Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ocean Engineering
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng

Review

Vortex shedding suppression and wake control: A review

Saman Rashidi a, Masoud Hayatdavoodi b, Javad Abolfazli Esfahani a,n
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775-1111, Iran
b
Division of Civil Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Wake destructive behavior and vortex shedding behind bluff bodies may be controlled by use of active
Received 31 December 2015 and passive methods. Computational fluid dynamics, experimental and analytical techniques have been
Received in revised form utilized to study this problem. In this survey, existing studies on different methods of controlling the
19 July 2016
wake destructive behavior and suppression of vortex shedding behind bluff bodies are discussed, in-
Accepted 27 August 2016
cluding the very recent developments. These methods are classified into two groups. In the first group,
Available online 7 September 2016
these methods are discussed according to the type of external source or modification of the geometry of
Keywords: bluff body for controlling the flow. In the second group, the methods are classified according to the part
Suppression of vortex shedding of the flow, boundary layer or wake, that is modified by the method. Advantages, limitations, energy
Bluff bodies
efficiency, and particular applications of each method are discussed and summarized, followed by some
Wake control
conclusions and recommendations. Moreover, the effectiveness of each technique on the drag reduction
Computational fluid dynamics
Experimental and analytical techniques is discussed.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2. Classification of various methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.1. Active control methods (energy consuming) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.1.1. Control of vortex shedding by electrical methods (EHD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.1.2. Control of vortex shedding by feedback control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.1.3. Control of vortex shedding by generating a secondary flow (Suction, blowing, base bleed and synthetic jets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.1.4. Control of vortex shedding by a magnetic field (MHD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.1.5. Control of vortex shedding by rotary oscillations or rotary non-oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.6. Control of vortex shedding by thermal effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.7. Control of vortex shedding by other active methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2. Passive control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.1. Control of vortex shedding by surface roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.2. Control of vortex shedding by porous and permeable walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.3. Control of vortex shedding by other passive methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3. Control of vortex shedding by employing an external element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.3.1. Control of vortex shedding by employing an external element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3. Energetic efficiency of control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4. Drag analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5. Summary and concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

1. Introduction

n
Studies on wake structure and vortex shedding behind bluff
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.A. Esfahani). bodies and analysis of flow separation have been a topic of interest

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.08.031
0029-8018/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
58 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

due to their fundamental significance and practical importance in bluff bodies. The current study focuses on this goal. In Section 2, a
aerodynamics and hydrodynamics applications. Examples of such classification of various methods for controlling the wake de-
applications are vibration of pipelines lying on the seabottom structive behavior and suppression of vortex shedding is provided.
under the influence of currents and waves, bridges, interaction of Section 3 presents some conclusions and suggestions based on the
currents and waves with offshore structures, flow tubular or tube literature review.
banks heat exchangers, skyscrapers, chimneystacks, suspension
bridges and chimneys near tall buildings, structures in the atmo-
spheric boundary layers and submarine pipe, see e.g., Zang et al. 2. Classification of various methods
(2013), Zang and Gao (2014), Bovand et al. (2015a), Rashidi et al.
(2014a) and Rashidi et al. (2015a). In such applications, bluff In this study, we classify the existing aerodynamic and hydro-
bodies experience unsteady loads due to the flow separation and dynamic methods used to control the wake destructive behavior
formation of the wake region and vortices, which in some cases, and suppress the vortex shedding into nine categories. These
play an important role on their design. Control of wake structures methods are summarized below.
and flow separations in such cases can significantly decrease the
unsteady forces on the structure; resulting in less structural vi- a) Control of vortex shedding by electrical methods
brations. Also, the offshore industry is particularly concerned with b) Control of vortex shedding by utilizing an external small
the vortex induced vibration suppression due to the failure of element
components of offshore structures, like risers and spars, which c) Control of vortex shedding by feedback control methods
leads to catastrophic environmental and economic consequences. d) Control of vortex shedding by use of a magnetic field (MHD)
There are various methods to control the wake structure and e) Control of vortex shedding by rotary oscillations
vortex shedding, such as employing an external small element, f) Control of vortex shedding by generating a secondary flow
modifying geometry of the obstacle (by placing tabs or streaks on (suction, blowing, bleed and synthetic jets)
the obstacle), injection and suction in porous surface, and surface g) Control of vortex shedding by surface roughness
roughness elements. These methods have been introduced and h) Control of vortex shedding by use of thermal effects
discussed by researchers in the past decades, however, to the i) Control of vortex shedding by other methods
author's knowledge, there has not been any attempt to classify
these techniques. For example, Zdravkovich (1981) performed a These approaches can be classified as passive and active control
review on various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic means for methods. The passive control techniques are dependent on mod-
suppressing vortex shedding, and classified these approaches in ifications of the bluff body geometry, which affect the formation of
three categorie: surface protrusions, shrouds and near wake sta- the vortex shedding. These passive methods, class b and g, do not
bilizers. The various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic means have need any external energy during application and have a simpler
been highlighted in this paper rather than various techniques in implementation, which favor them over the active techniques for
this field. Also, Zdravkovich (1981) reviewed different means for engineering applications. Active control methods, class a, c-f, and
suppressing the vortex shedding behind circular obstacle, while h, need external energy to affect the fluid flow. Another classifi-
other shapes, such as square, diamond, triangular, trapezius, etc. cation of these methods is based on the parts of flow that are
did not receive any attention. Gad-el-Hak and Bushnell (1991) modified in control process: the boundary layer control methods
performed a review on separation control. There are several con- and the wake control (Choi et al., 2008). For the former method,
trol techniques that the wake characteristics are modified directly, the boundary-layer flow characteristics are changed by using the
but in paper of Gad-el-Hak and Bushnell (1991), attentions are control method but the wake characteristics are modified directly
focused on boundary layer control. In addition, many new devices by using the later control method. Next, we will introduce and
and approaches are introduced after 1991. Williamson (1996) re- discuss each method in detail.
viewed new developments and the discoveries of several new
phenomena of vortex dynamics. Overview of vortex shedding re- 2.1. Active control methods (energy consuming)
gimes, 3D vortex patterns in different regimes including the la-
minar, transition, and higher Reynolds number regimes, wave in- 2.1.1. Control of vortex shedding by electrical methods (EHD)
teractions in the far wake, and 3D effects in other wake flows were This method is classified as active and boundary layer control
also reviewed by Williamson (1996), Modi (1997) and King (1997) method. In this method, an electric discharge creates an electric
performed a review on moving surface boundary-layer control and force acting on fluid particles, resulting in a change in the fluid
vortex shedding, respectively. Williamson and Govardhan (2004) velocity field. This force leads to a delay in separation of the flow
reviewed the fundamental results and discoveries on vortex-in- in the trailing side of the obstacle. The ions in the fluid flow, used
duced vibration. Free and forced vibrations of a cylinder are pre- in this method, are created by an electrical discharge in an
sented separately in their review. In another research, Kumar et al. otherwise electrically neutral fluid. The ions are under the action
(2008) classified recent patents on passive control techniques for of columbic forces due to the electrode of opposite sign and this
vortex-induced vibrations. Choi et al. (2008) performed a review leads to exchange momentum with the neutral fluid particles. This
study about control of flow over the bluff bodies. However, this method is suitable for aerodynamic applications such as airfoils
paper is published in the year 2008 and this means that the recent typically used in wind turbine blades, civil air traffic projects and
developments in this field are not covered by this paper. Moreover, aircraft. Fig. 1 shows the surface plasma generated to modify the
some important factors about this topic such as energy efficiency flow over a circular cylinder. Fig. 2 shows a smoke visualization of
of control methods and the effectiveness of each technique on the plasma actuation on flow surrounding a 2-D circular cylinder at
drag reduction should be highlighted with more details. These Re ¼1.8  104, with and without plasma actuation. It is observed
factors are necessary for assessing different control techniques. that the EHD method reduces the re-circulated smoke, resulting in
Shmilovich and Yadlin (2011) investigated flow control techniques Karman vortex shedding suppresses.
for transport aircraft. This method is used by Artana et al. (2003) to experimentally
It appears that the literature lacks from a comprehensive study control the near-wake flow around a circular obstacle with elec-
on classification of different methods for control of wake de- trohydrodynamic actuators for Reynolds number range of
structive behavior and suppression of vortex shedding behind 2.3  103 oReo5.8  104. In these experiments, two electrodes
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 59

Reynolds number range of 1.0  104 oReo4.0  104. A PIV tech-

nique was applied to quantify the changes in the wake structure. It
was shown that modest discharge power into the boundary layer,
created by a dielectric barrier discharge, can decrease the wake
momentum deficit significantly by influencing flow separation.
Less recirculation was observed in the recirculation region when
the plasma is actuated. Thomas et al. (2008) used plasma actuators
for the cylinder flow control and noise reduction. Both steady and
unsteady actuation were used in the experiments for
Re¼3.3  104. It was shown that steady actuation is more suitable
for noise-control applications; the unsteady actuation is affected
by an unsteady body force and creates a tone at the actuation
frequency. Note that there is a less power dissipation for each
actuator for unsteady actuation due to a lower duty cycle. Chaos
controlling is referred to the stabilization of unstable periodic or-
bits by means of small system perturbations. It is widely used in
general non-linear dynamics problems. Muddada and Patnaik
(2011) reviewed some chaos control strategies and discussed their
relevance to some fluid turbulence applications. Through a com-
putational study, vortex shedding behind a blunt trailing edge was
controlled experimentally using plasma actuators by Nati et al.
(2013). They focused on laminar boundary layer regime on an
Fig. 1. Surface plasma generated to modify the flow over a circular cylinder (Figure elongated D-shaped flat plate of 12 mm thickness with a free-
reprinted from Sung et al. (2006) with permission from the publisher). stream velocity of 10 m/s. Their results show that the vortex
shedding frequency peak is decreased during the steady plasma
were flush-mounted on the obstacle wall and were charged with actuation by 10 dB.
DC power supplies to produce a plasma sheet contouring the body. Finally, this method is classified as active and boundary layer
The discharge electrodes modify the shear stresses of the fluid control method. In this method, the electrodes create electric force
layers increase and the base pressure increases by creating the acting on fluid particles, resulting in a change in the fluid velocity
electric force, modifying the size of the mean recirculation region. field. This force leads to a delay in separation of the flow in the
Most of the studies focusing on this method are conducted ex- trailing side of the obstacle. As mentioned by e.g. Artana et al.
perimentally and are for a specific range of Reynolds number flow. (2003), it is more efficient to mount the electrodes on the surface
Hyun and Chun (2003) performed an experimental study on of the bluff bodies because most of the momentum should be
the wake flow control behind a circular obstacle using ion wind for transferred in fluid layers that have a very low kinetic energy. This
Reynolds number range of 4.0  103 o Re o8.0  103. It was found leads to important changes in the fluid dynamics with minimum
that presence of ion wind could affect the wake structure behind power added to the flow. EHD mitigates some of the drawbacks of
an obstacle significantly. Also, it was shown that the pressure drag active flow control methods. This method has some favorable
decreases by superimposing ion wind. Control of flow separation features as an active flow control such as low power consumption,
from an airfoil (NACA 663  018) on high angle of attack was stu- simple construction, robustness, and high frequency response.
died by Post and Corke (2004) using plasma actuators for Reynolds Moreover, the electric discharge varies in space and time and so
number range of 7.7  104 oReo3.33  105. In this study, two creates an easy changeable force. The electric discharge can be
types of plasma actuators were utilized. The first type creates a employed only when needed, and when not in use, they have no
spanwise array of streamwise vortices, and the second type creates destructive effects.
a 2-D jet in the flow direction along the airfoil wall. These actua- Table 1 summarizes researches on application of EHD to control
tors were placed at the leading edge of the airfoil. It was found that the vortex shedding behind a bluff body. As shown in this table,
the reattached flow created by the actuator leads to a decrease in these researches have covered only flows with moderate Reynolds
drag and significant suction-pressure recovery. number. More studies are necessary for higher range of Reynolds
In the experiments conducted by Sung et al. (2006), flow over numbers (i.e. Re4105). All studies for this method are performed
circular obstacles was modified by plasma actuation for the in air. Application of this method in ocean engineering, with water

Fig. 2. Smoke visualization of plasma actuation on flow surrounding a circular cylinder at Re ¼1.8  104 for two cases of (a) with and (b) without plasma actuation (Flow is
from right to left; Figure reprinted from Sung et al. (2006) with permission from the publisher).
60 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Table 1 nonlinear model for vortex shedding control in cylinder wakes.

