TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETASI
GEOLOGI DATA
REFLEKSI
Geological interpretation of
reflection data
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Geological interpretation of
reflection data
o Seismic data are usually interpreted by geophysicists
or geologists. The ideal interpreter in both combines
training fields

o They must knows:

o The process involved in the generation and
transmission of seismic waves
o The effect of recording equipment and data processing
o The physical significance of the seismic data
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STRUCTURAL TRAPS
Impermeable rocks
Gas-oil
contact
Spill point
Oil-water
contact

Vertical section through

anticline along line

2080 m

2060 m

Map of the top of the

permeable bed
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STRUCTURAL TRAPS

Vertical section
through fault
trap

Subsurface Map of
the middle
permeable bed
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STRUCTURAL TRAPS

Possible traps
associated with
thrust faulting

Stratigraphic traps
produced by
lithologic change and
pinchout
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STRUCTURAL TRAPS

Unconformity
traps

A trap in reef
and in draping
above the reef
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STRUCTURAL TRAPS

SALT

Possible traps associated with salt dome

 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETATION
PROCEDURES
GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
 The coherent event seen on seismic records or on
processed seismic section are reflection from acoustic
impedance contrasts in the earth
 These contrast are associated with bedding that represent
the geologic structure
 Mapping the arrival times of coherent events is related to
the geologic structure, and by allowing for velocity and
migration effects, we obtain a map showing the geologic
structure
 Seismic detail (wave shape, amplitude, and so on) is
related to the geologic detail, that is, to the stratigraphy
and the nature of the interstitial fluids
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETATION
PROCEDURES
 Collecting and Examination data
 The relevant data to the interpretation such as: geologic
data, well data and so on. The relevant seismic data are
seismic section, a base map, velocity and other data
from the field or generated in processing.
 Ambiguity in seismic interpretation is less than with most
geophysical and geological data. Ambiguity arises
because data are incomplete and/or inaccurate, and the
best way to reduce ambiguity is to add more data.
 The regional geologic setting and concepts about the
tectonic stresses to which the region has been subjected
should also be used as a check on seismic information
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETATION
PROCEDURES
 EXAMINING THE SEISMIC SECTIONS
 One of the first tasks of an interpreter is to examine the
data for evidences of mis-location (do section tie
properly?) or improper acquisition or processing.
 INTERPRETATION APPROACH:
 Focusing to the object (only prospective reservoirs are
in one part of the object
 Builds up a complete interpretation of an entire section
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETATION
PROCEDURES
 PICKING REFLECTION
 Making a seismic structure map generally consist of four
operations:
 Selecting which events, and what point (peak, trough,
zero crossing) on each even are to be mapped (picking)
 Measuring the arrival time of each pick (timing)
 Writing the value on a base map (posting)
 Connecting the posting values to represent the structure
(contouring)
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

 STRUCTURAL STYLES AND PLATE

TECTONICS HABITATS
 (lihat buku: Exploration Seismology,
by Robert E.Sheriff and Lloyd
P.Geldart; 1995; Cambridge
University Press., New York)
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

PULL-APART ZONES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

PULL-APART ZONES
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational
stress

Pull-apart Fairly high-angle Extension Divergent boundaries, (1) at spreading

zones normal faults, dipping centers, (2 ) aborted rifts
60 – 70 in either Intraplat rifts
direction. Transform boundaries with component
Rotated fault blocks of divergence
Secondary at convergent boundaries.
(1) Trench outer slope
(2) Arc massive
(3) Stable flank of foreland and
fore-arc basin
(4) Back arc marginal sea
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

COMPRESSIVE FAULTS AND

BASEMENT THRUSTS
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

COMPRESSIVE FAULTS AND

BASEMENT THRUSTS
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational
stress

Compressive High-angle reverse Compression Convergence boundaries

faults and faults, upward 1. Forland basin (mostly)
basement imbricating of faults 2. Orogenic belt cores
thrusts
3. Trench inner slopes and outer
high

Transform boundaries with component

of convergence
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

WRENCH –FAULT
ASSEMBLAGES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

WRENCH –FAULT
ASSEMBLAGES
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational
stress

Wrench-fault Strike-slip faulting Couple Transform boundaries

assemblges is primary, Convergence boundaries at an angle:
secondary feature 1. Foreland basin
at about 30o angle
to main trend. 2. Orogenic belts
Fairly narrow trend 3. Arc massifs
Faults generally Divergent boundaries with offset
steepen with dept spreading centers
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

BASEMENT WARPS
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

BASEMENT WARPS
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational
stress

Basement Gentle structure Isostatic Plate interiors

warps domes, arches, adjustment Passive boundaries
sags Heat flow Other areas
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

THRUST ASSEMBLAGES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

THRUST ASSEMBLAGES
Structural style Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
deformational
stress

Thrust Faults sole out at Compression Convergent boundaries

assemblages decollement in 1) Inner slope of trenches
incompetent rocks and outer highs.
2) Mobile flanks of forelands
(orogenic belts)
Transform boundaries with
component of
convergence
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GROWTH FAULTS AND OTHER

MORMAL FAULT ASSEMBLAGES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GROWTH FAULTS AND OTHER

MORMAL FAULT ASSEMBLAGES
Structural style Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
deformational
stress

