Summary, Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion

CHAPTER-VI

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND

CONCLUSION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Slums are a common feature of any developing city in Third world

countries. Slums are often viewed as a view of life; a sub-culture within the
set of norms and values which are reflected in poor sanitation and health
practices, deviant behavior and characteristics attributes apathy and social
isolation. Slums are characterized by illiteracy, ignorance, ill health, inertia,
indebtedness, and insanitation mounting on a swampy, shanty and shadow
area where sub-human conditions prevail. The slum dwellers feel that they
are social cast-offs and live with friction, insecurity, drunkenness and other
deviant habits.
Slum dwellers can be economically valuable citizens, as they contribute
to the city’s overall growth by accepting low wages and rendering essential
services to the urban community without making any special demand on the
scare financial resources of the urban local bides. Nonetheless, there should
be public intervention to check the growth of slums and ameliorate the living
conditions of the slum dwellers which subsequently leads to slum
improvement programs.
6.2 SUMMARY
Slum is a shelter of people in cities and towns who leave their earlier
places of residence where means of survival has shrunk. In order to survive of
starvation and unemployment they come to a place where they just could eke
out a living. The slums are laces characterized by absence of basic necessities
of life. By appearance it is derelict and dilapidated.
One of the main reasons behind the growth of slum is the growth of
population in the wake of industrialization in the city. This was due to
migration, concentration of better health and education facilities, better wage
rates and multifarious economic activities. Moreover, government policies
have been responsible for the growth of slums. Apart from this, intensive
cultivation, loss of tenure rights on common land, push the rural people too
migrate to intra-state and inter-state locations.

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The present research is mainly focus on the spatial and temporal

growth of slums in Mysore city, Socio-economic status of the slum dwellers
and role of Upgrdation programs by the different agencies.
The study conducted in Mysore city, In the first phase a general survey of 82
slums out of the 63 declared slums and 19 non declared slums. Secondary
data collected all 82 slums from different Governmental institutions.
In the second phase out of 82 slums 40 slums are randomly selected
for detailed case study. For this primary data collected from field survey along
with questionnaire 25 households were surveyed in each slums. Socio-
economic conditions, Demographical conditions, literacy, Caste details,
Income status, Occupational patterns, sanitation conditions, household details
are collected from slum dwellers. Along with interview conducted official of
Karnataka slum clearance board, Mysore City Corporation for programmes
and polices of slums in the city,
Mysore city and its environs have been undergoing a transformation
both in their demography and land uses. This transformation has been
triggered by the industrial development along some specific sectors of the city
and its environs and the general willingness o the part of the city.
IN first chapter provides a brief introduction regarding environmental
setting of the study area and scientific method of area of interest. It includes
decadal growth of Slums in the City, Area of Association, geographic,
topography, geology, drainage, soil, vegetation and climatic conditions.
The second chapter aims at distributional pattern of the city slums. To
achieve this, general method of distributional pattern has been followed which
indicates three distributional pattern namely random, uniform and cluster
distributions. The location of slums has undergone dramatic changes. In the
early years of industrialization and commercial process, slums appeared in
the central parts of the city where the immigration, spatial growth of the city
are the causes of slum formation the fringe of the city. Because of the density
of population and migration slums are distributed unevenly .The housing
conditions, occupational structure, household size, road network and basic
infrastructure facilities are, are varies from one slum to another. The spatial
and population growth of the city leads to formation of slums in the city. In
65 Wards some Slums are have moderate housing conditions, civic amenities,
road facilities, Ward no 49,48, 50 are very poor in Basic facility. But ward no
2, 3, 5 slums are moderate conditions.

