Teaching Notes

on
Telephone Instruments

Subject Code: ST - 10

Sl No Content Page No
1 Magneto Telephone 2
2 Selective Ringing Telephone 5
3 PCT SET - 2 Wire, 4 Wire, 2/4 Wire 6
4 Electronic Telephone 7

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 Magneto Telephone

Types
Generator Type
DTMF Push Button Type
DTMF Push Button Type with Selective Ringing & Centralized Power
Supply

Generator Type Magneto telephone

It consists of
Hand Generator
Bell
induction Coil
Handset

Magneto Generator: Magneto Generator consists of a small hand driven A.C.

machine in which a coil of wire wound over a soft iron armature is rotated in a
field of a bank of four permanent magnets. One complete revolution produces AC
which is nearly sinusoidal. When handle is rotated 200 times per minute,
armature rotates 1000 times per minute. Magneto Generators are of two types
Type No 4 Type No 26A

In Type No 4 the armature is wound with insulated copper wire on a soft iron
core, Resistance of winding is about 500 ohms with gear ratio 1:5 or 1:4. A
switching arrangement is provided so that generator is connected to line only
during rotation of handle.
Frequency of Current Generated 16 2/3 Hz
Rotation of handle is 200 RPM
Gear ratio is 5:1
Rotation of Armature is 1000RPM

Magneto Generator type 26A

Here U shaped magnet is used which made of Alnico Alloy
Armature resistance is about 500 ohms & Output is 75V AC at 16 2/3 Hz &
it is 30V with a 400K ohm non-inductive load.

Telephone Bell: Bell is Electromagnetic device which is made to produce a

ringing tone. It has an electromagnet with a pivoted armature to which a
extension rod carrying Hammer at extreme ends is fixed.

Telephone Transmitter: Sound is transmitted through vibrations in the air. By

transmitter sound energy is converted into electrical energy.
The principle of carbon granule transmitter of an ordinary telephone is that
contact resistance between two conductors varies with the area of contact
surfaces of granules. The greater the force, the greater the contact area & lesser
is resistance. Carbon is used as Transducer because it is Cheap, Easily

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manufactured, infusible, not oxidable, High Specific Resistance & Resistance
decreases with increase in Temperature. This Carbon is called Anthracite.

Faults in Transmitter
Dampness
Packing
Frying

Telephone Receivers
Telephone receivers convert electrical energy into sound energy. It
consists of a diaphragm attracted by a permanent magnet. The current passing
through the coils changes the magnetic fields & pulls the Diaphragm. This
varying field also induces eddy currents in the diaphragm whose fields oppose
the field due to the coil. The interactions of the two fields cause vibrations of the
diaphragm which is proportional to the resultant magnetic field produced by the
variable current. Main types of receiver are
Watch type - Type IL
Watch Type – Type 2P
Split Armature Type

Faults in Receiver
Diaphragm too near or too far from the Core
Diaphragm buckling
Loose connection of Terminal Coil
Oxidation of Terminals
Defective Receiving Cord

Hand Set:
Transmitter & Receiver are enclosed in a molded bakelite casing known as
Handset designed such that when ear piece is kept close to ear, Transmitter
comes as near as possible to mouth of Speaker.

Head Set:
It is used by Telephone operator. It has horn shape of mouth piece of the
transmitter & suspending arrangements. The mouth piece can be rotated axially
around the inset cover which provides angular rotation of 120 degree & works as
switch to cut battery supply. The ear piece is provided with a clamp to be
mounted on head. DC resistance of receiver is 60 ohms & impedance 225 ohm
at 1 KHz.

Anti Side Tone

The sound which a speaker hears in his receiver from his own Transmitter is
called Side Tone. A circuit by which Side Tone can be suppressed is called Ante
Side Tone Circuit. A Special Transformer known as Anti Side Tone Induction
coil(ASTIC) is used to minimize side Tone.

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Transmission Bridges: When two parties are interconnected at a telephone
Exchange then they should remain independent for DC energizing, Signalling &
Supervisory but behave like single line as far as speech current is concerned.
This is achieved by Transmission Bridge which is of two types
Stones Transmission Bridge
Hayes Transmission Bridge

Induction Coil:
It is used to
Couple Transmitter & Receiver Inductively to the line so that DC in
transmitter Portion doesn’t pass through receiver.
Allows transmitter & Battery Circuit to be maintained at low
resistance irrespective of length of telephone line.
Separates AC component from pulsating DC to operate the distant
receiver.
Step up in Voltage & Impedance is achieved.