Researches on application of EHD to control the vortex shedding behind a bluff They used the feedback control of Karman vortex shedding for
body.
critical value of Re  47. It was observed that the vortex shedding is
Authors Type of research Type of fluid Reynolds number suppressed only at the spanwise location of the sensor for long
cylinders. Fujisawa et al. (2001) controlled experimentally the
Artana et al. (2003) Experimental air 2.3  103–5.8  104 vortex shedding behind a circular obstacle at moderate Reynolds
Hyun and Chun (2003) Experimental air 4.0  103–8.0  103 numbers. They used a rotary cylinder oscillations controlled by the
Post and Corke (2004) Experimental air 7.7  104–3.3  105
Sung et al. (2006) Experimental air 1.0  104–4.0  104
feedback signal of a reference velocity in the main obstacle. They
Thomas et al. (2008) Experimental air 3.3  104 showed that the fluid forces and the velocity fluctuations de-
Nati et al. (2013) Experimental air 3.8  103–7.3  103 creases by the feedback control with optimum values of the phase
lag and feedback gain. The feedback gain is the ratio of the max-
imum of the circumferential velocity of the cylinder to the max-
being as fluid, is questionable. The results show a lack of in- imum filtered reference velocity, and the phase lag is defined as
formation about application of numerical approaches in this the time lag in degrees between the filtered velocity signal and the
method. However, vortex induced vibration phenomenon is ob- monitored angular velocity signal.
served in slender flexible structures as a destructive aerodynamic Fujisawa and Nakabayashi (2002) experimentally controlled
excitation. Studies on the control of the flows with this phenom- the vortex shedding behind a circular obstacle by the rotational
enon by EHD method have remained interesting. feedback oscillations. They used the neural network approach for
calculating the optimum condition. Their results showed that the
2.1.2. Control of vortex shedding by feedback control methods drag force is decreased by about 16% and the lift force is sup-
This method is classified as active and wake control method. It pressed about 70% in comparison with the stationary obstacle.
is possible to apply feedback from a suitable sensor to an actuator Wolfe and Ziada (2003) performed an experimental study on the
for stabilizing the wake and suppressing the vortex shedding at effect of feedback control on the vortex shedding behind two
Reynolds numbers close to the onset of vortex shedding, see e.g. tandem obstacles in cross-flow. The aim of this study was to de-
Park et al. (1994). In this method, the control input is modified crease the downstream obstacle response to vortex shedding and
successively according to the response of the flow system. This turbulence excitations. Feedback control is utilized for resonant
method is widely used in aircraft and projectile aerodynamics and non-resonant cases. Frequency of vortex shedding coincides
including dynamic stall control, marine structures, chemical mix- with the resonance frequency of the downstream obstacle for re-
ing improvement, submarine periscopes, increase mixing and heat sonant case, but the shedding frequency is about 30% higher than
transfer in combustion. A sample set up of this control method is the downstream obstacle resonance frequency for non-resonant
shown in Fig. 3. The localized cross-stream velocity measurement case. They observed that the feedback control can significantly
in the cylinder wake region is feedback to the compensator, R(s), decrease the downstream obstacle response to turbulence excita-
which drives the cylinder rotation. The actuation is understood by tions and vortex shedding. Leclerc et al. (2006) presented a nu-
unsteady angular rotations of the circular obstacle surface φ(t). merical feedback control method for controlling the laminar vor-
Feedback control method can be used to control the wake and tex shedding behind a circular obstacle due to a compressible flow.
vortex shedding behind a bluff body. For example, Williams and This method was based on the incomplete sensitivities and gra-
Zhao (1989) presented an active experimental method for con- dient evaluation by complex variable method. Muddada and Pat-
trolling the vortex shedding behind a circular obstacle at naik (2010) proposed an algorithm to model and control vortex
Re¼4.0  102, sending acoustic feedback signals. These signals shedding behind a circular obstacle. Multiple-feedback sensors,
were taken from hot-wires in the wake of the obstacle. The actuators and a control strategy are used in this approach. The
shedding was suppressed by switching on the controller after two state of the flow is reported by some sensors that are located in
or three vortex shedding periods. Tao et al. (1996) experimentally the downstream of the body. Two external actuators are used to
presented a feedback control method to suppress and excite the control the fluid flow. The actuators respond with a rotation
vortex shedding behind a circular obstacle. The feedback pertur- parameter that this parameter temporally varies by the control
bations were created inside the wake by oscillating the obstacle algorithm. They considered the range of Re¼1.0  102–3.0  102.
transversely to the ongoing flow. They observed that the peaks at They observed that the wake gradually becomes weaker and the
the vortex shedding frequency decrease under the feedback sup- vortex shedding completely suppresses for higher rotation rate of
pression. Roussopoulos and Monkewitz (1996) proposed a the control cylinders. Lu et al. (2011) was able to reduce the lift
force on a circular cylinder by about 50% at low Reynolds number,
using the feedback rotary oscillation method. Carini et al. (2015)
presented a linear feedback control for the unsteady cylinder wake
at low Reynolds numbers. The classical small-gain has been used
to design a full-dimensional stabilising compensator of the line-
arized Navier–Stokes equations. Also, they investigated the effect
of sensor placement on the compensator performance. It was
found that the amount of control energy for stabilizing the flow
characteristics by a small, lower plateau for 11o xs o 14 when the
sensor is moved along the flow centerline, where xs is the
streamwise locations of the sensor in the far-wake region, see the
green elliptic in Fig. 3.
There is a feedback control method called linear Proportional
Integral Differential (PID) control. In this control method, only the
output is available and used for feedback. Fig. 4 shows a block
diagram of the PID control. It should be noted that the controller is
Fig. 3. A sample set up of a feedback control method (Flow is from left to right; a combination of a simple gain (P control), an integrator (I control),
Figure reprinted from Carini et al. (2015) with permission from the publisher). a differentiator (D control) or some weighted combination of these
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 61

online optimization technique to control the dynamic (nonlinear)

systems characterized by an output extremum in a steady state.
These controllers are used to find an optimal set point to modify
the flow around the bluff bodies. Beaudoin et al. (2006) controlled
the drag exerted on a bluff-body at large Reynolds number
(Re¼2.0  104) by extremum-seeking control. The set point in this
study was defined as the minimum cost of global energy con-
sumption of a turbulent separated flow (drag reduction versus
actuator's energy). They used the extremum-seeking control to
find the lowest value for cost of global energy consumption. They
observed that the system works around its optimal state of lower
energy consumption by using this algorithm. Becker and King
(2006) controlled the separation on a high-lift configuration by
using extremum seeking control. Their results showed the cap-
ability of this method to minimize the separation even in the
presence of disturbances.
Feedback method was classified as an active wake control
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the PID control, see e.g. Son et al. (2011). method. With the development of Microelectromechanical sys-
tems and smart materials, intelligent sensing and actuator tech-
possibilities, see e.g. Son et al. (2011). niques, this method has been popular rapidly among the re-
In this figure, ψ(t), e(t) α, β and γ are the control input, error, searchers in last years. Indeed, this method is a combinatorial
proportional, integral and differential gains, respectively. More- method that directly modifies the wake characteristics. Note that
over, r and y indicate the reference input (or desired response) and this method is not easy to simulate even with the rapid develop-
process output, respectively. Son et al. (2011) summarized the ments in computer power and CPU. There are some numerical
researches on the application of the PID control to annihilate the techniques to decrease the amount of computations. For example,
vortex shedding behind a bluff body. The results of these re- it is possible to replace the Navier Stokes equation by a low order
searches are presented in Table 2. The ranges of Reynolds number, dynamical system, or to find new methods to calculate the gra-
actuation type and feedback law (P control, P control with phase dient of the cost function, see e.g. Leclerc et al. (2006). We note
shift, PI and PID) for each research are presented in this table. that this is a costly method. Therefore, an energetic and optimi-
From these studies, Son et al. (2011) concluded that the P zation analyses are necessary for this method. Flow visualization is
controls are very sensitive to the amount of phase shift and sen- a good technique to provide an overall picture of the change in
sing position. Therefore, P controls may be used as an effective wake by using feedback control.
method to suppress the vortex shedding or decrease its strength Table 3 provides a summary on the research conducted on
by considering suitable values for these variables. Son et al. (2011) application of feedback method to control the vortex shedding and
also concluded that the reductions in velocity fluctuations in the flow separation of a bluff body. As presented in this table, re-
wake and the strength of vortex shedding are intensified with searchers used different actuations for this method. However, it
increase in the proportional gain. However, a large gain leads to can be seen that the numerical methods have been used for only
more system instability. As shown in this table, the research of very low Reynolds number. Moreover, the potential of this method
Zhang et al. (2004) is the only study where the PI and PID controls at moderate and high Reynolds numbers is very significant from
are utilized to control the flow over a bluff body. They decreased an engineering viewpoint and requires future study. A relatively
both the cylinder vibration amplitude and streamwise velocity low cost method in this classification is application of sound field
fluctuations by PID controls. as actuation. More researches are needed about this technique as
Son et al. (2011) utilized the P, PI and PD to control the flow the ability, advantages and disadvantages of this technique are still
over a circular cylinder for the Reynolds numbers of 60 and unclear.
1.0  102. They measured the transverse velocity at a centreline
position in the wake for sensing, and determined the actuation 2.1.3. Control of vortex shedding by generating a secondary flow
velocity from the P, PI or PD control. They observed that the ve- (Suction, blowing, base bleed and synthetic jets)
locity, lift fluctuations and the mean drag decrease by addition of a These methods are classified as active wake control method. It
D or an I control to the P control for the cases that the P control is possible to control the flow around bluff bodies by generating a
does not completely suppress the vortex shedding. secondary flow (suction, blowing, base bleed). For suction and
Extremum is another feedback control method used to supress blowing, the wall of obstacle is penetrable and the suction or
the vortex shedding by seeking control. This method is used as an blowing velocity is defined. For base bleed method, the wall of

Table 2
Previous studies of the P, PI and PID controls for flow over a cylinder, see e.g. Son et al. (2011).

Author Reynolds number Actuation Feedback law

Berger (1967) laminar Cylinder displacement P

Williams and Zhao (1989) 4.0  102 Loudspeakers P with phase shift
Baz and Ro (1991) 1.716  104–2.6555  104 Cylinder displacement P
Roussopoulos (1993) 50–65 and 1.2  102 Loudspeakers P with phase shift
Park et al. (1994) 60 and 80 Blowing/suction P
Warui and Fujisawa (1996) 6.7  103 Cylinder displacement P with phase shift
Huang (1996) 4.95  103, 6.5  103 and 1.3  104 Blowing/suction P with phase shift
Zhang et al. (2004) 3.5  103 Cylinder displacement P, PI, PID
Hiejima et al. (2005) 2.0  102 Blowing/suction P with phase shift
62 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Table 3
Researches on application of feedback method to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.