Growth fault Downthrown toward Extension Passive boundaries

and other basin or toward Secondary to uplifts (folds, salt
normal fault center of uplift domes)
assemblages Dip often lessen
with depth (for
growth faults)
Often
contemporaneous
with deposition
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SALT STRUCTURES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SALT STRUCTURES
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational
stress
Salt Pillows, domes, Plastic flow Divergent boundaries (rifts
structures salt walls Solution provide venue for salt
deposition)
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SHALE STRUCTURES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SHALE STRUCTURES
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational stress

Shale Plastic flow (often Passive boundaries

structures involving
overpressuring
produced by rapid
burial)
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

DRAPE FEATURES
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

DRAPE FEATURES
Structural Characteristics Dominant Plate tectonic habitat
style deformational stress

Drape Differential Subsiding basins

features compaction Over reefs
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Tectonic features associated with

subdaction of an oceanic plate under
continental plate
Continental
Outer arc craton
Melange Volcanic
basin
wedge arc
Back arc
basin

50
Depth (km)

100

150
100 200
Distance (km)
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Flower structure yang ditimbulkan oleh

gerakan strike-slip yang melibatkan
komponen kompresiv.
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CRITERIA FOR REEF

IDENTIFICATION

(a) Reef outlined by reflection (b) Reflection void

(c) Diffraction from reef edge (d) Abrupt termination of reflections

TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CRITERIA FOR REEF

IDENTIFICATION

(e) Change in reflection pattern (f) Differential compaction over

on opposite sides of reef (isopach thinning)

(g) Velocity anomaly underneath

the reef where V reef > V surrounding (h) where V reef < V surrounding
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CRITERIA FOR REEF

IDENTIFICATION

(i) Reef location on a hingeline or (j) Reef location on a structural

shelf edge uplift
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTERPRETASI
STRATIGRAFI
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CLASSIFICATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC
TRAPS (after Rittenhouse, 1972)
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS

NOT ADJACENT TO ADJACENT TO

UNCONFORMITIES UNCONFORMITIES

A. Facies change traps

involving current- A. Traps below unconformities
transported reservoir rocks

B. Noncurrent transported B. Traps above unconformities

resrvoir rocks

C. Diagenetic traps
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

(a) Eolian (dunes or sheets)

NOT ADJACENT TO (b) Alluvial fan
UNCONFORMITIES
(c) Alluvial valley (braided stream, channel fill, point
bar)
(d) Deltaic (distributary mouth of finger bars, sheet,
channel fill)
A. Facies change traps (e) Non-deltaic coastal (beach, barrier bar, spit, tidal
involving current- delta or flat)
transported reservoir rocks (f) Shallow marine (tidal bar, sand belt, washover, shelf
edge, shallow turbidite or winnowing)
(g) Deep marine (marine fan, deep turbidite or
winnowing)

(a) Gravity (slump)

B. Noncurrent transported
(b) Biogenic carbonate (shelf margin reef, patch
resrvoir rocks reef, algal buildup or blanket)

(1) Change from non reservoir to reservoir

(a) Replacement and reached (dolomitized)
C. Diagenetic
(b) Leached
traps
(c) Brecciated
(d) Fractured
 TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

ADJACENT TO (1) Seal above unconformity

UNCONFORMITIES
a. Subcrop at unconformity
b. Topography (valley flank or
shoulder, dipslope, escarpment,
valley, beveled)

A. Traps below unconformities (2) Seal below unconformity

a. Mineral cement
b. Tar seal
c. Weathering product

(1) Reservoir location controlled by

unconformity topography.
a. On two sides (valley, canyon, fill)
B. Traps above unconformities b. On one side (lake or coastal cliff,
valley side, flank of hill or
structure)

(2) Transgressive
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SOME TYPES OF
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS

Accumulation of sands on flanks of Sand body formed at edge of shelf

growing structure resulting from resulting from lowering of sea level
winowing and lateral transport of sand

Accumulation of sand over Reservoir beds subcropping at an

growing structure resulting from unconformity
winnowing.
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SOME TYPES OF
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

RELATIONSHIP AT THE TOP OF A

SEQUENCE

EROSIONAL TRUNCATION

CONCORDANCE
TOPLAP
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

RELATIONSHIP AT THE BASE OF

A SEQUENCE

DOWNLAP
ONLAP

CONCORDANCE
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

TERMINOLOGI UNTUK TERMINASI REFLEKSI

SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN BATAS-
BATAS SEKUEN DAN PERMUKAAN DOWNLAP
SEQUENCE
TOPLAP BOUNDARY

TRUNCATION
DOWNLAP
SEQUENCE DOWNLAP APPARENT
BOUNDARY SURFACE TRUNCATION
EXAMPLES OF DIAGNOSTIC
REFLECTION CONFIGURATIONS

SUB-PARALLEL
PARALLEL / EVEN

WAVY DIVERGENT
MODIFYING SEISMIC
REFLECTION CONFIGURATIONS

PARALLEL / EVEN WAVY

HUMMOCKY LENTICULAR

DISRUPTED CONTORTED
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SEISMIC REFLECTION PATTERNS

INTERPRETED AS PROGRADING
CLINOFORMS.
Sigmoid

Complex sigmoid-oblique

Oblique

Singled

Tangensial

Hummocky clinoforms
Parallel
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM