then, those services have to be provided at a discount to guarantee proper access for
all citizens regardless of their financial status. This means that the funds available to
service providers like doctors or teachers is a fraction of what is available to sports stars,
actors and singers. (104 words)

Additionally, unlike in sports and entertainment where people with certain talents are
chosen or may accidentally be discovered and hurled into stardom, people in service
professions tend to make informed choices regarding their careers. In other words, one
usually chooses to become a teacher or doctor, knowing how much one can hope to earn
and what the chances of living a life of luxury are for someone in their business. (70 words)

That being said, there are certain professionals that truly deserve to receive salaries
higher than, or at least as high as, those paid to celebrity players or entertainers. This
includes doctors who make breakthrough medical discoveries, invent novel methods to
cure diseases or make other substantial contributions to medical sciences. Likewise,
contributions such as developing more effective teaching approaches should warrant
celebrity-level wages for educators who make them. (68 words)

In conclusion, I do not believe that doctors or educators should receive higher wages than
celebrity singers, sports players or actors unless they have made significant contributions
to their fields. (30 words)

Total: 341 words

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people think secondary school students should study international news as one of their subjects.
Other people say this is a waste of valuable school time.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Developing countries require international organizations’ help. Some people prefer financial aid while
others think practical aid and advice are better.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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Many people think that every individual is responsible for their own healthy lifestyle. Others
believe that governments should take care of it.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Model Answer:

There is little doubt about how vital it is for people to adopt a healthy lifestyle, but there
are conflicting views as to who should be responsible for its promotion and enforcement.
Although some believe that the government should shoulder this responsibility, others,
myself included, think it should be every individual’s duty.

People themselves benefit primarily in their personal lives from eating healthily and taking
more exercise. It allows them to remain healthy, avoid different illnesses like heart disease
and arthritis, and enjoy increased longevity. Living healthily also allows them to be more
active in the society and at work because they are more likely to feel energised and
refreshed throughout the day. Consequently, they can focus more on their social and
professional efforts, which could significantly increase their social and work status.
Therefore, it seems logical to hold every individual responsible for adopting a healthy
lifestyle.

Some argue that governments should enforce a healthy lifestyle because they have the
means to raise awareness through the educational system and introduce relevant
regulations obliging their citizens to make the necessary changes in their way of life.
However, most adults tend to change and adjust their lifestyle according to their
experiences and desires after leaving school, forgetting most, if not all, of what they have
been taught. Furthermore, it would be unwise for authorities to meddle in people’s private
lives and have them conform to any regulation that affect their personal lives.

In conclusion, I believe that individuals ought to bear the responsibility of following and
promoting a healthy way of life since they can enjoy the benefits in their personal, social
and work lives.

Total: 273 words

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Some people think universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every
subject. Others believe that this is an unacceptable policy.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Model Answer:

INTRODUCTION:
The issue of keeping a balance between the numbers of female and male students in universities
has been discussed by many, and although some say such a policy should be implemented in all
subjects, others, including myself, believe that it is not beneficial. (43 words)

OR

Gender equality is a major issue in education today and some believe keeping a balance between
the numbers of female and male students in all university subjects to be a good means of achieving
it. However, I, like many others, think that it is not beneficial. (46 words)

Body:
Admitting a similar number of students from each gender in some courses will probably render
many of them unable to find a job later. For example, most areas of agriculture are too
burdensome for almost any woman in that they involve heavy physical activities and their working
environment is affected significantly by the elements. Therefore, it is unlikely for a woman to be
able to find a farming job once she has graduated in, say, agricultural engineering. Besides, such a
policy would definitely bar many talented and enthusiastic applicants from studying their favourite
courses merely because there may not be enough students from the opposite sex to join the course.
(110 words)

Some people think that accepting similar numbers of male and female students in all subjects
promotes gender equality, as well as breaking the social taboos attached to studying courses that
are usually prescribed to a specific gender. However, forcing students to study something they may
not like, or stopping others from studying what they like in order to keep a balance does not seem
fair at all. Social taboos are not broken in the short term either, and it is more probable that the
students who study in fields that are taboo for their gender are rejected and sidelined in the
process. (102 words)

Conclusion
In conclusion, I personally disagree with accepting an equal number of boys and girls in any subject
at university since it can complicate finding jobs later and promote gender bias, stopping
enthusiastic applicants from entering the courses they like because of their sex. (43 words)

