Geotechnical

1. What is the classification of soil having particle size < 0.075 mm in

diameter as classified by USCS?
ANS: Silt and clay has diameter which is < 0.075 mm.

2. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 2 to 0.075

mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Sand ranges from 2 to 0.075 mm.

3. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 0.075 mm

to 0.002 mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Silt ranges from 0.075 mm to 0.002 mm.

4. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 76.2 to 2

mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Gravel ranges from 76.2 to 2 mm.

5. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes < 0.002 mm in

diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Clay < 0.002 mm
Geotechnical

6. What type of soil having fraction passing the 75 mm sieve and

retained on the No. 10 (2 mm) U.S. sieve under AASHTO
Classification System?
a) Gravel (passes 75 mm sieve and retained on the No. 10 sieve)
b) Sand
c) Clay
d) Silt

7. What type of soil having fraction passing No. 10 (2 mm) U.S. sieve
and retained on the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve under AASHTO
Classification System?
a) Gravel c) Clay
b) Sand d) Silt

8. What type of soil having fraction passing the No. 200 sieve under
AASHTO Classification System?
a) Gravel c) Loam
b) Sand d) Silt and clay

9. Type of soil where the fine fractions have plasticity index of 11 or

more.
a) Clayey c) Sandy
b) Silty d) Loamy
Geotechnical

10. Type of soil where the fine fractions have plasticity index of 10 or
less.
a) Clayey c) Sandy
b) Silty d) Gravelly

11. Soils having size larger than 75 mm.

a) Gravel c) Loam
b) Rock d) Boulders and cobbles

12. Soil particles having particular size limits from 2 mm to 0.05 mm in

diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size

13. Soil particles having particular size limits from 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm
in diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size
Geotechnical

14. Soil particles having particular size limits smaller than 0.002 mm in
diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size

15. Classification of soil under AASHTO Classification where

P.I. ≤ LL – 30.
a) A - 7 - 5 c) A - 7
b) A - 7 - 6 d) A - 2 - 6

16. Classification of soil under AASHTO Classification where

P.I. ≥ LL – 30.
a) A - 7 - 5 c) A - 2 - 5
b) A - 7 - 6 d) A - 2 - 6
Problem 7 – Geotechnical
A clay has the following Atterbergs limit as follows:
Liquid limit = 60% Plastic limit = 40%
From a hydrometer analysis to determine the particle sizes, it is found that 45% of
the sample consists of particles smaller than 0.002 mm. From this information,
determine the activity classification of clay.

Solution:
Plasticity index
Activity =
Percentage of clay size fraction by weight
60 - 40
Activity = = 0.44
45

Problem 8 – Geotechnical
A clay has the following Atterbergs limits:
Liquid limit = 63%
Plastic limit = 23%
Water content = 38%
Compute consistency index.

Solution:
LL - W 63 - 38
C.I. = C.I. = = 1.09
LL - P.I. 63 - 40
P.I. = LL - PL
P.I. = 63 - 23 = 40


Problem 9 – Geotechnical
A soil sample has the following properties:
Sp.gr. = 2.67
Void ratio = 0.54
Water content = 11.2%
Compute the air void ratio.

Solution:
Air void ratio = n(1 - S)
ω Gs 11.2(2.67)
S= = = 0.5538
e 0.54
e 0.54
n= = = 0.35
1 + e 1 + 0.54
Air void ratio = 0.35(1 - 0.5538) = 0.156









Problem 10 – Geotechnical
The following soil as specified by the AASHTO System has the following results:
Percent finer than No. 10 sieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Percent finer than No. 40 sieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Percent finer than No. 200 sieve . . . . . . . . . . .. . 34
Liquid limit = 37
Plasticity index = 12
Calculate the partial group index for the soil that belongs to groups A-2-6.

Solution:
G.I. = 0.01(F200 – 15)(PI - 10)
G.I. = 0.01(34 - 15)(12 - 10) = 0.38




Problem 11 – Geotechnical
If the specific gravity of soil is 2.7 and has a water content of 15%, compute the zero air void
unit weight in kN/m3.

Solution:
γw 9.81
γ zav = = = 18.85 kN / m3
1 1
ω+ 0.15 +
Gs 2.7

Problem 12 – Geotechnical
A compacted soil has a water content of 16% and a dry unit weight of 0.90 γzav. Determine
the dry unit weight if it has a specific gravity of 2.70.

Solution:
γw
γ zav =
1
ω+
Gs
9.81
γ zav =
1
0.16 +
2.7
γ zav = 18.50 kN/m3
Dry unit weight:
γ dry = 0.90 γ zav

γ dry = 0.90(18.5)

γ dry = 16.65 kN / m3
Problem 13 – Geotechnical
A soil has a water content of 25% and a degree of saturation of 82%. Compute the
sp.gr. of the soil if it has a dry unit weight of 14.33 kN/m3.

Solution:
γ w Gs
γd =
1+e
(1 + e)(14.23) = 9.81 G s
G s = 1.45(1 + e)
Gs ω
S=
e
e = 0.305 G s
G s = 1.45(1 + e)
G s = 1.45(1 + 0.305 G s )
G s = 1.45 + 0.442 G s
0.558 G s = 1.45
G s = 2.60
Problem 14 – Geotechnical
The following are results of a field unit weight determinate test using sand cone
method:
Vol. of hole = 0.0014 m3
Mass of moist soil from hole = 3 kg
Water content = 12%
Max. dry unit weight from a laboratory compaction test is 19 kN/m3.
Determine the relative compaction in the field.

Solution:
3(9.81)
Moist unit weight of soil = = 21.02 kN/m3
1000(0.0014)
γ moist
γ dry =
1+ω
21.02
γ dry = = 18.77 kN/m3
1 + 0.12
18.77(1000)
Relative compaction = = 98.8%
19


















Problem 15 – Geotechnical
The relative compaction of sand in the field is 95. The max. dry unit weight of the
sand is 16 kN/m3. Compute the moist unit weight at a moisture content of 8%.

Solution:
γ dry (field)
R=
γ dry (max)
γ dry (field)
0.95 =
16
γ dry = 15.2 kN/m3
γ moist
γ dry =
1+ω
γ moist = (1 + 0.08)(15.2)
γ moist = 16.42 kN / m3
Problem 16 – Geotechnical
From a compaction test of soil, the foll. data were obtained in the laboratory:
Max. dry unit weight = 18.31 kN/m3
Min. dry unit weight = 15.25 kN/m3
Relative density = 64%
Find the relative compaction in the field.

Solution:
⎡ γ (field) - γ d (min) ⎤ ⎡ γ (max) ⎤
Dr = ⎢ d ⎥ •⎢ d ⎥
γ
⎢⎣ d (max) - γ d
(min) ⎥⎦ γ
⎢⎣ d (field) ⎥⎦
⎛ γ (field) - 15.25 ⎞ ⎛ 18.31 ⎞
0.64 = ⎜ d ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18.31 - 15.25 γ
⎠⎝ d (field) ⎠
(γ d (field) - 15.25)(5.984)
0.64 =
γ d (field)
0.64 γ d (field) = 0.984 γ d (field) - 91.256
5.3436 γ d (field) = 91.25
γ d (field) = 17.07
17.07
R= = 0.933 = 93.3%
18.31











Problem 17 – Geotechnical
The moist unit weight of soil from the excavation site is 16.52 kN/m3 with an in-situ moisture
content of 18%. It has a sp.gr. of 2.75. This soil is to be used for a construction of a new
highway for use in compacted fill. The soil needed is to be compacted to a dry unit weight of
16.1 kN/m3. How many cubic meters of soil from the excavation site are needed to produce
850 cu.m. of compacted fill?

Solution:
16.52
γ dry = = 14 kN/m3
1 + 0.18
Weight of dry soil needed = 16.1(850) = 13685 kN
13685
Vol. of soil from the excavation site needed = = 977.5 m3
14






Problem 18 – Geotechnical
For a variable head permeability test, the foll. are given:
Length of specimen = 375 mm Hydraulic conductivity = 1.72 m/min.
Area of specimen = 1875 mm2
What should be the area of the stand pipe for the head drop from 625 mm to 300 mm in
8 minutes?

Solution:
a L ⎛ h1 ⎞
K= ln ⎜ ⎟
A t ⎝ h2 ⎠
a(375) ⎛ 625 ⎞
1.72 = ln ⎜
1875(8) ⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
a = 93.74 mm2
Problem 19 – Geotechnical
For a constant head laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following are
given:
Length of specimen = 250 mm
Dia. of specimen = 62.5 mm
Head difference = 450 mm
Water collected in 2 min. = 484 mm3
Determine the discharge velocity in mm/sec.

Solution:
QL
K=
Aht
484(250)
K= π 2
4 (62.5) (450)(2)
K = 0.0438 mm/min.
V =Ki
⎛ 450 ⎞
V = 0.0438 ⎜
⎝ 250 ⎟⎠
V = 0.0789 mm/min.
V = 0.001315 mm / sec.

Problem 20 – Geotechnical
Find the flow rate in m3/hr/m length (at right angles to the cross-section shown)
through the permeable soil layer shown.
H=3m H1 = 1.07 m h = 1.4 m
ø = 14˚ K = 0.000488 m/s L = 36.58 m

Solution:
L ' Cos 14˚ = 36.58
L' = 37.70 m
h=1.4 m
h
i=
L'
1.4 Direction impervious
i= of flow layer
37.70
H=3 m
i = 0.0371
q=KiA impervious layer

A = 1.07 Cos 14˚ (1) θ=14˚

L’
A = 1.0382
L=36.58 m
q = 0.000488(0.0371)(1.0382)
q = 1.88 x 10 -5 m3 / sec/ m
q = 0.06733 m3 / hr / m
Problem 21 – Geotechnical
A layered soil is shown:
H1 = 3 ft. K1 = 10-4 cm/sec.
H2 = 4 ft. K2 = 3 x 10-2 cm/sec.
H3 = 6 ft. K3 = 4 x 10-5 cm/sec
Estimate the ratio of equivalent permeability.
H 1 =3 m
K 1 =10-4 cm/sec.

Solution:
Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for H 2 =4 m K 2 = 3 x 10-2 cm/sec.
a horizontal flow in stratified soil. H =13 m

1
KHeq. = (K1 H1 + K2 H2 + K3 H3 )
H H 3 =6 m K 3 = 4 x 10-5 cm/sec.
1
KHeq. = [10- 4 (3) + 3 x 10-2 (4) + 4 x 10- 5 (6)]
13
KHeq. = 92.72 x 10 -4 cm/sec.

Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for a vertical flow in stratified soil.