Author Reynolds number Actuation Spatial dimensions Type of research Type of fluid

Williams and Zhao (1989) 4.0  102 Loudspeakers – Experimental Air

Roussopoulos and Monkewitz 50 Loudspeakers 2D Numerical –
(1996)
Tao et al. (1996) 48.5 and 51 Oscillating the cylinder transverse to the on- – Experimental Water
coming flow
3
Fujisawa et al. (2001) 6.7  10 and Rotary cylinder oscillations – Experimental Air
2.0  104
Wolfe and Ziada (2003) 4.11  104–5.79  104 Synthetic jet – Experimental Air
Leclerc et al. (2006) 1.0  102 Blowing/suction 2D Numerical –
Lu et al. (2011) 60–200 Rotary cylinder oscillations 2D Numerical –
Carini et al. (2015) 50–90 Rotations of the cylinder surface 2D Numerical –

coefficient is defined by:

(pin − pw )
Cp =
0.5ρUin2 (1)

where ‘‘in’’ and ‘‘w’’ subscripts demonstrate inlet and cylinder wall,
respectively. Moreover, p and U are the pressure and velocity,
respectively.
Formation of turbulent boundary layers around a cylinder by
using surface suction is investigated experimentally by Seal and
Smith (1999). It is shown that the surface suction leads to i)
weakening the instantaneous turbulent vortex and its associated
surface interactions and ii) weakening the average downstream
extensions of the vortex. Delaunay and Kaiktsis (2001) studied
effects of steady base suction and blowing on the stability and
dynamics of the wake behind circular obstacle at low Reynolds
numbers, using a numerical method. In this paper, all terms in
continuity and momentum equations were discretized based on a
Fig. 5. Experimental setup utilized to suppress the vortex-induced vibration of a Legendre spectral element method except the time term that was
circular cylinder by using suction flow. (Figure reprinted from Chen et al. (2013) discretized based on second-order accurate mixed stiffly stable
with permission from the publisher).
scheme. They found that slight blowing or high enough suction
stabilizes the wake for supercritical Reynolds number regime
obstacle is not penetrable and the secondary flow is injected at the (Re447). However, they observed that the wake could be desta-
edge of obstacle. The suction, blowing and bleed are used as en- bilized for the subcritical regime by suction, whereas blowing had
ergy input for controlling the flow. These techniques are widely no detectable effect on the flow stability.
used in long-span suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, Optimal control of 2-D cylinder wakes via suction and blowing
see e.g. Chen et al. (2013). Fig. 5 shows an experimental setup used is investigated numerically by Li et al. (2003) for Reynolds num-
to suppress the vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder by bers up to 1.1  102. They observed that an open-loop control can
means of suction flow. be used for suppressing the vortex shedding in the wake of a
The time-averaged streamline contours with injection through circular obstacle in a robust way. Kim and Choi (2005) investigated
the surfaces of a square cylinder for different Reynolds numbers the distributed forcing of flow over a circular obstacle for the range
are shown in Fig. 6. Here, Γ represents the injection parameter, of Reynolds number from 40 to 3900. The distributed forcing is
defined as the ratio of the fluid velocity through the porous wall to found by a blowing and suction from the slots placed at upper and
inlet streamwise velocity. It is observed that the wake structure lower surfaces of the obstacle. The optimal conditions for max-
changes significantly when using injection; the vortices disappear imum drag reduction are occurred for the Reynolds number of
for higher injection parameter. In this figure, the pressure 1.0  102. Layek et al. (2008) numerically investigated the

Fig. 6. Time-averaged streamlines colored by the pressure coefficient for different suction/blowing parameter and Reynolds number for case (a) without control (|Γ| ¼0),
(b) with control (|Γ|¼ 0.05) (c) with control (|Γ| ¼0.15) (Flow is from left to right; Figure reprinted from Sohankar et al. (2015) with permission from the publisher).
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 63

Fig. 7. Configuration of streamlines around a porous diamond obstacle for (a) Da ¼ 1.0  10  3 and Re ¼29; (b) Da ¼1.0  10  6 and Re¼ 6 (Flow is from left to right; Figure
reprinted from Valipour et al. (2014b) with permission from the publisher).

influence of suction and blowing on vortex shedding behind a vortices. Also, this mode has an influence on the velocity fluc-
square obstacle placed inside a channel. In this study, the Navier– tuations. Joseph et al. (2013) performed an experimental flow
Stokes equations were solved by a finite-difference method using control on the Ahmed body using micro-electro mechanical sys-
staggered grid arrangement. It is concluded that the amplitude of tem (MEMS) pulsed micro jets. They found that the drag reduction
the lift coefficient decreases by increasing the blowing velocity. (up to 10%) is occurred with using the micro-jets located upstream
Also, the flow becomes steady and symmetric for a specific value the recirculation wake created over the rear slant of the body.
of the blowing parameter. Warjito et al. (2012) used this approach Chaligné et al. (2014) controlled the wake-flow behind a 2-D
in a numerical and experimental study and modified turbulent square obstacle by a fluidic control system. This system is made of
flow structure around Ahmed's body suction flow, resulting in a pulsed jets placed at the upper edge of the model. This method can
reduction of the drag force by about 15%. It was shown that, using modify the wake flow development and the static pressure dis-
the suction in the rear part of the model results in a reduction of tribution around the obstacle. Liu and Feng (2015) numerically
the wake and vortex formation. Chen et al. (2013) conducted ex- suppressed the lift fluctuations on a circular obstacle by two
periments on suppression of the vortex-induced vibration of a synthetic jets for Re¼5.0  102. In this study, the unsteady Navier–
circular obstacle by using a suction flow method. Four different Stokes equations were solved by utilizing a finite volume method.
steady suction flow rates were used in this study. Following this These jets were placed at the mean separation points. They fo-
approach, they were able to decrease the amplitude of the oscil- cused on reduction of the lift fluctuations by changing the vortex
lation, fluctuating wall pressure, and the unsteady aerodynamic shedding mode. Their results showed that the complete suppres-
forces acting on the obstacle. A given suction flow rate was found sion of lift fluctuations can be achieved when the typical Karman
to optimize the control. Sohankar et al. (2015) numerically con- type vortex shedding are converted into the symmetric shedding
trolled fluid flow and heat transfer around a square obstacle by modes. In some cases, base bleed or base suction effects are used
uniform suction and blowing at low Reynolds numbers for controlling the physics of flow around an obstacle.
(Re¼ 70 1.5  102). They considered three cases for the location of The base bleed is secondary flow that is injected at the base of
the blowing and suction, including the front surface, rear surface the truncated plug, see e.g. Rashidi et al. (2013). The streamline
and top/bottom surface. They found that when the suction is
contours past a porous diamond obstacle are shown in Fig. 7. As
employed on the top and bottom surfaces, and blowing is applied
shown in Fig. 7(a), the wake is completely detached from the cy-
on the front and rear faces, optimum control can be achieved. Also,
linder wall for this range of parameters (Da ¼1.0  10  3 and
their study showed that the drag and lift fluctuations for the op-
Re¼29), due to the base bleed effects. In this figure, the Darcy
timum configuration decrease and the maximum deduction in
number is defined as:
drag force are 61%, 67% and 72% for Re¼ 70, 1.0  102, 1.5  102,
respectively. Da = = K /D2 (2)
In addition, synthetic jet (unsteady blowing) is used in some
cases to control the flow and separation phenomena. For example, where, K and D are the permeability of porous medium and cy-
Tensi et al. (2002) performed experimental tests to control the linder diameter, respectively.
flow around an obstacle by synthetic jet (unsteady blowing) Also, Fig. 7(b) shows that the wake is permeated into the por-
through a single slot disposed on the surface of the obstacle for ous obstacle for Da¼ 10  6 and Re ¼6. The negative exit velocity
Re¼1.05  102. The effects of this jet on delaying separation and effect (base suction) is known to be the main reason for such a
modifying the drag coefficient were investigated through a series phenomenon.
of experiments. It was suggested that zero-mass-flux actuator Fu and Rockwell (2005) experimentally controlled the vortex
types, which require little energy, could be used for further flow formation in the near wake for the shallow flow past a vertical
control around various bodies including airfoils. Effect of novel cylinder by base bleed through a very narrow slot. They observed
synthetic jet on wake vortex shedding modes of a circular cylinder that the patterns of streamline topology and Reynolds stress at the
is investigated experimentally by Feng et al. (2010). They found bed change even by small bleed and these changes have important
that the control effect of the synthetic jet upon the flow around a consequences for the bed loading.
circular obstacle can increase with an increase in the suction duty Finally, this method is classified as active and wake control
cycle factor, i.e., the ratio between the time duration of the suction method. This technique is an important method to control the
cycle and the blowing cycle of the actuator signal and increase in flow separation. Moreover, this method significantly affects the
the momentum coefficient. Feng and Wang (2010, 2011) experi- stability of the boundary layer and the transition to turbulence. As
mentally controlled vortex-synchronization behind a circular ob- an active method, typically a high source of energy is required for
stacle with a synthetic jet positioned at the rear stagnation point this method especially for underwater flows in ocean engineering
at Re¼9.5  102. They observed that the symmetric shedding applications. Beside this, base bleed, among other techniques, re-
mode weakens the interaction between the upper and lower wake quires a relatively high power input because it is applied inside the
vortices and decreases turbulent kinetic energy produced by the recirculation region. As mentioned by researchers, the forcing
64 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

close to the separation point generally has the foremost control

Suction insert at a streamwise location 90 cm from the leading edge of cylinder

efficiency. Hence, it is recommended to consider this point for
improving the efficiency of this method. Researchers reported a
drag reduction up to 30% by synthetic jets (Feng et al. (2010)). Due
to the alternative effects of unsteady blowing and suction, syn-
thetic jets have good efficiency in delaying separation and redu-
cing the drag coefficient. The mass-flux produced by these tech-
niques is an important point that affects the energy consumption

Uniform suction and blowing from the cylinder surface

by these methods. The effect of the mass-flux requires further

Injection and suction at the surface of the cylinder

studies.

Suction and blowing applied at the cylinder base

Two synthetic jet at the mean separation points

Suction and blowing from the cylinder surface
Uniform suction and blowing at channel walls
Table 4 summarizes the researches on application of secondary

Suction from lowest positions of the cylinder

flows to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff

Synthetic jet at the back stagnation point

Synthetic jet at the rear stagnation point
Synthetic jet at the rear stagnation point

Pulsed jets at upper edge of the cylinder

Synthetic jet at the wall of the cylinder
body. As presented in this table, most of these researches cover
low Reynolds number regimes. The future researches should be
focused on the critical or supercritical Reynolds numbers.

2.1.4. Control of vortex shedding by a magnetic field (MHD)

Researches on application of generating a secondary flow (suction, blowing, bleed and synthetic jets) to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.
This method is classified as active and boundary layer control
method. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the physical-mathe-

Type of injection
matical framework that is concerned with the dynamics of mag-
netic fields in electrically conducting fluids. Any movement of a

Micro-jets
conducting fluid in a magnetic field, B, generates electric currents,
j. Each unit volume of liquid having j and B experiences a resistive
type force, known as the Lorentz force. This force can be calculated
by, see e.g. Rashidi et al. (2015b) and Valipour et al. (2014a):

Type of bluff body

FLorentz force = σ (V × B × B) (3)

Ahmed body
where V, B and s are the fluid velocity vector, uniform magnetic

Circular
Circular
Circular
Circular

Circular
Circular
Circular
Circular

Circular

Circular
Square

Square

Square
field strength vector and electrical conductivity of the fluid, re-
spectively. This force acts on the downstream flow in opposite of
the flow direction and reduces the flow velocity, leading to flow
Spatial dimensions

stabilization. This method is shown to be effective in controlling

the flows over tubular heat exchangers, pipelines, suspension
wires, and suspension bridges. Fig. 8 shows the electrodes and
permanent magnets to generate Lorentz force to control the se-
parated flows around a hydrofoil. Fig. 9 shows the effects of an
2D

2D
2D

2D

2D
2D
external magnetic field in horizontal direction (streamwise mag-
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
netic field) on vorticity contours. As shown in this figure, the flow
9.5  102 and 1.6  103
9.5  102 and 1.8  103

1.0  102 and 3.9  103

stabilizes and changes its distribution from the time-dependent
Reynolds number

Less than 1.1  102

1.1  106–2.8  106

behavior with vortex shedding to the steady state with a sym-
metric shape along the centerline for strong magnetic field. It
should be noted that if the magnetic field is used in the horizontal 70–1.5  102
4

Unknown

1.76  105
1.09  10

6.0  102
9.5  102

5.0  102
1.0  105

direction, the vertical force acts in the negative y-direction and

1  90

this leads to retard the motion of the fluid (See Eq. 3).
Mutschke et al. (1998) studied the problem of controlling wake
Type of fluid

behind a circular cylinder by utilizing magnetic fields in liquid

metal flows. They performed a numerical simulation on the un-
steady two-dimensional flow. Weier and Gerbeth (2004) experi-
Water

Water
Water
Water
Air

Air
Air

Air

mentally investigated the application of time periodic Lorentz

–

–
–

–
–

forces in controlling the suction side flow on a NACA 0015 hy-

Type of research

drofoil for the low Reynolds number range of 104 oReo 105. It was
Experimental

Experimental

Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental

Experimental

found that the Lorentz force allows for a great flexibility to provide
Numerical

Numerical
Numerical

Numerical

Numerical
Numerical

the time dependency of the forcing. Chen and Aubry (2005) nu-
merically developed an active control algorithm for manipulating
wake flows past a two-dimensional circular obstacle. They used
control actuators in their algorithm, where the actuators exert
Delaunay and Kaiktsis (2001)

Lorentz forces over the entire surface of the obstacle. Their results
Muralidharan et al. (2013)

showed that vortex shedding may completely disappear and the

Feng and Wang (2010)
Seal and Smith (1999)

Sohankar et al. (2015)

Chaligné et al. (2014)

total drag coefficient would decrease as the Lorentz force increases

Liu and Feng (2015)
Joseph et al. (2013)
Layek et al. (2008)
Tensi et al. (2002)

for N 43, where N is the interaction parameter, defined as the

Chen et al. (2013)
Feng et al. (2010)
Feng et al. (2011)
Li et al. (2003)

ratio of the electromagnetic force to the inertial force. This was

found to be due to the predominant role played by the pressure on
Authors

the total drag coefficient.

