the ULTIMATE

BIOLOGY
Study Guide
2018—2019

YOU

The EOC

Ms. Bea's biology

visit www.msbeasbiology.com for additional resources and videos
email me at [email protected] with any questions!!!
 The Scientific Method

Observations and Data

Quantitative Qualitative
 Parts of an Experiment

Independent (Test) Variable—

Dependent (Outcome) Variable—

Control Group—

Experimental (Test) Group—

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

How is science both durable and open to change?

 Properties of Water
Draw a water molecule.

Circle one. Polar or Nonpolar

Covalent or Ionic

What is special about hydrogen bonding?

Explain the importance of each property of water.

Hydrogen bonds—

Universal solvent—

Cohesion/adhesion—

Density—

High specific heat—

Capillary action—

Label the process of transpiration in the tree. Make sure to include

the xylem, evaporation, sunlight, CO2, cohesion, and adhesion.

Draw a carbon atom. Include the electrons on the outside. Why is

carbon the basic building block of living things? How many bonds
can it form?
Macro- Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
molecule

Chemical
composition

Monomer

Function

*Special type of bond called

peptide bonds, form amino acids
that form proteins

Examples
Monomers  Polymers Monosaccharides
 Polysaccharides

* Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen

(O) are in all 4 macromolecules

*Nitrogen (N) is an element contained in

proteins, not carbs and lipids. Phosphorous
(P) is an element contained in only nucleic
acids.

Enzymes (function as biological catalysts)

Define—

Draw the lock and key model. Label the substrate, enzyme, and
activation site.

Circle all that apply: a. Start chemical reactions

b. Speed up chemical reactions
c. Slow down chemical reactions
d. Slow down chemical reactions

Acids 0—4
Bases 8—10
Neutral 7
What is the pH of blood?
The Cell
How did each scientist contribute?
Leuwenhoek—
Hooke—
Schlieden—
Schwann—
Virchow—

Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

The Cell Membrane

Made of phospholipids!
 Semipermeable
 Bilayer (two layers)
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 Eukaryote/ Plant/
Organelle/
Prokaryote/ Animal/ Function
Structure
Both Both
Nucleus

Nucleolus

Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Vacuole

Plasmid

Chromosomes
Label the plant cell.

Label the animal cell.

 Label the prokaryotic cell.

Endosymbiotic theory = how complex (eukaryotic ) cells evolved

What evidence supports this theory?

Passive transport requires _____________________.
Moves from _______ to ________ concentration.
Diffusion—movement from _______ to ________
concentration. Factors that affect diffusion:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Facilitated diffusion—

Carrier protein—
Does it require energy?

Osmosis—

Define each of the three terms below.

Active transport does not require _______________.
Active transport moves toward/against (circle one) the
concentration gradient.

Example: Molecules with charges (+/-) moved by pumps

Bulk Transport
Endocytosis (two types: phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

**Think “endo-” within

Exocytosis

**Think “exo-” out

Chemical equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

Chemical equation for CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

Steps of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
Opposite from photosynthesis
(write both equations and compare reactants and products):
 $
Substrat�evel
$
Substrate-level
phosphorylatlon phosphorylation

CHLOf.?OPLAST

• Found in (most) photosynthetic eukaryotes • Found in (most) eukaryotes

• Used for photosynthesis • Used for cellular respiration

respiration
HEAT ENERGY
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration requires
__________________. Anaerobic
respiration does not require
________________.

Fermentation—

Two kinds:
1.
2.

Alcoholic Fermentation

What organisms use this?

Examples of products produced:

Lactic Acid Fermentation

What organisms/cells use this?

Cell Cycle

Interphase:
Gap 1—
Synthesis—
Gap 2—

Cells divide at different rates. What is G0 and what are some

cells that go through G0?

What limits cell size? _________________

As cells grow, _________ increases faster than _________.
**Must have adequate exchange of material.

