FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRIC

PRINCIPLE

Abdul Razak Bin Naina Mohamed

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SYLLABUS

The topics introduces students to electrical

circuits; basic electrical quantities ie.
Electromotive force (emf), charge, current,
potential difference (voltage) and
resistance; types of electrical circuits; open
circuit and short circuit. The relationship
between current, voltage and resistance.
Electrical power, electrical energy and
characteristics of series circuits and parallel
circuits will also be deal with.
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SYLLABUS
 Mempelajari prinsip asas elektrik dalam kenderaan

 Mengenal simbol dan komponen elektrik automotif

seperti mentol, fius, geganti dan suis.

 Membuat gambarajah litar dengan symbol elektrik

kenderaan.

 Membuat pendawaian litar lampu utama,litar lampu

isyarat serta litar lampu kecil, litar lampu kecemasan,
litar hon dan litar brek.

 Membaiki kerosakan pada system elektrik kenderaan.

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INTRODUCTION 5

• Electricity is a form of energy which can’t be seen but can

be felt and used.

• Electric energy can be created impact from action as

friction, heat, electromagnetic field and electrochemical

• Electric energy can be change into other form of energy

such as:

a) Light energy - lamp

b) Heat energy – Iron, cigar lighter, electric stove
c) Sound energy – Radio, horn
d) Kinetic energy - Motor

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Material 6

Fundamentals of material

Substance Element Atom

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Occurrence of electricity 7

What is electricity?

Material Molecule Atom Atomic nucleus Nucleus

Proton

Electron

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Occurrence of Electricity
8

Structure of Atom

Electron Electrons
Nucleus

+
+
+
Protons

Shell

Electrons Neutron

Structure of Atom Detail structure of Atom

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Occurrence of Electricity 9

Atom ion
Positive ion

Negative ion

Electrically Neutral
Positive Ion Negative Ion

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Occurrence of Electricity 10

Free Electron Movement = Occurrence of electricity

- - -
- - +
+
+
- -
-
- -

Fundamental question

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 11

Flowing of current is transfer of free electron .

§ When there is electrical potential

Water tank A Water tank B
(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal) Current flow .

Water level § Electrical energy : Transfer

difference
Amount of free electron .
(Potential
difference)

§ If transfer track of free electron

Current
flow Grows, big current passes .
Water
wheel
rotate § If quantity of current big
Lamp
Actuator's drive increase .
ON

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 12

When there is no current flow than there is no transfer of free electron .

§ When there is no electrical

Tank A Tank B Potential, current not flow .

§ Electrical energy : Because it is no

Same water Transfer of free electron, there is
level
no Occurrence of energy
No potential
Difference
§ Because current does not flow
No current There is no actuator drive .
flow
No water § Because there is no electrical
wheel
Rotate Potential, current does not flow .
Lamp
OFF

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 13

1.1 ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES

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Electromotive Force 14

• Force or electric pressure that cause the flow of

electrons or the flow of current in given circuit.

• The energy supplied by a source of electric power in

driving a unit charge.

• The example the source that produces electric energy

are batteries and generator.

Symbol : E
Unit : Volt(V)

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Potential difference (Voltage)

Voltage is electrical pressure and creates current flow

Low

High

Water

A difference in pressure between two points will create flow

in the direction of the lower pressure

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Potential difference (Voltage) 16

The potential different between two points in a circuit.

Symbol : V
Unit : Volt(V)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
= 1 newton meter/coulomb

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Potential difference (Voltage)

E = W (joule) / Q (coulombs) Volt

W : Electric power
Q : Electric charge amount

1 volt : 0.001 kV
1 volt : 1,000㎷
1㎸ : 1,000 v

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Potential difference (Voltage) 18

Electrical Potential
When there is electrical potential between A and b, current flowing .
- Water tank A (positive potential) : 12
- Water tank B (Negative potential) : 0

Water tank A Water tank B

(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal)

Water level
difference
(Potential
Water level difference)
“12”(Potential)
Water level “0”
(Ground)

Water current
(Electrical current)

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Potential difference (Voltage) 19