Induction Coil for Auto Telephone consists of 5 windings & 7 Terminals

Terminal 1-2 35 ohm
Terminal 2-4 75 ohm
Terminal 3-5 30 ohm
Terminal 5-6 30 ohm
Terminal 3-7 30 ohm

Induction Coil for Magneto telephone consists of 3 windings & 6 Terminals

Terminal 1-2 1.3 ohm
Terminal 3 -4 17 ohm
Terminal 5 -6 33 ohm

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 Selective Ringing Telephone

4 Way Selective Ringing Telephone

The system provides ringing for four stations selectively on a party line basis.
The codes are designated A, B, C & D and are obtained by altering the polarities
on the two lines as well as earth as follows

Code L1 L2 Earth
A Positive Negative
B Negative Positive
C Positive Positive Negative
D Negative Negative Positive

The telephone is operated by a local battery

Application
For communication between Station Master & Cabin in Yard
Control offices for intercommunication

10 Way Intercommunication Equipment

It Consists of Buzzer, Capacitor, Cords, Terminal Blocks, Headset & 10 point

switch with push button for Signalling. It requires 3V for speech & 9V for
Signalling.

Application
In offices, Workshops, Hospitals, Control office, Railway Stations requiring
5 to 10 line facility.

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 Portable Control Telephone (PCT)

2 wire PCT

This Telephone consists of

Transmitter
Receiver
PTT Switch
Battery
Induction Coil
Capacitors
Diode

Transmitter & Receiver is used for speech transmitting & receiving

Purpose.
PTT switch is used to feed battery to Transmitter.
Induction Coil acts as auto Transformer & used for Side tone
Supression & impedance matching.
Capacitor is used to avoid DC loop formation during hooking.
Diodes are used for Acoustic shock absorption.

4 wire PCT

The 4 wire PCT used in RE area contains 2 coils. One is Trans Coil &
other is Receive Coil. The Telephone Uses Carbon Transmitter &
Receiver. PTT is provided for feeding 3V during speech.

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 Electronic Telephone

Types of Telephone instruments used in Railways

a. Push Button Telephone

Single line
Double Line

b. Main & Extension (1+1) type telephone

c. Hand free Telephone with Caller Id

d. Integrated Telephones
Single Line with Data Connection
Two Line with Speaker phone Facility
Caller Id Compatible
Two Line CLIP with Speaker Phone facility
Cord less Phone

e. Magneto Telephone
Generator Type
DTMF Type
DTMF type with Selective Ringing

f. Control Telephone
2 Wire Control telephone
4 Wire Control telephone

g. Portable Control Telephone (PCT)

2 Wire PCT
4 Wire PCT

h. Cellular Phone / FCT (Fixed Communication Terminal)

i. INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite)

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 Push Button Telephone

The phone in which the dial is a Push button key board type is called as Push button
telephone. Basic parts of a Push Button Telephone are
Telephone Transmitter
Telephone Receiver
Induction Coil
Bell / Buzzer
Dial / Keypad
Condenser
Resistors
Handset
Handset Cord
Line Cord
Cradle Switch

A simple push button telephone circuit consists of the following stages.

Key board matrix stage: To dial the required numbers

Dialler stage: To generate the tone or pulse for the key dialed.
Ringer stage: Produces audible ringing sound.
Sound amplifier stage: To produce the speech during transmitting & receiving.
Voltage dropper stage: To drop Voltage from 48V DC to 5V-12V when handset
is lifted.
Rectifier and protection stage: To give voltage of proper polarity, to limit
any high voltage peaks due to induction on lines.

Key Board
Matrix

Sound
Amplifier Stage
Dialler Stage

Voltage
Dropper
Stage

Rectifier
Protection Stage Ringer Stage

Block Diagram of Push Button Telephone

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Keyboard Matrix: It is provided with a Key pad to enter the subscriber telephone
number. It has 4 Rows R1, R2, R3 & R4 and 3C columns C1, C2 & C3. The key
pad is connected to dialer IC. Minimum 12 numbers of keys are provided on key
pad. A row and the column are shorted when a number on the key pad is
pressed. Keys on the keypad are
0 -9 – To dial telephone Number
R – To repeat the last dialed number
* Or # - To get tone mode dialing
M – To prevent outgoing Speech
P – To get multiples of 2.2 seconds delay between two digits of a number

Dialler Stage: It is connected to Keyboard Matrix, Rectifier Protection Stage &

Speech Amplifier stage. Dialler stage has a Dialler IC which consists of Keyboard
interface Circuit, Oscillatory Circuit, Transmit Amplifier Circuit, Mute Circuit &
Memory Circuit. When a key on Keyboard Matrix is Pressed, Corresponding pins
of Dialler IC are sorted and Pulse or Tone is generated. Some Dialler ICs are
IC M2560G
UM 1032 CP
UM 91214 B or C
HM 91510 B

KB Matrix
Row 1 1 18

Row 2 2 17

3 16

4 15

5 14

6 13

7 12

8 11

9 10

Pin diagram of Dialler IC

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Ringer Stage: Ringer Stage Consists of
Ringer IC
Piezo Electric Buzzer
Cradle hook Switch

Ringer IC: It is an 8 Pin IC which includes Bridge rectifier circuit, Power Supply
Control Circuit, Output Amplifier, Low & High frequency Oscillator Circuit. Some
Ringer ICs are LS 1240, LS 1240A, LS 1240C, TCM 1536 P.

