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IB Chemistry Definitions

This document defines and explains various chemistry terms and concepts including: - Covalent bonds which involve sharing of electron pairs between atoms. - Ionic compounds which are a lattice structure of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction. - Van der Waals' forces which include London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attraction.

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83 views4 pages

IB Chemistry Definitions

This document defines and explains various chemistry terms and concepts including: - Covalent bonds which involve sharing of electron pairs between atoms. - Ionic compounds which are a lattice structure of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction. - Van der Waals' forces which include London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attraction.

Uploaded by

anon_234967605
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Average bond enthalpies

The energy required to break one mole of bonds in gaseous molecules in standard conditions;
averaged over similar compounds.

Aufbau Principle
Electrons are placed into orbitals of lowest first.

Chemical compound
Elements exist in chemical combinations with other elements. All molecules are compounds but
not vice versa.

Complex ion
Central ion attached to ligands (species that have at least one lone pair of electrons) in
coordinate covalent bonds.

Coordination Number
The number of coordinate bonds from the ligands to the central ion in a complex ion.

Covalent bond
A covalent bond involves sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It is the electrostatic
attraction between a pair of electrons and positively charged nuclei.

Dipole-dipole attraction
Permanent dipoles on neighboring molecules attracting each other. Stronger than London
dispersion.

Ductility
The ability of a substance to stretch under tensile forces. If ductile, the substance can be
stretched into a wire.

Electron affinity
The energy change when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms to form
one mole of gaseous ions.
𝑋(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑋 − (𝑔)

𝑂− (𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑂2− (𝑔)

Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of atoms to attract electrons in a covalent bond.

Empirical formula
Ratio of atoms present in a molecule.
Endothermic
Energy transfer from the surroundings to the system. Products have higher energy and ∆H is
positive.

Enthalpy of formation
The change in enthalpy during the forming of one mole of substance from its constituent
elements, all in standard states, at SATP (298K).
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 → 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐶(𝑠) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)

Enthalpy of hydration
𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 → 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Enthalpy of solution
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 → 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Enthalpy: bond enthalpy


Energy required to break one mole of bonds in gaseous states.

Enthalpy: lattice enthalpy


Energy released when one mole of a solid ionic substance is formed from its constituent
gaseous ions at infinite separation.
𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 → 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑁𝑎+ (𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑔) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
∆𝐻 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

Expanded octet
When there are more than eight electrons around the central atom and break the octet rule.
The arrangement is possible because the d-orbitals available in the valence shells of these
atoms have energy values relatively close to those of the p-orbitals, so promotion of electrons
(e.g. from 3p to 3d) will allow additional electron pairs to form.

First Ionization Energy


The energy required to remove one mole of outmost electrons from one mole of gaseous
atoms (to produce one mole of gaseous ions with a charge of +1).

𝑋(𝑔) → 𝑋 + (𝑔) + 𝑒 −

𝑀𝑔(𝑔) → 𝑀𝑔+ (𝑔) + 𝑒 −

Free radical
A species that has an unpaired electron and is highly reactive.
Giant covalent structure
Many atoms joined to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds, arranged in a giant regular lattice.

Homogeneous mixture
Uniform composition and properties throughout.

Ideal gas
Theoretical gas that that fulfils the kinetic theory of matter: gases as largely empty space
containing free moving particles of negligible volume having no inter-particle forces.

Ionic compound
A lattice structure of oppositely charged ions (cations and anions) held together by electrostatic
attraction. Generally brittle, and soluble in polar solvents.

Isotopes
Elements exist naturally with atoms that differ in atomic mass.

Limiting reagent
The reactant that determines the quantity of product.

London dispersion forces


Occur between opposite ends of two temporary and instantaneous dipoles in the molecules.

Magnetism
 Diamagnetism: property of all materials and produces a very weak opposition to an
applied magnetic field.
 Paramagnetism: strong than diamagnetism and only occurs with substances that have
unpaired electrons. It produces a magnetization proportional to the applied field and in
the same direction.
 Ferromagnetism: the largest effect, producing magnetizations sometimes orders of
magnitude greater than the applied field. E.g. iron.

Malleability
Substance’s ability to deform under pressure. If malleable, the substance can be flattened into
thin sheets.

Metallic bonding
A “sea” of delocalized electrons shared among lattice of cations.

Molecular formula
Formulas that show all the atoms present in a molecule, (whereas empirical formula only shows
ratio).

Pi bond
Two p-orbitals overlap sideways, forming electron regions above and below the internuclear
axis.

Relative atomic mass (Ar)


The weighted average mass of one atom of the element compared to the standard that carbon-
12 has a mass of exactly 12 (or compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of carbon-12).
It is relative and has no units.

Sigma bond
Two atomic orbitals overlap head-on along the internuclear axis.

Transitional Metal
Elements with unpaired electrons in the d-orbital in one of the oxidation states. Zn is a d-block
element but not a transitional element because its only oxidation state Zn2+ has complete 3d
orbital.

Van der Waals’ forces


Include London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attraction.

VSEPR Theory
Short for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory. Because electron pairs in the same
valence shell carry the same charge, they repel each other and so spread themselves as far
apart as possible.

Equal volumes of all gases, when measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain an
equal number of particles.

Deviate from gas law at high pressure and low temperature.

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