Current flowing
Water tank A Water tank B Water tank A Water tank B
High water level
No water level
Water level
Difference
Difference (Potential same)
(Potential
Difference)
Low water level
Water wheel does not work
Water wheel work

Water current No water current

Water wheel : ON Water wheel : OFF

Water Flow No Water Flow

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Electrical Charge 20

• There are two types of charge which is positive and

negative charge.
• Symbol : Q
• Unit : Coulomb(C)
• Charge, Q in an atom :
Note: Q on an electron is negative
Q on a proton is positive
Q = 1.602 x 10-19 C
- - -
- + -- - +
- +
- -
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Current 21

• The movement of the electric charge cause by free

electrons movement.
• The ampere describes the rate of flow of electrons past
any given point in a circuit .
• It flows from the positive terminal to the negative
terminal.

• Symbol : I
• Unit : Ampere (A)

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Current

Current is measured in amperes (amps)

Conductor

,s

1 amp of electrical current is equal to;

625,000,000,000,000,000 electrons flowing in a conductor per second!

6.25×1018 electrons

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Current

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Summary for current & voltage 24

• Current Flow is transfer of electron .

• If transfer of electron is large, means that current passes is
increase
• ONLY WHEN there is potential difference, current passes
i.e. when connected between high and low potential .
• If transfer of free electron is much, heat is generated
• Therefore, electric wire can bunt out when this happens. Because
so much current ( electrons flow) passed .
• More current passes to some actuator means that amount of
electric power is strong .

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Resistance

Resistance reduces current flow

Resistance is measured in ohms ()

Resistance

Water

The higher the resistance, the less current that will flow

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Resistance
• It is the property of material by which it oppose the
flow of current through it.
• 1 Ω = 1 V/A

Symbol : R
Unit : Ohm ()

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Resistance - material
Conductor
• A material that allow electric current to flow easily. An
example is copper and iron.

Insulator
• A material that does not allow or prevent the electrical
current flow in normal condition. It has a lot of valence
electrons but the valence electron are difficult to be free
from is parent atom. For example rubber, glass, air.

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Resistance - material
Semiconductor
• A material that has a conductance value between
conductor and insulator. It has 4 valences electron and
can be use to make electronic component. For examples
silicon and germanium.

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Resistance - material

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OHM’S LAW

Georg Simon Ohm

1789-1854

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 OHM’S LAW 31

• Ohm’s law can be define as the current flowing through the electrical
circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference across the
circuit and inversely proportional to resistance of the circuit.
• If the value of resistance is constant and value of voltage increase so
the value of current can be increase.

V=I×R
I =V÷R
R= V÷I V
Voltage

V : Voltage
I : Current I R
R : Resistance Current Resistance

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OHM’S LAW 32

Current = I [ Amps ]

Voltage = V [ Volts ]

Resistance = Ω [ Ohms ]

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 OHM’S LAW 33

• Any operating electrical circuits must have three factors,

voltage, current, and resistance.
• Their relationship can be described by Ohm’s Law statement.
• The larger the voltage, the larger the current
• The larger the resistance, the smaller current

Voltage(V) Current(I) Resistance(R)

UP UP SAME

SAME UP DOWN

SAME DOWN UP

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1.2 ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION 35

• Electric circuit is a combination of conductor or cable which

makes the current flow from voltage sources to electrical
components or load.

• There are two types of electric circuit:

i. Complete electric circuit

ii. Non Complete electric circuit

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 Complete electric circuit 36

• It is also called basic circuit or simple circuit.

• It is closed end connection that can make current go through
completely which the current flow from source and back flow to
sources again.
• The circuits must have voltage supply (V), electric current (I) and
resistance (R).

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 Non Complete electric circuit 37

• It is a circuit without one of three component either voltage sources or

load resistance.
• The current flow will never happen with perfect in non complete
circuit.
• There are two types of non complete circuit:

i. Open circuit
ii. Short circuit
iii. Ground circuit

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 Non Complete electric circuit 38

i. Open circuit

• Any part of the circuit is open or broken.

