Review on sheep and goat fattening and marketing system in

Ethiopia

BY, SEIDAYALEW
ADVISOR: ARSE GEBEYEHU (MSc)

A seminar paper
Submitted to the Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture and veterinary medicine Jimma University, in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Senior
Seminar (AnSc, 441)

JANUARY 2019
JIMMA ETHIOPIA

i
 Table of contents
Contents page
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ......................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. v
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Literature review ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Sheep and Goat Production System in Ethiopia ................................................................................ 3
2.1.1. High land sheep barley production system ................................................................................. 3
2.1.2. Mixed crop livestock production system .................................................................................... 3
2.1.3. Pastoral and agro-pastoral production system............................................................................. 4
2.1.4. Urban and pre urban production system ..................................................................................... 4
2.2. Sheep and Goat Fattening Practice .................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Fattening systems ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1.1. Traditional fattening systems ................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1.2. Agro-industrial byproduct based fattening system .................................................................. 5
2.3.2. Feed Resource and Feeding Practice........................................................................................... 6
2.3.1. Roughages ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2. Concentrate ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.4. Selection of Sheep and Goats for Fattening ....................................................................................... 7
2.5.1. Housing System and Hygiene ..................................................................................................... 9
2.5.2. Watering practice ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.5.3. Health care practice ................................................................................................................... 10
2.6. Marketing System and Constraints .................................................................................................. 10
2.7. Constraints of Sheep and Goat Production ...................................................................................... 11
2.8 Risks Associated with Sheep and Goat Fattening ............................................................................. 12
5. Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 15

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

AEZ Agro Ecological Zone

BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
CF Crude Fiber
CP Crude Protein
CSA Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency
EARO Ethiopian Agriculture Research Organization
EPA Ethiopian Privatization Agency
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
G Gram
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IBC Institute of Biodiversity Conservation
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
KG Kilogram
MASL Meter Above Sea Level
ME Metabolizable Energy
MJ Mega Jules
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I like to thank all might Allah the most Gracious the most
Merciful the Self-Sufficient master whom all creatures need and without
His will nothing can be possible. Secondly, I would like to express my
deepest and sincere gratitude to my advisor ARSE GEBEYEHU (MSc),
for his excellent guidance and comments to shape the review paper.
Thirdly would like to express my deepest gratitude to my families for
supporting financially not only performed the senior seminar work but
also any requirements that used to my educational success until this time.
Lastly, these acknowledgements would not be complete without giving
huge thanks to JUCAVM ICT Centre for their continuous internet access.
ABSTRACT

This senior seminar is providing form different research reports and journal, which
deal with shoat fattening practice and marketing in Ethiopia. The objective of this
paper is to review sheep and goat fattening practice and marketing system in
Ethiopia. Sheep and goat fattening in Ethiopia has been recognized as a potential
profitable activity that enhances the income of smallholder farmers. In spite of the
large population of sheep and goat, and the role of sheep and goat both to the
livelihood of resource-poor farmers and the national economy at large; the current
level of on-farm productivity in the smallholder production systems is low; with off-
take rate 33% and average lamb carcass weight of 10 kg. Sheep and goat in the
export market value chain starting from pastoral markets to export abattoirs and
live animal exporters. The annual national mutton and goat meat production is 78
and 62 thousand MT (Metric Tons), respectively, largely because of the high average
off take rates estimated to be about 35% for sheep and 38% for goats. However, this
potential contribution of sheep and goat fattening is not supported by research in
developing country particularly in Ethiopia. Different management systems like
feeding, housing, health care; selection of sheep and goat like age group, breed,
castration and body condition of shoat are also important observable attributes
influencing formation of sheep and goat fattening. Fattening involves intensive
feeding of sheep and goats to slaughter weight with adequate finish (fat deposit) in
feedlots. Marketing of sheep and goats is characterized by strong seasonality and
subject to fluctuation. Demand and price increases during festival periods.