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Some people think secondary school students should study international news as one of their
subjects. Other people say this is a waste of valuable school time.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Model Answer:

Today, learning about the news from different parts of the world is essential to many
people. It has been suggested that the review of such news should become a high school
subject although some think this would waste school time. I think this is a great idea
provided that inappropriate news are filtered out and there is enough time for other
important subjects. (63 words)

On the one hand, reviewing global news can help high school students improve their
general knowledge in areas like geography and cultures. This is because the news comes
from around the world and often present significant details about different regions and
their features, which means students would possibly gain a better understanding of the
world. It also seems that studying the news can develop the students’ ability to analyse
sophisticated situations because when they follow a story, say, about a political rift
between two countries, they can observe how it develops or escalates, how the parties
involved act and what its consequences are. (103 words)

On the other hand, there are some issues with studying global news in high schools. The
violence portrayed in many of today’s news stories could affect students’ conduct. For
instance, almost every newspaper and news website these days is filled with images and
stories of the ISIS executions in Iraq and Syria, which are likely to make youngsters feel
insecure or make unreasonable judgements about any Arab friends they might have.
Furthermore, reading and analysing the news would probably be a time-consuming
activity, leaving insufficient time for more important subjects and activities like sciences,
math or physical education. (98 words)

In conclusion, I believe it is wise for secondary school students to study global news at
school as it may develop their general knowledge and ability to understand the world.
However, they should avoid violent news stories, and there should be enough time left for
more important subjects. (53 words)

Total: 312 words

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Some people support modern developments in agriculture such as factory farming and creation of
new types of fruits and vegetables. However, other people oppose this view.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Model Answer (Strong View):

Recently, there have been extensive developments and improvements in various aspects of
agriculture, including genetically modifying plants to create new types, as well as factory
farming. While some oppose these advances, others, including me, find them beneficial and
necessary. (39 words)

Modern agricultural developments can help provide more food for the growing
populations, especially in the developing world. Many new types of plants that are
developed through genetic engineering, like some species of wheat or certain fruit trees,
can produce heavier fruits or more seeds. Furthermore, novel methods like factory farming
would certainly render many demanding agricultural tasks like milking cows and feeding
various farm animals easier since they rely on automatic machines for performing such
tasks. (76 words)

Some people argue that some modern farming techniques such as modifying the genetic
structure of plants can be unsafe, and many animal rights activists find factory farming
cruel to animals. However, it should be noted that extensive laboratory tests are conducted
on any genetically modified organism before governments allow it to be produced on a
commercial scale. Breeding animals only to be slaughtered might sound cruel, but the fate
that would await them if they lived in their natural habitats is almost as grim. There are
various wild beasts that feed on the domestic animals bred by humans, and the way they
tear the flesh of their prey apart is far more violent than the painless death inflicted by
automatic slaughtering systems. (122 words)

In conclusion, I think modern farming techniques and agricultural methods are necessary
to meet the urgent need for more food worldwide, as well as being vital to the efficiency
and practicality of performing farming tasks. (35 words)

Total: 272 words

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Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic
accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving
road safety.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Model Answer (Middle View):

Road accidents take the lives of many drivers and pedestrians every year. Some argue that
the best way to reduce them is to have severe penalties for offending traffic regulations,
while others think other solutions may work better. I think, although such punishments
are helpful, other measures should be taken alongside them. (52 words)

On the one hand, careless drivers who ignore traffic laws play a major role in many road
accidents. For example, some use their mobile phones while driving and do not focus on
the road, meaning they would definitely not be able to control their cars in time to avoid
accidents. If such drivers know they risk being imprisoned or heavily fined, they will
probably be motivated to observe driving regulations more closely. Furthermore, penalising
driving offences is the quickest solution since it can be applied immediately and drivers will
see the consequences of their faults right away. (97 words)

On the other hand, there are various other means of decreasing the number of traffic
accidents. Driving license candidates could be required to sit courses aimed at educating
them on the virtues of heeding the law while on the road. This would allow them to realise
how driving carefully could benefit both themselves and the people around them.
Moreover, new cars could be built in such a way that they restrict the drivers’ ability to
commit traffic offences like illegal speeding or turns. For instance, the car’s computer
could automatically decrease its maximum speed in residential areas or near intersections.
(103 words)

In conclusion, I think any idea that could increase road safety is worth trying, so while
driving offences should be heavily punished, solutions like safety classes for new drivers and
technologies that prevent offences are also necessary. (37 words)

Total: 289 words

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Some people prefer to live in a house, while others feel that there are more advantages to living in an
apartment.

