Define the following:

a. Drainage – is defined as the means of collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water originating in or
near the right of way, or flowing in stream crossings or bordering the right of way.
b. Hydrology – is the branch of physical geography that deals with waters of the earth.
c. Manhole – a small covered opening in a floor, pavement, or other surface to allow a person to enter, especially
an opening in a city street leading to a sewer.
d. Inlets – Inlets collect water from a parking lots and convey it to an underground storm drain system. Drain inlets
incorporated into a curb and gutter systems are called curb inlets.
e. Catch Basins – A catch basin is an engineered drainage structure with the sole function of collecting rainwater ad
snowmelt from streets and parking lots and transporting it to local waterways through system of underground
piping, culverts, and drainage ditches.
f. Channel – is a hollow bed for a natural or artificial waterway
g. Culverts – a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side
to the other side. It may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material.
h. Slope failure - Is a phenomenon that a slope collapses abruptly due to weakened self-retainability of the earth
under the influence of a rainfall or an earthquake.
i. Slide - Refers to several forms of mass wasting that include a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls,
deep seated slope failures, mudflows and debris flows
j. Rotational Slide - the downward and outward movement of a mass on top of a concave upward failure surface.
k. Translational Slide - a mass that slides downward and outward on top of an inclined planar surface
l. Block or wedge failure - Wedge failure may occur when the line of intersection of two discontinuities, forming
the wedge-shaped block, plunges in the same direction as the slope face and the plunge angle is less than the
slope angle but greater than the friction angle along the planes of failure. It also refers to the displacement of of
an intact mass of soil due to the action of an adjacent zone of earth.
m. Flow Failure – A flow involves a lateral movement of soil having a characteristic of viscous fluid, although the
actual consistency of the moving mass may vary from very wet to dry.
n. Spread Failure – refers to the occurrence of multi-directional lateral movement by a fractured soil mass.
Earthquake is a typical cause of lateral spreads.
o. Retaining Wall - It also called revetment or breast wall, freestanding wall that either resists some weight on one
side or prevents the erosion of an embankment. It may also be “battered”—that is, inclined toward the load it is
bearing.
p. Distortion (Concrete) - is a vertical displacement of concrete slab at the joints or cracks. Distortion is due to
failure or weakness of concrete joints.
q. Cracking – can take many forms in concrete pavements which could be a result of either: from applied load or
from temperature changes. The most common type of cracks are: a) Corner cracks associated with excessive
corner deflection b) transverse cracks associated with mixture or temperature stresses, or poor construction
methods.
r. Disintegration – appears in the form of durability cracking, scaling or spalling as the result of mix design or
construction related problems such as:
a. Durability cracking – result from freeze-thaw action
b. Scaling – a network of shallow fine hairline cracks which extend though the upper surface of the
concrete. This is the result from deicing salts, improper construction, freeze-thaw cycle, steel
reinforcement to close to the surface.
c. Spalling – is the breaking or chipping of the joint edges. It is the result from excessive stresses at joint,
weak concrete poorly designed or constructed joints
s. Transverse Expansion joint - A joint that makes allowance for thermal expansion of the parts joined without
distortion.
t. Longitudinal Joint – are joints provided between adjacent traffic lanes. It is considered as hinges to provide edge
support but allow rotation between the slabs.
 u. Construction Joints - A separation provided in a building/road that allows its component parts to move with
respect to each other.

What are the two sources of water and the drainages related to them?
The highway engineer is concerned primarily with two sources of water. The first, surface water, is that which occurs as
rain or snow. Some of this is absorbed into the soil, and the remainder remains on the surface of the ground and should
be removed from the highway pavement. Drainage for this source of water is referred to as surface drainage. The second
source, ground water, is that which flows in underground streams. This may become important in highway cuts or at
locations where a high water table exists near the pavement structure. Drainage for this source is referred to as subsurface
drainage.

What are the parts of hydrology that concerns highway engineers?

