REVIEW

• AC Steady State:
Input = x(t) = X cos ( ω t + φ1 )
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Steady StateOutput = y ss (t) = Y cos ( ω t + φ 2)
ECSE-2010-04 • Time Domain => Frequency Domain:
Fall 2001 • v(t), i(t) => V, I; Phasors
-j
Class 18 R, L, C => R, jω L,
• V=ZI ωC
• Use All Techniques from Unit I:
• Series/Parallel, Z eq, Thevenin/Norton, Node/Mesh
• Complex Math

AC CIRCUITS
BRIDGE CIRCUITS
• Now that we know how to analyze
circuits in the AC Steady State, we will • Bridge Circuits are circuits used to
take a look at some interesting and accurately measure R, L and C’s:
useful AC circuits: • Wheatstone Bridge ~ R (AC or DC)
• Bridge Circuits • Maxwell Bridge ~ L (AC Only)
• Series Resonant and Parallel Resonant Circuits • Several Others as Described in Text
• AC Power and 3 Phase AC Circuits
• Ideal Transformer and Mutual Inductance Circuits

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

• See Circuit: • Solve for Ru:
• 3 Accurately Known Resistors; 1 Variable • R u = (i1 / i 2) R 3
• 1 Unknown Resistor; To be Measured • => R u = (R2 / R 1) R 3 = R2R 3 / R 1
• Current and Voltage Meters
• Very Accurate Method of Measuring
• Adjust R3 to Balance Bridge : an Unknown Resistance:
• i m = 0; vm = 0 • Wheatstone Bridges can be very expensive
• (R1 + R3) i1 = (R u + R 2) i2; • With modern instrumentation; not used very
• R 3 i 1 = R u i 2 => R1 i 1 = R2 i 2 much anymore

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 MAXWELL BRIDGE
AC BRIDGES • Used to Measure Inductance:
• See Circuit: • Unknown Inductance = R w in Series with Lu

• 3 Accurately Known Impedances; 2 Variable • See Circuit for Maxwell Bridge:

• 1 Unknown Impedance; To be Measured • Z 1 = Variable R 1 // C1
• Current and Voltage Meters • Z 2 = Accurately Known Resistor, R2
• Z 3 = Variable Resistor, R3
• Why 2 Variable Impedances?:
• Must balance both Amplitude and Phase of I m, Vm • Balance Bridge; Im = Vm = 0
• Balance both Real and Imaginary Parts of I m, Vm • Z u = Z2 Z 3 / Z 1
• Z u = R2 R 3 / R 1 + j ω R 2 R 3 C 1 = R w + j ω L u
• Determines both R w and L u of Real Coil

EXPERIMENT 6 EXPERIMENT 6
• Part A = Wheatstone Bridge: • Part B = Maxwell Bridge:
• “Cheap” Version; Not Very Accurate • 100k Pot for R1; 10k Pot for R 3; R2 = 1k
• Use 100k Pot for R 2; 10k Pot for R3 • Coil = R w in Series with Lu
• R u from Plastic Box; Have Measured Before • Do NOT use separate R u !
• Try 4 Different Values for R2: • Keep Iterating Pots to Balance:
• 10k, 1k, 20k, 0.1k • Adjust one, then the other, then the first
• R 2 Affects “Range” of Measurement again, etc.
• Need to be able to make R2 R 3 / R1 = Ru

MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS

• Can use knowledge of relationship • Resistor:
between I and V for R, L, C, plus • I R = VR / R
Phasor Diagrams, to solve/analyze
many AC Circuits: • See Phasor Diagram
• Resonant Circuits are excellent example
• Will look at both Series and Parallel Resonance • I R and VR are always “In Phase”

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MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS
• Capacitor: • Inductor:
• I C = VC / Z C = VC (jω C) • I L = VL / Z L = VL / (j ω L)

• See Phasor Diagram • See Phasor Diagram

• I C always “leads” VC by 90o • I L always “lags” VL by 90o

• => I always leads V by 90o in a Capacitor • => I always lags V by 90o in a Inductor