Key words: fattening practice, marketing system, sheep and goat

1. INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia has diverse agro-ecological zones suitable for livestock production.
Agricultural scenario in Ethiopia is characterized by the pastoralism in low land area,
and mixed farming system in mid and highland areas (CSA, 2012). Ethiopia is a
home for many livestock species and suitable for livestock production and believed
to have the largest livestock population in Africa (Tilahun and schnidt 2012).

The livestock production systems are predominantly categorized as agropastorial

system in the lowlands, and mixed crop-livestock system in the highlands.
Traditionally fattening of animals in both systems concentrates on male animals and
females which are either infertile or have finished their reproductive cycle. In the
lowland agropastorial system, grazing is the most common source of feed, whereas
the highland mixed crop livestock system, crop residues are the most important
source of animal feed (Elias et al., 2007).

Sheep and goats are owned by smallholder farmers as an integral part of the livestock
subsector and contribute to both subsistence and cash income generation (Ehuis et
al., 2000). Sheep and goat are rear in various agro-ecological condition of the
country. The suitability of an area for either animal or crop production, and the type
of animal or crop to be produced depends on the agro-ecological conditions of the
area(Tolera and Abebe, 2007).

Sheep and goat fattening in Ethiopia has been recognized as a potential profitable
activity that enhances the income of smallholder farmers (Pasha, 2006). In spite of
the large population of sheep and goat, and the role of sheep and goat both to the
livelihood of resource-poor farmers and the national economy at large; the current

1
level of on-farm productivity in the smallholder production systems is low; with off-
take rate 33% and average lamb carcass weight of 10 kg (EPA, 2002)..
Constraints can be grouped into socio economic limitation(infrastructure: Ethiopia
has one of the lowest density of roads of any country, those forcing shoat in almost
all cases to trek long distance; policy issues: sheep and goat fattening and natural
resources management are influenced by absence of sheep and goat fattening policy,
pricing policy, community organization and participation), and technical limitation:
feed quantity and quality, breeds of sheep and goat, and pests and disease
(Alemayehu, 2002).

Therefore, this review provides organized information on sheep and goat production
system, management of sheep and goat including feed resource and feeding system,
sheep and goat fattening practice, fattening cycle of sheep and goat, and marketing
of sheep and goat in Ethiopia

1.1 Objective
 To review sheep and goat fattening practice and marketing system in Ethiopia
2. Literature review
2.1. Sheep and Goat Production System in Ethiopia
Mode of livestock production in Ethiopia is broadly classified into pastoral, agro-
pastoral and mixed crop-livestock, pri-urban and urban production systems
(Solomon et al., 2010). Basic classification criteria for sheep and goat production
systems in Ethiopia: There are a number of ways to classify sheep and goat
production system. It’s usual to classify production systems as intensive, semi-
intensive, extensive based on the develop inputs and intensify of production and
based on agro-ecology, length of growth period and relation to land and type of
commodity to be produced. There are four sheep and goat production systems, the
three are major production systems such as high land sheep barley system, mixed
crop livestock and pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems; whereas the minor
production system is urban and per-urban production systems (Solomon and Girma,
2008).

2.1.1. High land sheep barley production system

This system is practiced in the high lands above 3000 m.a.s.l. The major crops grown
are barley and pulses such as faba beans and lentilsetc. Temperature is the main
factor deter mining the productivity in the high land sheep barley production system.
Sheep are reared as the dominant livestock species. Although sheep reared mainly
for meat skin and course wool production for the cotton industry of the central high
land subsidiary products (Girma et al., 2008).

2.1.2. Mixed crop livestock production system

These systems based on cropping associated with livestock husbandry. They are
found in areas where the altitude ranges between 1500 and 3000 m.a.s.l. The area
has adequate rain fall and moderate temperature and suitable for grain production.
The major commodity is meat, while milk is a subsidiary product in some areas and
also the system of production for most part is with low input and low output system.
There is a need to intensify production because of the high population density in
these areas; the potential for intensive small ruminant production through finishing
activities and stratifications of production exists. Goat in this system experience year
round nutritional stress due to increases in cultivated land areas (Solomon et al.,
2008).