H
KVeq. =
H1 H2 H3
+ +
K1 K2 K3
13
KVeq. = = 0.7217 x 10 - 4
3 4 6
+ +
10 - 4 3 x 10 -2 4 x 10 -5
Ratio of equivalent permeability:
92.72 x 10 - 4
Ratio = -4
= 128.47
0.7217 x 10
Problem 21 – Geotechnical
Figure shows the layers of soil in a tube 100 mm x 100 mm in cross-section water
is supplied to maintain a constant head difference of 400 mm across the sample.
The hydraulic conductivities of the soils in the direction of flow through them are as
follows:
Compute the rate of supply in cm3/hr.
Water supply

400 hA
hB Out flow

100

Solution: Direction of flow A B C

K A =10-2 K B =3x10-3 K C =5x10-4 100
cm/sec. cm/sec. cm/sec.
400
i= 200
mm
200
mm
200
mm
600 600
mm

H
K=
HA HB HC
+ +
KA KB KC
600
K= = 0.0012329
200 200 200
+ +
10 - 2 3 x 10 -3 5 x 10 - 4
q=KiA
⎛ 400 ⎞
q = 0.0012329 ⎜ ⎟ (100)(100)
⎝ 600 ⎠
q = 0.0822 cm3 /sec
q = 295.90 cm3 / hr


Problem 22 – Geotechnical
A pumping test from a well in an unconfined permeable layer underlain by
impermeable stratum as shown has the foll. data:
Rate of flow of ground water into the well = 20 ft3/min.
h1 = 18 ft.
r1 = 200 ft.
h2 = 15 ft. r 1 =200
r 2 =100 ground surface
r2 = 100 ft.

Calculate the hydraulic water table

before pumping

conductivity in (ft/min) of the

permeable layer. draw down
h 1 =18 curve
h 2 =15
Observation
wells
Solution:
⎛r ⎞
2.303q log ⎜ 1 ⎟ Impermeable layer
⎝ r2 ⎠
K=
(
π h12 - h22 )
⎛ 200 ⎞
2.303(20) log ⎜
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
K=
π [(18)2 - (15)2 ]

K = 0.0446 ft/min.








Problem 23 – Geotechnical
A sand layer of the cross-sectional area shown in the figure has been determined
to exist for a 500 m. length of the levee. The hydraulic conductivity of the sand
layer is 3 m/day. Determine the quantity of water which flows into the ditch in
m3/min.

El.=160 w.s.

Levee
10 m Impervious
layer w.s. El.=150
2m Sand Ditch

Impervious layer

125 m

Solution:
q=KiA
10
i=
125
A = 2(500)
⎛ 10 ⎞
q = 3⎜ ⎟ (2)(500)
⎝ 125 ⎠
q = 240 m3 / day
240
q=
24(60)
q = 0.166 m3 / min.






Problem 24 – Geotechnical
The weir shown has a base of which 2 m. below the ground surface. The pressure distribution diagram at
the base of the weir can be obtained from the equipotential lines as follows:
Nd = 3 Nf = 7
Coefficient of permeability K = 4 m/day w.s.

➀ Compute the uplift pressure at d. 7m

➁ Compute the uplift force per unit length. 9m 8m
➂ Compute the seepage through the foundation. w.s.
3 3 3 3 3 2m
Solution: a
➀ Uplift pressure at d b
f
e
7 1 c d 7
Headloss for each potential drop = = 1 m
7 2 6
3 5
fd = [9 - 4(1)] 9.81 4

fd = 5(9.81) = 49.05 kPa 15 m

➁ Uplift force per unit length

fa = (9 - 1)(9.81) 15 m
a f
fa = 78.48 kPa 29.43
kPa
ff = [(9 - 6(1)] 9.81
78.48
ff = 29.43 kPa kPa

78.48 + 29.43
F= (15)
2
F = 809.3 kN / m

➂ Seepage through the foundation

K H Nf
Q=
Nd
Nf = 7
Nd = 3
K = 4 m/day
4(7)(7)
Q=
3
Q = 65.33 m3 / day



Problem 25 – Geotechnical
A flow net flow around a single row of sheet piles in a permeable soil layer is shown in the
figure.
K = 5 x 10-5 m/sec., Nf = 3, Nd = 6. w.s.
Sheet Pile
H=4.8 m
➀ How high above the ground surface will 6m
w.s.
the water rise if piezometer is placed at Ground surface
1.2 m

point “A”?
I
➁ What is the rate of seepage through flow II
channel II per unit length (perpendicular 10 m A III
to the section shown)?
➂ Compute the total seepage loss per 2m B

meter length of sheet pile. 1 2 3

Impermeable layer
4 5

Solution:
➀ Height above the ground surface that the water will rise if a piezometer is placed at point
“A”
H 4.8
Potential drop = = 0.8 m
Nd 6
Point A is located on equipotential line I which means that the potential drop is 1(0.8) =
0.8 m
Therefore, the water in the piezometer at A will rise to a height equal to 6 – 0.8 = 5.2 m
above the ground surface.

➁ Rate of seepage through flow channel II per unit length

Note: The drop in the piezometer level between any two adjacent lines is the same equal
to 0.8 m.
KH
Q=
Nd
Q = K(0.8)
Q = 5 x 10 -5 (0.8) = 4 x 10 -5 m3 / sec / m

➂ Total seepage loss

K H Nf 5 x 10-5 (4.8)(3)
Q= = = 12 x 10 -5 m3 / sec / m
Nd 6
Problem 26 – Geotechnical
A flow net for the weir shown in the figure, compute the rate of seepage under the
weir and the shape factor.
Hydraulic conductivity K = 0.014 m/day
w.s.

H
10 m w.s.
1.5 m

24 m

Solution:
Nf = 4
Nd = 14
H = 10 - 1.5 = 8.5
Rate of seepage:
K H Nf
q=
Nd
(0.014)(8.5)(4)
q=
14
q = 0.034 m3 / m / day
N 4
Shape factor = f = = 0.286
Nd 14
Problem 27 – Geotechnical
Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand in a tank as shown in the figure.
Properties of sand:
Void ratio e = 0.52
Specific gravity of solids = 2.67
h=1.5

➀ Calculate the effective stress at B.

➁ What is the upward seepage force per unit volume 0.70 m H2O

of soil?
➂ What is the rate of upward seepage of water in γsat 1m
m3/hour if K = 2 x 10-3 m/sec and area of tank is 2m
0.45 m2? A
B
Solution:
➀ Effective stress at B valve
(G + e)γ w open
γ sat = s In flow
1+e
(2.67 + 0.52)(9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.52
γ sat = 20.59 kN/m2
Total stress at B = 9.81(0.7) + 20.59(2) = 48.047
Pore stress at B = (0.7 + 2 + 1.5)(9.81) = 41.202 kPa
Effective stress at B = 48.047 - 41.202 = 6.845 kPa

➁ Upward seepage force per unit ➂ Rate of upward seepage in m3/hour

volume of soil q=KiA
F =i γw 1.5
i= = 0.75
1.5 2
i= K = 2 x 10 -3 m/sec.
2
⎛ 1.5 ⎞ q = 2 x 10 -3 (0.75)(0.45)(3600)
F = ⎜ ⎟ (9.81)
⎝ 2⎠ q = 2.43 m3 / hour
F = 7.36 kN / m3
Problem 28 – Geotechnical
From the figure shown, the void ratio of the sand is 0.55 with a specific gravity of 2.68. The cross-sectional
area of the tank is 0.5 m2 and hydraulic conductivity of sand = 0.1 cm/s.
➀ What is the rate of upward seepage in m3/hour?
➁ Determine the critical hydraulic gredient for zero effective stress.
➂ Determine the value of h to cause boiling.
➃ Determine the value of x. h=1.2 m
x
Solution: H2O
H 1 =1 m
➀ Rate of upward seepage A
q=KiA z =0.8 Soil
1.2 C
i= = 0.60 H 2 =2 m
2
0.1 B
q= (0.60)(0.5)(3600)
100
q = 1.08 m3 / hour valve
open
In flow
➁ Critical hydraulic gredient
(G + e)γ w
γ sat = s
1+e
(2.68 + 0.55)(9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.55
γ sat = 20.44 kN/m3
Critical hydraulic gredient:
γ -γ
icr = sat w
γw
20.44 - 9.81
icr =
9.81
icr = 1.08

➂ Value of h to cause boiling ➃ Value of x

h x 1.2
=i =
H cr 0.80 2
h x = 0.48 m
= 1.08
2
h = 2.16 m
Problem 29 – Geotechnical
A soil profile shown has a zone of capillary rise in the sand overlying the clay. In
this zone, the average degree of saturation is 60% with a moist unit weight of
17.6 kN/m3.
Ground surface

Dry Sand
γdry =16.50 kN/m3
3m
3.9 m
A
6.9 m Sand γ=17.6 kN/m3 0.9 m
B water table

Clay
γsat =18.08 kN/m3 3m

➀ Compute the effective stress inside the capillary zone at a depth of 3.0 m
below the ground surface.
➁ Compute the effective stress at a depth of 3.9 m below the ground.
➂ Compute the effective stress at C.

Solution:
➀ Effective stress immediately inside the capillary zone at a depth of 3.0 m
below the ground surface
σA = 16.50(3) – [(- 0.60)(0.9)(9.81)]
σA = 54.80

➁ Effective stress at a depth of 3.9 m below the ground

σB = 16.50(3) + 17.6(0.9)
σB = 49.50 + 15.84
σB = 65.34 kPa

➂ Effective stress at C
σC = 16.5(3) + 17.6(0.9) + 18.8(3) – 9.81(3)
σC = 92.31 kPa
Problem 30 – Geotechnical
From the soil profile shown,
Ground surface
➀ Compute the effective stress at the bottom of the clay.
Dry Sand
➁ If the water table rises to the top of the ground surface,
what is the change in the effective stress at the bottom of e = 0.49
Gs = 2.68
4.6 m
the clay layer?
➂ How many meters must the ground water table rise to
Ground water table
decrease the effective stress by 14.4 kPa at the bottom of the
clay? Clay
e = 0.9 3.6m
Gs = 2.75
Solution: A
➀ Effective stress at A
Dry unit weight of sand: water table

G γ 2.68(9.81)
γ dry = s w = = 17.64 kN/m3 Dry Sand
1+e 1 + 0.49
γsat =20.87 kN/m3
Critical hydraulic gredient: 4.6 m
(G + e)γ w (2.75 + 0.9)(9.81)
γ sat = s = = 18.85 kN/m3
1+e 1 + 0.9
Clay
σ A = 17.64(4.6) + (18.85 - 9.81)(3.6) = 113.68 kPa γsat =18.85 kN/m3 3.6m

A
➁ Change in the effective stress A if the water
table rises to the ground surface
Saturated unit weight of sand:
Dry Sand
(G + e)γ w 4.6-h
γ sat = s
γdry =17.64 kN/m3

1+e water table 4.6 m

(2.68 + 0.49)(9.81)
γ sat = = 20.87 kN/m3 h γsat =20.87 kN/m3
1 .49
σ A = (20.87 - 9.81)(4.6) + (18.85 - 9.81)(3.6) Clay
γsat =18.85 kN/m3
σ A = 83.42 m 3.6m