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The outcome of the research reveals about the social and economical
conditions prevailed in the city. A list of 40 slums was selected at random for
survey from the record maintained by Mysore City Corporation and Karnataka
Slum clearance Board. Further 25 households per slum were chosen randomly
irrespective of the slum population in each slum.
This chapter gives detail the Socio-economic conditions of the slums in
Mysore City. It also reveals in detail sampling method used, size of the
sample and areas selected for the primary survey etc. It also analyzed the
opinion of Slum dwellers, officials.
The main aim of this chapter to focus on different socio economic
condition like housing pattern, income status, occupational structure, water
sources in the city slums. In this view I selected 25 slums of Mysore city at
detailed house hold survey of the slums. The data analyzed by statistical
package.
The third chapter deals with Socio-Economical condition of the slums
depicts that the large number of workers are from building and road
construction, factory workers as well. Hardly few have from government
fourth-class jobs. This represents that the slums provide huge labour force for
the economical development of the city. As for social conditions concerned
forty eight per cent of slum dwellers have katcha houses which indicate
housing conditions in the city in critical. Houses are overcrowded and poor
both in terms of basic facilities thus invite various diseases and infections.
Majority of the slum dwellers are belongs to scheduled caste, scheduled tribe,
backward.
The outcome of the research connecting to the crime shows that crimes
have been taking place from many slums of the city. Temporal and spatial
analysis of the crime cases in the slums of the city has been carried out to
understand the rate of crimes committed. Based on type and number of
crimes occurred the map has been prepared to show the crimes. Out of
seventeen Police staion six police stations have highest crime incidence in
slum areas are analyzed through graph and maps. Mainly Laskar , Udayagiri,
Vidyaranyapuram, vijayanagara police stations have highest concentration of
crimes in the city from 2001 to 2010. .Most of the crimes are belongs to slum
areas. Lakskhar, Nazarbad, Krshnaraja puram, Mandi Mohalla police stations
have the highest slum areas. Normally the crimes of this police station limits
associates with slum areas because of lack awareness programmes, lack of
education and economic problems.

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To provide better Educational awareness programmes, Value based

educational activities like Yoga, Spiritual development, meditation, Making
aware of young people that crime is a wrong activity. Implementing
community policing with a support of public, interaction with people of slums
to provide various economical, occupational opportunities. In this view
ODANADI and PRATHAM Non governmental Organizations played a
remarkable role to decrease crimes and increasing literacy rate among slum
dwellers in the City. .
The fifth chapter deals with analysis of government policies and
programmes on slum clearance. For this, number of policies from state and
central government and Supreme Court guidelines have been thoroughly
discussed. The various policies to rehabilitation programs carried out from
2000-2010 have been studied. Some of the central and state governments
programmes for slum rehabilitation are Jawaharlal Nehru National Renewal
Mission and Integrated housing and Slum Development Programme, Nirmala
Jyothi Scheme, Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana, National Slum development
programmes (NSDP), Nirmala Bharathi Abhiyan Yojana and Integrated Housing
and Slum development programme (IHSDP). These programmes have been
well-compared based on their applicability, well-received from the slum
dwellers and successful in terms of infrastructure and employment
opportunities. The basic objective of these programmes is to strive for slum-
less city with a healthy living and good environment by providing adequate
shelter and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers in Mysore city
6.3 FINDINGS
Lack of dependable data on various aspects of poverty including
number of slums, slum population, access to services like water and
sanitation, livelihood, etc.
Deterioration of infrastructure created by investments under various
slum improvement programs due to inadequate maintenance, finance and
direction in the post-project phase resulting in poor quality of service
availability to the residents in the already improved slums. The infrastructure
created in slums is not linked to the citywide networks. With funds
constraints, service provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather
than a regular service delivery system of local government.
Inadequate basic services in Slums i.e. Water supply, sanitation, sewage
and drainage facilities, electricity, streetlights. Poor financing by banks to
urban poor in bankable scheme for self employment and income generation.

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The experience of implementing poverty programmes clearly brings out

the need for an integrated response to deal with the problems of the urban
poor. The experience highlights the fact that no sectoral intervention would
mitigate the problems of the urban poor or improves their quality of life. It is
also noted that programmes for the poor need to focus on particularly
vulnerable groups among them, like women and children, disabled and
destitute, the aged and children in difficult circumstances. Lack of
coordination leads to inefficient use of resources and Discontinuous
community/ social development programs.
Poor resource base for creating and constantly maintaining
infrastructure is a critical issue. As they depend on adhoc grants, the service
provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather than a regular
service delivery system of local government institutions.
Inadequate skill development, exposure and knowledge exchange for
the community development staff/officer and members at the office and
community level for efficient and effective o delivery of services in the
scenario of paradigm shift in technology advancement.
Lack of innovative approach and skill in planning, monitoring and
delivering required services to the poor in the community and Inadequate
resources of Municipal Corporation. Educate or conduct awareness program to
both women and men to control the solid waste dumping into open drains.
Women spend more time in home so improper waste management causes
higher risk to them and hence they become more vulnerable. There is a need
to create awareness campaign for door-to-door collection
In Mysore City about 80percent of the municipal sweepers and waste
collectors are women. Need to avail the facilities like gloves, shoes etc. for
their health safety reasons.
6.4 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Slums in Mysore City have their own peculiarities. They certainly
differed from each other in terms of location, size of population and
background. But they also held something in common. All of them
represented a culture of poverty and were noticeable for their lack of civic
amentias. This stood out against the backdrop of the progressive character of
the Mysore City. This apart, these slums have a predominance of migrants (70
percent)