Label the chromosome. Include the centromere, telomere, and sister

chromatids. Label which is the chromosome and which is the duplicated
chromosome.
Describe what is happening at each phase.
Unregulated Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is controlled by:
 Internal factors—
 External factors—
Apoptosis—
What causes cancer?

Benign tumors—

Malignant tumors—

Reproduction by Cell Division

Binary fission—

Used by organisms like…

Cells  Tissues Organs  Organ systems  Organism

Stem cells—
 Meiosis
Creates Somatic OR Automatic cells (circle one)
Diploid OR Haploid
Halves chromosome number OR preserves

Mitosis vs. Meiosis (circle one)

Mitosis Meiosis
Produces genetically identical/ Produces genetically identical/
unique cells unique cells
Haploid/diploid Haploid/diploid
Body cells/somatic cells Body cells/somatic cells
Throughout life/certain times Throughout life/certain times
Asexual reproduction/sexual Asexual reproduction/sexual
reproduction/both reproduction/both
Meiosis consists of two stages:
1.
2.

Meiosis I divides _____________ chromosomes.

Meiosis II divides ____________ chromatids. It
__________ chromosome number.

Label where crossing over and independent assortment

occurs.

Crossing over—

Independent assortment—

Crossing over and independent assortment create

_______________ ______________.

What is beneficial about crossing over and independent

assortment? What is beneficial about halving chromosome
number?
Gregor Mendel = The Father of ____________
Describe Gregor Mendel’s experiment:
Used __________ plants.
Observed __________ traits.
P generation =
F1 generation =
F2 generation =
Which generation is the hybrid generation? ______

Heredity- The passing of ______ from

_______ to _________.
Gene—a part of a chromosome that
codes for a trait.
Alleles—an allele is one of two or more
versions of a gene.

An individual inherits ______ alleles for each gene, one from

their ______ and one from their _____.

Dominant—
Ex:
Recessive—
Ex:
Homozygous—
Heterozygous—

Label the chromosomes below. Label the gene (flower color) and
the allele for the dominant and recessive traits. Purple is dominant
to white. Is this individual heterozygous or homozygous?
 Genotype—
Ex:
Phenotype—
Ex:

Incomplete Dominance Codominance

Definition: Definition:

Example: Example:

Which would be a blend of traits? ____________________

Where would you see both traits? ____________________
Blood type is an example of: ____________________
Pink flowers are an example of: ____________________

Monohybrid crosses demonstrate Mendel’s Law of ______________.

Dihybrid crosses demonstrate Mendel’s Law of ______________.

Sexual production increases genetic ___________________.

Factors that contribute:
_____________ ____________, which occurs during prophase I
_____________ ____________, which occurs during metaphase I

The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the

(more/least) likely they are to be separated by crossing over and
vice versa.
Consider a population of birds: for the red-throated bird, red
throat is the dominant trait and white throat is recessive. Since the
“red-throat code” and the “white-throat code” are alleles (two
forms of the same gene), we abbreviate them with two forms of
the same letter. “R” should be used for the dominant allele/trait
(red throat) and “r” for the recessive allele/trait (white throat).

Make a Punnett square for two heterozygous red throated birds.

Genotypic ratio:
Genotypic percent:
Phenotypic ratio:
Phenotypic percent:

Make a Punnett square for a white flower plant and a

heterozygous red flower plant. What are the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios?

Genotypic ratio:
Genotypic percent:
Phenotypic ratio:
Phenotypic percent:

Humans have _____ pair(s) of autosomes and _____pair(s) of sex

chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes are represented by the letters ____ and ____.
Males have ____ and females have ____.

What are sex-linked genes? Who are impacted the most and why?
Give some examples of conditions that are sex-linked.
What is depicted below?

Circle the sex

chromosomes. Is the
individual male or
female?

How many total pairs

are there? How many
are autosomes?
DNA is the universal code for all organisms.
DNA is made up of 4 types of ______________.

Purines Pyrimidines
A T
G C

Nucleotide has three parts:

1.
2.
3.
Which is different for each of the four?