Change in effective stress at A: A

∆σ' = 113.68 - 83.42 = 30.26 kPa

➂ Height that the ground water table rise to decrease the effective stress by 14.4 kPa
σA = 113.68 – 14.4
σA = 99.26 kPa
σA = 17.64(4.6 - h) + (20.87 – 9.81)h + (18.85 – 9.81)(3.6)
99.26 = 81.14 – 17.64h + 11.06h + 32.54
6.58h = 14.42
h = 2.19 m
Problem 31 – Geotechnical
From the sieve analysis of a sand, the effective size was determined to be 0.18 mm,
estimate the range of capillary rise in these sand for a void ratio of 0.65. Assume constant
C = 20 mm2

Solution:
C
h=
eD10
20
h=
0.65(0.18)
h = 170.94 mm

Problem 32 – Geotechnical
From the soil profile, compute the following:

➀ Total stress at D
➁ Pore stress at D Dry Sand γdry =16.2 kN/m3
4m
➂ Effective stress at C
water table

Solution: 1.5 m Sand γsat =18.4 kN/m3

➀ Total stress at D
σ = 16.2(4) + 18.4(1.5) + 19.81(9) Clay

σ = 270.69 kPa
9m
γsat =19.81 kN/m3
➁ Pore stress at D
U = (9 + 1.5)(9.81)
U = 103.01 kPa

➂ Effective stress at C
σ’ = 16.2(4) + 18.4(1.5) – 9.81(1.5)
σ’ = 77.685 kPa
Problem 33 – Geotechnical
A soil element is shown in the figure.
σy =300 kPa
➀ Compute the magnitude of the principal stresses.
➁ Compute the normal stress on plane AB. 60 kPa
➂ Compute the shear stress on plane AB. B

σx =120 kPa
Solution:
➀ Magnitude of the principal stresses
20˚
2
σy + σx ⎛ σy - σx ⎞ A
τxy =40 kPa
σ1 = ± ⎜ ⎟ + (τ xy )
2

2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
300 + 120 ⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
σ1 = ± ⎜ ⎟ + (- 40)2
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
σ 1 = 210 + 98.49 = 308.49 kPa
σ 3 = 210 - 98.49 = 111.5 kPa

➁ Normal stress on plane AB

σy + σx ⎛ σy - σx ⎞
σn = +⎜ ⎟ Cos 2θ + τ xy Sin 2θ
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
300 + 120 ⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
σn = +⎜ ⎟⎠ Cos 40˚ - 40 Sin 40˚
2 ⎝ 2
σ n = 210 + 68.94 - 25.71
σ n = 253.23 kPa

➂ Shear stress on plane AB

⎛ σy - σx ⎞
τn = ⎜ ⎟ Sin 2θ - τ xy Cos 2θ
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
τn = ⎜ ⎟⎠ Sin 40˚ - (- 40) Cos 40˚
⎝ 2
τ n = 88.49 kPa

Problem 34 – Geotechnical
A 2 m. x 2 m. footing located 1.2 m. below the ground surface as shown, carries a load of 660 kN
(including column load and weight of footing and soil surcharge). Unit wt. of soil is 18 kN/m3.

➀ Determine the stress of soil at the bottom of the footing.

➁ Determine the net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m. 660 kN
below the center of the footing at A.
➂ Determine the net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m.
below the edge corner of the footing at B.
1.2 m
Solution:
➀ Stress of soil at the bottom of the footing 2m x 2m
P
q = - γsh 5m
A
660
q= - 18(1.2)
2(2)
B A
q = 143.4 kPa

➁ Net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m. below the center of the footing at A
The total area is divided into 4 equal areas and each area shares a corner at point A.
A 1 B 1
m = = = 0.20 n = = = 0.20
z 5 z 5 1m
Influence coefficient from table 6-2 = 0.018
1m
Net vertical stress increment due to this load at a depth 5 m. at A:
σv = 0.018(4)(143.4) = 10.32 kN/m2 A

TABLE 6-2
Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Laoded Rectangular Area
m=A/z
or n = B/z or m = A/z
n=B/z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 10.0
0.1 0.005 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
0.2 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.061 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.3 0.013 0.026 0.037 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.073 0.077 0.079 0.083 0.086 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090
0.4 0.017 0.033 0.047 0.060 0.071 0.080 0.087 0.093 0.098 0.101 0.106 0.110 0.113 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115
0.5 0.020 0.039 0.056 0.071 0.084 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.116 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137
0.6 0.022 0.043 0.063 0.080 0.095 0.107 0.117 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.143 0.149 0.153 0.155 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156
0.7 0.024 0.047 0.069 0.087 0.103 0.117 0.128 0.137 0.144 0.149 0.157 0.146 0.169 0.170 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.172
0.8 0.026 0.050 0.073 0.093 0.110 0.125 0.137 0.146 0.154 0.160 0.168 0.176 0.181 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.185 0.185
0.9 0.027 0.053 0.077 0.098 0.116 0.131 0.144 0.154 0.162 0.168 0.178 0.186 0.192 0.194 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.196
1.0 0.028 0.055 0.079 0.101 0.120 0.136 0.149 0.160 0.168 0.175 0.185 0.193 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.029 0.057 0.083 0.106 0.126 0.143 0.157 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.212 0.215 0.216 0.217 0.218 0.218
1.5 0.030 0.059 0.086 0.110 0.131 0.149 0.164 0.176 0.186 0.193 0.205 0.215 0.223 0.226 0.228 0.229 0.230 0.230
2.0 0.031 0.061 0.089 0.113 0.135 0.153 0.169 0.181 0.192 0.200 0.212 0.223 0.232 0.236 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240
2.5 0.031 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.155 0.170 0.183 0.194 0.202 0.215 0.226 0.236 0.240 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.244
3.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.171 0.184 0.195 0.203 0.216 0.228 0.238 0.242 0.244 0.246 0.247 0.247
5.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.204 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.244 0.246 0.249 0.249 0.249
10.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
Problem 34 (Cont.) – Geotechnical
➂ Net vertical stress increment at B
A 2
m= = = 0.40
z 5
B 2
n = = = 0.40
z 5 2m

Influence coefficient from table 6-2 = 0.060

Net vertical stress increment at B:
σv = 0.060(143.4)
B
2m

σv = 8.6 kN/m2

TABLE 6-2
Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Laoded Rectangular Area
m=A/z
or n = B/z or m = A/z
n=B/z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 10.0
0.1 0.005 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
0.2 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.061 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.3 0.013 0.026 0.037 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.073 0.077 0.079 0.083 0.086 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090
0.4 0.017 0.033 0.047 0.060 0.071 0.080 0.087 0.093 0.098 0.101 0.106 0.110 0.113 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115
0.5 0.020 0.039 0.056 0.071 0.084 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.116 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137
0.6 0.022 0.043 0.063 0.080 0.095 0.107 0.117 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.143 0.149 0.153 0.155 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156
0.7 0.024 0.047 0.069 0.087 0.103 0.117 0.128 0.137 0.144 0.149 0.157 0.146 0.169 0.170 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.172
0.8 0.026 0.050 0.073 0.093 0.110 0.125 0.137 0.146 0.154 0.160 0.168 0.176 0.181 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.185 0.185
0.9 0.027 0.053 0.077 0.098 0.116 0.131 0.144 0.154 0.162 0.168 0.178 0.186 0.192 0.194 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.196
1.0 0.028 0.055 0.079 0.101 0.120 0.136 0.149 0.160 0.168 0.175 0.185 0.193 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.029 0.057 0.083 0.106 0.126 0.143 0.157 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.212 0.215 0.216 0.217 0.218 0.218
1.5 0.030 0.059 0.086 0.110 0.131 0.149 0.164 0.176 0.186 0.193 0.205 0.215 0.223 0.226 0.228 0.229 0.230 0.230
2.0 0.031 0.061 0.089 0.113 0.135 0.153 0.169 0.181 0.192 0.200 0.212 0.223 0.232 0.236 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240
2.5 0.031 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.155 0.170 0.183 0.194 0.202 0.215 0.226 0.236 0.240 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.244
3.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.171 0.184 0.195 0.203 0.216 0.228 0.238 0.242 0.244 0.246 0.247 0.247
5.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.204 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.244 0.246 0.249 0.249 0.249
10.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250

Problem 35 – Geotechnical
According to the elastic theory, the vertical stress induced flexible line load of infinite length that has an
intensity of q units/length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass can be estimated by the expression:
q
p = 0.637
N
2
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
where N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
r = horizontal distance from the line load
Z = depth of interest at which stress is induced
A concrete hollow block wall weighing 6 kN per lineal meter is carried by a wall footing 0.60 m. wide.

➀ Evaluate the bearing pressure in kPa exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil.
➁ Evaluate the stress in the soil caused by the load depth equal to twice its width.
➂ Evaluate the stress at a depth of 2 m. and a horizontal distance 3 m. from the line of load.

Solution:
➀ Bearing pressure in kPa exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil
Consider 1 m. length of wall.
A = 0.6(1) = 0.6 m2
P 6
q= = = 10 kPa
A 0.6(1)

➁ Stress in the soil caused by the ➂ Stress at a depth of 2 m. and a

load depth equal to twice its width horizontal distance 3 m. from the
Z = 2(0.6) line of load
Z = 1.2 m r =3 Z=2
0.637q ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
2
p=
N N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ 2 ⎤
2

⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ N = 2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 21.125
⎢ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥
⎡ ⎛ 0 ⎞2⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
N = 1.2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 0.637q
⎢ ⎝ 1.2 ⎠ ⎥ pA =
⎣ ⎦ N
N = 1.2 0.637(10)
pA = = 0.302
0.637(10) 21.125
p= = 5.31 kPa
1.2
Problem 36 – Geotechnical
A layer of soft clay having an initial void ratio of 2 is 10 m thick. Under a compressive load
applied above it, the void ratio decreased by one-half. Evaluate the reduction in the thickness
of the clay layer, in meters.

Solution:
e1 = 2
1
e2 = (2) = 1
2
H(e1 - e2 )
∆H =
1 + e1
10(2 - 1)
∆H =
1+2
∆H = 3.33 m

Problem 37 – Geotechnical
Estimate the height to which water will rise in the capillary tube of radius 1.5 mm. Surface
tension of water is 0.0728 N/m.

Solution: θ θ
4σ Cos θ
h=
γw d
h
welting angle θ = 0˚ for water
4(0.0728)Cos 0˚
h=
9810(0.003)
h = 0.00989 m
h = 9.89 mm
Problem 38 – Geotechnical
Determine the depression h of the mercury in the glass capillary tube having a diameter of
2 mm when the welting angle is 40˚.
Surface tension σ = 0.514 N/m, Sp.gr. of mercury = 13.6

Solution:
capillary
4σ Cos θ tube
h=
γw d
4(0.514)Cos 40˚
h= h
13.6(9810)(0.002)
h = 0.0059 m θ θ
h = 5.9 mm

Problem 39 – Geotechnical
From the given soil profile, the clay has an overconsolidation ratio OCR = 2.0. Find the pre-
consolidation pressure.

