2006 Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Examination

Terry Lee’s Solution

(ii) y = px − ap 2 (1)
Q1
y = qx − aq 2 (2)
dx 1 x
(a) ∫ = tan−1 + C
49 + x 2 7 7 (1) − (2) gives
1 1 2 u3 1 ( p − q ) x − a ( p 2 − q 2 ) = 0.
∫ ∫
3 4
(b) x x + 8 dx = u du = = ( x 4 + 8)3 + C
4 4 3 6 a( p 2 − q 2 )
x= = a ( p + q ).
sin5x sin5x 5 5 p−q
(c) lim = lim × =
x → 0 3x x →0 5x 3 3
3 3
Sub. to (1), y = pa( p + q ) − ap 2 = apq.
sin θ + cos θ
(d) −1 ∴T (a ( p + q ), apq ).
sinθ + cosθ
(iii) Since QR is perpendicular to the y-axis, Q and R are
( sinθ + cosθ ) ( sin2 θ − sinθ cosθ + cos2 θ ) symmetrical about the y-axis, ∴ q = −r .
= −1
sinθ + cosθ
∴The y-coordinates of U and T are the same.
= sin θ − sinθ cosθ + cos2 θ − 1
2
∴UT is perpendicular to the y-axis.
 1 
= 1 − sinθ cosθ − 1 = − sinθ cosθ  = − sin2θ 
 2  Q3
(e) Solving y = x 3 and y = 12 x + b gives x 3 − 12x − b = 0. π π
1 − cos 2x
Let f ( x ) = x 3 − 12x − b. (a) ∫ 4 sin2 x dx = ∫ 4
dx
0 0 2
f ′( x ) = 0,∴ 3x 2 − 12 = 0,∴ x 2 = 4,∴ x = ±2. π

f ( 2 ) = 23 − 12 × 2 − b = 0,∴ b = 8 − 24 = −16.  x sin2x  4 π 1

= − = − .
2 4  0 8 4
f ( −2 ) = ( −2)3 − 12 × ( −2) − b = 0,∴ b = −8 + 24 = 16.
(b) (i) When x = 1.5, f(1.5) = −0.28 < 0.
∴ b = ±16
When x = 2, f(2) = 0.08 > 0.
Q2 ∴The curves ln x and x are continuous on the interval
[1.5,2], ∴ 3ln x − x is continuous and as it goes from a
(a) (i) Domain: −1 ≤ x + 5 ≤ 1 gives − 6 ≤ x ≤ −4 . negative to a positive value it meets the x-axis at least once,
π π ∴there is (at least) a root between 1.5 and 2.
Range: − ≤y≤ .
2 2 3
(ii) f ′( x ) = − 1.
1 1 x
(ii) y ′ = . When x = −5, y ′ = = 1.
1 − ( x + 5) 2
1 f (1.5) 3ln1.5 − 1.5
x1 = 1.5 − = 1.5 − = 1.78 (2 d.p.)
(iii) ′
f (1.5) 3
−1
( −4, )
π
2
1.5
(c) (i) 5 P3 = 60.
−6 −5 −4 (ii) 5 P2 + 5P3 + 5P4 + 5 P5 = 320.
(d) (i) ∠QMT + ∠QKT = 180°.
∴QKTM is a cyclic quad (opposite angles are
supplementary).
( −6, − )
π
2 (ii) ∠KMT = ∠KQT (angles subtending the same arc are
equal).
n n n n (iii) ∠KQT = ∠PTN (the angle between a chord and a
(b) (1 + x )n = 1 +   x +   x 2 +   x 3 + ... +   x n . tangent is equal to any angle in the alternate segment)
 1  2 3 n ∴∠KMT = ∠PTN.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x gives ∴KM // PT (corresponding angles on parallel lines are
n n n n equal).
n(1 + x )n −1 =   + 2   x + 3   x 2 + ... + n   x n −1 .
 1  2 3 n
Substituting x by 2 gives Q4
n n n n (a) (i) ∑ α = 1 = −r ,∴ r = −1 .
n3n −1 =   + 2   2 + 3   22 + ... + n   2n −1.
 1  2 3 n (ii) ∑ αβ = α − α − α 2 = s,∴ s = −α 2 .
n ∏ α = −α 2 = −t ,∴ t = α 2 .
The rth term is r   2r −1.
r  ∴s + t = 0
(c) (i) When x = 0, y = −apr ,∴U (0, −apr )
 2π 2π As e x > 0, f ′( x ) > 0,∴ f ( x ) is monotonic increasing, ∴f(x) is
(b) (i) Period = 5 s, 5 = ,∴ n = .
n 5 1:1, ∴It has an inverse.
2π π
∴The equation of motion is x = 18cos
5
t , noting that (c) V =
3
( 3rx 2
− x3 )
when t = 0, x = 18. dV π
(ii) When x = 9, ∴ = ( 6rx − 3 x 2 ) = π ( 2rx − x 2 ) .
dx 3
2π dV dV dx dx
9 = 18cos t = = π ( 2rx − x 2 ) = k .
5 dt dx dt dt
2π 1 dx k k
cos t = ∴ = =
5 2 dt π ( 2rx − x ) π x (2r − x )
2

