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02 Governors PPT v2

This document discusses different types of mechanical speed governors used to regulate the speed of engines. It describes governors that use centrifugal force, like the Watt, Porter, and Proell governors, which use rotating balls and springs or weights to control the fuel supply based on engine speed. The Hartnell governor is highlighted as one that uses pivoted arms instead of balls. Formulas are provided for calculating governor dimensions, equilibrium speeds, and the forces involved. Numerical problems demonstrate solving for speeds and heights using the given formulas.

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Shashank Jaiswal
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307 views

02 Governors PPT v2

This document discusses different types of mechanical speed governors used to regulate the speed of engines. It describes governors that use centrifugal force, like the Watt, Porter, and Proell governors, which use rotating balls and springs or weights to control the fuel supply based on engine speed. The Hartnell governor is highlighted as one that uses pivoted arms instead of balls. Formulas are provided for calculating governor dimensions, equilibrium speeds, and the forces involved. Numerical problems demonstrate solving for speeds and heights using the given formulas.

Uploaded by

Shashank Jaiswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Speed Governors

Mechanical governors
 Mostly for speed control
 Fuel supply (of an IC engine)
 Water supply to a turbine
 Steam supply to a steam turbine
Introduction
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in the load

e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases,


therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working
fluid.

Similarly when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases
and thus less working fluid is required.

The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the


engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed
within certain limits
Classification
The governors may be broadly classified as:

Inertia governor Centrifugal governor

Pendulum Type Loaded Type


Watt governor

Dead Weight Type Spring Controlled


• Porter governor • Hartnell governor
• Proell governor • Hartung governor
• Wilson-Hartnell governor
• Pickering governor
 The centrifugal governors are based on the
principle of balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls (mass) by an equal and opposite
radial force, known as the controlling force.
 Governor balls or fly balls revolve
with a spindle, which is driven by
the engine through bevel gears.

 The upper ends of the arms are


pivoted to the spindle, so that the
balls may rise up or fall down as
they revolve about the Spring steel
vertical axis.
The sleeve revolves with the spindle
but can slide up and down.

The balls and the sleeve rises when


the spindle speed increases, and
falls when the speed decreases.

The sleeve is connected by a bell


crank lever to a throttle valve.
 The supply of the working fluid decreases when the
sleeve rises and increases when it falls. When the load
on the engine increases, the engine and the governor
speed decreases.

 This results in the decrease of centrifugal force on the


flyballs. Hence weight of the flyballs move inwards
and the sleeve moves down- wards.
 The downward movement
of the sleeve operates a
throttle to increase the
supply of working fluid and
thus the engine speed is
increased.
Terminology

6. Sleeve Lift : It is the vertical


distance which the sleeve travels
due to change in equilibrium
speed.
3. Radius of rotation : The horizontal distance from the
axis of rotation to the center of the ball mass at any
speed.
4. Maximum equilibrium speed: The speed at
maximum radius of rotation is called the maximum
equilibrium speed

5. Minimum equilibrium speed: The speed at


minimum radius of rotation is called the minimum
equilibrium speed
WATT GOVERNOR
Types of Watt Governor
Watt governor
Type (a)
Watt governor
Type (a) continued…
Watt governor
Type (a) continued…
Porter governor Proell governor

Hartnell governor
Porter Governor
 W = weight of central load in newtons (W=Mg)
 w = weight of each flyball in newtons (w=mg)
 r = radius of rotation in meters
  = angle of inclination of the lower link to the vertical
  = angle of inclination of the upper link (arm) to the
vertical.
 h = height of the governor in meters
 N = speed of the fly ball in rpm
2𝑥𝑥𝑁
  = angular speed of the balls = rad/sec
60
 Fc = m𝟐 r = centrifugal force acting on the fly ball in
newtons
 T = tension in the arm in newtons
 Instantaneous Centre Method: In this method , equilibrium of the forces acting
on link AB is considered.

direction of these motions locates the point I


Porter governor
Continued….
Porter governor Continued….

m/s2
Note :
* Numerical on Watt Governor
1. Considering Fig (b) for a Watt Governor where AE =400 mm , EF = 50 mm
and angle  =350 . Determine percentage change in speed when angle  = 300

h = GO = GH + HO

= AE cos  + EH cot 

h1 = 400 cos 35 + 25 cot 35 = 363.4 mm ; N1 = 49.63 rpm

h2 = 400 cos 30 + 25 cot 30 = 389.7 mm ; N2 = 47.92 rpm

Therefore

Percentage change in speed = 3.44

2. Calculate the vertical height of a watt governor when it rotates at 60 rpm . Also
find the change in vertical height when its speed increases to 61 rpm.

895 895
h1 = = 0.248 m ; h2 = = 0.240 m
602 612

Change in vertical height = h1 - h2 =0.248 – 0.240 = 0.008 m  8mm


* Numerical on Porter Governor
1. In a porter governor , each of the four arms is 400 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted
on the axis of the sleeve , where as the lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a
distance of 45 mm from the axis of rotation . Each ball has a mass of 8 kg and the load
on the sleeve is 60 kg. What will be the equilibrium speeds for the two extreme radii of
250 mm and 300 mm of rotation of the governor fly ball ?
Problem 3
Proell Governor
1. A porter governor is known as a Proell governor if the two fly balls (masses)
are fixed on the upward extensions of the lower links which are in the form of
bent links BAE and CDF
Proell Governor continued…..
Proell Governor continued…..
Numerical on Proell Governor
1. Each arm of a Proell governor is 240 mm long and each rotating fly ball has a mass of
3kg. The central load acting on the sleeve is 30 kg. The pivots of all the arms are 30mm
from the axis of rotation. The vertical height of the governor is 190 mm. The extension
links of the lower arms are vertical and the governor speed is 180 rpm when the sleeve
is in the mid position. Determine the lengths of the extension links and the tension in the
upper arms
Hartnell Governor
Hartnell Governor
Hartnell Governor
Hartnell Governor
Problem No  Solution :
Hartnell Governor

• Extra Problems on Proell and Hartnell governors


• Sensitiveness of Governor
• Hunting
• Isochronism
• Stability
Effort of Governor Page 1 of 4

• Definition and derivation


Effort of Governor continued…. Page 2 of 4
Effort of Governor Continued… Page 3 of 4
Effort of Governor Continued… Page 4 of 4
Power of a Governor Page 1 of 2
Power of a Governor Page 2 of 2

• Problems on Effort and Power of governor


• Controlling Force Definition & Diagram
Wilson Hartnell Governor
Wilson Hartnell Governor
Wilson Hartnell Governor

• Problems on Wilson Hartnell governor

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