Are there more advantages than disadvantages of living in a house compared with living in an
apartment?

Model Answer:

The growth in urban populations means more and more people tend to live in
apartments, but there are many who still prefer to live in houses. I think when compared
with apartments, there are more benefits than drawbacks to living in houses.

Houses usually have yards where children can play and small gardens can be maintained.
This makes them very suitable for larger families. In addition, people living in houses often
enjoy better privacy and less noise because there are far fewer neighbours. Nevertheless,
the costs of maintaining a house, from utility bills to air conditioning to security, almost
always exceed those of living in an apartment. This is why even fans of living in houses
tend to have second thoughts when deciding on where to live.

Apartments, on the other hand, are usually safer as most apartment buildings have
guards and CCTV security systems, besides the fact that the many neighbours keep an eye
on each other’s residences. Nevertheless, most apartments have few or no south-facing
windows, resulting in less light penetrating the interior and rendering their residents
prone to depression and vitamin D deficiencies. It is also difficult to customise an
apartment to the needs of a family since any structural changes can potentially affect the
whole building.

I personally value privacy and silence above all other factors when choosing
accommodation. Therefore, I believe a house is a much better place to live, especially for
families with children and the elderly who need more peace and quiet. I also believe most
citizens nowadays, especially the middle class, earn enough to be able to afford the costs of
life in houses.

Total: 272 words

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Some parents buy their children a large number of toys to play with.

What are the advantages and disadvantages for the child of having a large number of toys?
Model Answer:

Nowadays, a lot of toys, ranging from simple dolls to complicated electronic gadgets like
video games, are provided for some children by their parents. I think this is not a problem
provided children are sufficiently active and care for their toys. (41 words)

One of the important advantages of children having lots of toys is that there are different
games for them to play. They can choose one of their toys according to their mood and
taste, and are less likely to become bored. Besides, they would certainly be able to learn a
wider variety of skills like problem solving or organization. Different toys can teach them
different things, which means that the more toys they have, the more they are likely to
learn. (83 words)

However, having a lot of different toys could possibly lead to children becoming overweight
since many modern toys like video games and LEGOs, which are very common these days,
are usually played indoors. Therefore, they would definitely reduce children’s physical
activity, leading them to gain extra weight. Furthermore, when kids have too many toys,
it is likely that they will take less care of them. In other words, they will probably not
learn to value them if there is always a replacement ready to play with. Consequently,
they would not learn to appreciate their belongings. (95 words)

In conclusion, I believe that children benefit from an abundance of toys which offer them
variety, as well as teaching them more varied skills. However, it is important that they
keep an active lifestyle and are taught to value every toy. (41 words)

Total: 260 words

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Housing and accommodation has become a major problem in many countries around the world.

What are some of the main factors that have contributed to this problem? What can be done to help
reduce the number of homeless people?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
While mobile phones have many advantages, a number of problems have also resulted from them or
the ways in which they are used.

What are some of these problems? What solutions can you suggest for solving these problems?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
In many countries today insufficient respect is shown to older people.

What do you think may be the reasons for this?

What problems might this cause in society?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are
decreasing.

What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?

Model Answer:

INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays, the levels of healthiness and fitness are declining in some societies due to the increase in
the average weight of people. I think this is mainly because of their sedentary lifestyles and the
popularity of fast food, but there are some solutions. (43 words)

OR

In the past most citizens in different parts of the world were in shape and quite slim, whereas
today it is quite common for people to be overweight or obese. Consequently, diseases like diabetes
and high blood pressure are widespread and many individuals are unfit. I think this is mainly
because of their sedentary lifestyles and the popularity of fast food, but there are some solutions.
(66 words)

Body:
A reason why people have generally grown overweight and unhealthy is that almost everyone either
drives or takes public transport to work or school. As a result, there has been a serious decline in
most people’s levels of physical activity, leading them to burn fewer calories and gain weight.
Another reason could be the overconsumption of fast food. A cheeseburger has many high-calorie
ingredients such as Mozzarella cheese, sauce and bread. This means that eating many cheeseburgers
would definitely have negative effects on blood fat levels and increase one’s weight. (90 words)

