Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other

Classes of Functions

Mathematics 21

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 1 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 2 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 3 / 29
Logarithmic Differentiation

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

Recall: Properties of absolute value

(a) | xy| = | x ||y|
 
x  |x|
(b)   =
y |y|
(c) | xr | = | x |r

Recall: Properties of logarithms

(a) logb xy = logb x + logb y
x
(b) logb = logb x − logb y
y
(c) logb xr = r logb x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 4 / 29
Logarithmic Differentiation

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

- given an equation in x and y, say

√
3
x+1
y= √
csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2

Step 1: Take the absolute value of both sides of the equation and apply
properties of the absolute value.
 √3

 x+1 
|y| =  √
 

 csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2 
1
| x + 1| 3
|y| = 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 5 / 29
Step 2: Take the natural logarithm of both sides and apply properties of
logarithms to obtain a sum.
1
!
| x + 1| 3
ln |y| = ln 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| 3 − ln | csc x |5 − ln |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 6 / 29
Step 3: Take the derivative of both sides implicitly with respect to x and solve for
dy
.
dx  
1 1
Dx (ln |y|) = Dx ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2
1 dy 1 1 5 1 1
· = · − · (− csc x cot x ) − · · (−2x )
y dx 3 x + 1 csc x 2 1 − x2
 
dy 1 x
=y + 5 cot x +
dx 3( x + 1) 1 − x2
√3
! 
dy x+1 1 x
= √ + 5 cot x +
dx csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2 3( x + 1) 1 − x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 7 / 29
 √3 2
dy x tan4 x
Find if y = .
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x
2
| x | 3 | tan x |4
|y| =
|2x2 + 1|3 | log x |
2
ln |y| = ln | x | + 4 ln | tan x | − 3 ln |2x2 + 1| − ln | log x |
3
1 dy 2 1 1 1 1 1
· = · +4· · sec2 x − 3 · 2 · 4x − ·
y dx 3 x tan x 2x + 1 log x x ln 10
√ 3 2
dy x tan x 4 
2 2
4 sec x 12x 1

= + − 2 −
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x 3x tan x 2x + 1 (log x )( x ln 10)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 8 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 9 / 29
 dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0
dx
Option 1: Use logarithmic differentiation.
ln y = ln ( x x ) (no need to take absolute values since x > 0)
ln y = x ln x
1 dy 1
· = 1 · ln x + x ·
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1)
dx
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 10 / 29
 dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0.
dx
Alternate solution: Write f ( x ) g( x) first as e g( x) ln[ f ( x)] .
y = e x ln x
 
dy x ln x 1
=e 1 · ln x + x ·
dx x
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 11 / 29
 dy
Find if y = (sin x )cos x , sin x > 0.
dx
ln y = cos x ln(sin x )
 
1 dy 1
· = (− sin x ) · ln(sin x ) + cos x · · cos x
y dx sin x
cos2 x
 
dy cos x
= (sin x ) − sin x ln(sin x ) +
dx sin x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 12 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 13 / 29
Theorem
  1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √
1 − x2
1
cos−1 x = − √


(b) Dx
1 − x2
1
tan−1 x =


(c) Dx
1 + x2
1
cot−1 x = −


(d) Dx
1 + x2
1
sec−1 x = √


(e) Dx
x x2 − 1
1
csc−1 x = − √


(f) Dx
x x2 − 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 14 / 29
Proof.
We only show the proof of statement 1. The rest may be proved similarly.
y = sin−1 x
x = sin y
Dx ( x ) = Dx (sin y)
dy
1 = cos y ·
dx
dy 1
=
dx cos y
√q h π πi
Note that cos y = ± 1 − sin2 y = ± 1 − x2 . Since y ∈ − , , cos y ≥ 0.
2 2
dy 1
Therefore, = √ .
dx 1 − x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 15 / 29
Theorem
  1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −


1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √


cos−1 (e) Dx


(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √


tan−1 x = (f) Dx


(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
dy
Examples. Find .
dx

1. y = sin−1 (3x )
dy 1 3
= p · (3) = √
dx 1 − (3x )2 1 − 9x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 16 / 29
Theorem
  1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −


1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √


cos−1 (e) Dx


(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √


tan−1 x = (f) Dx


(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1

2. y = cot−1 (ln x )
   
dy 1 1
= − ·
dx 1 + (ln x )2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 17 / 29
Theorem
  1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −


1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √


cos−1 (e) Dx


(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √


tan−1 x = (f) Dx


(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
 y 2
1
= log2 ( x − y) − csc−1 (3x2 )

3. 5

 y   dy  
1 1 1 dy
5 ln 5 dx = · 1 −
( x − y) ln 2 dx
 
1
− 2 csc−1 3x2 · −


√ · 6x
3x2 9x4 − 1
 
1 − 1 2

6x
− 2 csc 3x · − √
dy ( x − y) ln 2 3x2 9x4 − 1
=  y  
dx 1 1
5 ln 15 +
( x − y) ln 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 18 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 19 / 29
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech2 x
(d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
(f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 20 / 29
Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x

Proof.
e x − e− x
If y = sinh x = , then
2
dy x − x
e − (e ) · (−1) e x + e− x
= = = cosh x.
dx 2 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 21 / 29
Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x (d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x (e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
2
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech x (f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x
dy
Examples. Find .
dx

1. y = csch x5 − 2

dy
= − csch x5 − 2 coth x5 − 2 · (5x4 )



dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 22 / 29
Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x (d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x (e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
2
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech x (f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x
√
2. y = tanh3


x+3
dy √ √ 1
= 3 tanh2 x + 3 · sech2



x+3 · √
dx 2 x+3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 23 / 29
Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x (d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x (e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
2
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech x (f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x

3. y = (cosh x )sinh x , cosh x > 0

y = esinh x ln(cosh x)
 
dy sinh x ln(cosh x ) 1
=e cosh x · ln(cosh x ) + sinh x · · sinh x
dx cosh x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 24 / 29
For today

1 Logarithmic Differentiation

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 25 / 29
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx (sinh−1 x ) = √ (d) Dx (coth−1 x ) = , |x| > 1
x2 + 1 1 − x2
1 1
(b) Dx (cosh−1 x ) = √ (e) Dx (sech−1 x ) = − √
x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(c) Dx (tanh−1 x ) = , |x| < 1 (f) Dx (csch−1 x ) = − √
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1
dy
Examples. Find .
dx

1. y = sinh−1 (1 − x )

dy 1 −1
= p · (−1) = p
dx 2
(1 − x ) + 1 (1 − x )2 + 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 26 / 29
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx (sinh−1 x ) = √ (d) Dx (coth−1 x ) = , |x| > 1
x2+1 1 − x2
1 1
(b) Dx (cosh−1 x ) = √ (e) Dx (sech−1 x ) = − √
x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(c) Dx (tanh−1 x ) = , |x| < 1 (f) Dx (csch−1 x ) = − √
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1
h  x i
2. y = coth−1 ( x4 ) − sech−1 1
4

dy 1 1  x  
1
3 + ln 14


= · 4x · 4
1 − x8
r
dx  x
1
 2x
4 1 − 14

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 27 / 29
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx (sinh−1 x ) = √ (d) Dx (coth−1 x ) = , |x| > 1
x2 + 1 1 − x2
1 1
(b) Dx (cosh−1 x ) = √ (e) Dx (sech−1 x ) = − √
2
x −1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(c) Dx (tanh−1 x ) = , |x| < 1 (f) Dx (csch−1 x ) = − √
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1
 
3. y = log10 cosh−1 (2x )

dy 1 1
= − 1
·√ ·2
dx cosh (2x ) ln 10 4x2 − 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 28 / 29
Exercises

dy
(1) Find .
dx
sin2 (3x )
(a) y = √ (Use logarithmic differentiation.)
(5x + 1) 4 2x2 − 5
3
(b) y = (log x )cos( x −3x) , log x > 0
(c) y = sin−1 (2x + 1)
(d) y = cos−1 (e2x )
(e) y = sech3 (sinh(3 − x2 ))
(f) coth y = ln(2x − 3y) + cosh(5x )
(g) y = tanh−1 (5x2 ) csch−1 (ln x )
√
(h) y = sech−1 1 − x2 , x > 0
(2) Find the equations of the tangent line and normal line to the graph of
g( x ) = sinh(2x ) where x = 2 ln 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 29 / 29