14/12/2017 Electrical Machines - I - - Unit 3 - Week 2

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Unit 3 - Week 2

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outline Week 2: Assignment
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Week1 1) A 50 Hz, single phase transformer has primary to secondary turns ratio (N1/N2) equal to 4. The 10 points
leakage impedance of the high voltage and low voltage windings are (0.4 + j6)Ω
and (0.08 + j0.3)Ω
Week 2 respectively. The resistance accounting for core loss, Rc and magnetizing reactance, Xm
referred to primary side are 350Ω and 98Ω respectively. Find the approximate equivalent
Lecture 4:
circuit referred to primary side.
Equivalent
Circuits of Single
Phase
Transformers

Lecture 5: Testing
of Single Phase
Transformers

Lecture 6:
Efficiency of
Single Phase
Transformers

Quiz : Week 2:
Assignment

Week 2 :
Assignment
Solution

Feedback for
week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Week 8

Week 9

Week 10

Week 11

Week 12

Accepted Answers:

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14/12/2017 Electrical Machines - I - - Unit 3 - Week 2

2) A 50 Hz, single phase transformer has primary to secondary turns ratio (N1/N2) equal to 8. The 10 points
resistances are 0.2Ω
and 0.02Ω and the reactances are 4Ω and 0.1Ω for high voltage and
low voltage windings respectively. Find the voltage to be applied at the high voltage side
to obtain a current of 160A in the low-voltage winding on short circuit?
1640.2 V
1680.64 V
210.8 V
13.12 kV

Accepted Answers:
210.8 V

3) A simple power system is shown in figure. This system contains a 360V generator connected to 10 points
an ideal 1:10 step-up transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down transformer and a load. The
impedance of the transmission line is 12+j48Ω,
and the impedance of the load is 8∠36°Ω.
Convert this system to its per unit equivalent circuit if base values for this system is
chosen as 360V and 10kVA at the generator side.

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14/12/2017 Electrical Machines - I - - Unit 3 - Week 2

Accepted Answers:

4) The open-circuit test and the short circuit test were performed on the primary side of a 10 kVA, 10 points
2000/240 V, 50 Hz transformer, and the following data were obtained:

OC Test: Voc : 240V; Ioc = 0.6A; Poc = 80W

SC Test: Vsc : 112V; Isc = 5A, Psc = 160W

Find the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side?

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14/12/2017 Electrical Machines - I - - Unit 3 - Week 2

Req = 6.4Ω ; Xeq = j21.46Ω ; Rc = 49.96kΩ ; Xm = j33.34 kΩ

Req = 6.4Ω ; Xeq = j21.46Ω ; Rc = 720Ω ; Xm = j480Ω
Req = 0.092Ω ; Xeq = j0.31Ω ; Rc = 720Ω ; Xm = j480Ω
Req = 0.092Ω ; Xeq = j0.31Ω ; Rc = 49.96kΩ ; Xm = j33.34 kΩ

Accepted Answers:
Req = 6.4Ω ; Xeq = j21.46Ω ; Rc = 49.96kΩ ; Xm = j33.34 kΩ
5) Find the approximate per-unit equivalent circuit for the transformer in problem-4,using 10 points
transformer's ratings as the system base.

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14/12/2017 Electrical Machines - I - - Unit 3 - Week 2

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 Assignment - 2 : Solution

Q1. Solution

Figure 1:

Approximate equivalent circuit parameters referred to primary side :

N1 2
 
0
Req = R1 + × R2 = 0.4 + 42 × 0.08Ω = 1.68Ω
N2
N1 2
 
0
Xeq = X1 + × X2 = 6 + 42 × 0.3Ω = 10.8Ω
N2
0
Rc = 350Ω
0
Xm = 98Ω

Q2.Solution

Figure 2:

Assignment No :1 onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in Page 1 / 7

 Parameters referred to high voltage side:
Req = 0.2 + 82 × 0.02Ω = 1.48Ω
Xeq = 4 + 82 × 0.1Ω = 10.4Ω
Zeq = 1.48 + 10.4j = 10.504∠81.9◦
160
High-voltage side current, I = = 20A
8
∴ The voltage required on short circuit
Zeq I = 10.54 × 20 = 210.8V

Q3.Solution

Figure 3:

Base quantities in the generator region, Vbase1 = 360V ; Sbase1 = 10kV A

Sbase1 10, 000
Ibase1 = = = 27.78A
Vbase1 360
Vbase1 360
Zbase1 = = = 12.95Ω
Ibase1 27.78
N1
The turns ratio of transformer-I is ( ) = 1/10 = 0.1, so the base voltage in the transmission line region is:
N2
Vbase1 360
Vbase2 = = = 3600V
(N 1/N 2) 0.1
Sbase2 = 10kV A
10, 000
Ibase2 = = 2.78A
3600
3600
Zbase2 = = 1294.96Ω
2.78

Assignment No :1 onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in Page 2 / 7

 N1
The turns ratio of transformer-II is ( ) = 20/1 = 20, so the base voltage in the transmission line region is:
N2
Vbase2 3600
Vbase3 = = = 180V
(N 1/N 2) 20
Sbase3 = 10kV A
10000
Ibase3 = = 55.55A
180
180
Zbase3 = = 3.24Ω
55.55
The power system can be converted to a per-unit system by divided each component by its base value in
its region of the system.
360∠0◦
Generator per unit voltage, VG,pu = = 1∠0◦ pu
360
12 + j48
Transmission line per-unit impedance, Zline,pu = = 0.0093 + j0.037 pu
1294.96
8∠36◦
Load per-unit impedance,Zload,pu = = 2.469∠36◦
3.24