A possible solution to improve public health and fitness is for people to increase their daily physical
activity, for example through walking to work if they live close to their workplaces, jogging in the
morning or evening and taking regular exercise at the gym. In addition, what governments can do
is to launch publicity campaigns against obesity so that people are informed of the dangers of a
high-calorie diet. For example, posters could be designed that illustrate how back pain results from
obesity and mounted in public areas and vehicles. This would definitely encourage many to control
their calorie intake. (100 words)

Conclusion
In conclusion, the decline in health and fitness and increase in the weight of many people in
various countries owe mainly to a lack of physical activity and the high consumption of fast food.
However, these problems can be dealt with if people increase their daily physical activity and are
informed of the dangers of eating too much. (58 words)

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Nowadays, we are producing more and more rubbish.

Why do you think this is happening?

What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?

Model Answer:

Today, many cities around the world face an increasing amount of garbage produced by
citizens. I think the main reasons for this are consumerism and overpackaged goods, and it
certainly needs to be dealt with. (35 words)

One reason why the amount of rubbish produced is rising is the consumerist lifestyle of
many people today which has led them to buy and consume more products such as food,
clothes and home appliances. As a result, they often have to throw away their old
belongings to make room for the new ones. Furthermore, most products today have
packages and boxes that need to be thrown away. For instance, most dishes are wrapped
in nylon covers, bubble wraps and cardboard boxes, which together can fill a large rubbish
bag. (90 words)

To decrease the amount of garbage, governments can legislate laws to limit the garbage
produced by households to a certain level, say, a kilogram every day. As a result, people
would definitely try to buy only the things they need to avoid throwing away too much.
Another possible solution would be to encourage producers to improve their packaging
techniques and use less packaging material like paper and plastic. For instance, if
governments ask dish producers to use printed and colourful bubble wraps, they can act as
protective covers as well as eye-catching packages, which means that buyers will only have
to throw away one wrapper. (105 words)

In conclusion, the reasons behind the rise in waste production include consumerism and
product packages, and possible solutions are laws to restrict household garbage as well as
encouraging industries to use improved packaging. (33 words)

Total: 263 words

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WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Universities should provide students with the skills they will require in order to succeed at their future
jobs.

How far do you agree or disagree with the above opinion?

What are some of the job skills that employers look for in new employees?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

Model last body paragraph:

There are various abilities that new employees today are required to have. Firstly, they
need to have good communicative skills like letter writing so that they can communicate
their ideas while understanding what their colleagues or clients think. Secondly, employees
should be able to manage their time efficiently because they have to finish various tasks
before their respective deadlines. Finally, many companies seek workers who can use
computers effectively to handle office and business tasks. For instance, almost all modern
construction companies require new engineers to know how to design buildings or manage
projects using software like AutoCAD or Microsoft Project. (101 words)

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In some parts of the world it is becoming popular to research the history of one's own family.

Why might people want to do this?

Is it a positive or negative development?

Model Answer:

INTRODUCTION:
Genealogy is not a new field and people, especially the noble class, have always been keen on
knowing more about the history of their families and ancestors. However, it has recently enjoyed
more popularity with many ordinary people, especially in the western world, trying to fill in the
gaps in their family trees. I think this is mainly because they want to have fun or learn about how
their families have changed through time, but I personally disapprove of this practice. (81 words)

OR

It is becoming more and more common for people to seek information about their ancestors and
family history. I think this is mainly because they want to have fun or learn about how their
families have changed through time, but I personally disapprove of this practice. (46 words)

Body:
One reason why many people are curious about their family history these days is that it is often fun
to trace back one’s bloodline and find out if one is related to any famous people. I remember a
recent story about how a common supermarket clerk in Nevada was discovered to be a descendant
of a British king. Many such descendants live completely ordinary lives, to which a discovery like
that can bring many thrills. Additionally, it would definitely help people to realise how their
families have changed through the years and therefore, learn a thing or two about the causes of
failure and prosperity in different generations. (108 words)

However, many individuals who find themselves related to the nobility tend to consider tiny shares
of noble blood as birthright to more respect. They, for instance, often demand seats in public
transport when there are more deserving people like pregnant women or the elderly aboard. Apart
from that, some of them might overgeneralise the role of factors which have contributed to a
former generation’s condition, be it inherited wealth or even bad luck, to their own and disregard
the value of their own ideas, efforts and current status. (88 words)

Conclusion
In conclusion, I think the growing trend towards researching family histories owes mainly to
people’s need for fun, as well as information regarding how their families have developed, but I
believe it should be discouraged. (35 words)

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Some people think it would be a good idea for schools to teach every young person how to be a good
parent.

Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Describe the skills a person needs to be a good parent.

Model Answer:

Nowadays, parenting is considered a very important role in almost every society. I think that school
students should definitely receive parenting training, and also believe that effective communication
and teaching are two of the most important skills a good parent should have.

One reason why parenting should be a school subject is that children spend a lot of time in their
schools. For instance, in my country, Iran, they usually spend at least seven hours a day studying at
school, which means they are likely to have enough time to learn and practice good parenting.
Furthermore, they usually listen to and follow the instructions provided by their teachers much
more effectively compared to what their parents or other people tell them because they have to
pass courses and receive good scores in exams. Therefore, they can learn about good parenting skills
from them more effectively.

I believe that every good parent should be able to communicate with his or her children so that
they can be friends with each other and there are no secrets between them. This would allow
parents to guide their children better and protect them from the dangers of society. Besides,
parents ought to be able to teach different thing such as the difference between good and bad,
social skills and scientific knowledge to their children to help them become better people and
develop better personalities.

In conclusion, I agree that students should be taught about the skills and knowledge that lead them
to become good parents in future. I also think every good parent ought to be able to communicate
well and teach effectively.

Total: 269 words

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 Section 2
Course Handouts

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Types of Argument Discussion Questions

Apple and Apple: Some people think that more money should be spent to promote the use of
bicycles in cities. Others, however, believe that bicycle is not an appropriate means of transport
for urban environments.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Apple and Orange: Some people think that more money should be spent to promote the use of
bicycles in cities. Others, however, believe that cities should focus on investing in public
transport systems.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Apple and Apple+Orange: Some people think that more money should be spent to promote
the use of bicycles in cities. Others, however, believe that bicycle is not an appropriate means
of transport for urban environments, and cities should focus on investing in public transport
systems instead.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

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How to express an opinion: a few examples

A. Giving an opinion

I believe/think that…
In my view...
I feel strongly that...
I would argue that...

B. Agreeing with an idea

I am convinced that…
I am certain that…
I partially/to some extent support…
I generally agree that…

C. Disagreeing with an idea:

I totally disagree that…

There is no justification for...
I am completely against...
I do not agree with the idea that...
I do not think/believe…

D. Describing other people’s opinions

Many consider/argue/claim that…

It is widely believed that…
It is often said/claimed that…
Some people hold/believe/think/insist/argue/claim that…

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How to avoid absolute statements

Making predictions

The use of modern technology would probably/certainly/definitely lead to the development

of better products.

Children who watch a lot of television in their spare time are more/highly likely/unlikely to
score low on the school exams.

A university degree could/may/might possibly help him find a job at a better company.

It is highly/very/quite likely/possible/unlikely that this can improve the situation.

Avoiding “all”: ways of saying “some”

many/a lot of/lots of/a large number of products

the majority of/most students
some people
certain groups in the society
a minority of employers
a few/a small number of cities

Avoiding “no” and “none”: ways of saying “only a very insignificant number”:

few people
only an insignificant number of products
almost no evidence

Avoiding “always”

Governments almost always/usually/normally/mostly/generally support local businesses.

People sometimes/occasionally/often try to hide their feelings.

People try to hide their feelings at certain times.

Avoiding “never”

Tourists seldom/almost never/rarely realise how important local cultures are.

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A Quick Guide to Punctuation

Basically, the two punctuation marks you will need to use in IELTS reports, letters and essays are the
full stop and comma. Exclamation (!) and question marks (?) might also be used in General Training
letters, while parentheses could be used in Academic reports as well as in letters.
You are advised to avoid using the colon (:), semi-colon (;) and dashes (–) if you do not know where
they need to be used, since they are unnecessary.

Full Stop (.)

Full stops are generally used to mark the end of a sentence:
There has been a dramatic increase in the population of urban regions.