_____________ and ____________ (what two scientists?)

determined the 3-D structure of DNA. They saw that DNA
is a single/double (circle one) helix with a sugar-phosphate
backbone on in/out side (circle one) and bases on the in/out
side (circle one). The phosphate backbone is joined by
hydrogen/covalent (circle one) bonds and the bases are
joined by hydrogen/covalent (circle one) bonds.

Chargaff Base Pairing Rules

A____________ pairs with T______________

G____________ pairs with C______________

Write the complementary strand to:

ATTCGTGCTAAGTCTAGCTAC
DNA REPLICATION
Occurs in what stage of the cell cycle? _________________
Occurs in the cytoplasm/nucleus (circle one).
What is copied? ___________________________________
How many DNA strands result? __________
Are they identical?__________
______ serves as a template.
What unzips the double helix?____________ Highlight it on
the below diagram.
What joins the free floating nucleotides to the
strand?_____________ Highlight it on the below diagram.
Which structure contains proofreading that can check for
mutations and find and correct errors? _________________

Results in _______ strands: the original and a newly

formed, identical strand.
 TRANSCRIPTION
Converts _________ into __________.
Occurs in the cytoplasm/nucleus (circle one).
(DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so it needs a messenger…
messenger RNA or mRNA)

DNA vs. RNA (circle one)

DNA RNA
Deoxyribose/Ribose sugar Deoxyribose/Ribose sugar
Thymine/Uracil Thymine/Uracil
Single/Double stranded Single/Double stranded

Write the complementary mRNA strand:

GTATGTCTATTGTATCGAGAT

Highlight the structure (ENZYME) that catalyzes transcription.

Replication can make (one/many) (copy/copies) (circle one).

Transcription can make (one/many) (copy/copies) (circle one).
TRANSLATION Converts ___________________ to
_____________________. Occurs in the cytoplasm/nucleus
(circle one).
Makes amino acids, which make ________________________.

Codons—

Codons pair to amino acids. Each codon is ___ letters long.

How many types of amino acids? ______
What is the START codon?
Involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
mRNA =
tRNA =
rRNA =

Label the rRNA (ribosome). Include the small and large subunit,
mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids.
 Central Dogma

Mutations—

Point mutation—

Frameshift mutation—

Chromosomal mutation—
Mutations in (germ cells/somatic cells) are passed down to
offspring.

What are some things that can cause mutations?

Biotechnology

Restriction enzymes act like ___________________ and

cut _________ in different ways
Where do they cut? At _____________ _______________

What is CRISPER?

What is hydroponics?

Why do we need to make changes to our food production

system?

What are some pros and cons of GMOs (Genetically

Modified Organisms)???
Genetic engineering—

Cloning —

Recombinant DNA—

Bacterial plasmids—

Transgenic organism—

Gene sequencing—

What is the Human Genome Project?

Bioinformatics—

DNA microarrays—

Proteomics—

Genetic screening—

Gene therapy—

GMOs—

Stem cells—
Evolution
Describe the contributions made by each.
Charles Bonnet—
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck—
Charles Lyell—
Thomas Malthus—
Charles Darwin—
Darwin’s voyage to the __________ Islands provided insight on
evolution.
• Galápagos __________ that lived in areas with tall plants had
long necks and legs.
• Darwin observed that each island had its own type of ________
(what type of bird?) with different _____________.

Darwin’s Observations:

 Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient Earth.

 Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that resembled modern animals.
 Darwin found fossil shells high up in the Andes Mountains.
 He saw land move from underwater to above sea level due to an
earthquake.
 Darwin extended his observations to the evolution of organisms.
 Theories of Geologic Change
Fill out according to the explanation.

Scientist that
Theory proposed the Explanation
theory
Changes in the earth's crust
during geological history
have resulted chiefly from
sudden violent and unusual
events.
The same processes that are
at work on Earth today were
the same in the past. Used to
compare fossils from
different layers to see
differences across time.
Evolution proceeds chiefly
by the accumulation of
gradual changes.