Table 4

Control of vortex shedding from a bluff body using imposed

magnetic field was studied numerically by Singha et al. (2007). A
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 65

Fig. 8. Electrodes and permanent magnets to generate Lorentz force to control the separated flows around a hydrofoil (Figure reprinted from Weier and Gerbeth (2004) with
permission from the publisher).

Rashidi et al. (2015c) controlled the wake structure behind a

square obstacle in channel flow by exerting a horizontal magnetic
field. They defined two parameters for controlling the flow: critical
Stuart number, defined as the Stuart number where unsteady flow
becomes steady; and disappearance Stuart number, defined to
measure the strength of the inserted magnetic field required for
disappearing the recirculating wake. They observed that critical
and disappearance Stuart numbers increase for higher Reynolds
numbers. Bovand et al. (2015c) repeated this problem for a porous
circular obstacle and they used a cross-radial magnetic field to
control the flow. They found that the value of critical Stuart
number for suppressing the vortex shedding decreases when
Darcy number increases. Also, the disappearance Stuart number
decreases with increase in Darcy numbers.
Rashidi and Esfahani (2015e) controlled instabilities of heat
transfer from an obstacle in a channel by a horizontal magnetic
field, and showed that existence of channel wall decreases the
effects of Stuart number on heat transfer compared with corre-
sponding infinite-domain case. Also, they found that unsteadiness
in temperature field increases with increase in Reynolds number.
Therefore, a stronger magnetic field is needed to control the in-
stabilities of heat transfer at higher Reynolds number.
Finally, this method is classified as an active boundary layer
control method. This method is required an electrically conducting
Fig. 9. Contours of vorticity at different magnetic field strength at Re¼ 100 (Flow is fluid (i.e. seawater) as working fluid. Therefore, this method is very
from left to right).
practical in ocean engineering applications. A resistive force (Lor-
entz force) is created by applying a magnetic field in a moving
2-D incompressible laminar viscous flow past a square obstacle fluid. This force tends to retard the motion of the fluid and can be
placed inside the channel was considered. This study showed that used as a damping force to supress the vortex shedding from a
the periodic vortex shedding can be completely eliminated by bluff body. The magnetic field can vary in space and time and
applying a strong magnetic field. Singha and Sinhamahapatra therefore, it can create a flexible force, which can be adjusted to
(2011) numerically investigated effects of an imposed transverse achieve a specific purpose. No mechanically moving parts are
magnetic field on control of vortex shedding from a circular cy- necessary to persuade this changeable force, so there is no reason
linder for Reynolds numbers varying from 50 to 250. They ob- for additional attrition. As discussed in literature, the drag force
served that the separated zone behind the obstacle in a steady can be decreased by a suitable selection of Lorentz force dis-
flow decreases with increase in the magnetic field strength. tribution that can be used in marine vehicles, see e.g. Bovand et al.
Chatterjee et al. (2012) controlled flow separation around 2-D bluff (2015c).
bodies by exerting a transverse magnetic field. The computations Table 5 summarizes the researches on application of MHD to
were performed for low Reynolds numbers in the range of 10-40, control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body. As
and two-dimensional circular and square cross sections. It was shown in this table, the ranges of Reynolds numbers are very low.
found that length of the wake region and separation angle de- Such low values of Reynolds number are only practical for some
crease with the increase in the magnetic field strength. liquid metal flows in nuclear or semi-conductor applications and
Zhang et al. (2014) presented a suppression mechanism for microfluidic applications. Therefore, more studies are required to
vortex-induced vibration by symmetric Lorentz forces. They used a cover the critical and transcritical Reynolds numbers (i.e. larger
2-D moving circular cylinder and numerically studied the effects of than 1.0  105). Moreover, most of researches performed using this
Lorentz force for controlling the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of method, are numerical. Further experimental studies are neces-
a circular cylinder at Re¼150. They concluded that the applied sary on this method. Moreover, the Lorentz force acts as a volume
Lorentz force affects the phase angles among the obstacle dis- force on entire the domain. It would be interesting to have a
placement, the total lift force and the vortex induced lift force. tunable force to act only in specific regions of the flow. This
66 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Table 5
Researches on application of MHD to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.

Authors Type of research Type of fluid Reynolds number Spatial dimensions

Mutschke et al. (1998) Numerical – 50  3.0  102 2D/3D

Weier et al. (1998) Experimental/Numerical Solution of 10% copper sulfate (CuSO4) and 5% sul- 2.0  102 2D/3D
phuricacid (H2SO)
Posdziech and Grundmann (2001) Numerical – 10  3.0  102 2D
Weier and Gerbeth (2004) Experimental Electrolyte (NaOH solution) 5.2  104  1.5  105 –
Chen and Aubry (2005) Numerical – 2.0  102 2D
Mutschke et al. (2006) Numerical – 5.0  102 and 6.0  102 2D
Singha et al. (2007) Numerical – 50  2.5  102 2D (Square cylinder)
Singha and Sinhamahapatra (2011) Numerical – 50  2.5  102 2D (Circular cylinder)
Chatterjee et al. (2012) Numerical – 10  40 2D
Zhang et al. (2014) Numerical – 1.5  102 2D
Bovand et al. (2015c) Numerical – 1–2.0  102 2D
Rashidi et al. (2015c) Numerical – 1–2.5  102 2D

supposition can be used in future researches on applications of vortex move downward. Sengupta et al. (2007) controlled the flow
this method in flow control. for a 2D circular obstacle executing rotary oscillation using genetic
algorithm at Re¼ 1.5  104. The 2D Navier–Stokes equations are
2.1.5. Control of vortex shedding by rotary oscillations or rotary non- solved numerically by using a fast viscous-vortex method. They
oscillations calculated the maximum rotation rate and the forcing frequency of
This method is classified as active and boundary layer control the rotary oscillation for the purpose of drag reduction. Lee and
method. A positive or negative lift can be created by rotating a Lee (2008) presented experimentally the PIV measurements of the
cylinder. The rotation in this method can be both oscillating or wake behind a rotationally oscillating circular obstacle at
non-oscillating. Note that constant rotation results in no oscilla- Re ¼4.14  103. They observed that the length of the vortex for-
tions. The direction of lift depends on the direction of the spin. mation region decreases with increase in the forcing frequency
This force can lead to a complete vortex shedding behind the when the frequency ratio is smaller than 1.0. Also, they showed
obstacle. In this method, the near-wake structure is significantly that the rotational oscillatory motion of a circular obstacle is an
modified by the interaction between the rotationally oscillating effective and promising technique for controlling the near-wake
surface and the surrounding fluid. It is worth mentioning that the flow structure. The method is used by others, e.g., Korkischko and
oscillation of an obstacle leads to weaken the wake and transfers Meneghini (2012), Chan et al. (2011) investigated numerically and
the formation region closer behind the obstacle. This interaction experimentally the vortex suppression and drag reduction around
leads to acceleration or deceleration of the fluid flow around the a pair of counter-rotating circular cylinders for Re ¼1.0  102–
obstacle according to the direction of rotation. This method is 2.0  102. They observed that the unsteady wake can be sup-
widely used to control the flow of tube heat exchangers, shafts, pressed by creating a rotation for each cylinder in the opposite
drilling of oil wells, nuclear reactor fuel rods and steel suspension direction. They claimed that the drag force can be reduced to zero
bridge cables. Fig. 10 shows an experimental setup to control the for a higher rotational speeds. Flinois and Colonius (2015) sup-
wake behind a circular cylinder by rotary oscillations. Fig. 11 shows pressed the vortex shedding of a circular cylinder using body ro-
the streamlines and vorticity at different rotational speeds at tation. They were able to reduce the drag by about 19% and ef-
Re¼1.0  102. As shown in this figure, a complete suppression of fectively suppressed the vortex shedding.
flow unsteadiness can be achieved with an increase in rotation Finally, this method is classified as an active boundary layer
rate. In this figure, α is the dimensionless rotation rate given by: control method. The oscillation of an obstacle leads to weakening
the wake and transfers the formation region closer behind the
Dω
α= obstacle. Moreover, the interaction between the rotationally os-
2U (4)
cillating cylinder and the surrounding fluid leads to modification
where ω, U, and D are the rotational speed of cylinder, free flow of the near-wake structure substantially by accelerating or decel-
velocity and cylinder diameter, respectively. erating the flow near the cylinder, depending on the rotation di-
Baek and Sung (1998) performed a numerical study on the flow rection. The drag force may be reduced up to 80% at a high forcing
behind a rotary oscillating circular obstacle at Re ¼ 1.1  102. They frequency. Since the rotation rates can be adjusted by a simple
found that the counterclockwise rotation leads to large-scale electronic device and mechanical means, this control method is

Fig. 10. An experimental setup to control the wake behind a circular cylinder by rotary oscillations (Figure reprinted from Lee and Lee (2008) with permission from the
publisher).
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 67

Fig. 11. Configuration of streamlines and vorticity at different rotational speedsRe¼ 100 a) Computational results; b) Experimental results. First row, α¼ 1.2; second row,
α ¼1.5; third row α¼ 3 (Flow is from left to right; Figure reprinted from Chan et al. (2011) with permission from the publisher).

suitable for practical applications. This method can be used to inertia and viscous forces around the obstacle and this results in to
control the near-wake flow structure. delay in flow separation and suppression of the vortex shedding.
Table 6 summarizes researches on the application of rotary Increase of the heat input in the obstacle leads to a suppression of
oscillations to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a the vortex shedding for air flow while for the liquid flowing
bluff body. A comparison between different directions of oscillat- around a heated obstacle this effect is inverse. This opposite be-
ing, i.e. in-line or transverse linear oscillations, would be inter- havior for gases and liquids suggest that this control is due to both
esting for future researches. In addition, there are some other changes of dynamic viscosity and density with temperature. The
types of oscillation such as flow perturbations and imposed sound changes of the viscosity and the density lead to slight changes in
field that can be used as a flow control method. Although, there is velocity profiles and consequently amplitude of the shed vortices
a few research about these, e.g. Armstrong et al. (1986) and Blevins and instability conditions. The thermal buoyancy is a natural way
(1985), but there is need for further studies as these types are to control the boundary layer separation over a cylinder. Therefore,
more applicable in ocean engineering. it can be used in many engineering applications. Fig. 12 shows the
application of thermocouple to measure the temperature gradient
2.1.6. Control of vortex shedding by thermal effects on the surface of the cylinder for controlling the flow.
This method is classified as active and boundary layer control Fig. 13 shows the contours of streamlines around a square ob-
method. Buoyancy effects around a bluff body appear in the near stacle for different Richardson numbers is defined as Ri ¼Gr/Re2,
wake when the level of heating is high. Buoyancy effect creates where Gr = gβ (Tw − T∞)D 3/ν 2 and g, β, T∞, Tw and ν are the

Table 6
Researches on application of rotary oscillations to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.