Comma (,)
Commas are used in longer sentences to separate information into readable units. They also often
separate clauses in a sentence and sometimes come before a coordinator (e.g. “and”, “but”, etc.)
- A single comma ensures correct reading of a sentence which starts with a long introductory
element:
Following efforts by pioneering scientists in the field of ecology, it has now been generally
accepted that the world is gradually becoming warmer.
- A single comma is used after many starting linkers like “however”, moreover”, “basically” and
such:
In contrast, water levels in Africa and Australia declined to reach an all-time low.
- Pairs of commas help in the middle of a sentence to set off any string of words which is either
a parenthesis, or in contrast, to whatever went before:
A student, whether at school or university, needs to receive guidance and instructions on how to
use resources effectively and efficiently.
- Sets of comma act as a means of separating items in a list:
Workplaces like business offices, banks and schools would certainly require a more formal dress
code.
- Use a comma at the end of a subordinate clause that precedes its main clause:
Although the government has invested heavily in preparing students for higher education, many
university graduates still lack some basic academic skills.
- Non-restrictive relative clauses (relative clauses which provide information that can be left out
without affecting the meaning or structure of the sentence) should be separated from the rest
of the sentence by a comma or commas:
A list of contents would have made it easier to steer through the book, which also lacks a
map.
Note: do not add a comma after “that” at the beginning of a clause:
It has been known for some time that many flaws in children’s behavior have roots in their genes.
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Punctuation in compound and complex sentences: a short note

Compound sentences
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that connects two independent clauses:

- There are many problems with this approach, and many of its supporters have already voiced
their concern.

Note that the comma is not used when both clauses share the same subject:

- Many people are trying to move to larger cities and look for better prospects.

Use a period or semicolon before a transition that connects two independent clauses:

- The problem has become more pressing over the years. However, the government seems to
be ignoring it for the moment.

- Companies need younger workforce to replace retiring staff members; nevertheless, some
believe that old experienced workforce should be kept in their jobs for as long as they can
work.

Complex sentences
Use a comma after an introductory subordinate clause to separate it from the main:

- Although education seems to play a more important role in the development of a country,
the role of art should not be overlooked.

Note that the comma is not used when the main clause precedes the subordinate clause unless
the clause expresses contrast or exception (although, while, whereas):

-Mobile phones are very useful because they provide their users with a variety of entertainment
and communication options.

-Many people think this is the right thing to do, whereas others completely reject it.

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Connectors: Usage and Meaning

To Add another Idea
Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

and Furthermore
Moreover
Besides
also
in addition
To Restate, Explain or Emphasize an Idea

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

that is
in other words
in fact
actually
namely

To Give an Example

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

for example
for instance
to illustrate
To Show a Choice

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

or
nor

To Show a Difference
Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

but While in contrast

whereas on the contrary
though on the other hand
instead
however
still
otherwise

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To Show the Opposite of What You Might Expect

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

yet although nevertheless

though admittedly
even even so
though nonetheless

To Show a Similarity
Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

just as similarly
as likewise in
the same
way

To Show a Cause or Reason

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

for because
since as
now
that as
long as

To Show a Result or Effect

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

so so + adjective + as a result
that such + …noun consequently
+ that as a
consequence
therefore thus
hence
accordingly

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To Show a Time Relationship

Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

before after previously

when subsequently
whenever finally
while as soon afterward
as until as meanwhile
since first, second,
the moment etc.
that once after that next
since then
then,
at first,

To Show a Condition
Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

or if
even if unless
when
whenever

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Synonyms for Good and Bad

positive and negative
welcome and unwelcome
favourable and unfavourable
desirable and undesirable
beneficial and detrimental

Synonyms for Advantages and Disadvantages

advantages and disadvantages
benefits and drawbacks
upsides and downsides
pros and cons
strengths and weaknesses/shortcomings

Synonyms for Causes

the factors/issues responsible for …
the reasons behind/for …
the factors/issues which have contributed to …
the causes of …
the issues which have resulted in/led to …

Synonyms for Effects

a. Real consequences
consequences/effects/impacts
the issues it has resulted in /which have resulted from …
the problems which follow /have followed …

b. Possible consequences
the problems/issues that … could/may/might/is likely to result in/lead to
the problems/issues which could/may/might/are likely to result from/follow/ensue …
…’s possible/potential/probable/prospective consequences/effects/impacts

Synonyms for Solutions

Solutions for …
means/ways to solve …
means/ways to resolve/deal with/tackle/improve …

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Discussing Causes

Cause 3 Cause 2 Cause 1 Issue

Approach A:
Presentation: Cause 1 → Issue
Extension: Cause 1  Cause 2  Cause 3

Approach B:
Presentation: Cause 3 → Issue
Extension: Cause 3 → Cause 2 → Cause 1

Note: → = consequence linker  = cause linker

e.g. Book 8, page 102

Technological progress → machines and tools have replaced people → less physical activity →
burning fewer calories →

One reason for this unfortunate development is that most individuals burn far fewer calories
every day because they have a lot less activity now than they used to. The reason for this is that
machines and tools have replaced people in most cases, like in transportation, thanks to the
technological progress which has taken place over the past decades.