Match the theory with the description.

_________________ ___________________ _________________

A variation is a in a physical
trait.
Variation includes differences between individual
members of a population.
is random change in the DNA
of a gene.
 Can form a new allele
 Can be passed on to offspring if in
reproductive cells

forms new combinations of

alleles.
 Usually occurs during meiosis
(prophase I of meiosis I)
 Parents’ alleles are arranged in new
ways in gametes

is the crossing of two

different species.
 Occurs when individuals can’t find
mate of own species
 4 Stages of Natural Selection:
1. Overproduction:

2. Variation:

3. Selection:

4. Adaptation/descent with modification:

Label steps 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the four stages of natural selection.

For natural selection to occur, traits must be ______________.

There must be ___________ in a population for natural
selection to occur.
Natural selection (creates new traits/acts on existing traits).
Fitness—
Evolution occurs in (organisms/populations).
 Evidence for Evolution
1. Fossils
Fossils in higher layers are (older/younger) than lower layers.

2. Anatomy (including embryology)

Homologous structures—

Ex:

Vestigial structures—

Ex:

Analogous structures—

Ex:

Which structure does not provide evidence of a common

ancestor? _______________________
Homologous structures show (divergent/convergent) evolution.
Analogous structures show (divergent/convergent) evolution.

3. Molecular evidence
**DNA is the universal code.
The more closely related the more (similar/dissimilar) the DNA
sequences.
The more closely related the (more/less) nucleotides shared.

4. Biogeography

Five Features that lead to Evolution:

1. Genetic drift
2. Gene flow
3. Mutations
4. Sexual selection
5. Natural selection
Gene flow is the
_____________of alleles
between populations.

Gene flow keeps

neighboring
populations
(similar/different).

(Low/High) gene flow

increases the chance
that two populations
will evolve into
different species.

Genetic drift causes a

(gain/loss) of genetic
diversity.

It is most common in
(large/small)
populations.

A population bottleneck
occurs when an event
drastically
(reduces/increases) the
population. Ex:

The founder effect occurs when a smaller population breaks

off from a larger one and starts a new population.

Speciation—

Populations can become isolated from:

 Behavioral barriers
 Geographic barriers
 Temporal barriers
 Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution
Definition: Definition:

(Homologous/Analogous) (Homologous/Analogous)

Coevolution—

Give a beneficial and competitive example:

Background extinctions vs. mass extinctions:

What are the benefits of being bipedal?

How did skulls change overtime? Why did they change?

Earth’s Early Atmosphere:
(Reducing atmosphere) Water vapor, nitrogen, nitrogen
oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen,
hydrogen sulfide…What is missing?
_____________________

What experiment did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

do? What did they prove?

What is the RNA World theory? Why is RNA thought to

have come before DNA?
Classification
Linnaean System of Classification

___________ ___________ created the binomial

naming system.
The first part of the name is the _____________.
This is always capitalized and italicized.
The second part of the name is the ___________.
This is always italicized, but lowercase.
Make your own acronym for the classification system.

Domain D
Kingdom K
Phylum P
Class C
Order O
Family F
Genus G
Species S

Classification is based on _____________

_____________.
Molecular evidence has made evolutionary trees
more _______________ by allowing scientists to
compare species at a molecular level.
Molecular evidence yields information about the
relatedness of species that observation of physical
traits cannot.
Cladograms, or phylogenetic trees, show the
_________________among organisms.
Branch points represent:
Nodes represent:
Would the common ancestor be to the far left or
right?
Label the nodes of the cladogram using the following
characteristics: feathers, lungs, fur & mammary glands, jaws,
claws/nails.

Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time.

____________________ DNA is found only in the

mitochondria and inherited from the mother.
The mutation rate of mtDNA is ____ times faster than that of
nuclear DNA.
This makes it a good molecular clock for (closely
related/distantly related) (circle one) species.
____________________ DNA has a slower mutation rate;
this makes it good for studying distantly related species.
_________rates are better for studying closely-related species.
_________rates are better for studying distantly-related species.

