Can General ability (present) I can speak English. Ask for permission (informal) - Can | borrow your pen please? To request something ~Can you help me please? Possibility - It can get very cold there at night. Offer to help someone ~Can I carry your bags for you? Cannot (can’t) = not allowed -You cannot smoke in this room. -You can't go to the party. Grr General ability in the past - I could play the piano when | was younger. Ask for permission (more polite) ~ Could | use your bathroom please? To request something (more polite) - Could you pass me the salt please? Possibility in the past Sudanese: - What? You could have broken your leg. Suggestion (when asked what to do) -We could go to the movies if you like. Conditional of Can (would be able to) - If we had some oranges | could make you some fresh ji would be able to) ©) ~~ May- Might Uses of May and Might: Possibility - It might rain later so take an umbrella. Give permission - You may have another cookie if you like. May or Might? May and Might can normally be interchanged without a significant difference in meaning. However, Might often implies a smaller chance Ask for permission of something happening = May | borrow your pen please? (when expressing possibility). -Itmay rain. (70% chance) Expisssivishess : = Itmight rain. (40% chance) = May the New Year bring you happiness. Wren expressing wishes or Speculate about past actions | siving permission, only May - She is late. She may have missed her plane. wwwgrammarcl __www.woodwardeng| is used. eae& Must ay Uses of Must: Obligation MUST vs. HAVE TO -You must wear a seatbelt when you drive, Must expresses obligation : - — imposed by the speaker while Deduction (certain somethingis true) Have to expresses external - Look at all that snow. It must be cold outside. obligations. 2 : Teacher: You must complete Emphasize Necessity this @esay/ by Fridays -Plants must have light and water to grow. Student: We have to complete Strong Recommendation ese eye itis more common to use Have to instead of Must in Mustn’t = Prohibition questions. - Does he have to do the test? -We must get together for dinner soon. - You mustn't use your phone while driving, We use Had to instead of Must in the past tense. | See our chart about -|had to pay my speeding ticket yesterday. Mustn't vs. Don't have to. Ct el © Shall Uses of Shall: ilies! Suggestions SHALL ~ Shall | get a pizza for dinner tonight? The modal verb Shall is not = used much nowadays. It may Offers / Volunteering Palestinians That bag looks heavy. Shall | carry it foryou? and some legal documents. The most common use of IDSHUEEONS A Mahl ov shall in everyday English is in -What shall | do with your mail when it arrives? questions that offer or suggest. Promises ~Shall|...?.- Shall we...? Originally Shall was used instead of Will in first person Confirmation (statement of fact) {with land We) when talking about the future. - You shall be the first person to know. - | shall meet you there at 7. Inall of the examples above, shall can be replaced by another modal verb. Suggestion/Instructions- Should — Offers-Can/Could —_Promises/Confirmation - Will Ct el©... of Should: Should Advice or Suggestion -Your hair is too long. You should get a haircut. Situation likely in the present - Mary should be at home now. Give her a Likely in the future (prediction) - They should win tonight, they’re a better team. Should + have + past participle Meaning: The subject did not fulfill their obligation in the past or did not act responsibly. -You should have given your boss the report yesterday when he asked for it. Should + be + verb-ing Meaning: The subject is not fulfilling their obligation now or is not acting sensibly. -You should be wearing your seatbelt. -We should be studying for the test right PEI) SHOULD vs. OUGHT TO Should can be replaced by ought to without a change in meaning. - You ought to study more. = - You should study more. Note: ought to sounds more formal than should and is used less frequently. call. We use SHOULDN'T to advise not to do something, usually because itis bad or wrong. -You shouldn't throw your litter onto the street. - He shouldn't play with those wires if he doesn’t know what he is doing. now, ~You shouldn't work so much. Mae (eee ens BE CAREFUL: There is a difference in meaning between Mustn’t and Don't have to. Mustn't MEANING It is prohibited; it is not allowed. It is important that you do NOT do something. You must not drink that. = It is forbidden to drink that. = Don't drink that, it is not allowed. You mustn't tell John. = Do NOT tell John. = You are not allowed to tell John. Mr Rcd Don't have to MEANING There is no obligation; you are not required to do something, especially if you don’t want to. You don't have to drink that. = You don't need to drink that but you can if you want to. You don't have to tell John. = You can tell John if you want to but itis not necessary. ae ee