OR

One reason for this unfortunate development is the technological progress which has taken
place over the past decades, as a result of which machines and tools have replaced people in
most cases, like in transportation. Therefore, most individuals have a lot less activity today than
they used to and burn far fewer calories every day, which results in their obesity.

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Discussing Effects

Approach A (Short):

Issue Effect 1 Effect 2

Issue→ Effect 2 because Effect 1

Approach B (long):

Issue Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

Issue → Effect 3 because issue → effect 1 → effect 2 [→ effect 3]

Note: → = consequence linker

Example:

Overpopulation → more demand for food → food shortages → widespread hunger

Overpopulation can lead to widespread hunger in many parts of the world, particularly in
countries like India and China which have very large populations. This is because when there are
more people in an area, the demand for food is highly likely to rise as a result of which there may
not be enough food available for everyone.

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Discussing Solutions
Development
Include:
• Mechanism
• Advantages over other solutions
• Any possible disadvantages
How to introduce advantage and disadvantage for a solution:
Approach A:
Although
-------- disadvantage (sentence) -------- , -------- advantage (sentence) --------.
Even though
Although
-------- advantage (sentence) -------- even though -------- disadvantage (sentence) --------.

Approach B:
Despite
-------- disadvantage (n./n.p.) -------- , -------- advantage (sentence) --------.
In spite of
Despite
-------- advantage (sentence) -------- in spite of -------- disadvantage (n./n.p.) --------.

Some possible advantages and disadvantages

Advantage Disadvantage
• Effective • Might not be very reasonable
• Efficient • Could be time-consuming/ Might not be
very time-efficient
• Cost-effective, economical, reasonable Does
not rely on/require many financial resources • Might not be very popular/Might not be
favoured by the public
• Time-efficient
• May rely on/require significant resources
• Popular
• Could be difficult to implement/
• Does not rely on/require many resources
Might not be very easy to implement
• Easy to implement

Example:
Solution: Increase tax on fast food and decrease tax on fruits and vegetables
Mechanism: unhealthy food become more expensive and less popular, while healthy food
cheaper and more popular → people eat healthier
Advantage: Efficient and quick
Disadvantage: unpopular

One way to solve the problem of obesity and improve people’s health and fitness would probably be to
increase tax on fast food, while decreasing tax on fruits and vegetables. This would certainly make
unhealthy food more expensive and less popular, and help healthy food become cheaper and increase
its popularity. As a result, people are likely to eat healthier food. Although this might not be very popular,
especially for restaurant owners and youths, it would definitely be a quite efficient and quick solution.
Furthermore, people need to increase their daily physical activity, for example by walking to work if they
live close to their workplaces. This would certainly increase the amount of energy they consume and, as
a result, decrease their weight, as well as helping them to be more fit and healthy.

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The Academic Word List

Sublist 1
analyze • approach • area • assess • assume • authority • available • benefit • concept • consist •
constitute • context • contract • create • data • define • derive • distribute • economy • environment
• establish • estimate • evident • export • factor • finance • formula • function • identify • income •
indicate • individual • interpret • involve • issue • labor • legal • legislate • major • method • occur •
percent • period • policy • principle • proceed • process • require • research • respond • role • section
• sector • significant • similar • source • specific • structure • theory • vary

Sublist 2
achieve • acquire • administrate • affect • appropriate • aspect • assist • category • chapter •
commission • community • complex • compute • conclude • conduct • consequent • construct •
consume • credit • culture • design • distinct • element • equate • evaluate • feature • final • focus •
impact • injure • institute • invest • item • journal • maintain • normal • obtain • participate • perceive
• positive • potential • previous • primary • purchase • range • region • regulate • relevant • reside •
resource • restrict • secure • seek • select • site • strategy • survey • text • tradition • transfer