• The circuit is incomplete because there is no conducting path.
• Circuit without the load, so there will be no current flow occur.
• Value of resistant in this circuit is a higher.

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 Non Complete electric circuit 39

i. Open circuit

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 Non Complete electric circuit 40

i. Open circuit

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 Non Complete electric circuit 41

ii. Short circuit

• The connection at the load will short with a conductor which no

resistance value.
• The current which go through is bigger, and no voltage can exist.
• Normally if short circuit occur, the fuse will burnt or wire melts
• Short circuit produce very high temperature due to high power
dissipation in the circuit.

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 Non Complete electric circuit 42

ii. Short circuit

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 Non Complete electric circuit 43

ii. Short circuit

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 Non Complete electric circuit 44

iii. Ground circuit

• Litar terbumi berlaku apabila wayar yang terbuka penebatnya

bersentuh dengan badan kenderaan.
• Ini menyebabkan arus tidak dapat mengalir melalui komponen
elektrik dalam litar yang sebenar. Sebaliknya arus mengalir terus ke
bumi lantas menyebabkan fius atau wayar terbakar.

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 Non Complete electric circuit 45

iii. Ground circuit

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Non Complete electric circuit 46

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Non Complete electric circuit 47

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 48

1.3 ELECTRICAL
POWER

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Video Presentation ~ Electrical Power WATTS

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 ELECTRICAL POWER 50

• Electric power is rate of work can be done in 1 second.

• Resistor dissipate energy in the form of heat.
• So power absorbed by the resistor is given by equation:

P
Symbol : P Power
Unit : Watt (W)
I V
Current Voltage

1 watt of power is equal to 1 joule of energy being converted in one

second of time.
1 watt = 1 joule / 1 second
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1.4 ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION 52

• There are 3 types of electric circuit:

i. Series Circuit
ii. Parallel Circuit
iii. Combination Circuit

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 Series Circuits 53

• Series circuit is refer to the connection of the resistor/LOAD in the

circuit in series and provides only one path for current flow.
• In series circuit, current leaves from the positive terminal of the
voltage source.
• Current then moves through resistors/LOAD and return to the
negative terminal of the source.

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Series Circuits 54

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Video Presentation ~ Series Circuit

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Series circuit in Battery 56

Battery series connect

- Voltage : Increase
- Current : Equality

Total battery voltage

1.5 volt × 4 batteries = 6 volt

Total battery voltage

12 volt × 2 batteries = 24 volt

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 Parallel Circuits 57

• Parallel circuit is any circuit that provides one common voltage across
all components.
• Each component across the voltage source provides a separate path or
branch for current flow.

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Parallel Circuits 58

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Video Presentation ~ Parallel Circuit

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Parallel circuit in Battery 60

Characteristic
Parallel connect in connection of batteries
§ Capacity of battery : Increase
§ Voltage : Constant

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 Series Parallel Circuits 61

• Most of electric circuits are the combination of series and parallel

circuit.

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Video Presentation ~ Series Parallel Circuit

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1.5 MEASUREMENT
TOOLS

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ANALOG MULTIMETER 64

ANALOG MULTIMETER

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DIGITAL MULTIMETER 65

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TEST LAMPS 66

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CLAMP METER, VOLTMETER , AMMETER & 67
OHMMETER

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VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT 68

• Measurement of voltage is to find the potential difference

between two points.
• It can be done using multimeter or voltmeter
• Measurement device must connected across the component
of which voltage that are measured (parallel)

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CURRENT MEASUREMENT 69

• Current measurement is to measure the rate of current flow

in a circuit
• It can be done using multimeter, ammeter , clamp meter
• Measurement device must connected within the line of
current flow in the circuit.