Line 1 8 Line

Ground 2 7 Rectifier Capacitor

Capacitor 3 6 Not connected

O/p Freq. Control 4 5 Buzzer

Pin Diagram of LS 1240A

Piezo Electric Buzzer: It gives audiable sound. It is operated by the tone

produced by the output of the oscillator. It is connected between the output
terminal of output stage of IC, and ground (+ve) through a volume control which
regulates the sound volume.

Cradle Hook Switch: When the handset is on the cradle, the entire Telephone
circuit is disconnected from the lines & only Ringer section is kept connected to
line.

Sound Amplifier Stage: This is also called as Speech stage. It consists of a

speech IC having 18 or 20 pins in special cases. This IC performs al interfacing
functions between the Microphone, the ear phone, the dialer IC and the
Telephone lines.
Functions of Sound Amplifier Stage:
It receives incoming speech, Amplifies it & connects to Speaker.
Amplifies speech current from Microphone & connects to Line.
Suppresses Side Tone by Ante Side Tone circuit.
Performs impedance matching between Telephone Lines, IC circuit, Microphone &
Speaker using equalization Amplifier.
IC used in Sound Amplifier Stage is TEA 1060 or TEA 1061

Voltage dropper section: Telephone instrument gets 40 to 50V DC supply

from the telephone exchange through telephone lines. This high voltage goes to

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voltage dropper section, where it is converted into +9V or +12V as per the
telephone needs.

Rectifier Protection Section: It is also called Polarity Guard.

Functions of Rectifier Protection Section are
To Supply Input voltage of Proper polarity to Telephone Circuit.
Output of Bridge Rectifier is connected to Dialler Section, Voltage Dropper
Section & Ringer Section.

Faults in Push Button Telephone & their Rectification

Faults in Ringer Section

No Ring
Check Ringer IC Pin No 1 & 8 for 24V AC. If ok then check Buzzer Fault,
Volume Control Fault, and Resistance on Pin 4 of IC. If no 24V AC on pin
1 & 8 then check Resistance on Pin 1 & 8 of IC.

Continuous Ring
Capacitor on Pin No 3 of Ringer IC may be Faulty
Change Ringer IC

Intermittent Ringing
Clean Cradle Hook Switch contact & Remove dust & Carbon

Ringing Low
Check Telephone Line Supply
Check the Buzzer
Volume Control Faulty
Ringer IC faulty
Ringer IC Pin No 7 Capacitor faulty

Fault in Key Board Matrix Stage

No Number gets dialled

Clean Key Board Matrix PCB
Clean Push Button Carbon Points
Wrong number gets dialled
This may be due to wrong connection in Key Matrix Connector

Faults in Dialler Stage

No Number gets dialled

Check +ve Voltage on Pin 13 of Dialler IC. It should be 1.5 to 3.5V DC.
Check Resistance on Pin No 9 (270 K ohm)

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 Check Resistance on Pin No 11
Continuous Dialling but no Dialling
Check Dialler IC Pin 6, 7, 8 components
Check Dialler IC Pin 5 resistance (560 K ohm)
Change Dialler IC
Wrong Number gets dialled
Dialler IC may be faulty

Faults in Sound Amplifier Stage

No incoming & outgoing speech

Any diode of bridge rectifier faulty
Any one Transistors Q7, Q8, Q11, Q12 faulty
Sound Amplifier IC may be faulty
Pin No 15 not getting Signals
Check Supply on Pin 1
No dialing but when push button is pressed Illusion of Dial tone comes
Sound Amplifier IC Pin 12 Resistance (100 K ohm) open
Diode on Pin 12 (IN 4148) faulty
Pin 11 Resistance (3.9 K ohm) may be faulty
Instead of dial tone high frequency Oscillation Comes
IC TEA 1060 Pin 14 Capacitor Open
IC TEA 1060 Pin 18 Resistance (390 ohm) open.
IC TEA 1060 faulty
Speaker Sound very Low
Microphone self sound is heard on speaker
Incoming speech not able to hear
Change Sound Amplifier IC

Periodic maintenance of Telephone

Daily Maintenance:
Routine check of important numbers
Weekly maintenance
Cleaning of telephone Instrument
Loose connection & Dry Solder in PCB of faulty telephone are attended.
Checking of transmitter & Receiver, Replacement of faulty components,
checking Rosette.
Monthly Maintenance
Once in a month maintenance done along with JE & all faulty telephones
attended.
Half Yearly Maintenance
Meggering of subscriber cables
Loop Resistance Test
Transmission Test of all Cables
Lacing of Boxes
Replacement of corroded terminal strips

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Painting of CT Box with particulars
All the records to be properly maintained

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