2π π
t= dt π
5 3 (ii) = ( 2rx − x 2 ) .
5 dx k
t = s. π
k∫
6 t= ( 2rx − x ) dx . 2

d 1 
x =  v 2  = 18x 3 + 27 x 2 + 9 x .
(c) (i)

r
dx  2  Let T1 be the time to fill up to and T2 be the time
4 3
1 2 9x 9x 2
v = + 9x 3 + + C. 2r
2 2 2 to fill up to .
3
When x = −2,v = −6, r
r
π π 
3 3
18 = 72 − 72 + 18 + C.
T1 =
k ∫ 3
( 2rx − x 2 ) dx = k rx 2 − x3 
C = 0. 0
 0
∴ v 2 = 9( x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 ) = 9x 2 ( x + 1)2 π  r3 r3  πr3 8
=  − = × .
dx k9 81  k 81
(ii) v = = −3 x ( x + 1) (the minus sign is taken to satisfy
dt 2r
2r
π π x3  3
that when x = −2, v = −6)
∫ ( ) k 3
3 2 2
T2 = 2rx − x dx = rx −
dt 1 k 0
 0
−3 =
dx x ( x + 1) π  4r 3 8r 3  π r 3 28
1 =  − = × .
−3t =
∫x ( x + 1)
dx k 9
T 28
81  k 81

 1 ∴ 2 = = 3.5.
(iii) 3t + C = ln  1 +  T1 8
 x ∴T2 is 3.5 times T1.
 1 1
When t = 0, x = −2,C = ln  1 −  = ln . (d) (i) tanα − tan β = tan(α − β ) (1 + tanα tan β )
 2 2
∴ tan(n + 1)θ − tan nθ = tanθ (1 + tan(n + 1)θ tan nθ )
 1 1  2
3t = ln  1 +  − ln = ln  2 +  . 1
 x 2  x RHS = tanθ (1 + tan( n + 1)θ tan nθ )
tanθ
2
e 3t = 2 + . = 1 + tan(n + 1)θ tan nθ
x
= LHS.
2
= e 3t − 2. (ii) When n = 1, LHS = tanθ tan2θ ,
x
From (i), tan nθ tan(n + 1)θ =
2
x = 3t . −1 + cot θ ( tan( n + 1)θ − tan nθ )
e −2
∴ tanθ tan2θ = −1 + cot θ ( tan2θ − tanθ )
Q5 = −1 + cot θ tan2θ − 1
dy = −2 + cot θ tan2θ = RHS.
(a) = −7e −0.7t
dt Assume tanθ tan2θ + tan2θ tan3θ + ...
y − 3 dy + tan nθ tan(n + 1)θ = −(n + 1) + cot θ tan( n + 1)θ .
But e −0.7t = ,∴ = −0.7( y − 3).
10 dt Required to prove that
x
e
(b) f ′( x ) = tanθ tan2θ + tan2θ tan3θ + ... + tan nθ tan(n + 1)θ
1+ e x
+ tan(n + 1)θ tan( n + 2)θ = −(n + 2) + cot θ tan(n + 2)θ .
LHS = −(n + 1) + cot θ tan(n + 1)θ + tan(n + 1)θ tan(n + 2)θ gα cosθ
∴V > .
= −( n + 1) + cot θ tan(n + 1)θ − 1 2 sinθ (1 − sinθ )
+ cot θ ( tan( n + 2)θ − tan(n + 1)θ ) (b) (i) P (at least 3 not complete) = P (3 not complete)
= −( n + 2) + cot θ tan(n + 2)θ 4
+P (4 not complete) =   pq 3 + q 4 = 4 pq 3 + q 4
= RHS. 3
∴The statement is true for n + 1. (ii) P(a 4 member team scores point) = 1 − P(at least 3 not
Since the statement is true for n = 1, and n + 1 if true for n, it complete) = 1 − 4pq 3 − q 4
is true for all n ≥ 1.
= 1 − 4(1 − q )q 3 − q 4
Q6 = 1 − 4q 3 + 4q 4 − q 4 = 1 − 4q 3 + 3q 4
2 (iii) P(a 2 member team scores point) = 1 − P(both not
2  1 1 
(a) (i) L2 = (Vt cosθ − α ) +  Vt sinθ − gt 2 − Vt + gt 2  complete) = 1 − q 2 .
 2 2 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= V t cos θ − 2αVt cosθ + α + V t sin θ + V t 2 2 (iv) 1 − q 2 > 1 − 4q 3 + 3q 4 .
3q 4 − 4q 3 + q 2 < 0.
−2V 2 t 2 sinθ
3q 2 − 4q + 1 < 0, dividing by q 2 ,
= V 2t 2 ( cos2 θ + sin2 θ ) + V 2t 2 − 2αVt cosθ + α 2
(3q − 1)(q − 1) < 0
−2V 2 t 2 sinθ 1
< q < 1.
= 2V 2 t 2 − 2αVt cosθ + α 2 − 2V 2t 2 sinθ 3
= 2V 2 t 2 (1 − sinθ ) − 2αVt cosθ + α 2
Q7
dL2
(ii) = 4V 2 t (1 − sinθ ) − 2αV cosθ 1 1
dt (a) A = r 2 ( 2θ − sin2θ ) = × ( 2θ − 2 sinθ cosθ )
dL2 2αV cosθ α cosθ 2 2
= 0 when t = 2 = 2
= r (θ − sinθ cosθ ).
dt 4V (1 − sinθ ) 2V (1 − sinθ )
d 2 L2 w2  1  w
= 4V 2 (1 − sinθ ) > 0,∴ The distance is (b) A = 2 
θ − sin2θ  , since w = r × 2θ ,∴ r = .
dt 2 4θ  2  2θ
α cosθ  1 
minimum when t = .  (1 − cos 2θ )θ 2 − 2θ (θ − sin2θ ) 
2
2V (1 − sinθ ) dA w 2
=  
Substituting to (i) dθ 4  θ4 
 