The Three Domains

1.
2.
3.
Domain Characteristics Kingdoms Specific
Name Included Examples
 Major Heterotroph Unicellular or 3 specific characteristics
Kingdom or multicellular?
autotroph?
Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista
 Ecology

Individual/organism—

Population—

Community—

Ecosystem—

Biome—

Biosphere—

Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors

Definition: Definition:

Examples: Examples:

Biodiversity—

Keystone species—
 Producer (Autotrophs) Consumer (Heterotrophs)
Definition: Definition:

Examples: Examples:

Herbivores eat ____________. Ex:

Carnivores eat ____________. Ex:
Omnivores eat __________ and __________. Ex:
Detritivores eat ___________. Ex:
Decomposers _____________________. Ex:

Specialists—
Generalists—

Draw a basic food chain. Label types of consumers.

Trophic Levels

What happens to energy moving

up? Energy increases/decreases
(circle one)

Only ____% of energy transferred

between each level

Which level has the largest

population? The smallest?

Which level receives the least

energy? The most?
 Essential Biogeochemical cycles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*Matter recycles on the Earth. Energy flows in from the sun out to
the universe.
Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy—

Label the hydrologic cycle

Label the oxygen cycle. Include cellular respiration,

photosynthesis, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Carbon Cycle
What is the basic
building block of
life?

What processes
release carbon into
the atmosphere?

Where would you

find carbon sinks?

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria—

Nitrifying bacteria—

Denitrifying
bacteria—

Phosphorous Cycle
**Mainly deals with
weathering and rocks
 Habitat Niche
Think biotic and abiotic Think the role of an
factors organism
of where an organism lives
Ex: Ex:

Competitive exclusion:

Competition—

Interspecific—

Intraspecific—

Predation—

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Definition

Example

+/+, +/-,
+/0
Population density = # of individuals
area

Factions that affect the size of population. Label with +

(increase) or – (decrease).
 Immigration
 Births
 Emigration
 Deaths

Match the graph to the population growth pattern.

a. Exponential Growth
b. Logistic Growth

What is the carrying capacity?

What factors contribute to carrying capacity?

Limiting factors—

Density Dependent Density Independent

Exam Study Tips:
1. DO NOT CRAM, cramming causes anxiety which lowers
your ability to retain information.
2. 20-50 minute increments and giving yourself 5-10
minutes in between is more beneficial than cramming
3. Eat a lot of healthy snacks like nuts and fruits when
you're studying to help your brain
4. Don't pull all nighters, get a good night sleep before the
test, but review the hardest material once before bed.
5. Highlight all of the material that is hardest for you in one
color so you can focus on that more later!
6. Eat breakfast!
7. Chew gum or have peppermints during the exam, the
mint stimulates your memory!
Biosphere—
Geosphere—
Hydrosphere—
Atmosphere—

What is climate? How is it different from weather?

What factors affect climate?

 Marine Ecosystem

Freshwater Ecosystems

Estuaries—

Ponds/lakes—

More population = More resources

Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources
Definition: Definition:

Examples: Examples:

How do fossil fuel emissions impact the biosphere?

Explain pollution, smog, and acid rain.
 How is air pollution changing the atmosphere? Explain
the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Indicator species—

What process does this

graphic represent?

How does this process

affect humans, for
instance, in terms of
limiting consumption
of certain kinds of
fish?

Human actions can cause:

Loss of biodiversity—

Habitat fragmentation—

Invasive species—

What are conservation methods that humans have taken? Include

technological, political, and interactional methods.
Where did early plant life begin? (Land/Water)
Land plants evolved from (green algae/angiosperms).
Which plant above uses spores for reproduction? ____________
Which uses cones? _________________
Which use seeds? ________________ & _______________
Which uses flowers? _________________
List all the plant types that have roots:
_________________ __________________ _______________
Circle all the nonvascular plants. Draw a box around the vascular
plants.