2.1.3. Pastoral and agro-pastoral production system

Under Ethiopian condition, pastoral systems of production are found at altitudes
below 1500 m.a.s.l. and where the annual precipitation is less than 500 mm. Pastoral
systems are associated with agro-ecological zones (AEZ) that are too dry to sustain
crop production. These are characterized by little or no crop agriculture and high
mobility in search of grazing and water. Livestock are meant as principal activity ,
50% of house hold revenue comes from or more than 20% of house hold food
energy is directly from livestock related activities((Solomon et al., 2008).
Agro- pastoral production system is characterized by less integration with crop
production as compared to crop livestock production system. Producers in this
system have permanent resident and there movement is limited in terms of both
distance and duration. The system is characterized by high degree of dependence of
wool and meat production. Some crop agriculture is practiced around the permanent
home stead. This also a low output system (Kassahun et al., 2008).

2.1.4. Urban and pre urban production system

This system involves the production of sheep within and at periphery of cities.
Quantitative data is not available on the importance of urban and pre urban
production system (Solomon et al., 2008). Feed resources are usually household
wastes, market area waste, mill leftover, by products and roadside grazing
(particularly in the pre urban system. In addition, small-scale sheep and goat
fattening is emerging as an economic activity in many growing cities. The
availability of this activity depends on its acceptance in to the formal extension
services (Girma et al., 2008). In most cases, the type of sheep available from this
system is meant for local consumption, being well-finished, fatty animals demanded
by the local Ethiopian market (Kassahun et al., 2008).

2.2. Sheep and Goat Fattening Practice

The objective of raising sheep and goats under feedlot system is to achieve maximum
growth rate in minimum period of time. The sheep can easily adopt intensive system
of production under feedlot system, whereas, goats which is basically a browser
takes time in getting used to intensive systems of feeding. The best feeding option
for both the species is grazing with supplement feeding of high energy concentrate
ration (Mohammad, 2006).
Sheep and goat fattening is a common practice in different parts of the country,
though the degree of fattening and resource base differs markedly. Less than 39.0 %
of the farmers owning small ruminants practice some form of fattening before
marketing and majority of the farmers sale their animals early before attaining
optimum market weight (Solomon et al.,2005; Getahun, 2008).

2.2.1. Fattening systems

2.2.1.1. Traditional fattening systems
This system generally depends on grazing natural or planted pastures with variable
degrees of supplementation. Animals require a long period of time to attain market
weight and condition. It is also associated with huge fluctuations in the weights and
conditions of the animals depending on feed availability. This system can be
improved to supply animals of acceptable condition to slaughterhouses for ultimate
export. The conditioned animals may also go into a finishing operation targeted to
supply the local market (Alemu, n.d).

2.2.1.2. Agro-industrial byproduct based fattening system

Fattening of sheep based on agro-industrial byproducts is practiced in areas such as Adama. This
system can be promoted to similar areas where agro-industrial byproducts are available.
Fattening using agro-industrial byproducts like sugar processing byproducts is feasible in parts of
Wellega, for example, where valuable feed resources such as molasses (from the Finchaa sugar
factory) and corn (grain and residue) are widely available. Protein sources like oilseed cakes can
be purchased from nearby processing plants and/or forage legumes can be grown in the area.
Brewery byproducts are also available from the Bedele brewery to serve as protein sources. The
Horro sheep breed, one of the fastest growing and largest breeds in Ethiopia, is indigenous to this
area and is well-suited for fattening. (Alemu, n.d).

2.3.2. Feed Resource and Feeding Practice

The availability of feed resource in the highlands of Ethiopia depends on the mode
and intensity of crop production as well as population pressure. The major basal feed
in the highlands of Ethiopia are a natural pasture, crop residue and stubble grazing,
and their contribution to the total feed resource vary from area to area based on
cropping intensity (Seyoum etal., 2001).