Authors Type of research Type of fluid Reynolds number Spatial dimensions Type of rotation

Tokumaru and Diimotakis (1989) Experimental water 1.5  104 – Oscillating

Baek and Sung (1998) Numerical – 1.1  102 2D Oscillating
Sengupta et al. (2007) Numerical – 1.5  104 2D Oscillating
S.J. Lee and J.Y. Lee (2006) Experimental Air 4.14  103 – Oscillating
Chan et al. (2011) Experimental/Numerical water 1.0  102–2.0  102 2D for numerical part Non-oscillating
Flinois and Colonius (2015) Numerical – 75–200 2D Oscillating/ Non-oscillating
68 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

on the type of the fluid. They showed that a suppression of vortex

shedding occurs with increase in the heat input to the cylinder or
ribbon for air flow, however, an opposite effect was observed in a
water flowing around a heated cylinder or ribbon. Therefore, both
cooling and heating can be used in this method.
In a numerical study, Chatterjee (2014) investigated the dual
role of thermal effects for controlling boundary layer separation
around cylinders. Circular and square shaped cylinders were
considered in this research. They observed that the thermal
buoyancy can change the flow from time-dependent pattern with
vortex shedding in the wake to steady re-circulatory flow with
complete suppression of vortex shedding. Also, the steady flow
may turn into an unsteady periodic flow with initiation of vortex
shedding by the action of thermal buoyancy when the buoyancy
acts in a cross wise direction to the incoming flow. Therefore, the
buoyancy has positive or negative effects on the flow control. It
acts as a destabilizer when acting perpendicular to the flow di-
rection. They showed that the minimum heating that is needed to
Fig. 12. Application of thermocouple to measure the temperature gradient on the suppress the vortex shedding increases with increase in Reynolds
surface of the cylinder for controlling the flow (Figure reprinted from Vit et al.
number. Moreover, they observed that a square obstacle requires
(2007) with permission from the publisher).
more heating to suppress the vortex shedding in comparison to
the circular one.
Chatterjee and Mondal (2014) numerically controlled the flow
separation around bluff obstacles by superimposing thermal
buoyancy. Results show that, for lower Prandtl number, higher
heating is required for a complete suppression of flow separation
around the bluff bodies. Circular and square cross-sections were
used, and it was found that the square obstacle requires more
heating when compared with the corresponding circular obstacle
for complete suppression of flow separation. Chatterjee and Ray
(2014) repeated the study for a triangular obstacle, and found that
the wake length decreases with increasing strength of buoyancy
and it completely vanishes with further increase in strength of
buoyancy.
Finally, this method is classified as active boundary layer con-
trol method. According to this method, the density and viscosity of
the fluid are changed due heating the fluid. This leads to creation
of buoyancy forces and slight changes in velocity profiles in near
wake and consequently instability of the shedding vortices. We
considered this method in active classifications, however thermal
buoyancy can be inherently a natural way to control the flow. Note
that the thermal buoyancy can have a dual role. It stabilizes the
flow when acting along the flow direction and conversely it de-
Fig. 13. Contours of streamlines around square obstacle for different Richardson
numbers (Ri) at a constant Reynolds number,Re ¼1.0  102 (Flow is from down to stabilizes the flow when acting perpendicular to the flow direc-
up; Figure reprinted from Chatterjee (2014) with permission from the publisher). tion. As shown by researchers, e.g. Chatterjee and Ray (2014), the
change in the fluid type has considerable effects on the suppres-
gravitational acceleration, volumetric expansion coefficient, free sion behavior in this method. More heating is required to com-
stream temperature, cylinder temperature and kinematic viscosity pletely suppress the flow separation around the bluff bodies for
of fluid, respectively. As the buoyancy effect increases, Ri becomes the fluids with low values of Prandtl number. Therefore, this
larger. In this method, location of separation point changes due to method is more suitable for water rather than air from the view-
the increase of fluid dynamic viscosity. As shown in Fig. 13, as Ri point of energy consumption.
increases, and for a constant Re, the flow stabilizes and changes Table 7 summarizes researches about application of thermal
distribution from a time-dependent flow with vortex shedding to effects to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a
steady state flow with a symmetric shape along the centerline. In bluff body. As shown in this table, these researches covered very
this figure, spatial coordinates in the horizontal and vertical di- low Reynolds number and two-dimensional objects. As a result,
rections are dimensionless. the ability of this method to suppress the vortex shedding for
This method was used by Lecordier et al. (1991) in an experi- moderate and high Reynolds numbers is questionable and more
mental study on control of vortex shedding behind circular cy- research is necessary to answer this question. Note that the flow
linders at low Reynolds numbers by heating the cylinder. They separation is controlled at lower values of Reynolds number (i.e.
found that the thermal effect method can lead to a complete Re o40) while, the vortex shedding is suppressed for larger Rey-
suppression of periodic oscillations in the wake region for nolds number (50 oReo1.5  102). None of these researches
90o Reo1.2  102. Later, Lecordier et al. (2000) experimentally (except the paper of Chatterjee and Sinha (2014)) focused on the
controlled the formation of vortex shedding behind two 2-D bluff effects of heating on aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces such as
bodies (circular cylinder and a flat ribbon) by thermal effect at low drag and lift forces. Therefore, further studies are necessary for
Reynolds numbers. It was found that the method mainly depends these forces.
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 69

Table 7
Researches on application of thermal effects to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.

Authors Type of research Type of fluid Reynolds number Spatial dimensions

Lecordier et al. (1991) Experimental Air 45  1.2  102 –

Lecordier et al. (2000) Experimental Air and water 34–75 –
Chatterjee (2014) Numerical Air 10 1.5  102 2D
Chatterjee and Mondal (2014) Numerical Air and water 10–40 2D
Chatterjee and Ray (2014) Numerical Pr ¼ 50(Pr denotes the Prandtl number) 5–30 2D
Chatterjee and Sinha (2014) Numerical Air 5–45 2D

2.1.7. Control of vortex shedding by other active methods about seven vortices shed per cycle, but it decreased to about five
Huang (1995) experimentally suppressed the vortex shedding vortices per cycle for a rough obstacle. Kiu et al. (2011) in-
from a circular obstacle by internal acoustic excitation for Rey- vestigated the effects of uniform surface roughness on vortex-in-
nolds numbers in a range of Re¼ 4  103 to Re¼ 8.0  103. Their duced vibration of towed vertical cylinders. They found that the
results showed that the vortex shedding peak decreases noticeably rough obstacles have a higher Strouhal number than a smooth
only in a very narrow excitation range. The optimal sound level is obstacle. Gao et al. (2015) experimentally studied the effects of
located at this range. Bimbato et al. (2013) numerically controlled surface roughness on the vortex-induced vibration response of a
vortex shedding on a 2-D circular obstacle by using a moving flexible obstacle. They observed that the displacement response
ground plane for Re¼ 1.0  105. Obstacle is placed near this ground decreases and the vortex-shedding frequency increases with in-
plane. Their results showed that when a circular obstacle is placed crease in surface roughness. Also, rough obstacles have a narrower
closer to the ground, the vortex shedding suppresses by Venturi lock-in region than a smooth obstacle. In another study, Zhou et al.
effect, and drag force decreases due to this suppression. (2015) experimentally investigated the force and flow character-
istics of a circular obstacle with uniform surface roughness at
2.2. Passive control methods 6.0  103 oReo8.0  104. They found that the mean drag coeffi-
cient on the cylinder and the root-mean-square of lift coefficient
2.2.1. Control of vortex shedding by surface roughness decrease with increase in surface roughness.
Surface roughness is classified as passive and boundary layer Finally, this method is classified as passive boundary layer
control method. Surface roughness affects the location of bound- control method. As mentioned in the literatures, surface roughness
ary layer separation point and consequently the unsteady and leads to delay in boundary layer separation. Moreover, there is a
steady force around the obstacle. These effects are created in faster transition from laminar to turbulent regime for a bluff body
boundary layer by two approaches. The transition moves forward with rough surfaces. This leads to an abrupt reduction in the drag
on the surface of obstacle due to the roughness on the surface; and coefficient, see e.g. Achenbach (1971). Therefore, this method is
the roughness makes the velocity profile less full in beneath the suitable for subcritical Reynolds numbers. This method has a more
turbulent boundary layer, see e.g. Shih et al. (1993). This method practical application due to its easier manufacturing, simpler in-
has been typically used as a passive control approach, and is utilize stallation and lower costs. The marine organisms grow on the
in offshore and marine application, such as platform pillars, pi- surface of the marine structures over a period of time. This leads to
pelines and risers, see e.g. Zhou et al. (2015). Fig. 14 shows two increase in the surface roughness of the structure. As a result, it is
rough cylinders that were used in the experiments conducted by important to study the effects of surface roughness.
Zhou et al. (2015) to control the flow. Chang et al. (2011) per- Gao et al. (2015) summarized the recent researches on the
formed an experimental passive turbulence control (PTC) by sur- application of the surface roughness to control the vortex shed-
face roughness for a circular obstacle in a steady flow at ding behind a bluff body. The results of these researches are pre-
3.0  104 oReo 1.2  105. They showed that for a smooth obstacle sented in Table 8. The ranges of Reynolds number, aspect ratio,

Fig. 14. The rough circular cylinders with (a) netting and (b) dimples. (Figure reprinted from Zhou et al. (2015) with permission from the publisher).
 70
Table 8
Previous studies on the surface roughness controls for flow over a cylinder (Table reprinted from Geo et al. (2015) with permission from the publisher).

Authors Type of research Aspect ratio (Cylinder Cylinder Reynolds number Surface roughness (equivalent roughness Type of roughness
length/Cylinder conditions height/ Cylinder diameter)
diameter)

S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Air
Achenbach (1971) Experimental 3.33 Stationary 4.0  104–3.0  106 1.1  10  3–9.0  10  3 Sand roughness
Achenbach and Heinecke Experimental 3.38 Stationary 6.0  103–5.0  106 7.5  10  4–3.0  10  2 Pyramidal roughness
(1981)
Nakamura and Tomonari Experimental 3.33 Stationary 4.0  104  1.7  106 9.0  10  4  1.0  10  2 Roughness strips
(1982)
Ribeiro (1991a, 1991b) Experimental 6.1 Stationary 5.0  104  4.0  105 1.8  10  3  1.2  10  2 Sand paper, wire screen and nylon ribs
Bearman and Harvey (1993) Experimental 12.26 Stationary 2.0  104  3.0  105 4.5  10  3  9.0  10  3 Dimpled surface
Shih et al. (1993) Experimental 8 Stationary 1.0  105  1.0  107 3  10  4  1.01  10  2 Screens
Okajima et al. (1999) Experimental 1.83 Oscillating 2.5  104  3.2  105 5.0  10  3  3.8  10  8 Spherical glass bead particles or 64 stranded cables
with 6 mm diameter that are attached to the cy-
linder surface

Water
Allen and Henning (2001) Experimental 84.6 Oscillating 1.8  105  6.5  105 5.1  10  5  5.8  10  3 Rough pipes that consisted simply of macro-
spheres glued to their surface
3 5 3 3
Bernitsas et al. (2008); Ber- Experimental 7.2–14.4 Oscillating 8.0  10  2.0  10 1.4  10  4.2  10 Sandpaper strips
nitsas and Raghavan (2008)
Kiu et al. (2011) Experimental 8.0 Oscillating 4
1.7  10  8.3  104
2.8  10  1.4  10  2
4
Sandpapers with known mean particle diameters
Chang et al. (2011) Experimental 10.3 Oscillating 3.0  104  1.2  105 5.4  10  4  4.68  10  3 Roughness strips
Zhou et al. (2015) Experimental 10 Stationary 6.0  103  8  104 2.8  10  3  2.5  10  2 Netting and dimples
Gao et al. (2015) Experimental 48.32 Oscillating 2.5  104  1.8  105 1.14  10  4  1.2  10  2 Sand with different particle diameters
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 71

Table 9 formation of Karman Vortex Street by use of permeable cylinders.

Researches on application of permeable wall to control the vortex shedding and Valipour et al. (2014b) numerically controlled the flow around
flow separation of a bluff body.
and through a porous obstacle with diamond cross section for
Authors Type of research Type of Reynolds Spatial Reo50. They observed that the critical Reynolds numbers to onset
fluid number dimensions of the re-circulating wake for a porous obstacle is larger than that
of a solid obstacle for intermediate and large Darcy numbers. Also,
Ozkan et al. Experimental Water 8.5  103 – they found that this critical Reynolds number for a square obstacle
(2012)
Gozmen et al. Experimental Water 5.0  10 3
–
is smaller than that of the diamond obstacle. Rashidi et al. (2014b)
(2013a) repeated this study for a porous diamond obstacle with different
Mimeau et al. Numerical – 5.5  102 and 2D apex angles at Reo50. The computed results showed that the
(2014) 3.0  103 critical Reynolds number for the onset of the wake in a porous
Rashidi et al. Numerical – 1–45 2D
obstacle decreases with an increase in the apex angle. Note that
(2014b)
Valipour et al. Numerical – 1–45 2D finite volume method was used to solve the continuity and Navier–
(2014b) Stokes equations in above two papers.
Finally, this method is classified as a passive wake control
method. The main control parameter in this method is porosity or
surface roughness, and cylinder conditions for each research are void fraction of porous medium. Highly permeable media (higher
presented in this table. There are very few researches on the effect porosity) are more efficient, as presented by researchers, see e.g.
of surface roughness for oscillating cylinder in wind. The VIV Rashidi et al. (2014b).
(vortex-induced vibration) for a bluff body is important in wind Table 9 summarizes researches on application of permeable
flows. These papers focused on determining the pressure dis- wall to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff
tribution, flow separation, and Strouhal number characteristics. body. The existing studies need to be complemented by 3D re-
However, the aerodynamic excitation of the body is not discussed searches to match the control trends that were observed in the 2D
in these papers. Structural–dynamic response is important from observations. Generally, there are limited studies on the 3D
the practical point of view. Accordingly, many questions remain applications.
unanswered in wind flows. Moreover, most of the studies on this
control method are conducted experimentally, while the numer- 2.2.3. Control of vortex shedding by other passive methods
ical studies in this field are very limited. Most of previous studies Bearman and Owen (1998) experimentally controlled the vor-
focused on the uniform distribution of roughness over the entire tex shedding from a plate by a spanwise sinusoidal form at Rey-
of the surface. More attention is required to study the effects of nolds numbers of about 4.0  104. They observed at least 30% re-
roughness distributions and local roughness. It can also be seen duction in drag for wavy plate in comparison with the equivalent
that this method works well at subcritical Reynolds numbers but straight bodies. Also, the vortex shedding is completely sup-
does not work very good at a lower values of Reynolds number, see pressed for specific ratios of peak-to-peak wave height to wave-
e.g. Achenbach (1971), Achenbach and Heinecke (1981). length ratio. Lei et al. (2000) suppressed numerically vortex
shedding behind a circular cylinder near a plane boundary by
2.2.2. Control of vortex shedding by porous and permeable walls changing the gap ratios between cylinder and plate for different
This method is classified as passive wake control method. Reynolds numbers ranging from 80 to 1.0  103. They observed
Gozmen et al. (2013a) experimentally controlled the downstream that the critical gap ratio for suppressing vortex shedding is
flow behind a circular obstacle in deep water by using an outer identified at different Reynolds numbers. Also, the effect of the gap
permeable obstacle. They reported that the outer permeable ob- ratio on the vortex shedding frequency increases by an increase in
stacle significantly suppresses the vortex shedding behind two Reynolds numbers. In another research, Straatman and Martinuzzi
obstacles with increase in the porosity defined as ratio of the gap (2002) performed a numerical study on vortex shedding phe-
area on the region to the whole body surface area. Also, they found nomena from a square obstacle near a wall. This research indicated
that porosity of 0.7 is the most suitable case to control the vortex that the suppression of vortex shedding could not be expressed
shedding behind the obstacle. A fixed value of Reynolds number, simply by a cancellation of vorticity mechanism, because the
Re¼5.0  103, was considered in all experiments in this study. In vorticity generated at the wall. Graham and Huang (2010) pre-
another research, Mimeau et al. (2014) numerically controlled the sented a passive flow control device by flow visualization techni-
flow around a semi-circular cylinder by using a porous layer for ques for a 2-D bluff body. They tested two endplates on the bluff
laminar and transitional flows. The incompressible Navier-Stokes body (with and without the passive control system). It was found
equations were used to describe the dynamics of flow. They that the flow visualization model did not succeed in fully de-
achieved relevant control performances by introducing porous monstrating the characteristics of the entire wake due to a flaw in
layers only at the top and bottom of the solid body permits. Also, the dye system design. Huang (2011) experimentally supressed
they observed a reduction in drag by using a thin layer with in- vortex induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder by using the
termediate permeability in both edges of the back wall. helical grooves. Author introduced the triple-start helical grooves
Ozkan et al. (2012) experimentally controlled the flow char- as an effective method to suppress the cylinder VIV response.
acteristics around a circular cylinder by a porous outer cylinder in Author observed 64% reduction in the maximum cross-flow VIV
shallow water. They used Particle Image Velocimetry technique amplitude by this method for the cases considered in the study.
and suppressed the formation of an organized vortex street by Kunze and Brücker (2012) experimentally controlled vortex
porous outer cylinder. They observed that the effect of porous shedding behind a circular cylinder using self-adaptive hairy-flaps
outer cylinder on the characteristics of inner cylinder decreases method for a Reynolds number range of 5.0  103 oReo3.1  104.
with the increase in the porosity. Pinar et al. (2015) performed an It was reported that the flow fluctuations are considerably de-
experimental study on the flow structure around permeable cir- creased when compared to the reference cases without hairy-
cular obstacles. They used Particle Image Velocimetry technique flaps. The deductions were about 42% and 35% for streamwise and
and found that the porosity had a significant effect on the control transversal directions, respectively. Also, using self-adaptive hairy-
of large-scale vortical structures downstream of the obstacle. They flaps, length of the separation wake behind the obstacle and rms-
attenuated significantly the fluctuations and prevented the values (Root mean square) of velocity components in horizontal
72 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

and vertical directions within the wake region were decreased. Xu

et al. (2014) numerically suppressed the vortex-induced vibration
of an elastically mounted 2-D cylinder by a traveling wave wall at
Re¼2.0  102. They observed that a series of small scale vortices
and formed inside the troughs of the wave downstream. These
vortices control the flow separation from the obstacle wall, remove
the oscillating wake and suppress the vortex-induced vibration of
the obstacle.

2.3. Control of vortex shedding by employing an external element

2.3.1. Control of vortex shedding by employing an external element

Generally, external element method is classified as wake con-
trol method. For energy consuming, this method can be placed in
both classifications active or passive).
First, active methods are reviewed. Nishiyama et al. (1991)
conducted experiments to control the vortex shedding generated
from three in-line elliptic cylinders in a uniform flow, with one of
the cylinders undergoing forced transverse vibration. Efficiency of Fig. 15. Control rods that are used to suppress the vortex-induced vibration of long
this method depends on the amplitude and frequency of the flexible riser (Figure reprinted from Wu et al. (2012) with permission from the
publisher).
forced vibration, arrangement of the elliptic obstacles, location of
U C
the vibrating obstacle and Reynolds number ( Re = ∞ν , where C is
body in this method. This method is widely used in deepwater
major axis length of elliptic cylinder). Patnaik and Wei (2002)
risers and free-spanning submarine pipelines, flourishing extrac-
presented a control strategy for taming the wake turbulence be-
tion of ocean oil and gas resources, see e.g. Wu et al. (2012). Fig. 15
hind a square obstacle. In their strategy, two circular cylinders are
shows control rods that are used to suppress the vortex-induced
cast at the centers of the first and fourth quadrants of the main
vibration of long flexible riser.
obstacle. These control cylinders rotate in clockwise and counter
Ozkan and Akilli (2014) experimentally controlled the flow
clockwise fashions, respectively. It is found that the wake turbu-
around circular obstacles by use of attached permeable plates on
lence suppresses significantly when the system is synchronized.
the obstacle wall. The plate was tilted at five different angles (θ ¼0°,
Mittal (2001) utilized finite element method and controlled the
15°, 30°, 45° and 60°), defined as the angle between the centerline
flow past a 2-D circular obstacle by using small rotating cylinders of the cylinder and the plate. It was found that the maximum
for Re¼1.0  102 and Re¼ 1.0  104 and two values for the gap Reynolds shear stress (depends on the mean velocity fluctuation on
between the main cylinder and the control cylinders. The com- two axes in turbulent flow) and turbulent kinetic energy decreased
puted results showed that the overall drag coefficient and the by about 72% and 66%, respectively, for the plate angles of θ ¼45°
unsteady aerodynamic forces acting on the main cylinder decrease and 60°. Control of vortex shedding behind a circular obstacle for
considerably by using this method. Such reduction in the unsteady flows at low Reynolds numbers is performed numerically by Mittal
forces, results in smaller flow-induced vibrations from the body. and Raghuvanshi (2001). They used a stabilized finite element
Korkischko and Meneghini (2012) suppressed experimentally the method to solve the governing equations (Navier-Stokes equations).
vortex-induced vibration using moving surface boundary-layer They performed this work by using a second, much smaller, control
control for the Reynolds number ranges from 1.6  103 to 7.5  103. cylinder in the near wake of the main obstacle. The computed re-
They used two small rotating cylinders, placed in the boundary sults shown that the control obstacle provides a local favorable
layer of the main cylinder for delaying the separation of the pressure gradient in the wake region and stabilizes the shear layer.
boundary layer. They observed that the maximum amplitude of Also, it was found that a proper placement of the control obstacle
oscillation for the cylinder decreases significantly by using this leads to a complete suppression of the vortex shedding behind the
method. Reddy et al. (2013) analytically controlled the flow past a main obstacle. Maiti and Bhatt (2014) used a numerical method and
circular cylinder by use of two counter-rotating control cylinders. suppressed the vortex shedding behind a square obstacle by uti-
They identified the control cylinder position by using a Foppl lizing a series of upstream rectangular cylinders. Their results
vortex model and found that the vortex formation behind the showed that the aerodynamic forces acting downstream, decreases
cylinder can be suppressed by this method. with an increase in the height of the upstream obstacle for a specific
After review of the active type of this method, the passive ones gap height (distance between the cylinder and wall). Bao and Tao
are reviewed in the following: (2013) utilized finite element formulations and controlled the wake
This method is classified as passive and wake control method. flow behind a circular obstacle due to a laminar flow by use of
External element with different shapes can be used to control the parallel dual plates, attached at the trailing side of the obstacle. The
vortex shedding behind an obstacle, e.g., Kwon and Choi (1996); stabilization of the free shear layer fluctuation and the basal cavity
Huera-Huarte (2014) used Splitter plates, Oruc (2012) used Control effect were two control mechanisms in this study. The maximum
elements with a streamlined shape, Lee and Kim (1997)) used drag reduction was about 13% for Re¼1.6  102. Fig. 16 shows the
helical wires, and Strykowski and Sreenivasan (1990); Wu et al. configuration of streamlines (upper) and pressure contours (lower)
(2012); Zhu and Yao (2015) applied Control cylinders/rods. When that are presented by Bao and Tao (2013) for (a) attached dual plates
an external element is placed in the vicinity of an obstacle, the control, (b) detached dual plates control, and (c) detached dual
vortex shedding characteristics, the mean structure and dynamic cylinders control. Shown in this figure, such mechanism is not ap-
behavior of the wake and transport phenomena in the wake region plicable for the detached control devices because the reverse flow
change. Gap width between the element and the main obstacle, can cross the gap between the cylinder and device without any
the shapes of main obstacle and control element and the place- disturbance. This flow is driven by the adverse pressure gradient,
ment of element are different parameters that influence the flow. see Fig. 16(b) and (c). Moreover, the modifications of the shear layer
The element can be placed at upstream or downstream of the bluff by these devices are presented in Fig. 17. It should be noted that the
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 73