Solution:
Sand
Overburden pressure fb : 1.2 γdry =17.31 kN/m3

water table
PO = 17.31(1.2) + (18.10 - 9.81)(1.2) + (16.5 - 9.81)(0.6)
Sand
PO = 34.374 kPa 1.2
γsat =18.10 kN/m3
PC
OCR = 0.6 γsat =16.5 kN/m3
PO 1.2
Clay
e =1.70
0.6 P O
PC = (OCR)PO
PC = (2)(34.374)
PC = 69.468 kPa (preconsolidation pressure)

Problem 40 – Geotechnical
A soil profile is shown. The compression index for
the given clay is 0.36. If the water table is lowered Sand
dry=15.60 kN/m3
by 1.5 m, determine the settlement that would 3m
occur in the clay layer due to the lowering of the
water table
water table.
Sand

4m sat=16.58 kN/m3

Clay 1.2 m sat=17.52 kN/m3

Solution: 2.4 m e=1.2
A
P1 = effective pressure at A (midpoint of clay)
before water is lowered
P1 = 15.60(3) + (16.58 - 9.81)(4) + (17.52 - 9.81)(1.2)
P1 = 83.13 kPa
P2 = effective stress at A (midpoint of clay) Sand
dry=15.60 kN/m3
4m
after lowering of water table
P2 = 15.60(4.5) + (16.58 - 9.81)(2.5) + (17.52 - 9.81)(1.2)
water table
P2 = 96.38 kPa
Sand
2.5 m
Settlement: sat=16.58 kN/m3

C H P Clay 1.2 m sat=17.52 kN/m3

S = c log 2 2.4 m
1+e P1 A

0.36(2.4) 96.38
S= log
1 + 1.2 83.13
S = 0.025 m
S = 25 mm






Problem 41 – Geotechnical
From the given soil profile shown, the ground surface is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 80 kPa. Compression index for clay is 0.288. Compute the
settlement due to primary consolidation.

80 kPa

1.5 m Sand γdry =13.6 kN/m3

water table

Sand
3.2 m γsat =20.78 kN/m3

Clay 2m γsat =19 kN/m3

e =0.60
4.0 m A

Solution:
Overburden pressure fb :
PO = 13.6(1.5) + (20.78 - 9.81)(3.2) + (19 - 9.81)(2)
PO = 73.884 kPa
∆P = 80
Cc H ⎛ ∆P + PO ⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ PO ⎠
0.288(4) ⎛ 80 + 73.884 ⎞
S= log ⎜
1 + 0.60 ⎝ 73.884 ⎟⎠
S = 0.229 m
S = 229 mm
Problem 42 – Geotechnical
The thickness of the clay layer under a layer of sand is equal to 5 m. The ground surface is
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 40 kPa and resulted to a primary consolidation
settlement of 180 mm. Compute the secondary settlement of the clay layer 5 years after the
completion of the primary consolidation settlement. Time of completion of primary settlement
is 1.5 yrs. Secondary compression index Cα = 0.02 and void ratio of 0.54.

Solution:
C H ⎛T⎞
S = α log ⎜ 1 ⎟
1+e ⎝ T2 ⎠
0.02(5) ⎛ 5⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1 + 0.54 ⎝ 1.5 ⎠
S = 0.034 m
S = 34 mm





Problem 43 – Geotechnical
A clay is normally consolidated. A laboratory consolidation test on the clay using eodometer
gave the following results:

Pressure (kPa) Void ratio

100 0.905
200 0.815

Compute the compression index of the normally consolidated clay.

Solution:
e -e
C c = 1 P2
log P2 ( )1

0.905 - 0.815
Cc = = 0.299
log ( ) 200
100

Problem 44 – Geotechnical
A normally consolidated clay has 3 m. thick and a void ration of 1.10. A uniform
load is acting on the ground surface of the sand which overlies the clay equal to
∆P = 4.0 kPa.
Average effective stress at the midpoint of clay is Po = 80 kPa
Preconsolidation pressure Pc = 130 kPa
Swell index = 0.06
Compute the primary consolidation settlement.

Solution:
∆P = 40 kPa
Po = 80 kPa
∆P + Po = 40 + 80 = 120
∆P + Po < Pc = 130
Pr imary consolidation settlement:
Cs H ⎛ Po + ∆P ⎞
Sc = log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ Po ⎠
0.06(3) ⎛ 120 ⎞
Sc = log ⎜
1 + 1.1 ⎝ 80 ⎟⎠
Sc = 0.015 m
Sc = 15 mm
Problem 45 – Geotechnical
Laboratory consolidation data for an undisturbed clay specimen are as follows:
e1 = 1.12 e2 = 0.90 P1 = 90 kPa P2 = 460 kPa
Find the void ratio for a pressure of P = 600 kPa.

Solution:
e -e e1 - e
Cc = 1 2 Cc =
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ P⎞
log ⎜ 2 ⎟ log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
1.12 - 0.90 1.12 - e
Cc = 0.31 =
⎛ 460 ⎞ ⎛ 600 ⎞
log ⎜ log ⎜
⎝ 90 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 90 ⎟⎠
Cc = 0.31 e = 0.865






Problem 46 – Geotechnical
Laboratory test were conducted on a specimen collected from the middle of the clay layer.
The void ratio of undisturbed clay is 1.12 with a saturated unit weight of 18 kN/m3. The void
ratio of the clay after the application of the load (surcharge) is 1.05. Determine the settlement
in the field caused by the primary consolidation after the application of the load at the ground
surface. Thickness of clay layer is 6 m.

Solution: ∆P
Settlement in the field:
H (e1 - e 2 ) water table
S= Clay
1 + e1 γsat =18 kN/m3
e =1.12
6(1.12 - 1.05) H=6 m
S=
1 + 1.12
S = 0.198 m
S = 198 mm


Problem 47 – Geotechnical
From the field consolidation data shows that the soil has the foll. properties:
Water content = 40% Plasticity index = 0.64 Plastic limit = 20%
Compute the primary compression index.

Solution:
Cc = 0.009(LL - 10)
ω - PL
P.I. = Cc = 0.009(LL - 10)
LL - PL
40 - 20 Cc = 0.009(51.25 - 10)
0.64 =
LL - 20 Cc = 0.371
LL = 51.25






Problem 48 – Geotechnical
Estimate the elastic settlement of a rigid 3 m. square footing constructed over a loose sand
layer, given that the load carried by the footing = 701 kN
Modulus of elasticity of soil Es = 16000 kN/m2
Poisson’s ratio of soil µs = 0.32
Non-dimensional influence factor Ip = 0.88

Solution:
Elastic settlement:
P
σ= σ B (1 - µ2s )
A Se = Ip
Es
700
σ= 77.78(3)[1 - (0.32)2 ]
3(3) Se = (0.88)
σ = 77.78 kPa 16000
Se = 0.0115 m
B=3m
Se = 11.5 mm
I p = 0.88

Problem 49 – Geotechnical
A consolidated-undrained tri-axial test was conducted on the clay sample and the results are
as follows:
Drained friction angle = 28˚ for a normally consolidated clay
For a consolidated-undrained tri-axial test
Chamber confining pressure = 100 kPa
Deviator stress at failure = 90 kPa
➀ Compute the consolidated undrained friction angle.
➁ Determine the pore water pressure developed in the clay specimen at failure.
➂ Compute the deviator stress at failure when the drained test was conducted with the
same chamber confining pressure.

Solution:
➀ Consolidated undrained friction angle
45
Sin øcu = 45
145
øcu
øcu = 18.08˚
100 45 45

➁ Pore water pressure developed

in the clay specimen at failure
45 28˚ 45
Sin 28˚ =
σ 3 + 45 18.08˚

σ3 x 45 45
σ 3 = 50.85 kPa 45 45

x = 100 - 50.85 100

x = 49.15 kPa (pore pressure)

➂ Deviator stress at failure r

r 28˚
Sin 28˚ =
100 + r 100 r r

r = 88.49
Deviator stress = 2(88.49)
Deviator stress = 176.98 kPa


Problem 50 – Geotechnical
An unconfined compression test was carried out on a saturated clay sample. The
maximum load the clay sustained was 130 kN and the vertical displacement was
0.8 mm. The diameter of the soil sample was 40 mm diameter and 75 mm long.
Compute the undrained shear strength.

Solution:
π(0.04)2
Ao = = 0.00126 m2
4
0.8
ε= = 0.011
75
A
A= o
1- ε
0.00126
A= = 0.00127 m2
1 - 0.011
P
qu =
A
0.130
qu = = 102.36 kPa (unconfined compressive strength)
0.00127
Undrained shear strength:
q
c= u
2
102.36
c= = 51.18 kPa
2









Problem 51 – Geotechnical
A 4.5 m. high retaining wall. The wall is restrained from yielding. The drained friction angle of the soil is
30˚.
Dry unit weight of soil = 16 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight of soil = 19.60 kN/m3 Sand

➀ Compute the at rest earth pressure coefficient. 3m γdry =16 kN/m3

➁ Compute the lateral force per unit length of the wall.
➂ Determine the location of the resultant force from the 4.5 m
ground water table
bottom of the wall.
Sand
1.5 m γsat =19.60 kN/m3
Solution:
➀ At rest earth pressure coefficient
Ko = 1 – Sin ø
Ko = 1 – Sin 30˚
Ko = 0.50 γdry =16 kN/m3
3.0
➁ Lateral force per unit length of the wall P1
a = 16(3)(0.5) 1.0
a = 24 kN/m2
b = 0.50[16(3) + (19.6 - 9.81)(1.5)] P2
P3 P4
7.34(1.5) 1.5
b = 31.34 kN/m2 P3 = 0.75 0.5 0.5
2
c = 31.34 - 24 c
P3 = 5.51 kN/m d
2 b
c = 7.34 kN/m
14.72(1.5)
d = 1.5(9.81) P4 =
2
d = 14.72 kN/m2 P4 = 11.04 kN/m
24(3) Lateral force on the wall:
P1 =
2 P1
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
P1 = 36 kN/m P
P = 36 + 36 + 5.51 + 11.04
P2 = 24(1.4)
P = 88.55 kN / m 2.5
y
P2
P2 = 36 kN/m
0.75 0.5 P3 P4

➂ Location of the resultant force from the bottom of the wall

P y = P1 Y1 + P2 Y2 + P3 Y3 + P4 Y4
88.55y = 36(2.5) + 36(0.75) + 5.51(0.5) + 11.04(0.5)
y = 1.414 m


Problem 52 – Geotechnical
A vertical retaining wall 6 m. high is supporting a backfill having a dry unit weight of
15.6 kN/m3.
Drained friction angle
Over consolidation ratio = 2
Compute the lateral force per unit length of wall so that the wall is restrained from yielding.

Solution:
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest.
Ko = (1 - Sin ø) OCR Sin ø
Ko = (1 - Sin 30˚)(2)Sin 30˚
Ko = 0.707
Ko γ dry h2
P=
2
0.707(15.6)(6)2
P=
2
P = 198.52 kN / m (lateral force on the wall at rest)

Problem 53 – Geotechnical
The unit weight of the soil mass deposit of loose sand is 16 kN/m3. If the coefficient of lateral
pressure at rest condition is 0.50, determine the horizontal stress that acts within in the soil
mass at a depth of 3 m.