In general feed stuffs are classified according to the amount of specific nutrient they
supply in to two major classes. These two main categories of feed stuffs are roughage
and concentrates.Finishing can be accomplished with rations containing different
proportions of roughages and concentrates. The proportion depends on the type of
feeds available, the desired length of feeding and the types of animals to be finished.
Higher proportions of concentrate feeding shorten the time required for
fattening(Cheek, 2005).

2.3.1. Roughages
A wide variety of roughages can be fed to growing and finishing lambs. The amount
of roughage to feed depends on the objective of feeding the roughage. Roughages
are bulky feeds that contains relatively large amount of poorly digestible materials.
It contains more than 18% CF. They can be of two categories, namely dry and
succulent roughages based up on their moisture content. Succulent feeds usually
contain more than 75% moisture and it include pasture, cultivate fodder crops,
grasses, tree leaves and silage are succulent feeds available for fattening animals.
Roughages feeds are characterized by low CP, mineral and vitamins and high fiber
contents. They also low in metabolizable energy (ME) due to organic is, therefore,
impeded by their low nutrient density, slow rate of digestion and low digestibility
(Qrskov and Ryle, 1990).

2.3.2. Concentrate
High-energy concentrates are fed for energy. Grains and grain products commonly
fed are shelled corn, sorghum, oats and wheat. Liquid feedstuffs, such as molasses,
can also be used as a source of dietary energy. Alternative energy sources, such as
fodder beet and sweet potato can be fed to growing and finishing sheep and goats,
but in most situations performance will not equal that obtained from grains and grain
byproducts. The use of these feeds depends on the price differential in utilizing them
for fattening compared to other alternative uses. High-protein concentrate sources
most commonly fed are noug seed cake, cottonseed cake, linseed cake, sunflower
cake, brewer’s grains, distiller’s grains and other similar feeds. A feed or feed
mixture, which has high amount of protein, carbohydrate and fat but, contains less
than 18% CF energy of protein and are those expensive. This includes energy rich
concentrate feeds with a high level of energy but low in protein contents. These can
be cereal, seeds and mill by- products. Protein rich concentrates are oil seed cakes
and brewers grain (Benin, 2002).

2.4. Selection of Sheep and Goats for Fattening

Select animals that are healthy and have no visible physical defects, avoid emaciated
animals as their poor condition may not entirely be due to nutritional factors,
emaciated animals often take a long time to recover, target animals with medium
body condition (Body condition scores of 2.25-3.0).The animals should have a large
skeletal frame and good body condition. Castration influences the fattening process,
castrated animals deposit more fat while uncastrated animals have more muscular
growth, castrated sheep and goats have a higher demand in the local market
especially during the holidays. Breeds with greatest potential for growth and
fattening, early maturing breeds start depositing fat at an earlier age and can be ready
for market at a lower weight. Weight of animals at the start of the feeding operation
governs the duration of feeding and the types and amounts of feedstuffs needed.
animals can be placed on intensive feeding at any age, usually after weaning, avoid
animals that are too old, check that the teeth are sound, it is advisable to select
sheep/goats between 2 and 4years of age for fattening (Alemu, n.d).