The parts of hydrology that concern highway engineers are:
1. The frequency and intensity of precipitation.
2. The frequency that this precipitation brings the highest run-off that are equal or exceed certain critical values.
3. The distribution of precipitation through the seasons that influence the water behavior and affect the highway
surfaces.
4. The prediction regarding future rainfall or run-off from gathered statistical approaches, formula or simulated
method which are all based on the laws of probability.

What are the methods of predicting run-off?

Run-off is predicted based on the following methods:
1. By Rational Methods
2. By Empirical Formula
3. By the unit Hydrography
4. By statistical Approaches
5. By simulation

What are the Cardinal Rules on Drainage Design?

1. As much as possible, any existing drainage system patterns and soil cover should not be disturbed.
2. Necessary changes in the drainage patterns should not in any manner bring velocities that may create new erosion
problems.

What are the steps when doing drainage economic considerations?

1. Determine the estimated initial investment cost.
2. Consider the maintenance cost or outlay
3. Consider the anticipated loss and damage for each solution

Under the foregoing considerations, the annual appropriation for possible damage or economic loss is equal to the
estimated losses from floods of various magnitude, multiplied by the probability that these floods will occur once in
every 5 years, then the annual loss of flood damage is P200,000 divided by 5 years or P40,000 per year.

What problems are usually encountered in the design and construction of roadways?
The problems usually encountered in the design and construction of roadways are:
1. The stability of fill sand slope
2. The drainage
3. Capillarity and frost heave
4. Permafrost
5. Elasticity and rutting

What are the natural causes of change in conditions of a slope?

Change in natural conditions of a slope may be the result from the following:
1. Occurrence of earthquake
 2. Subsidence of underground cavern
3. Erosion
4. Slope weakening due to the development of cracks or shrinkage cracks that are followed by water intrusions
5. Variations in the elevation of ground water or a change in the slope subsurface flow which create new seepage
forces.
6. Weakening of buried soil or rock seams due to ground water flow or chemical leaching

What are the man induced changes in the condition of a slope?

Man induced changes are:
1. Increased loading on a slope or near its crest
2. Removal of earth below the toe of a slope
3. Removal of materials from a slope such as earth moving, excavation, change in elevation from one area to another
that may create slope failure
4. Landslide or other conditions caused by man

Give at least five ways of improving the slope stability.

Enumerated are procedures adopted in the past which have been successful in stabilizing slopes:
1. Corrective and preventive measures such as reducing the mass or loading have successfully prevented further
slides.
2. Improving the shear strength of the earth in the failure zone by constructing structural elements that will provide
resistance to movement.
3. Consider the characteristics of the soil in the slope such as:
a. The thickness and depth of the materials involved in sliding.
b. The ground water conditions
c. The spaces available to undertake corrective changes
d. The topographical conditions at the vicinity of the slope and the tendency for changes such as the advent
of the seismic and vibratory loading’s to occur.
4. Where area is available, flattening of the slope can be done to reduce the weight of the mass that tends to slide.
5. If base failure is anticipated, placement of beam below the toe of the slope will increase movement resistance.
6. If the zone below the toe is susceptible to severe erosion, a protective rock fill blanket and riprap can be installed
at the toe area.
7. To prevent infiltration and erosion to reduce seepage force, the stone subsurface water and intercept surface
water should be lowered.
8. If the soil is cohesionless, the shear strength of the slope material can be improved through densification by using
explosives of vibroflotation or terra probe procedures.
9. For cohesive soils, shear strength could be improved by consolidation and water content reduction through
surcharging which may include wick drains, electro osmosis and thermal drying.
10. Where the weak condition is critical to the stability of the slope, grouting and injection methods could be utilized
to add cementing and bonding agent.
11. Pile driving, sheet piling and retaining walls are utilized to provide lateral support and increase resistance of slope
tending to stocks.
12. Improvement and protective methods such as slope flattening and drainage control are preferred for economical
reasons