Fig. 16. Configuration of streamlines (upper) and pressure contours (lower) for (a) Attached dual plates control; (b) Detached dual plates control; (c) Detached dual cylinders
control at Re¼1.0  102 (Flow is from left to right; Figure reprinted from Bao and Tao (2013) with permission from the publisher).

different shapes of elements, the splitter plate was one of the most
successful external devices to control the vortex shedding behind
an obstacle. Chen and Shao (2013) suppressed the vortex shedding
from a rectangular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers by using four
kinds of elements: circular, regular triangular, square and rectan-
gular. They performed a comparison on the application of different
objects on the suppression of vortex shedding from a main cy-
linder at Re ¼1.1  102. The mechanism of the suppression is
considered from the viewpoints of stress distribution and velocity
Fig. 17. The isocontour of streamwise velocity U ¼ U1 for cylinders with and profile stability. Their study indicated that the triangular element
without control devices at Re¼ 100: (a) plain cylinder; (b) splitter plate control; has the smallest effective zone, whereas the square element pre-
(c) attached dual plates control; (d) detached dual plates control; and (e) dual
sents the largest. The effective zone is defined as a certain location
cylinders control (Flow is from left to right; Figure reprinted from Bao and Tao
(2013) with permission from the publisher). of element which vortex shedding can be suppressed and the drag
and lift fluctuations can be greatly decreased.
solid and dash-dot lines in this figure refer to two time instants at Miau et al. (1993) experimentally suppressed low-frequency
which the lift force achieves its maximum and minimum, respec- variations in vortex shedding behind a trapezoidal obstacle by a
tively. In this figure, A/D is the dimensionless fluctuation amplitude. splitter plate for the Reynolds numbers in a range of 5.0  103 to
It can be seen that the separated shear layer for the plain cylinder 4.5  104. They found that the degree of 2-D vortex shedding is
has the maximum fluctuation with the largest value of A/D, im- improved with suppression of low-frequency variations. Kuo and
mediately followed by the value for the single splitter plate. This Chen (2009) numerically controlled the wake flow by two small
shows that the traditional splitter plate has a negligible effect on the control cylinders at Re¼80. The computed results show that the
stabilization of the fluctuation. As a result, the attached dual plates symmetric standing eddies at downstream of the main obstacle and
control is the most effective approach to suppress the shear layer the delay of the vortex shedding lead to a 70–80% deduction of the
fluctuations with the minimum amplitude. Moreover, the detached fluctuating lift on the main obstacle. Vilaplana et al. (2013) experi-
flat plate and circular cylinder devices have considerable stabilizing mentally controlled the turbulent wake behind a sphere by a small
influences with moderate fluctuation amplitude. sphere at Re¼ 3.3  104. They reported that the vortex loops shed
Akilli et al. (2005) experimentally suppressed the vortex from only one side of the sphere for the reference case (without the
shedding of circular obstacle in shallow water by a splitter plate at control sphere) but the vortex loops shed closer to the symmetry
Re¼5.0  103. Their results showed that the splitter plate has a axis for the control sphere placed at the center of the wake. Wu et al.
considerable effect on the suppression of the vortex shedding for (2012) experimentally suppressed the vortex-induced vibration of
the gap ratio between 0 and 1.75D (where D is the diameter of the long flexible riser by multiple control rods for the Reynolds numbers
cylinder). The gap is defined between the base of the obstacle and ranging from Re¼ 2.4  103 to Re¼7.6  103. They found that this
the leading edge of the splitter plate. It was found that among control method performs well in mitigating the vortex-induced
74 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

vibration (VIV). Also, the smaller spacing ratio and the larger cov- factor of an optimal flow control method is the minimization of
erage rates lead to better VIV suppression. input energy required for this method see e.g. Rashidi et al.
Gozmen et al. (2013b) experimentally controlled the vortex (2011a), Rashidi et al. (2011b), Rashidi et al. (2014), and Rashidi
shedding behind a circular obstacle in shallow water using a et al. (2016). Such analyses help ocean engineers to select the most
splitter plate located in the downstream region at a Reynolds applicable and efficient method. In this section, recent studies in
number of 6.25  103. They found that the turbulent quantities and this field are reviewed. Choi et al. (2008) defined the control ef-
mean flow, change significantly with length and height ratios of ficiency as the ratio of the save power to the control input power
the splitter plates in shallow flow. Also, it is shown that L/D ration for the case of drag reduction. Recently a new parameter, namely
of 2, where D is cylinder diameter and L is splitter plate length, Power Loss Coefficient, has been proposed to quantify the en-
provides optimum control. Weickgenannt and Monkewitz (2000) ergetic efficiency. Power loss coefficient is employed for optimal
controlled experimentally the vortex shedding in an axisymmetric PID control and it obtains the amount of the energy lost in the
bluff body wake by using a control disc mounted at the rear of an wake of the translating body. It is applicable to different flow
axisymmetric blunt-based body of revolution for the Reynolds configurations including active drag reduction, self-propulsion and
number range 3.0  103 oReo 5.0  104. El-Gammal et al. (2007) thrust generation, see Arakeri and Shukla, (2013); Shukla and
controlled the vortex shedding in a sectional bridge model by a Arakeri (2013) determined the proper tangential velocity profiles
spanwise sinusoidal perturbation method (SPPM). The same am- which would result in minimum values of the drag force acting on
plitude with two different SPPM configurations and two different the cylindrical body, and subsequently, minimum value of the net
wavelengths were used in this study. Their results showed that the power consumption. They concluded that the flow tangential ve-
SPPM with the higher wave steepness distinctively suppresses the locity enables energetically efficient propulsion. Das et al. (2016)
vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). Ozono (2003) experimentally proposed an energetically efficient active flow control strategy
controlled the flow around a circular obstacle by using a few in- (PID) to control the wake vortices behind a circular cylinder. They
terference elements shifted along the wake. These elements were used a linear quadratic optimal control formulation to minimize
short and long splitter-plates and a circular cylinder. They found the cost functional. Their results showed that this system was
that the spectral peak associated with the vortex shedding energetically efficient, even when the twin eddies are still per-
weakens by using splitter-plates. Also, a base suction was created sisting behind the obstacle. Jukes and Choi (2009) optimally
by shifting the downstream cylinder to upstream direction in two- modified the vortex shedding cycle behind a circular cylinder by
cylinder case. Shi et al. (2010) experimentally investigated the using a short plasma excitation. They expressed the effectiveness
effects of wall proximity on the characteristics of the wake of plasma in reducing drag in terms of the energy efficiency. They
downstream a 2-D square obstacle for a turbulent regime. They concluded that a power saving ratio over 1000 can be achieved,
found that the time-averaged streamwise velocity in the wake while the energy efficiency was 51%. Note that the power saving
region modifies significantly with the reduction in the gap width ratio was defined as a ratio of the power saved by drag reduction
between the cylinder and the wall. to the fluidic power introduced by the plasma.
Finally, this method could be classified as both active and Table 11 summarizes researches performed on different algo-
passive methods. Moreover, this method is classified in the group rithms to achieve an optimal control approach. Reynolds number,
of wake control methods. This method is important from two type of optimal target, and quantity of optimized parameters for
viewpoints. First, the existence of applying an external element each research are included in this table. As shown in this table, the
modifies the velocity profiles in the wake region of the bluff body optimization analyses are very limited for higher Reynolds num-
and changes their stability nature. Second, applying external ele- bers (Re 41.0  105) and three-dimensional flows that are more
ment alters the pressure and shear stress distributions in the wake applicable in ocean engineering. However, most attentions are
region. This method may create undesirable forces due to the use focused on rotary oscillation control method and other methods,
of external body. Moreover, the performance of this method is especially MHD and thermal methods, are needed to perform such
very sensitive to the element arrangements such as the distance analysis. Finally, an economic analysis is strongly advised, espe-
between the element and main bluff body and the placement of cially for experimental works to obtain the risks and gains of each
element with respect to the incoming flow. technique. Such analysis has not been performed in previous
Table 10 summarizes the researches on application of external works.
element to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a
bluff body. Vortex induced vibration is a basic reason for the fa-
tigue damage of deepwater risers and free spanning submarine 4. Drag analysis
pipelines. This phenomenon has received more attention during
recent years due to the increase in exploration and extraction of An important factor, which should be considered for assessing
offshore oil and gas resources. Utilizing a control rod is shown to different control techniques, is the effectiveness of each technique
be very good method to suppress the vortex induced vibration of on the drag reduction. Table 12 presents a compilation of the
deepwater drilling riser with a large aspect ratio, see e.g. Wu et al. available data on the impact of these techniques on the drag re-
(2012). In practical ocean engineering cases, multiple auxiliary duction. Note that the maximum drag reductions are presented in
pipelines are often available. Most of the previous studies in this this table for each relevant method. As shown in this table, some
method (Control rod) have used a single control rod, and studies methods, such as suction and blowing, external element (espe-
on the use of multiple control rods cases are very limited. Finally, it cially splitter plate), rotationally oscillating, and surface roughness
should be noted that it is not practical to apply external elements are more active for drag reduction. Some other techniques need
as an integral part of the main configuration. more attentions. For example, none of researches about thermal
method, except the study of Chatterjee and Sinha (2014) have
focused on the effects of heating on drag and lift forces. Note that
3. Energetic efficiency of control methods some of these methods have both positive and negative impacts
on the drag reduction. For example, Chatterjee and Sinha (2014)
The cost, energetic efficiency and optimization analyses of each stated that heating can leads to drag reduction for lower heating
active control method are significant parameters that are con- flux, while it shows some opposite behavior for higher heating
sidered to evaluate and compare the various techniques. A key flux. There is a similar trend for MHD method. Singha and
Table 10
Researches on application of external element to control the vortex shedding and flow separation of a bluff body.

Authors Type of research Type of fluid Reynolds number Spatial Classification Controlled device Controller
dimensions

Strykowski and Sreenivasan Experimental/ Numerical Air/water 30  1.2  102 2D Passive Circular cylinder Small non-rotating circular cylinder
(1990)
3 3
Nishiyama et al. (1991) Experimental Air 4.0  10 –8.0  10 – Active Elliptic cylinder Elliptic vibrating cylinder
Miau et al. (1993) Experimental Air 5.3  103  4.5  104 – Passive Trapezoidal cylinder Splitter plate

S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Kwon and Choi (1996) Numerical Unknown 80  1.6  102 2D Passive Circular cylinder Splitter plate
Lee and Kim (1997) Experimental Air 5.0  103  5.0  104 – Passive Two circular cylinder Three helically wrapped small rubber wires
Weickgenannt and Monkewitz Experimental Air 3.0  103–5.0  104 – Passive Axisymmetric blunt-based Disc
(2000) body
Mittal (2001) Numerical Unknown 1.0  102 and 1.0  104 2D Active Circular cylinder Rotating cylinder
Mittal and Raghuvansh (2001) Numerical Unknown 60  1.0  102 2D Passive Circular cylinder Small non-rotating circular cylinder
Patnaik and Wei (2002) Numerical Unknown 2.0  102–4.0  102 2D Active D shape cylinder Two small rotating circular cylinders
Ozono (2003) Experimental Air 6.7  103  2.5  104 – Passive Circular cylinder Short or long splitter-plate or circular cylinder
Akilli et al. (2005) Experimental Water 5.0  103 – Passive Circular cylinder Splitter plate
Kuo and Chen (2009) Numerical Unknown 80 2D Passive Circular cylinder Two fixed circular cylinders
Muddada and Patnaik (2010) Numerical Unknown 1.0  102–3.0  102 2D Active Circular cylinder Two rotating cylinder þfeedback
Shi et al. (2010) Experimental Air 1.32  104 – Passive Square cylinder Plane wall
Korkischko and Meneghini Experimental Water 3  103 – Active Circular cylinder Two small rotating circular cylinders
(2012)
Wu et al. (2012) Experimental Water 2.4  102–7.6  102 – Passive Slender riser Multiple rods
Oruc (2012) Experimental Water 5.2  103 – Passive Circular cylinder Screen
Bao and Tao (2013) Numerical Air 20  1.6  102 2D Passive Circular cylinder Parallel dual plates
Chen and Shao (2013) Numerical þ Experimental Water 75  1.3  102 2D Passive Rectangular cylinder Small elements of circular, square, triangular and thin-
strip cross-sections
Gozmen et al. (2013b) Experimental Water 6.25  103 – Passive Circular cylinder Splitter plate
Vilaplana et al. (2013) Experimental Air 3.3  104 3D Passive Sphere Small sphere
Reddy et al. (2013) Analytically Unknown 100 2D Active Circular cylinder Two counter-rotating cylinders
Huera-Huarte (2014) Experimental Water 1.0  103–8.0  103 – Passive Circular cylinder Splitter plate
Maiti and Bhatt (2014) Numerical Unknown 1.25  102–2  102 2D Passive Square cylinder Rectangular cylinders and plane wall
Ozkan and Akilli (2014) Experimental Water 5.0  103 – Passive Circular cylinder Attached permeable plates
Zhu and Yao (2015) Numerical Water 1.16  103–6.4  103 2D Passive Circular cylinder Rods

75
76 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

Table 11
Recent researches on different algorithms to achieve an optimal control approach.