2.5. Management Practice of Sheep and Goat Fattening

The fattening program should be started after the necessary feed supplies are
secured. Underfeeding and incorrect timing are the most common causes of failures
in fattening activities. The objective in a fattening operation is to convert as much of
the feed to body tissue as possible. It is, thus, necessary to minimize the movement
of animals during the fattening period. They should be allowed only limited exercise.
The success of a finishing operation depends on the first two weeks after arrival of
animals. They may have traveled long distances and will be stressed, hungry, and
thirsty. They are generally gathered, sorted; often stand for a long time without feed
and water. It is recommended that the following guidelines be followed under such
circumstances: Rest the animals for a few hours in a dry, clean, sheltered area with
access to fresh water after arrival. Then offer grass hay or mixed grass-legume hay.
Hand feed salt during the first two weeks; then provide trace mineral salt in a
separate feeder. Afterwards, these supplements can be mixed in the complete diet,
but salt should continue to be provided ad libitum (free choice).Animals should have
feed available at all times including evenings. If there is no feed left in the morning,
feed supply should be increased for the following day (Alemu, n.d).
2.5.1. Housing System and Hygiene
Housing for fattening sheep and goat varies from fattener to fattener. Most of the pri
urban and urban sheep fatteners use a separate house for fattening sheep.
Cooperative fatteners use separate housing for sheep and goat. Most housing is
unclean, poorly ventilated; lacks proper floor bedding and stocking rates are
sometimes too high. This is due to lack of awareness and lack of understanding on
the space requirement of fattening sheep and goats by most producers (Animut and
Jane, 2014).

The site selection and orientation of house from the direction of wind play vital role
for house construction for not only sheep and goat, but also large ruminants. There
are a number of criteria, which must be fulfilled in animal house. Animal’s house
should be practically or totally protected from the direction of strong winds,
temperature and rainfall (Alemu and Merkel, 2008).

2.5.2. Watering practice

The water intake of fattening animals depends on environmental temperature, the
temperature of drinking water itself, the activity of fattening animals; the moisture
content of the feed and the amount of feeds feed per day. Most fatteners give waters
for fattening animals twice a day and once a day respectively. These are due to the
shortage of water for small scale fatteners (Nelson, 2000). Water problem in amount
and quality can cause different problems like: - constipation, drying off of digestive
tract, low milk and related products and low metabolic activities with lowered body
condition (emaciation). Water shortage is seen in most low land areas in which a
limited amount of rain fall is available at a time in mid altitudes (Tsedeke, 2007).

When cold drinking water is consumed in large volumes, the temperature of the
rumen may decrease, which reduces the activity of rumen microorganisms and this
affects the fattening operation (NRC, 2007).
2.5.3. Health care practice
An important environmental challenges as a party of fattening animal health
program is the control of internal and external parasites. So an effective animal
health control program is the control of both internal and external parasites and
prevention of other contagious disease. In general any problems associated with
animal health can largely prevented if proper management practices are followed.
Therefore, the veterinarian involved in sheep and goat health management program
should have the necessary depth of knowledge about the elements that must be
addressed in crucial on animal health control (Edwards, 1998). According to
Kaufman et al. (2006) the external parasites are usually arthropods. They typically
feed on the skin, wool, hair, and blood of sheep and goats and cause discomfort.
External parasites may also be disease vectors and they can compromise the health
and productivity of sheep and goats.

2.6. Marketing System and Constraints

In Ethiopia, marketing of livestock and livestock products is underdeveloped. The
major problems are the traditional management systems which are not market
oriented, underdeveloped marketing systems and poor infrastructure, poor financial
facility, and presence of cross-border trade.
The marketing system must provide information flows from the consumer back to
the producer through the processing transportation, and storage function, the
producer responds to the price signals by producing commodities of relative
quantities (Panda, 2007).Markets can be classified depending on the purpose of the
animal (sheep) buyers: for the purpose of reproduction and resale, for resale and
consumption, only for consumption (panda, 2007).

In Ethiopia the marketing process in general follows a three-step system with

primary,intermediate and terminal markets through which marketable animal and
animal products pass from producers to small traders and on to large traders or
butchers.However, most producers sale their stock and livestock products at local
markets directly or consumers or small traders at relatively low price (Alemayehu,
2003).