Solution:
σv = 16(3) = 48 kPa
σh = 0.50(48) = 24 kPa





Problem 54 – Geotechnical
A concrete basement wall for a structure extends below the ground water table.
Dry unit weight of sand = 16.8 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight of sand = 19.6 kN/m3
Calculate the total lateral pressure acting against the wall at a point 2.4 m below
the ground surface. Coefficient of lateral pressure at rest condition is 0.40.

ground surface

1.5 m
2.4 m ground water table

0.9 m
A

Solution:
Vertical pressure at A:
σv = 16.8(1.5) + (19.6 – 9.81)(0.9)
σv = 34.01 kPa
Total lateral pressure at A:
σh = 0.4(34.01) + 9.81(0.9)
σh = 22.43 kPa
Note: In soils below the water table, the total lateral pressure requires that the
hydrostatic pressure due to the water be added to the effective soil at rest
condition.





Problem 55 – Geotechnical
At a planned construction site, subsurface sampling indicates that the wet unit
weight of the soil is 19.35 kN/m3.

➀ Determine the effective vertical stress at a depth of 3.6 m if the water table is
deep.
➁ Determine the effective vertical stress and the neutral stress at the 3.6 m.
depth, if the water table rises to within 1.8 m. of the ground surface.
➂ Determine the effective stress at a depth of 3.6 m. if the water table is on the
ground surface. Ground surface

 =19.35 kN/m3 3.6 m

Solution:
➀ Effective vertical stress at a depth of 3.6 m if
the water table is deep A
σA’ = 19.35(3.6) = 69.66 kPa

ground water table

➁ Effective vertical stress and the neutral stress Ground surface

at the 3.6 m. depth, if the water table rises to

within 1.8 m. of the ground surface  =19.35 kN/m3
ground water table 3.6 m
σA’ = 19.35(1.8) + (19.35 – 9.81)(1.8)  =19.35-9.81=9.54 kN/m3
1.8 m
σA’ = 52.00 kPa A

Ground surface
➂ Effective stress at a depth of 3.6 m. if the
water table is on the ground surface
σA’ = (19.35 – 9.81)(3.6) 3.6 m

σA’ = 34.34 kPa A

Problem 56 – Geotechnical
An unsupported cut is shown in the figure.
Unit weight of soil backfill = 18.2 kN/m3
Cohesion of soil = 25 kN/m3  =18.2 kN/m3
C=25 kN/m2
Angle of friction = 10˚ ø=10˚
4.2 m
➀ Find the stress at the top and bottom of cut.
➁ Determine the maximum depth of potential crack.
➂ Determine the maximum unsupported height of excavation needed.

Solution:
➀ Stress at the top and bottom
Stress at the top :
1 - Sin 10˚ 1
Ka =
1 + Sin 10˚ z
Ka = 0.704
σ 1 = - 2 c Ka 4.2

σ 1 = - 2(25) 0.704
σ 1 = - 41.95 kPa (stress at the top)
Stress at the bottom :
-81.95
σ 2 = γ h Ka - 2 c Ka
z
σ 2 = 18.2(4.2)(0.704) - 2(25) 0.704
σ 2 = 53.81 - 41.95
4.2
σ 2 = 11.86 kPa (stress at the bottom) 4.2-z

➁ Maximum depth of potential crack 11.87

By ratio and prop. Using formula :
Z 4.2 - Z 2c
= Z=
41.95 11.87 γ s Ka
11.87 Z = 176.19 - 41.95 Z
2(25) H
53.82 Z = 176.19 Z=
18.2 0.704
Z = 3.27 m Z = 3.27 m (check)

➂ Max. unsupported excavation

H=2Z
H = 2(3.27)
H = 6.54 m
Problem 57 – Geotechnical
During a consolidated undrained tri-axial test on a clayey soil specimen, the minor and major
principal stresses at failure were 220 and 340 kPa, respectively. What is the axial stress at
failure if a similar specimen is subjected to an unconfined compression test and determine
also the cohesion of the clayey soil sample.

Solution:
Axial stress at failure ø
220 120
= 340 - 440 340

= 120 kPa
120
Cohesion = = 60 kPa
2 C=60
Unconfined compression test, confining pressure = 0
120

Problem 58 – Geotechnical
The frictional angle ø’ = 20˚ of a normally consolidated specimen collected during field
exploration. The unconfined compression strength qu of a similar specimen was found to be
140 kPa. Determine the pore water pressure at failure for the unconfined compression test.

Solution:
70 70
Sin 20˚ =
σ 3 + 70 20˚
σ 3 = 134.67 kPa 3 70 70

Pore pressure = - 134.67 kPa

Pore pressure

134.67
Problem 59 – Geotechnical
A 5.4 m high retaining wall is supporting a horizontal backfill of a cohesionless soil as
shown. Unit weight of soil = 17.30 kN/m3. Angle of friction ø = 36˚.

➀ Determine the at rest force per unit length of the wall.

➁ Determine the active force per unit length of the wall.
➂ Determine the passive force per unit length of the wall.

Solution:
➀ At rest force per unit length of the wall
Ko = 1 – Sin ø
Ko = 1 – Sin 36˚
Ko = 0.41 h=5.4 m
Po = ½ K o γs h2 P
Po = ½(0.41)(17.3)(5.4)2
Po = 103.4 kN/m

➁ Active force per unit length of the wall

1 - Sin 36˚
Ka = = 0.26
1 + Sin 36˚
1
Pa = γ s h2 Ka
2
1
Pa = (17.30)(5.4)2 (0.26)
2
Pa = 65.58 kN / m

➂ Passive force per unit length of the wall

1 + Sin 36˚
Kp = = 3.85
1 - Sin 36˚
1
Pp = Kp γ s h2
2
1
Pp = (3.85)(17.3)(5.4)2
2
Pp = 971 kN / m


Problem 60 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall has a height of 6 m. It supports a horizontal backfill of non-cohesive soil with a ground
water table at a depth of 3 m. below the horizontal backfill.
➀ Compute the effective stress at the bottom of the wall.
ø=30˚
➁ Compute the force per unit weight of the wall using Rankine’s active state. 3m s=16 kN/m3
➂ Determine the location of the resultant force acting on the wall.
Solution: 1 water table

➀ Effective stress at the bottom of the wall ø=35˚

1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K1 = = 3m sat=18 kN/m3
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
1 - Sin 35˚ A
K2 = = 0.271
1 + Sin 35˚
σ A ' = [16(3) + (18 - 9.81)(3)] (0.271)
σ A ' = 19.67 kPa

➁ Force per unit weight of the wall 16

σ 1 = 16(3)( 31 ) = 16 kN/m2
σ 1 = 16(3)(0.271) = 13 kN/m2
σ A = [16(3) + (18 - 9.81)(3)](0.271) 3m P1
σ A = 19.67 kPa
σ 3 = 9.81(3) = 29.43 R
16(3) 4m
P1 = = 24 kN/m P2
2 3m P3 y + P4
P2 = 13(3) = 39 kN/m 1.5
1.0 1.0
13
6.67(3)
P3 = = 10 kN/m
2 13 6.67 29.43
29.43(3)
P4 = = 44.14 kN/m 19.67
2
R = 24 + 39 + 10 + 44.14
R = 117.14 kN / m

➂ Location of the resultant force

R y = P1 Y1 + P2 Y2 + P3 Y3 + P4 Y4
117.14 y = 24(4) + 39(1.5) + 10(1) + 44.14(1)
y = 1.78 m from the bottom

Problem 61 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall is 6 m. high. The ground water table is located 3 m. below the ground
surface. The horizontal backfill is subjected to a surcharge of 15 kN/m2. Compute the
Rankine active force per unit length of the wall.

Solution:
1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K1 = =
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
1 - Sin 36˚
K2 = = 0.26
1 + Sin 36˚
σ 1 = 15( 31 ) = 5 kP
σ 2 = [15.5(3) + 15] ( 31 ) = 20.50 kPa
σ 3 = [15.5(3) + 15] (0.26) = 15.99 kPa
σ 4 = [15 + 15.5(3) + (19 - 9.81)(3)] (0.26)
σ 4 = 23.16 kPa
σ 5 = 9.81(3) = 29.43 kPa
P1 = 6(5) = 30 kN/m
3m
P2 =
15.5(3)
= 23.25 kN/m P2
2
P1 15.5
P3 = 10.99(3) = 32.97 kN/m
7.17(3) P3 +
P4 = = 10.76 kN/m 3m
2 3
P4 P4
29.43(3)
P5 = = 44.15 kN/m
2
R = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 5 10.99 7.17 29.43
22.16
R = 30 + 23.25 + 32.97 + 10.76 + 44.15
R = 141.13 kN / m

Problem 62 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall having a height of 1.5 m. is supporting two layers of cohesive soil having the
characteristics as shown in the figure. Compute the active force after the occurrence of the
tensile crack.

Clayey
Solution: 0.6 m ø=20˚
s=17.30 kN/m3
1 - Sin 20˚ C=14.4 kPa
K1 = = 0.49 3.46
1 + Sin 20˚
Depth of tensile crack : Sand
ø=30˚
2c K1 s=17 kN/m3
Z= 0.9 m 0.60 P
C=0
γ K1
2(14.4) 0.49 8.56
Z=
17.30(0.49)
Z = 2.38 > 0.60 m
The tensile crack will develop up to 0.60 m.
1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K2 = =
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
At 0.60 m.
σ 1 = 17.30(0.6)( 31 ) = 3.46 kPa
At 1.5 m.
σ 2 = [17.3(0.6) + 17(0.9)]( 31 ) = 8.56 kPa
(3.46 + 8.56)
P= (0.6)
2
P = 3.6 kN / m







Problem 63 – Geotechnical
A square footing 1.5 m x 1.5 m carries a concentric column load of P. The water table is at a
distance of 1.2 m. below the bottom of the footing.
Characteristics of sand: P
Unit weight of sand = 19.6 kN/m3
Angle of friction = 35˚
Nc = 58 Nq = 42 Ny = 46 ground surface
Water content = 15%
0.90 m
Poisson’s ratio = 0.42
Coefficient of subgrade reaction = 14 kN/m3
If the factor of safety based on ultimate B=1.5 m
D=1.2 m
bearing capacity is 2.8, compute the ground water table

maximum column load that the footing

could support.