SUMMARY SERIES RESONANCE

• I, V in Phase for R • Consider a Circuit with R, L, C in
• I leads V by 90o for C Series:
• Input = v(t) = V cos ω t
• I lags V by 90o for L
• Transform to Frequency Domain:
• Use Phasors for V, I; Use Z’s for R, L, C
• => Can use this information to • Zeq = R + jω L + (- j /ω C)
construct Phasor Diagrams that help
analyze circuit behavior

SERIES RESONANCE IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE

• Zeq = R + j (ω L - 1 / ω C) = R( ω) + jX(ω) Zeq = R(ω ) + j X(ω ) = Zeq /θ
• X is AC Reactance • Z eq = Amplitude (or Magnitude) of Z eq
• X => 0 when ω L = 1 / ω C: • θ = Phase (or Angle) of Z eq
ω=
1
=ω 0 • Defines “Impedance Triangle”:
LC • Phasor Diagram of Z eq
ω 0 = Resonant Frequency
• Note: Zeq = R2 + X 2
ω < ω 0 ; X < 0 => Capacitive X(ω )
θ = tan-1
ω > ω 0 ; X > 0 => Inductive R(ω )
• Will Use Impedance Triangle A Lot:
ω = ω 0 ; X = 0 => Resistive

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 IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE SERIES RESONANCE
• Note that V = I Zeq for any AC Circuit: • Choose some ω >ω 0 :
• => I = V / Z eq ; • X > 0; Inductive
V = V /φ • θ >0
• Let φ = 0; => V = V /0 :
o

Zeq = Zeq /θ
• Plot V on Phasor Diagram
V V • Where is I?:
=> I = = /(φ -θ )
Zeq Zeq • I “lags” V by θ

• I “lags” V by θ • Determines direction of I

SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE

• Where is VR?: • Where is VC?:

• VR must be “In Phase” with I R = I • I C must “lead” VC by 90o
• => VC must “lag” I C by 90o ; I C = I
• Determines direction of VR
• Determines direction of VC
• Where is VL?:
• I L must “lag” VL by 90o
• KVL: VR + VL + VC = V:
• Phasor Diagram determines VR
• => VL must “lead” I L by 90o ; I L = I
• I = VR / R => Determines I
• Determines direction of VL
I = VL / ωL =>Determines VL
I = VC x ωC =>Determines VC

SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE

• Choose some ω <ω 0 : • Choose ω =ω 0 :
• X < 0; Capacitive • X = 0; Resistive
• θ <0 • θ =0
• Do Everything from Phasor Diagram • See Diagram; => V = VR
• No Calculations! • V L = - V C;
• See Diagram
VL and VC can be anything!
=> VL and VC can be > V
=> Resonance!

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 SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE
• Zeq = R 2 + X2 at ω = ω 0: 1 ω L 1
At Resonance : = 0 ; ω0= ;
X = 0 at ω = ω 0 ω 0C R R LC
Zeq = R at ω = ω 0
Vc VL 1 L
=> Z eq is a MINIMUM at Series Resonance => Qseries = = =
V V R C
• Use Voltage Divider Rule at ω = ω 0 : = " Voltage Gain" at ω = ω 0
-j
Z V ω C Choose R = " small" ; L = "large" ; C = " small"
Vc = ( c ) V => c = 0
Z eq V R => Qseries >> 1! => Reason to call this Resonance
Vc 1 V ω L V
=> = ; L = 0 = c
V ω 0CR V R V

SERIES RESONANCE ACTIVITY 6-7

Example :
Series R, L, C :
Choose R = 10 Ω (small)
R = 2 Ω; L = 10 mH; C = 1 µ F
L = 0.1 H (large)
C = 1 nF (small) 1
ω0= = 10 radians/sec
4

LC
1 L
1 10 -1 Qseries = = 50
=> Q series = = 1000!! R C
10 10- 9
=> If Input = 1 volt => Vc = VL =1000 Volts

ACTIVITY 6-7

At Resonance:
Vc = Q series V = 50 (5) = 250 Volts
VR = V = 5 Volts
VR 5
I= = = 2.5 Amps
R 2