An important aspect of production and its response to demand and supply is

knowledge of markets and marketing systems. Marketing of sheep and goats is
characterized by strong seasonality and subject to fluctuation. Demand and price
increases during festival periods. Factors affecting market supply, as measured by
the number offered, include high demand during religious festivals, lambing season,
quality and quantity of grazing, as well as cash needs for crop inputs and, later, for
food purchase before harvesting (EARO, 2000). Recognition of this chain ensures
promotion of the interdependence between the production resources, producer,
processor and consumer(Devendra, 2007).
The main actors of the 1st tier are local farmers and rural traders/rural assemblers
who transact at farm level. Those small traders from different corners bring their
animals to the local market (2nd tier). Traders /wholesalers purchase a few large
animals or a fairly large number of small animals for selling to the secondary
markets. In the secondary market (3rd tier), both smaller and larger traders operate
and traders (wholesalers or retailers) and butchers from terminal markets come to
buy animals. In the terminal markets (4th tier), big traders and butcher (wholesalers
or retailers) transact larger number of mainly slaughter type animal (Getahun, 2008).

2.7. Constraints of Sheep and Goat Production

Adane and Girma (2008) reported that sheep and goats production and productivity
in Ethiopia are constrained by many factors. The majors are; scarcity of feed, lack
of infrastructure (transport facility), high mortality rates, inadequate veterinary
coverage, long marketing channels and lack of market information, lower product
quality (live animals and meat) for export market penetration, inadequate provision
of credit services and low average reproductive rates (55 lambs and 56 kids born per
100 mature females per year in the central highlands)

2.8 Risks Associated with Sheep and Goat Fattening

The main risk associated with sheep and goat fattening activity is the loss of animals.
This could be due to disease, predators or theft. Price fluctuation is another risk
associated with sheep and goat fattening. To minimize risks associated with disease
there is a need to enhance the service delivery system andensure availability of
enough health services. Strategic deforming and proper vaccination must be
developed and in place. Risks associated with predators and theft can be minimized
using proper housing (Animut and Jane, 2014).
3. Summary and Conclusion
Generally, farmers of our country used different fattening system due to the presence
of different agro-ecological zones, locally available feed resource and method of
feeding. Genetic diversity, age, castration, sex, and management of sheep and goat
are the common characteristics that affect sheep and goat fattening in our country.
The farmers have low awareness towards conserved feed, prevalence of disease and
parasites, marketing of fattened sheep and goat are the major constraints on the sheep
and goat fattening in our country. The major feed resources used in commercial
feedlot include roughage feeds, agro-industrial by products and grains in few farms.

Sheep and goat have socio-economic and cultural values other than their physical
products; meat, milk, skin, manure, etc. They are considered as a risk averters for a
family through sale for quick and seasonal needs. Sheep and goats are carried out
integrated with crop production contributing a lot for the household income and
stability of the system.
Moreover, the management practices and marketing system of the fatteners provided
for their flock is not so much good. As result of this many flocks are died during the
dry season of the year. Majority of the households practiced fattening sheep and goat
for target market seasons mainly Ethiopian New Year festival, Christmas and Easter.
Therefore, target of the seasonal market demands and consumer preferences could
largely benefit small-ruminant producers and requires planned breeding, fattening
and management.
4. Future Line of Work/ Prospects

Mostly sheep and goat fattening and marketing system in Ethiopia is practice in
traditional type of production system. This type of production system has low output.
And this leads to the sector, sheep and goat production in developing country, in
Ethiopia particularly significant role in its people and national economy. So that the
government should be given an attention for the future;
 The farmers must accept and should get training on new technologies which
introduced by government. The researchers should analyze and improve the
constraints of the sheep and goat production system in the country especially
in the rural areas. The government, the farmers, the agricultural institutions,
the researchers and other non-governmental organizations should work
coordinately in order to improve the productivity of sheep and goat spatially
in terms of production systems like "intensive" production system.
 Government agencies are responsible to provide facilities for surveillance and
diagnosis of diseases and should able to maintain adequate vaccine supply to
prevent endemic and epidemic diseases.
 As there is lack of market information this should be collected and provided
to all participants in the sheep and goat market. Sheep and goat markets
especially for the lowland area residents are remote. Establishing new markets
in these places, improving market facilities, improving road and transport
access is essential. Sheep and goat producers should have access to market
information so as to adjust their marketing activities accordingly.
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