Sublist 3
alternative • circumstance • comment • compensate • component • consent • considerable • constant •
constrain • contribute • convene • coordinate • core • corporate • correspond • criteria • deduce •
demonstrate • document • dominate • emphasis • ensure • exclude • framework • fund • illustrate •
immigrate • imply • initial • instance • interact • justify • layer • link • locate • maximize • minor •
negate • outcome • partner • philosophy • physical • proportion • publish • react • register • rely •
remove • scheme
• sequence • sex • shift • specify • sufficient • task • technique • technology • valid • volume

Sublist 4
access • adequate • annual • apparent • approximate • attitude • attribute • civil • code • commit •
communicate • concentrate • confer • contrast • cycle • debate • despite • dimension • domestic •
emerge • error • ethnic • goal • grant • hence • hypothesis • implement • implicate • impose •
integrate • internal • investigate • job • label • mechanism • obvious • occupy • option • output •
overall • parallel • parameter • phase • predict • principal • prior • professional • project • promote •
regime • resolve • retain • series • statistic • status • stress • subsequent • sum • summary •
undertake

Sublist 5
academy • adjust • alter • amend • aware • capacity • challenge • clause • compound • conflict •
consult • contact • decline • discrete • draft • enable • energy • enforce • entity • equivalent • evolve
• expand • expose • external • facilitate • fundamental • generate • generation • image • liberal •
license • logic • margin • medical • mental • modify • monitor • network • notion • objective • orient •
perspective • precise • prime • psychology • pursue • ratio • reject • revenue • stable • style •
substitute • sustain • symbol • target • transit • trend • version • welfare • whereas

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Sublist 6
abstract • accurate • acknowledge • aggregate • allocate • assign • attach • author • bond • brief •
capable • cite • cooperate • discriminate • display • diverse • domain • edit • enhance • estate •
exceed • expert • explicit • federal • fee • flexible • furthermore • gender • ignorant • incentive •
incidence • incorporate • index • inhibit • initiate • input • instruct • intelligence • interval • lecture •
migrate • minimum • ministry • motive • neutral • nevertheless • overseas • precede • presume •
rational • recover • reveal • scope • subsidy • tape • trace • transform • transport • underlie • utilize

Sublist 7
adapt • adult • advocate • aid • channel • chemical • classic • comprehensive • comprise • confirm •
contrary • convert • couple • decade • definite • deny • differentiate • dispose • dynamic • eliminate •
empirical • equip • extract • file • finite • foundation • globe • grade • guarantee • hierarchy •
identical • ideology • infer • innovate • insert • intervene • isolate • media • mode • paradigm •
phenomenon • priority • prohibit • publication • quote • release • reverse • simulate • sole •
somewhat • submit • successor • survive • thesis • topic • transmit • ultimate • unique • visible •
voluntary

Sublist 8
abandon • accompany • accumulate • ambiguous • append • appreciate • arbitrary • automate • bias •
chart • clarify • commodity • complement • conform • contemporary • contradict • crucial • currency •
denote • detect • deviate • displace • drama • eventual • exhibit • exploit • fluctuate • guideline •
highlight • implicit • induce • inevitable • infrastructure • inspect • intense • manipulate • minimize •
nuclear • offset • paragraph • plus • practitioner • predominant • prospect • radical • random •
reinforce • restore • revise • schedule • tense • terminate • theme • thereby • uniform • vehicle • via
• virtual • visual • widespread

Sublist 9
accommodate • analogy • anticipate • assure • attain • behalf • bulk • cease • coherent • coincide •
commence • compatible • concurrent • confine • controversy • converse • device • devote • diminish •
distort • duration • erode • ethic • format • founded • inherent • insight • integral • intermediate •
manual • mature • mediate • medium • military • minimal • mutual • norm • overlap • passive •
portion • preliminary • protocol • qualitative • refine • relax • restrain • revolution • rigid • route •
scenario • sphere • subordinate • supplement • suspend • team • temporary • trigger • unify • violate
• vision
Sublist 10
adjacent • albeit • assemble • collapse • colleague • compile • conceive • convince • depress •
encounter • enormous • forthcoming • incline • integrity • intrinsic • invoke • levy • likewise •
nonetheless • notwithstanding • odd • ongoing • panel • persist • pose • reluctance • so-called •
straightforward • undergo • whereby

Reference: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/academicwordlist/

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