Solution:
Since the water table is at a depth less than the width of footing, the unit weight of the soil
must be corrected.
(γ - γ s )(B - D)
γs = γ D +
B
19.6(1.2) + (19.6 - 9.81)(1.5 - 1.2)
γs = = 17.64 kN/m3
1.5
Ultimate bearing capacity for a square footing :
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40 γ B Ny
qu = 0 + 19.6(0.90)(42) + 0.40(17.64)(1.2)(46)
qu = 1130.37 kPa
qu 1130.37
qall = = = 403.70 kPa
F.S. 2.8
P
= qall
A
P = 403.70(1.5)(1.5)
P = 908.3 kN
Problem 64 – Geotechnical
A square footing must carry a gross allowable load of 670 kN. The base of the
footing is to be located at a depth of 0.92 m. below the ground surface. For the
soil, we are given that γs = 18.1 kN/m3, c = 0 and angle of friction ø = 40˚. If the
required factor of safety is 3, determine the size of the footing. Assume general
shear failure of soil. Nc = 95.66 Nq = 81.27 Ny = 115.31

Solution:
γ s = 18.1 kN/m3
q = 18.1(0.92) = 16.65 kPa
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40 γ B Ny
qu = 0 + 16.65(81.2) + 0.40(18.1)B(115.31)
qu = 1353.15 + 834.84 B
q 670 kN
qall = u
F.S.
ground surface
1353.15 + 834.84 B
qall =
3 0.92 m

P = qall A
B
(1353.15 + 834.84 B)(B)2
670 =
3
2010 = 1353.15 B2 + 834.84 B3
Trial and error :
B = 0.965 ≈ 1.0 m
NSE = 1.0 meter square footing






Problem 65 – Geotechnical
A square foundation footing has a dimension of 3 m x 3 m. It supports an axial load of
2250 kN. The building site is underlain by a thick stratum of sand. If the modulus of vertical
subgrade reaction is 45 x 103 kN/m3, estimate the settlement of the soil supporting the
footing.

Solution:
3.93 q B2
S=
Kv (B + 0.305)2
2250
q= = 250 kPa
3(3)
3.93(250)(3)2
S=
45000(3 + 0.305)2
S = 0.180 m.
S = 18 mm

Problem 66 – Geotechnical
A rectangular footing 6 m x 3 m supports an axial load of 3600 kN. Shear strength of clay =
90 kPa
Elastic modulus of clay: Es = 45000 kPa
Poisson’s ratio of clay = 0.50
Shape and foundation rigidity factor: Cs = 1.12
Calculate the immediate settlement (due to volume distortion) expected beneath the center
of a rigid rectangular shape foundation bearing a deep clay deposit.

Solution:
Cs q B (1 - µ2 )
Sv =
Eu 1.12(200)(3)[1 - (0.5)2 ]
Sv =
P 45000
q=
A S v = 0.0112 m
3600 S v = 11.2 mm
q= = 200 kPa
3(6)
Problem 67 – Geotechnical
A 3 m. x 3 m. square footing is embedded 0.60 m into a sand profile having a bulk unit
weight of 18 kN/m3 and bearing capacity factors Nc = 48, Nq = 25 and Ny = 19. Neglecting
shape factors, if the depth to the water table is 2.10 m. below the ground surface and the
proposed column load is 3340 kN, find the factor of safety against bearing capacity.

Solution:
The effect of the water table is to be considered since its distance from the bottom of the
footing is less than the width of the footing.
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40γ B Ny
3340 kN
q = 18(0.6)
q = 10.8 kPa
γ(3) = 18(1.5) + (18 – 9.81)(1.5) ground surface

γ = 13.10 kN/m3 0.60 m

qu = 0 + 10.8(25) + 0.40(13.10)(3)(19)
qu = 568.68 kPa 2.10
3m
s=18 kN/m3 1.5 m
Soil pressure due to column load + soil ground water table
3340 3m
Overburden pressure = + 18(0.6)
3(3) 1.5 m

Overburden pressure = 381.91 kPa

Factor of safety against bearing capacity:
568.68
F.S. =
381.91
F.S. = 1.49 say 1.50
Alternate solution :
q -q
qall = u
F.S.
P qu - q
=
A F.S.
3340 568.68 - 18(0.6)
=
3(3) F.S.
F.S. = 1.50


Problem 68 – Geotechnical
A square footing 2 m x 2 m is embedded 1.2 m. below the ground surface. The soil
profile has the following properties:
Cohesion = 10 kPa
Bulk unit weight = 20 kN/m3
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Factors: Nc = 12.86, Nq = 4.45 and Ny = 1.52
If the ground water table is at the bottom of the footing and the proposed column
load is 350 kN, determine the factor of safety against bearing capacity.

ground water table

1.2 m

3m

Solution:
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40γ B Ny
q = 20(1.2) = 24 kPa
γ = 20 – 9.81
γ = 10.19 kN/m3
qu = 1.3(1.0)(12.86) + 24(4.45) + 0.40(10.19)(2)(1.52)
qu = 286.37 kPa
q -q
qall = u
F.S.
P qu - q
=
A F.S.
350 286.37 - 24
=
2(2) F.S.
F.S. = 3


Problem 69 – Geotechnical
A clay embankment has a slope of 3H to 1V and a height of 5.40 m. The unit
weight of clay is 19.7 kN/m3 and the unconfined compressive strength is 76 kPa.
Compute the factor of safety for slope stability if it has a stability number of 5.53.

Solution:
cN
F.S. =
γH 1 H=5.4 m
3
1
c = (76) = 38 kPa
2
38(5.53)
F.S. = = 1.975
19.7(5.4)







Problem 70 – Geotechnical
The ultimate bearing capacity of a 600 mm diameter plate as determined from field
load test is 300 kPa. Estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of a circular footing
with a diameter of 1.6 m. The soil is sandy.

Solution:
qu (footing) B(footing)
=
qu (plate) B(plate)
300(1.6)
qu (footing) = = 800 kPa
0.6
For clays :

qu (footing) = qu (plate)


Problem 71 – Geotechnical
For the infinite slope shown the values of the soil properties are as
follows: Thickness of granular soil (c = 0) is 6 m. Angular friction is 22ˆand
the slope is 18˚. Unit weight of soil is 19.6 kN/m3. Determine the factor of
safety of the infinite slope.

Solution:
tan ø s=19.6 kN/m3
F.S. = ø=22˚
tan ß C=0 C K
H=6 m
RO
tan 22˚
F.S. =
tan 18˚

F.S. = 1.24 =18˚




















Problem 72 – Geotechnical
Laboratory test on a soil sample yielded the following results:
Liquid limit = 54%
Plastic limit = 25%
Natural moisture content = 29%
% finer than 0.002 mm = 18%

➀ Determine the activity number of the soil.

Solution:
P.I.
A=
% finer than 0.002 mm
54 - 25
A=
18
A = 1.61

➁ Determine the liquidity index.

Solution:
W - PL
L.I. =
LL - PL
29 - 25
L.I. = = 0.138
54 - 25

➂ Determine the consistency of the given soil.

a) stiff c) medium to soft
b) soft d) very soft

Problem 73 – Geotechnical
An undistributed sample of saturated clay has a volume of 16.5 cc and weighs 35.1 g. After oven drying,
the weight of the sample reduces to 29.5 g.

➀ Determine the void ratio of the soil sample.

Solution:
Wt. of H2O = 35.1 - 29.5 = 5.6 g
Saturated unit weight:
W
γ sat =
V
35.1
γ sat = = 2.127 g/cc ➂ Determine the moisture content of the soil
16.5 sample.
W Solution:
γ dry = d
V ω Gs
29.5 S=
γ dry = = 1.788 g/cc e
16.5 ω(2.7)
(G + e)γ w 1=
γ sat = s 0.51
1+e 8m
ω = 0.189
Gγ e γw ω = 18.9%
γ sat = s w +
1+e 1+e
e γw A
γ sat = γ dry +
1+e
e(1)
2.127 - 1.788 =
1+e
0.339(1 + e) = e
0.339 + 0.339e = e
e = 0.51

➁ Determine the sp.gr. of the soil sample.

Solution:
Gγ
γ dry = s w
1+e
G s (1)
1.788 =
1 + 0.51
G s = 2.70
Problem 74 – Geotechnical
From the given table of consistency index and an unconfined compressive strength of the soil.
Type of Soil Consistency Index Unconfined Compressive Strength (kPa)
Very Soft 0 – 25 < 25
Soft 25 – 50 25 – 50
Medium 50 – 75 50 – 100
Stiff 75 – 100 100 – 200
Very Stiff > 100 200 – 400
Hard > 100 > 400

➀ Determine the unconfined compressive strength of a stiff soil having a consistency of 85.
Solution:
⎧ ⎧75 ⎧100 ⎫
⎪10 ⎨ x⎨ ⎪
25 ⎨ ⎩85 ⎩ ? ⎬ 100
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 100 200 ⎭
10 x
=
25 100
x = 40 Unconfined compressive strength of stiff soil = 100 + 40 = 140 kPa

➁. Determine the consistency of a soft soil having a cohesion of 20 kPa.

Solution:
⎧ ⎧25 ⎧25 ⎫
⎪15 ⎨ x⎨ ⎪
25 ⎨ ⎩40 ⎩ ? ⎬ 25
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 50 50 ⎭
15 x
=
25 25
x = 15 Consistency index = 25 + 15 = 40

➂ Find the shear strength of a stiff soil at a depth of 8 m. if the soil has a consistency of 80%. Assume
angle of internal friction of the soil to be 32˚ and its unit weight is 18 kN/m3.
Solution: Unconfined compressive strength of
⎧ ⎧75 ⎧100 ⎫ the soil = 100 + 20 = 120 kPa
⎪5 ⎨ x⎨ ⎪ Cohesion of the soil = 120/2 = 60 kPa
25 ⎨ ⎩80 ⎩ ? ⎬ 100
⎪ ⎪ τ = c + σv tan ø
⎩ 100 200 ⎭ σv = 18(8) = 144
5 x τ = 60 + 144 tan 32˚
=
25 100 τ = 150 kPa
x = 10
Problem 75 – Geotechnical
➀ If excavation is carried out in a soil with a porosity of 0.40 and sp.gr. of 2.65, determine
the critical gradient.
Solution:
e G -1
=n Critical gradient = s
1+e e +1
e 2.65 - 1
= 0.40 Critical gradient =
1+e 0.667 + 1
0.40 + 0.4e = e Critical gradient = 0.99
0.6e = 0.40
e = 0.667

➁ Determine saturated unit weight of the soil.

Solution:
(G + e)
γ sat = s γw
1+e
(2.65 + 0.667)
γ sat = (9.81) = 19.52 kN / m3
1 + 0.667

➂ If a 1.50 m. layer of the soil is subjected to an upward seepage head of 1.95 m., what
depth of coarse sand would be required above the soil to provide a factor of safety of 2.5.
Assume all soils have the same porosity and sp.gr. of solids as the soil.
water table
Solution:
PA = 9.81(1.95) seepage head at the bottom A x

PA = 19.13 kPa
Effective pressure at A : 1.5 m

(x + 1.5)(19.52 - 9.81) = (x + 1.5)9.71 A

(x + 1.5)(9.71)
F.S. = water table
19.13
9.71x + 14.565
2.5 =
19.13 sat =19.52 kN/m3
x = 3.42 m.
A
Problem 76 – Geotechnical
A sample of clay was coated with paraffin wax and its mass including the mass of
wax, was found to be 697.5 g. The sample was immersed in water and the volume
of water displaced ws found to be 355 c.c. The mass of the sample without wax
was 690 g and the water content of the representative specimen was 18%. Sp.gr.
of the solid = 2.70 and that of wax is 0.89.

➀ Determine the bulk density.