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The study indicate the scope of slum clearance should be enlarged to

embrace slum improvement by providing them minimum amenities like
sanitary-latrines, drainage, uncontaminated water supply, approach roads,
paved streets and lighting, in order to prevent them from spoiling both the
physical and social environment and also uplifting them from a degrading
quality of life. Slum dwellers are more prone to disease because of the sub-
human conditions, which prevail due to unawareness and neglect. In order to
solve this, proper efforts to educate them in the direction of health and
hygiene should be made. In computing this shortage, the fundamental
assumption was that each household should have a .pucca. Dwelling unit, a
reasonably permanent structure to provide minimum standards of comfort
and safety. The prevailing ideas of wholesale slum clearance and construction
of costly housing must be abandoned and new ideas must be developed to
solve the shelter problem and improve physical environments and the slum
life. The fact that emergence of slums, is the result of social degeneration and
economic poverty cannot be ignored. The approach therefore has to be such
that taking into consideration both the physical environments and the social
and economic status of the slum dwellers its execution should involve no
harassment, no adverse effect on the socio-economic conditions of the slum
dwellers. Finally, .what is equally essential, is the need for talking to these
people, for making them feel acceptable, for telling the women folk how they
can keep their home and children clean, for telling the children what games to
play, for telling the men what work awaits them in the world beyond the one.
We discussed the need for attitudinal shifts and emphasising the
functionalist dimension of slums as a prerequisite to an alternative slum
improvement approach. Slums, in a way, can be seen as the result of
misplaced policy objectives that are not centred on equitable growth. An ideal
policy would therefore be that which to addresses these maladies and
proposes schemes that minds the future generations as well.
The slum dwellers should be seen not just as the beneficiaries, but as
the Primary Stakeholders. Public policies would thereby have to accept human
beings as the focal point of development and reconsider their current thrust
on the physical built environment.
Suggestions :
Prepare slum action plan for implementing slum up gradation
programme at each slum level.
Rehabitate the low lying slums in the city prone for inundation to an
alternate environment friendly site.

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Launch rehabilitation programme such as providing effective low cost

dwelling house with tiled/sheet roofs made available in easy payable
installments on long term bases.
Up gradation of social infrastructure service such as provision of
independent sanitation facility connected to underground drainage system
attached to each house in the slum essential to avoid environmental pollution
and improve health conditions.
Educate or conduct awareness program to both women and men to
control the solid waste dumping into open drains.
Public taps to every lane in the slum through exclusive water
connections with timely and regular water supply needs to be provided.
Up gradation of institutional facilities such as primary health units with
low cost treatment to the urban poor and primary education as they form the
broader measures of well being.
Physical infrastructure up gradation such as sufficient street lighting
facility and good roads in Slums.
All the storm water drains to be desilted and maintained properly.
Training and capacity building of personnel involved in the water
treatment and supply have to be improved substantially.
Impart quality education to the children in slums through trained
personnel and provision of physical infrastructure like building, equipment,
books and useful materials. Need for adult education programmes.
Provision of credit access to free the poor of non financial slavery and
give them their first chance to builds their own lives through personal
initiative.
Provision of job training education for youth in providing knowledge
and skills in tailoring, embroidery, computer, mechanical driving, electrical
and electronic repairs and welding.
Provision of adequate training and skill upgradation for women in the
area of tailoring, food processing, basket making, typing and computer
education. Increase outlay on urban poverty alleviation programmes under
five year plans.
Increase in the provision of the percentage of grant under Bhagya Jyhoti
scheme to urban slum households.

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