Authors Reynolds number Optimized parameter Quantity of optimized Spatial dimensions

parameters

Rotary
He et al. (2000) 2.0  102–6.0  102 Drag 60% reduction in drag 2D
Homescu et al. (2002) 60  1.0  103 Drag Unknown 2D
Protas and Styczek 75 and 1.5  102 Power dragþ Power control 93% reduction in drag 2D
(2002)
Bergmann et al. (2005) 2.0  102 Drag 25% reduction in drag 2D
Sengupta et al. (2007) 1.5  104 Drag 66% reduction in drag 2D
Shukla and Arakeri 1–300 Drag 77% reduction in drag 2D
(2012)
Arakeri and Shukla 100 Drag 79% reduction in drag 2D
(2013)
2
Flinois and Colonius 75  2.0  10 Power dragþ Power control 19% reduction in drag 2D
(2015)

Feedback control
Min and Choi (1999) 1.0  102 and 1.6  102 Drag/Lift 28% reduction in drag 2D
Leclerc et al. (2006) 1.0  102 Drag/Lift 12% reduction in drag 2D
Joe et al. (2009) 3.0  102 Lift 85% augmentation in lift 2D
Das et al. (2016) 100 Power loss coefficient Unknown 2D

Blowing/suction
Li et al. (2003) 1.1  102 Objective functional (a function of the initial condition, 47% reduction in objective 2D
the model parameters, and the boundary parameter) functional

EHD
Jukes and Choi (2009) 15,000 Drag/Lift 8% reduction in drag/50% aug- 3D
mentation in lift
D'Adamo et al. (2011) 2.0  102 Energy consumption of EHD Not mentioned 2D

Table 12
A compilation on available data about the impact of the control methods on the drag reduction.

Author Relative drag Range of Reynolds number Method

reduction

Thomas et al. (2005) 90% 1.28  104–2.54  104 Steady blowing with two actuators on a cylinder
Amitay et al. (1997) 30% 7.55  104 Synthetic jets
Sohankar et al. (2015) 72% 70 1.5  102 Uniform suction and blowing
Delaunay and Kaiktsis (2001) 14% o 90 Steady base suction and blowing
Joseph et al. (2013) 10% 1.1  106–2.8  106 Micro-jets
Mimeau et al. (2014) 30% 5.5  102  3.0  103 Porous coatings
Muddada and Patnaik (2010) 53% 1.0  102–3.0  102 Two rotating cylinderþ feedback
Lee et al. (2004) 29% 2.0  104 Small control rod installed upstream
Kuo and Chen (2009) 5% 80 Two fixed circular cylinders
Hwang et al. (2003) 23% 30  1.6  102 Detached splitter plate
Gu et al. (2012) 30% 3.0  104–6.0  104 Rotatable splitter plates
Bao and Tao (2013) 23% 20  1.6  102 Parallel dual plates
Korkischko and Meneghini (2012) 60% 3.0  103 Two small rotating circular cylinders
Bearman and Owen (1998) 30% 4.0  104 Spanwise sinusoidal forms and with sinusoidal front faces
He et al. (2000) 60% 2.0  102–6.0  102 Rotationally oscillating
Tokumaru and Diimotakis (1989) 80% 1.5  104 Rotationally oscillating
S.J. Lee and J.Y. Lee (2006) 32.82% 4.14  103 Rotationally oscillating
Bergmann et al. (2005) 25% 2.0  102 Rotationally oscillating
Sengupta et al. (2007) 66% 1.5  104 Rotationally oscillating
Kim and Choi (2005) 23% 40  3.9  103 Blowing and suction from the slots placed at upper and lower surfaces of
the obstacle
Huang et al. (2007) 25% 3  104–4  105 Surface roughness
Zhou et al. (2015) 30% 6.0  103–8  104 Surface roughness
Singha and Sinhamahapatra (2011) 4% 50  2.5  102 MHD
Chen and Aubry (2005) 46% 2.0  102 MHD
Min and Choi (1999) 28% 1.0  102 and 1.6  102 Feedback
Leclerc et al. (2006) 12% 1.0  102 Feedback
He et al. (2000) 60% 2.0  102–6.0  102 Rotationally oscillating
Protas and Styczek (2002) 93% 75 and 1.5  102 Rotationally oscillating
Bergmann et al. (2005) 25% 2.0  102 Rotationally oscillating
Sengupta et al. (2007) 66% 1.5  104 Rotationally oscillating
Flinois and Colonius (2015) 19% 75  2.0  102 Rotationally oscillating

Sinhamahapatra (2008) showed that the mean drag coefficient control the vortex shedding and especially reduce the drag coef-
decreases slowly for lower magnetic field strength and increases ficient. First technique applies small tabs on the lower and upper
rapidly for higher magnetic field strength. It is worth mentioning trailing edges of the bluff bodies (Park et al., 2006). This leads to
that some researchers used two very simple passive techniques to perturb the wake, subsequently attenuate the vortex shedding,
 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80 77

and decrease in drag coefficient. Park et al. (2006) examined both cylinder and structures exist in groups. Oil and gas transmission
experimentally and numerically this technique successfully for the lines in the oceans and other marine pipelines, vertical columns
Reynolds number in the range of 2.0  104 to 8.0  104. As second of offshore platforms, and heat exchanger tube bundles are a
technique, some researchers used wavy walls for bluff bodies to few examples of this application.
suppress the vortex shedding and decrease the drag coefficient.  Some type of oscillation, such as the flow perturbations and
For example, Darekar and Sherwin (2001) used in a numerical imposed sound field, have not received a full attention and
study the wavy stagnation face for flow around a square cylinder hence have good potential for future researches. These types of
at low Reynolds numbers in the range of 10-1.5  102. They found control methods are more applicable in ocean engineering.
that this technique leads to suppression of the vortex shedding by  The future attentions should be more focused on modifying the
the spanwise waviness and subsequently a significant reduction in near wake flow and vortex shedding to use them as the ad-
drag coefficient. In another research, Xu et al. (2014) applied tra- vantage instead of effort for removing them completely.
veling wave wall for a circular cylinder to reduce the drag coeffi-  There are some technologies such as micro-electro-mechanical
cient and suppress the vortex-induced vibration. They performed a systems (MEMS) to miniaturize the synthetic jet. Such tech-
numerical study for a fixed low Reynolds number (i.e. nologies lead to save the power needed for controlling the flow.
Re¼2.0  102). They presented that this control technique can  A very good method to suppress the vortex induced vibration of
leads to reduction in the fluctuation of the lift and drag coeffi- deepwater drilling riser with a large aspect ratio is the use of a
cients. As a result, these low cost and simple techniques can be control rod. In practical ocean engineering cases, multiple
used to reduce the drag coefficient and control of flow around the auxiliary pipelines are often available. Most of the previous
bluff bodies. As a result, the drag coefficient significantly decreases studies in this field (Control rod) have used a single control rod,
(up to 90%) by using some methods such as rotationally oscillating and studies using multiple control rods cases are very limited.
or steady blowing with two actuators on a cylinder.  A good method for controlling the wake turbulence behind an
obstacle could be angular momentum injection as tested suc-
cessfully by researchers. They showed that the wake turbulence
5. Summary and concluding remarks could be completely suppressed. This method has a good po-
tential for future researches as it works well for turbulent flows.
This paper focused on reviews of the vortex shedding sup-  Distributed force in spanwise direction to flow over a bluff body
pression and wake control. Some of the applications of these modifies the vertical evolution in the wake and leads to drag
methods are summarized in Table 13. reduction significantly for laminar and turbulent flows. This
Several existing approaches and techniques used to control the force can produce by blowing, suction, perturbations, and phase
wake destructive behavior and suppression of vortex shedding excitation by surface heaters.
behind bluff bodies are discussed and reviewed. These techniques  In summary, the target of control methods in boundary layer
are classified into nine categories based on the fundamental classification are to prevent or provoke boundary layer separa-
methods and applications utilized. The following conclusions and tion, control the spanwise and streamwise vortices in a turbu-
suggestions can be drawn: lent boundary layer, transition delay, and decrease the skin-
friction drag. Subsequently, the purposes of wake control
 We presented the ranges of Reynolds number that were used by methods are to supress the pressure drag and control the wake
researchers for each category of control technique. However, structures, and the pressure distribution on the rear portion of
some techniques work better for special flow regimes and some cylinders.
are suitable for wider flow regimes. As an example, surface  With regards to VIV oscillation control, and before selecting the
roughness approach works well at subcritical Reynolds num- control method, note that higher quantum of control is required
bers (Re¼1  103 to 1  104) but does not work at lower values for objects in water than in air, due to the damping effects.
of Reynolds number, see e.g. Achenbach, 1971. For low values of  The energetic efficiency and optimization analyses for each ac-
Reynolds number that have applications in microsystems, the tive control method must be considered to evaluate and com-
following methods have been tested successfully: Splitter pare the various techniques. Such analyses help ocean engineers
plates, second (control) cylinder, thermal method, secondary to select the best method. Although, there are some researches
flow (base bleed and suction), permeable wall, feedback control about this topic, but most of the studies have focused on rotary
law based on a single-sensor measurement, cylinder rotation or oscillation control methods; other methods, especially MHD
transverse oscillations, and apply of steady magnetic fields. and thermal methods, are required such optimization analysis.
 Most of the researches in the literature and reviewed here, are  An economic analysis is strongly advised especially for experi-
performed for a single bluff body, while in practice, vertical mental works to obtain the risks and gains of each technique.

Table 13
Applications of existing approaches for vortex shedding suppression and wake control.

Name of method Applications

EHD This method is suitable for aerodynamic applications such as airfoils typically used in wind turbine blades, civil air traffic projects and aircraft.
External element This method is used in ocean structures, bridges, high voltage lines, deepwater risers and free spanning submarine pipelines, flourishing extraction
of ocean oil and gas resources.
Feedback control This method is used in aircraft and projectile aerodynamics include dynamic stall control, marine structures, chemical mixing improvement,
submarine periscopes, increase mixing and heat transfer in combustion, and civil and engineering applications.
MHD This method can be used to control the flow over ship hull, tubular heat exchangers, pipelines, suspension wires, oblique shocks and suspension
bridges.
Rotary oscillations This method can be used to control the flow for tube heat exchangers, shafts, drilling of oil wells, nuclear reactor fuel rods and steel suspension
bridge cables.
Secondary flow These techniques are used in long-span suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges.
Surface roughness This method is utilized in offshore and marine application, such as platform pillars, pipelines and risers.
Thermal effects As a natural mean to control the boundary layer separation over a cylinder, it can be used in many engineering applications.
78 S. Rashidi et al. / Ocean Engineering 126 (2016) 57–80

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 The transition of flow pass a bluff body from 2D to 3D is an cylinders. Phys. Fluids 10, S191–S193.
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