Which tissue is on the

outside of the plant?

Which tissue transports

materials through the plant?

Which tissue secretes the

cuticle?

Which tissue provides

support and stores materials?
 Highlight the source. Draw a box
around the sink.

Xylem transport___________and
_____________.
Xylem use __________________
to move materials up. Xylem
move materials (up/down) the
plant.

Phloem transport
__________and_____________.
Phloem use_________________
to
move materials. Phloem move
materials (up/down/up and down)
the plant.

Cohesion and Pressure flow model

adhesion, transpiration
Tracheid Sieve tube elements &
companion cells
Roots to leaves Source to sink
 Structure Function

Roots

Stems

Leaves

**Leaf adaptations for extreme temperatures (pine needles), water loss (cactus
spines), aquatic environments (water lily), getting food (Venus flytrap).

Label the parts of the flower.

Flower Reproductive Parts

Male Organs Female Organs
 Flowers can be pollinated by ________ or _________.
**Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.
Where does fertilization take place?
What is the male gametophyte? The female?
___________________ _____________________

**Seeds begin to grow when conditions are favorable

What is a seed?
What are fruits?
Gymnosperms reproduce using __________.

**Plant life spans can be annual, biennial, or perennial.

 Label the major structures of the brain.

Brain Structure Function

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Hypothalamus

Spinal Cord

Frontal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe
 Label the aorta, right and left atria, right and left
ventricles, and the pulmonary artery.

Function
Arteries

Capillaries

Veins
Indicate whether each factor would increase (+) or
decrease (-) blood pressure.

Sickle-shaped blood cells ______

Blood vessels dilate ______
Heart rate increases ______
Plaque in arteries ______
Obesity ______
Blood vessels constrict ______
Weight loss ______

Pulmonary circulation occurs

between the heart and the
___________.
Oxygen-poor blood enters the
(lungs/heart).
Excess (CO2/O2) is expelled,
blood picks up (CO2/O2) and
returns to the (lungs/heart).

Systemic circulation occurs

between the heart and the
___________.
Oxygen-rich blood goes to the
____________.
Oxygen-poor blood returns to
the (heart/lungs).
Disease-causing agents are called _________________.
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Fungi
 Protozoa
 Parasites

Pathogens can be transferred by indirect or direct

contact.
Indirect—
Ex:
Direct—
Ex:
How does each contribute to the first line of
defense?
Skin—
Mucous—

White blood cells—

Phagocytes—
T cells ___________ infected cells.
B cells produce ___________.

Immunity
Passive Active (acquired)
Mark as either nonspecific response (NR) or
specific response (SR).

Inflammation _____
Antigens _____
Memory cells _____
Fever _____
Acquired immunity _____

Antibiotics—

Antibiotics work against _____________.

Why are they ineffective against viruses?

Vaccines—

Vaccines help to produce (passive/acquired)

immunity.
Label the female reproductive system.

Females produce (ova/sperm) (circle one).

Female hormone (testosterone/estrogen) (circle one).
Female reproductive system provides a place for the
_____________ to develop.

Follicle-stimulating hormone—

Luteinizing hormone—

Amniotic fluid—
Placenta—
Umbilical cord—
Label the male reproductive system.

Males produce (ova/sperm) (circle one).

Male hormone (testosterone/estrogen) (circle one).

Describe the pathway sperm takes from the male

system to the female system.

How does temperature affect sperm production?

When does fertilization occur?

Label each developmental phase as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd
trimester.

Hair, fingernails, toenails _______

Brain begins rapid growth _______
Eyes open _______
Fetus responds more strongly _______
Heart, brain, intestines, pancreas, _______
liver are forming
Cerebral hemispheres _______
Arms and legs _______
First movements felt _______
Joints and bones form _______
Heartbeat _______

Three Stages of Birth

1. Contraction—

2. Emergence—

3. Expulsion of placenta—