Solution:
mass of wax mass
Vol. of wax = Bulk density =
unit wt. of wax vol.
697.5 - 690 690
Vol. of wax = Bulk density =
0.89(1) 346.57
Vol. of wax = 8.43 cc Bulk density = 1.99 g / cc

➁ Determine the dry density.

Solution:
Bulk density 1.99
γ dry = = = 1.69 g / cc
1+ω 1 + 0.18

➂ Determine the degree of saturation.

Solution:
G γ ω Gs
γ dry = s w S=
1+e e
2.7(1) 18(2.7)
1.69 = S=
1+e 0.60
e = 0.60 S = 81%





Problem 77 – Geotechnical
A cone penetrometer test was conducted on a sample of soil for the
determination of the liquid limit and the following observations were
recorded.
Liquid limit = 58% Plastic limit = 34% Shrinkage limit = 12%

➀ Compute the plasticity index.

Solution:
P.I. = LL – PL
P.I. = 58 – 34 = 24

➁ Compute the shrinkage index.

Solution:
Shrinkage index = PL – SV
Shrinkage index = 34 – 12 = 22

➂ Compute the shrinkage ratio if Gs = 2.70

Solution:
1 1
SL = -
SR G s
1 1
12 = -
SR 2.70
1
= 12.37
SR
SR = 0.081






Problem 78 – Geotechnical
A soil has a liquid limit of 25% and a flow index of 12.5%. If the plastic limit
is 15% and shrinkage limit is 12%

➀ Determine the toughness index.

Solution:
LL - PL
It =
If
25 - 15
It = = 0.80 = 80%
12.5

➁ Determine the shrinkage index.

Solution:
S.I. = PL – SL
S.I. = 15 – 12 = 3%

➂ Determine the relative consistency if the water content in its natural

condition in the field is 20%.
Solution:
LL - W
Ic =
LL - PL
25 - 20
Ic =
25 - 15
Ic = 0.50 say 50%







Problem 79 – Geotechnical
The water table in a deposit of uniform sand is located at 2 m. below the ground surface.
Assuming the soil above the water table is dry. The void ratio is 0.75 and sp.gr. of solids is
2.65.

➀ Determine the total stress at a depth of 5 m. below the ground surface.

Solution:
Gγ
γ dry = s w
1+e ground surface

2.65(9.81)
γ dry = 2m e = 0.75
1 + 0.75 water table
γ dry = 14.86 kN/m3
5m
(G + e)γ w Gs = 2.65
γ sat = s
1+e
(2.65 + 0.75)(9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.75 A
γ sat = 19.06 kN/m3
Total stress at A:
σ A = 14.86(2) + 19.06(3)
σ A = 86.90 kPa

➁ Determine the effective stress of the depth of 5 m. below the ground.

Solution:
σA’ = 14.86(2) + (19.06 – 9.81)(3)
σA’ = 57.47 kPa

➁ Determine the effective stress of the depth of 5 m. below the ground surface if the soil
above the water table is saturated by capillary action.
Solution:
σA’ = 19.06(2) + (19.06 – 9.81)(3)
σA’ = 65.87 kPa



Problem 80 – Geotechnical
During a test for water content determination on a soil sample by pycnometer, the following
observations were recorded:
Mass of wet soil sample = 1000 g
Mass of pycnometer with soil and filled with water = 2000 g
Mass of pycnometer filled with water only 1480 g
Sp.gr. of solids = 2.67

➀ Determine the water content.

Solution:
Ms
G=
Ms + M4 - M3
M s = 1000 M 4 = 1480
M 3 = 2000
Ws 1000 - 831.38
2.67 = Water content =
Ws + 1480 - 2000 831.38
2.67Ws - 1388.40 = Ws Water content = 0.2028
1.67Ws = 1388.40 Water content = 20.28%
Ws = 831.38

➁ If the bulk density of the soil is 2.05 g/cc, determine the void ratio.
Solution:
ρ
ρdry =
1+ω
2.05 ➂ Determine the degree of saturation.
ρdry = = 1.7 g/cc Solution:
1 + 0.2028
ω Gs
Gs ρw S=
ρdry = e
1+e
20.28(2.67)
2.67(1) S=
1.7 = 0.57
1+e
S = 95%
e = 0.57
Problem 81 – Geotechnical
A sand deposit is 10 m. thick and overlies a bed of soft clay. The ground water table is 3 m.
below the ground surface. The sand above the ground water table has a degree of saturation
of 45%. Void ratio is 0.70 with a sp.gr. of 2.65.
ground surface

➀ Determine the bulk unit weight of the soil Sand

3m
above the water table. A water table
Solution:
(G + Se)γ w S = 45%
γ= s 7m
1+e e = 0.70
Gs = 2.65
⎡⎣ 2.65 + 0.45(0.7) ⎤⎦ (9.81)
γ=
1 + 0.70 B
γ = 17.11 kN / m3 Clay

➁ Determine the effective stress at a depth of 10 m. below the ground surface.

Solution:
(G + e)γ w
γ sat = s
1+e
⎡⎣ 2.65 + 0.7 ⎤⎦ (9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.70
γ sat = 19.33 kN/m3
ground surface
σ B ' = 17.11(3) + (19.33 - 9.81)(7)
σ B ' = 117.97 kPa
A
 =17.11 kN/m3
8m
➂ Determine the increase in the effective stress
at a depth of 10 m. below the ground surface
when the water table is lowered by 5 m. Assume water table
that the soil above the water table has a
degree of saturation of 45˚ throughout. 2m sat=19.33 kN/m3
B
Solution:
σB’ = 17.11(8) + (19.33 – 9.81)2
σB’ = 155.92 kPa
Increase in effective stress = 155.92 – 117.97
Increase in effective stress = 37.95 kPa
Problem 82 – Geotechnical
A soil profile consists of a surface layer of clay 4 m. thick (γ = 19.5 kN/m3) and a
sand layer 2 m. thick (γ = 18.5 kN/m3) overlying an impermeable rock. The water
table is at the ground surface. The water level in a standpipe driven into the sand
layer rises 2 m. above the ground surface. The 4 m. clay is above the sand layer.

2m
➀ Determine the effective stress of the sand water table
at 4 m. below the ground surface.
Clay
Solution: 4m
 =19.5 kN/m3
σA = 19.5(4) – 9.81(6)
σA = 19.14 kPa A

2m Sand  =18.5 kN/m3

B
➁ Determine the effective stress of the clay
at 4 m. below the ground surface.
Solution:
σA = 19.5(4) – 9.81(4)
σA = 38.76 kPa

➂ When the water level in the standpipe is

reduced by 1 m., determine the effective
stress at the bottom of the sand 6 m.
below the ground surface. water table 1m

Solution: Clay
σB‘ = 19.5(4) + 18.5(2) – 9.81(7) 4m
 =19.5 kN/m3
σB‘ = 46.33 kPa
A

2m Sand  =18.5 kN/m3

B
Problem 83 – Geotechnical
The following index properties was determined for a soil sample.
Liquid limit = 65% Sp.gr. of solids = 2.70
Plastic limit = 25% Degree of saturation = 100%
Water content = 35%

➀ Determine the number of clay particles that the soil contains iin %.
Solution:
No. of clay particles = 65 – 25 = 40%

➁ Determine the void ratio of the soil sample
Solution:
ω Gs
S=
e
35(2.7)
100 =
e
e = 0.945

➂ Determine the bulk density of the soil sample.
Solution:
G γ
γ dry = s w
1+e
2.7(9.81)
γ dry = = 13.62 kN/m3
1 + 0.945
Bulk density :
γ moist = γ dry (1 + ω)
γ moist = 13.62(1 + 0.35)
γ moist = 18.38 kN / m3
Problem 84 – Geotechnical
A cylindrical specimen of a cohesive soil of 10 cm diameter and 20 cm
length was prepared by compaction in a mould. If the wet mass of the
specimen was 3.25 kg and its water content was 15%. Gs = 2.70


➀ Determine the dry density.
Solution:
3250
γ wet =
1570.80 ➂ If the sp.gr. of the particles
γ wet = 2.069 g/cc is 2.70, find the degree of
γ wet = (1 + ω) γ dry saturation.
Solution:
2.069 = (1.15) γ dry
ω Gs
γ dry = 1.8 g / cc S=
e

15(2.7)

S=
➁ Determine the void ratio. 0.5
Solution: S = 81%
G ρ
γ dry = s w
1+e
2.7(1)
1.8 =
1+e
e = 0.50









Problem 85 – Geotechnical
A concentrated load 40 kN is applied vertically on a ground surface.
where: Q = point load
z = depth of interest at which stress is in use
r = horizontal distance from the line load

➀ Using Boussinesq method, determine the vertical stress intensities at a depth of 2 m.

below the point of application of the load.
5/2
⎡ ⎤
3Q ⎢ 1 ⎥
∆p =
2π z 2 ⎢ 1 + r () ⎥
2

⎣ z ⎦
Solution:
5/2
3(40) ⎡ 1 ⎤
∆p = ⎢ ⎥ = 4.77 kPa
2π(2)2 ⎣ 1 + 0 ⎦

➁ Using Boussinesq method, determine the vertical stress at a depth of 1 m. and at a

radical distance of 3 m. from the line of action of the load.
Solution:
r 3
= =3
z 1
5/2
⎡ ⎤ 5/2
3Q ⎢ 1 ⎥ 3(40) ⎡ 1 ⎤
∆p = = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.06 kPa
()
2π z 2 ⎢ 1 + r ⎥
2
2π(1)2 ⎣ 1 + (3)2 ⎦
⎣ z ⎦

➂ Determine the vertical stress intensity on a horizontal plane at a depth of 2 m. below the
base of the footing using Westergaard equation.
3/2
⎡ ⎤
Q ⎢ 1 ⎥
∆p =
π z ⎢1 + 2 r () ⎥
2 2

⎣ z ⎦
Solution:
3/2
⎡ ⎤ 3/2
Q ⎢ 1 ⎥ 40 ⎡ 1 ⎤
∆p = = ⎢ ⎥ = 3.18 kPa
()
π z2 ⎢1 + 2 r ⎥ π(2)2 ⎣ 1 ⎦
2

⎣ z ⎦
Problem 86 – Geotechnical
The vertical stress at a point below the center of circular footing caused by a uniformly loaded flexible
circular are can be expressed as:
⎧ ⎫ where : p = vertical stress at a point below the circular footing
⎪⎪ 1 ⎪⎪
p = q ⎨1 - 3/2 ⎬ q = intensity of pressure on the circular area of radius r
()
⎪ ⎡ r 2 + 1⎤ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭
z = depth directly below the center of the circular footing

➀ If the bearing pressure exerted by the footing having a diameter of 5 m. is 152.79 kPa, determine the
concentrated load imposed upon the circular footing.
Solution:
P
p=
A
P
152.79 =
π 2
(5)
4
P = 3000 kN
➁ Determine the vertical stress at a depth equal to ➂ Determine the total vertical pressure at a
1.5 times the diameter of the footing if it carries a depth equal to 1.5 times the diameter of
concentrated load of 2500 kN. the circular footing if the unit weight of soil
Solution: supporting the footing is 16 kN/m3
⎧ ⎫ Solution:
⎪ 1 ⎪ σ’ = 16(7.5) + 18.50
p = q ⎨1 - 3/2 ⎬
⎪ ⎡⎣(r / z)2 + 1⎤⎦ ⎪ σ’ = 138.50 kPa
⎩ ⎭
P 2500
q= = = 127.32 2500
A π 2
(5)
4
z = 1.5(5) = 7.5 depth below the footing
r 2.5 5m
= = 0.333
z 7.5 s=16 kN/m3
1.5 1.5
Let x = ⎡⎣(r / 2)2 + 1⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣(0.333)2 + 1⎤⎦
7.5 m

x = 1.17
⎡ 1⎤
p = q ⎢1 -
⎣ x ⎥⎦ A
⎡ 1 ⎤
p = 127.32 ⎢1 - ⎥ = 18.50 kPa
⎣ 1.17 ⎦
Problem 87 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall has a height of 6 m. and is supporting a horizontal backfill which is level with
the top of the wall. The backfill has a unit weight of 16 kN/m3.