Figure 4:

Q4.Solution

Open circuit test must be conducted at the rated terminal voltage. From the data, it can be seen that, it is
performed on the low-voltage side. Thus, the equivalent core-loss resistance as referred to the low-voltage

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side is:
2402
Rc = = 720
80
The apparent power under no load:Soc = Voc Ioc = 240 × 0.6 = 144 V A
Thus, the reactive power is
p
Qoc = 1442 − 802 = 119.73 V AR
The magnetizing reactance as referred to the low-voltage side is
2402
Xm = = 481.082 Ω
119.73
The core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance as referred to the high voltage side are obtained as follows:
N1 2000
= = 8.33
N2 240
RcHV = 8.332 × 720 = 49.96 kΩ
XmHV = 8.332 × 481.082 = 33.378 kΩ

Since, the short-circuit current is 5A, the short -circuit test is performed on the high-voltage side. Thus,
Psc 160
ReqHV = 2
= 2 = 6.4 Ω
Isc 5
Vsc 112
ZeqHV = = = 22.4Ω
Isc 5
p
XeqHV = 22.42 − 6.42 = 21.46 Ω

The approximate equivalent circuit referred to primary (High Voltage) side is given below:

Figure 5:

Q5.Solution

The transformer in problem-4, is rated at 10 kVA, 2000/240-V.The approximate equivalent circuit devel-
oped was referred to the high-voltage side of the transformer. So to convert it to per-unit, the primary

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circuit- base impedance must be found.

Vbase1 = 2000V
Sbase1 = 10kV A
2
Vbase1 20002
Zbase1 = = = 400Ω
Sbase1 10, 000
Therefore,
6.4
Req_pu = = 0.016 pu
400
21.46
Xeq_pu = = 0.054 pu
400
49960
Rc_pu = = 124.9 pu
400
33378
Xm_pu = = 83.45 pu
400

Q6.Solution

Since the open circiut test is conducted at the rated voltage and short circuit test is conducted at ratd
current the Core loss corresponds to rated voltage and copper loss corresponds to full load
Output Power
Efficiency of converter =
Input Power
Input Power = Output Power + Losses
Input Power = (10kVA x 0.8) + 60W + 280W = 8340W
8000
Efficiency = × 100
8340
= 95.92%

Q7.Solution

From the data it is evident that the Open Circuit (OC) test was conducted on the LV side and the Short
Circuit (SC) test was conducted on the HV side.
9600
The full load current on the HV side is = =4
2400
From the test data Ohmic loss at 3A short circuit current is 47W
 2
4
Therefore, ohmic loss at full load current = 47 × = 83.55W
3
From open circuit test, the no load losses comes to 50W
OutputP ower
Therefore, Efficiency = × 100
Inputpower
OutputP ower = 9600 × 0.8 = 7680W
InputP ower = OutputP ower + Losses
= 768 + 50 + 83.55 = 7813.55W
7680
∴ Ef f iciency = × 100 = 98.29%
7813.55

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Q8.Solution

Losses in the transformer at maximum efficiency = 12000(1 − 0.983) = 204W

At maximum efficiency, Core loss and Copper loss are same and is equal to half the losses
∴ Core loss = Copper loss = 204/2 = 104W
For first 10 hours:-
3000
Load kVA = = 3.75kV A
0.8
 2
3.75
∴ Copper loss = 10 × × 104 = 101.56W hr
12
= 0.10156kW hr
Next 6 hours:-
10000
Load kVA = = 11.11kV A
0.9
 2
11.11
∴ Copper loss = 6 × × 104 = 534.9W hr
12
= 0.535kW hr
Next 6 hours:-
15000
Load kVA = = 16.67kV A
0.9
 2
16.67
∴ Copper loss = 6 × × 104 = 1204.2W hr
12
= 1.204kW hr
∴ Total copper loss = 0.1015 + 0.535 + 1.204
= 1.84kW hr
∴ Total Iron loss = 104 × 24
= 2.496kW hr
Total real power consumed for 24 hours = 3000 × 10 + 10000 × 6 + 15000 × 6
= 180kW hr
Total real power consumed + Copper loss + Iron loss = 180 + 2.496 + 1.84
= 184.336kW hr
Total real power consumed for 24 hours 180
∴ All day efficiency = = = 0.9765
Total real power consumed + Copper loss + Iron loss 184.336
= 97.65%

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Q9.Solution

The 4kW reading on the wattmeter gives the core loss of the two transformers
4000
∴ The core loss of each transformer = = 2kW
2
The 6kW reading of second wattmeter gives the full load copper losses of the two transforemrs
6000
∴ Full load copper loss of each transformer = = 3kW
 2
200k
∴ Efficiency of transformer = × 100
200k + 2k + 3k
= 97.56%

Q10.Solution

Maximum efficiancy of a transformer always exists for UPF laods

Hence Power Factor=1
For maximum efficiency, Copper loss is equal to iron loss
Let the fraction of load at which maximum efficiency ocuurs be ’x’
∴ x2 (350)=300
r
300
=⇒ x = = 0.9258
350
20000 × 0.9258
∴ Efficiency = × 100
(20000 × 0.9258) + 600
18516.4
= × 100
19116.4
= 96.86%

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