α 2 cos2 θ 2α 2V cos2 θ 2
L2 = 2V 2 (1 − sinθ ) − +α 2 w  (1 − cos 2θ )θ − 2θ + sin2θ 
4V 2 (1 − sinθ )2 2V (1 − sinθ ) =  
4  θ3 
α 2 cos2 θ α 2 cos2 θ
= − +α 2 w 2  −θ − θ cos 2θ + sin2θ ) 
2(1 − sinθ ) 1 − sinθ =  
4  θ3 
α 2 cos 2 θ α 2 (1 − sin2 θ )
=α2 − =α2 − w 2  −θ − θ (2cos2 θ − 1) + 2 sinθ cosθ ) 
2(1 − sinθ ) 2(1 − sinθ ) =  
4  θ3 
α 2 (1 + sinθ )
=α2 − w 2  −2θ cos 2 θ + 2 sinθ cosθ 
2 =  
4  θ3 
α (2 − 1 − sinθ ) α 2 (1 − sinθ )
2
= = 2
2 2 w cosθ  −θ cosθ + sinθ 
=  
1 − sinθ 2  θ3 
∴The smallest distance is α .
2 w 2 cosθ (sinθ − θ cos θ )
= .
(iii) If particle 1 is ascending then y
> 0 . 2θ 3
V sinθ − gt > 0 (c) g (θ ) = sinθ − θ cos θ .
α cosθ g ′(θ ) = cosθ − ( cosθ − θ sinθ )
V sinθ − g >0
2V (1 − sinθ ) = θ sinθ > 0 for 0 < θ < π .
2
2V sinθ (1 − sinθ ) − gα cosθ > 0. ∴ g (θ ) is increasing for 0 < θ < π .
gα cosθ When θ = 0, g (θ ) = 0,∴ g (θ ) > 0 for 0 < θ < π .
V2 > .
2 sinθ (1 − sinθ )
 dA
(d) = 0 when cosθ = 0, since sinθ − θ cosθ > 0
dθ
π
∴θ = .
2
∴ Only 1 value of θ .
(e)
π
θ 1 2
2
cosθ 0.54 0 −0.42
dA 


dθ

π
∴ The area of the gutter is maximum when θ = .
2
w 2 (π − 0 ) w2
Maximum area = = .
2π 2 2π