➀ Compute the lateral force per unit length of wall if the wall is prevented from moving.
Use Poisson’s ratio of soil to be 0.36.
Solution:
µ 1
Ko = P = Ko γ s h 2
1- µ 2
0.36 1
Ko = P = (0.5625)(16)(6)2
1 - 0.36 2
Ko = 0.5625 P = 162 kN

➁ Compute the lateral force per unit length of wall if the soil has an over consolidated ratio
of 2 and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.36.
Solution:
1
Ko = 0.5625 OCR P = Ko γ s h 2
2
Ko = 0.5625 2 ( ) P=
(0.796)(16)(6)2
2
Ko = 0.796 P = 229.25 kN

➂ If the angle of friction of the soil is 32˚, find the lateral active force acting on the wall.
Solution:
1 - Sin 32˚
Ka = = 0.307
1 + Sin 32˚
1
P = Ko γ s h 2
2
1
P = (0.307)(16)(6)2
2
P = 88.42 kN




Problem 88 – Geotechnical
A soil profile consists of two layers of soil with the clay layer underlying the sand layer. The
sand layer has a unit weight of 20 kN/m3 having a thickness of 4 m. and the unit weight of
the 2.5 m. layer of clay is 18 kN/m3. Compression index of the clay is 0.22 with a void ratio of
1.30.

➀ Compute the effective stress at the mid height of clay.

Solution:
Po = 20(4) + 18(1.25) ground surface

Po = 102.5 kPa
Sand
4m  =20 kN/m3
➁ Calculate the final settlement of the clay
layer due to an increase of pressure of 30
kPa at the mid-height of the clay.
Solution: 1.25 m
2.5 m Clay A
e = 1.30
HCc ⎛ P + ∆P ⎞  =18 kN/m3 Cc = 0.22
S= log ⎜ o ⎟
1+e ⎝ Po ⎠
2.5(0.22) ⎛ 102.5 + 30 ⎞
S= log ⎜
1 + 1.30 ⎝ 102.50 ⎟⎠
S = 0.0263 m.
S = 26.3 mm

➁ Calculate the settlement when the water table rises to the ground surface.
Solution:
Po = (20 - 9.81)(4) + (18 - 9.81)(1.25)
Po = 40.76 + 10.24
Po = 51 kPa
C cH ⎛ P + ∆P ⎞
S= log ⎜ o ⎟
1+e ⎝ Po ⎠
0.22(2.5) ⎛ 51 + 30 ⎞
S= log ⎜
1 + 1.30 ⎝ 51 ⎟⎠
S = 0.048 m.
S = 48 mm
Problem 89 – Geotechnical
The saturated soil stratum of clay is 4 m. thick below the foundation of the new
Cebu-Cordova Bridge. It has a void ratio of 1.50 at an initial pressure of 150 kPa.
Compute the final settlement of the soil stratum due to an increase of stress of 50
kPa if Cc = 0.20.

Solution:
C cH ⎛ P2 ⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ P1 ⎠
0.22(4000) ⎛ 150 + 50 ⎞
S= log ⎜
1 + 1.5 ⎝ 150 ⎟⎠

S = 40 mm

Problem 90 – Geotechnical
There is a layer of soft clay of 4 m. thick under a newly constructed AVIDA
Condominium in Pasig City. The overburden pressure over the center of the clay
layer is 300 kPa. The water content of the deposit was found to be 50%. If there is
an increase in pressure due to construction of 100 kPa, determine the settlement
of the clay layer. Cc = 0.50 and sp.gr. of soil is 2.70.

Solution:
C cH ⎛P ⎞
ω Gs S= log ⎜ 2 ⎟
S= 1+e ⎝ P1 ⎠
e
50(2.7) 0.5(4000) ⎛ 400 ⎞
100 = S= log ⎜
e 1 + 1.35 ⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
e = 1.35 S = 106.3 mm
Problem 91 – Geotechnical
A normally consolidated layer settles 20 mm when the effective stress is increased
from 80 to 160 kPa. When the effective stress is further increased to 320 kPa, the
further the settlement will be.

Solution:
HCc ⎛ P2 ⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ P1 ⎠
HCc ⎛ 320 ⎞ ⎛ 320 ⎞
20 = log ⎜ S = 66.44 log ⎜
1+e ⎝ 160 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 160 ⎟⎠
HCc
= 66.44 S = 20 mm
1+e


Problem 92 – Geotechnical
A clay sample originally 25 mm thick at a void ratio of 1.120 was subjected to a
compressive load. After the clay sample was completely consolidated, its
thickness was measured to be 24 mm. Determine the final void ratio.

Solution:
∆H ∆e
=
H 1 + eo
(25 - 24) e o - e1
=
25 1 + eo
1 e -e
= o 1
25 1 + 1.120
e(1.120 - e1 )(25) = 2.120

1.120 - e1 = 0.08480
e1 = 1.0352
Problem 93 – Geotechnical
A tri-axial compression test on a cohesive sample cylindrical in shape yields the following
effective stress.
Major principal stress = 8 MN/m2
Minor principal stress = 2 MN/m2

➀ Compute the angle of internal friction.

➁ Compute the cohesion of the soil sample.
③ Compute the shear stress at the rupture plane.

Solution :
➀ Angle of internal friction:
ø
θ = 45˚ + 2
ø
60 = 45˚ + 2
30˚
ø = 30˚
ø=30˚ τ r =3
➁ Cohesion of soil: C θ
3 r =3 r =3
Sin 30˚ = 5 + x
x σ3=2 6
x=1 5
c σ1=8
tan 30˚ = x
c = (1) tan 30˚
c = 0.577 MN/m2

Check:
ø ø
σ1 = σ3 tan2 (45+ 2 ) + 2c tan (45+ 2 )
8 = 2 tan2 60˚ + 2c tan 60
c = 0.577 MN/m2

③ Shear stress at the rupture plane:

τ = 3 Cos 30˚
τ = 2.60 MN/m2


Problem 94 – Geotechnical
A cohesive soil specimen has a shearing resistance equal to 28˚ and a cohesion
of 30 kPa. If the maximum shearing stress of the soil sample is equal to 70 kPa.

➀ Compute the lateral pressure in the cell for a failure to occur.

② Compute the maximum principal stress to cause failure.
③ Compute the normal stress at the point of maximum shear.

Solution:
➀ Lateral pressure in the cell:
30
tan 28˚ = x
x = 56.42 r=70
70 28˚ c=30
Sin 28˚ =
56.42 + σ3 + 70
x σ3 70 70
σ3 = 22.68 kPa σN
σ1
(lateral pressure in the cell)

② Max. principal stress to cause failure:

σ1 = σ3 + 70 + 70
σ1 = 22.68 + 140
σ1 = 162.68 kPa

③ Normal stress at the point of max. shear:

σN = σ3 + 70
σN = 22.68 + 70
σN = 92.68 kPa



Problem 95 – Geotechnical
A cohesive soil with an angle of shearing resistance of 36˚, has a cohesion of 12 kPa and a
max. shear stress of 308 MPa.

➀ Compute the confining pressure.

② Compute the max. principal stress.
③ Compute the normal stress at the failure plane.

Solution:
➀ Confining pressure: failure plane
12
tan 36˚ = x
x = 16.52 r=308
36˚
308 c=12
Sin 36˚ = ø=36˚ θ a
16.52 + σ3 + 308
x σ3 r=308 r=308
308 σn
324.52 + σ3 = Sin 36˚

σ3 = 199.48 kPa

② Max. principal stress:

σmax = 199.48 + 308 + 308
σmax = 815.48 kPa

③ Normal stress:
a
Sin 36˚ = 308
a = 181.04
σN = 199.48 + 308 - 181.04
σN = 326.44 kPa

 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil (Terzaghi’s Theorem)

➀ Ultimate Bearing Capacity

a) Square Footing
qu = 1.3 c Nc + Nq Df + 0.4 γ B Ny

b) Rectangular Footing
⎛ B⎞ 1 ⎛ B⎞
qu = c Nc ⎜ 1 + 0.3 ⎟ + Nq Df + B γ Ng ⎜ 1 - 0.2
⎝ L⎠ 2 ⎝ L ⎟⎠

c) Circular Footing
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.3 γ B Ny

d) Strip Footing (wall footing)

qu = c Nc + q N q + ½ γ B Ny

➁ Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity

qu(net) = qu - γ Df

➂ Gross Ultimate Bearing Capacity

qu - γ Df
qu(gross ) = + γ Df
F.S.
➀ Local shear failure (square footing)
2
c' = c
3
qu = 1.3 c' Nc ' + q Nq ' + 0.4 γ B Ny '

➁ General shear failure:

qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.4 γ B Ny

➂ Cohesion strength = 1.3 c Nc

Soil overburden pressure = q Nb
Footing dimension = 0.4 γ B Ny
Unit weight of soil at different location of water level
Bulk unit weight = 20 kN/m3

A)

Df =1.2
ground
water table

qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.4 γ B Ny
q = 20(Df) γ = 10.19
γ = 20 – 9.81 = 10.19
q = 20(1.2) = 24
B) Water level on top of footing
ground water table

Df

γ = 20 – 9.81 = 10.19
q = 1.2(10.19 = 12.23
qu = c Nc + 12.23 Nq + 0.4 B (10.19)Ny

C) Water level at the bottom below the footing at a distance less

than B
ground surface

Df

B=4
D=2.5 2.5 m
ground water table
4m

(B-D)=1.5 1.5 m

γ ’ B = γs D + (γsat - γw)(B – D)
γ = 20 kN/m3 (bulk unit weight)
γsat = 22 kN/m3 (given)
γ ’(4) = 20(2.5) + (γsat – 9.81)(1.5)
γ ’(4) = 20(2.5) + (22 – 9.81)(1.5)
γ ’ = 17.07 kN/m3
qu = c Nc + 12.23 Nq + 0.4 B (γ ‘)Ny
qu = c Nc + 12.23 Nq + 0.4 B (17.07)Ny