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RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 70

• Resistance measurement is to measure resistivity cause by

any object in preventing current flow in the circuit.
• It can be done using multimeter & ohmmeter.
• Measurement device must connected across the object that
are measured (parallel) and power supply must
disconnected

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CONTINUITY TEST 71

• A continuity test is done to determine whether a circuit is

open or closed. An open circuit cannot conduct electricity.
• A closed circuit has continuity.
• It can be done using multimeter & ohmmeter.
• Measurement device must connected across the object that
are measured (parallel) and power supply must
disconnected

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CURRENT & VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING CLAMP METER 72

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Review

• Voltage in a circuit drops across each resista

nce and the amount the voltage drops by is di
ctated by the comparative resistance value.
• The voltage after the last resistance in a circu
it will always be zero if current can flow.
• Volts drop will only occur across a resistor if
current can flow.
• A voltmeter displays the difference in voltage
between where you put the black probe and
where you put the red probe.

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1.6 BASIC
COMPONENTS

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ELECTRIC SYMBOL

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BASIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS 76

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BASIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS 77

1. POWER SOURCE @ AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

2. FUSE
3. IGNITION SWITCH
4. AUTOMOTIVE SWITCH
5. RELAY
6. COMPONENT/LOAD
7. WIRE / GROUNDING

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1. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY 78

Automotive battery have three main function to a vehicle

which is to :

1. Supply current to the vehicle electrical system.

2. Store and receive current that supplied from charging
system.
3. Stabilize voltage for the entire vehicle electrical system.

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1. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY 79

 Modern cars have a 12 volt battery.

 Its capacity is measured in amp/hours.
 A 60 amp/hour battery should be able to deliver a current
of 1 amp for 60 hours, or 2 amps for 30 hours.
 If the battery voltage drops, less current flows, and
eventually there is not enough to make the components
work.
 To measure battery:

a) Check voltage using multimeter

b) Execute load test using load tester

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1. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY 80

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1. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY 81

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1. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY 82

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2. FUSE 83

 Acts as a safety valve in an electrical circuit.

 It performs this function by opening the circuit when excessive
current passes through it.
 Three types typical in modern automotive vehicle
• Glass Fuses
• Cartridge Fuses
• Blade-Type Fuses
 Fuse ratings for automobile, 0.5 - 35 A

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2. FUSE 84

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2. FUSE 85

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3. IGNITION SWITCH 86

• Activates main electrical systems for the vehicle.

• Providing power to the starter solenoid and the ignition
system components , engine control unit, ignition coil,
radio, power windows, etc.
• The ignition switch usually requires a key be inserted

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4. AUTOMOTIVE SWITCH 87

• OPEN/CLOSED an electrical circuit, interrupting the

current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
• mechanism may be operated directly by a human operator,
moving object such as a door-operated switch, by some
sensor etc.

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5. RELAY 88

• Electrically operated switch that use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch.
• Relays are used to control a circuit by a separate low-power
signal or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

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6. COMPONENTS / LOAD 89

• Electrical component in a circuit that consumes electric

power
• Head lamps, power window motor, wiper motor, heater,
horns, radiator fan etc.
• Every components consumes certain value of amperes
according to function

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6. COMPONENTS / LOAD 90

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6. COMPONENTS / LOAD 91

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7. WIRE / GROUNDING 92

• Used to connect battery to electrical accessories such as

automotive relays, fuse blocks, and switch panels.
• Made from copper (good conductor) and consists of
various wire diameter according to current passing through.
• The electrical wiring in a car is a system of colour-coded
wires called the loom.

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 93

1.6 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

CONSTRUCTION & DIAGNOSIS

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LANGKAH KESELAMATAN 94

• Disconnect both terminals of the battery before doing any

work on wiring other than testing.
• Semasa melakukan kerja-kerja pendawaian, bahagian
sambungan hendaklah dibalut dengan pita penebat untuk
mengelakkan litar pintas.
• Gunakan fius yang berasingan untuk setiap pendawaian.

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REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.
ELECTRICAL HANDBOOK
2. Norazam Aliman & Mohd Ajmain Abdul Wahab (2015).
Basic Electrical Technology 1st Edition. Muhibbah Sales &
Service, Perak, Malaysia.
3. DarulTek Basic Electric & Electricity Powerpoint Slides
4. NOTA KULIAH JA303

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TEASER & MOTIVATE VIDEO

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