CE-230: Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machinery

Chapter 5
Dynamic Force and Momentum

Engr. Khurram Sheraz

Lecturer
MSc Engineering

Department of Agricultural Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
 Contents

 Pressure due to Jet of Water on Fixed Flat Plate

 Pressure due to Jet of Water on Fixed Flat Inclined Plate

 Pressure due to Jet of Water on Moving Flat Plates

 Pressure on Fixed Curve Plate

 Flow Over Radial Vanes

 Pressure due to Jet of Water on Fixed Flat Plate
• We see that whenever a jet of liquid impinges (i.e., strikes) on a fixed
plate, it experiences some force.
• As per Newton's Second Law of Motion , this force is equal to the rate of
change of momentum of the jet, or to the change of momentum per sec.
• It has been observed that if the plate is not fixed, then the plate starts
moving in the direction of the jet, because of the force.
• The jet strikes the plate and leaves it tangentially so that all its momentum
in a direction normal to the plate is destroyed.
Let V = Velocity of the jet (m/s),  = volume of water (m3)
a = Cross-sectional area of the jet (m2), γ = specific weight (kN/m3)
Mass of water striking the plate = m = W/g = γ/g = γQt/g = γaVt/g
Mass of water striking per second = γaV/g (kg)
• We know that the velocity of jet, in its original direction, is reduced to zero
after the impact (as the plate is fixed). Plate

• Therefore force exerted by the jet on the plate. Nozzle

Jet of water
F = Mass of water flowing/s x Change of velocity
F = γaV/g x (V – 0) = γaV2 / g (kN)
F = γaV2 / g (kN)
Pressure due to Jet of Water on Fixed Flat Inclined Plate
• Consider a jet of water impinging on an inclined fixed plate as shown.
Let V = Velocity of the jet in m/s, and
a = Cross-sectional area of the jet in m2
θ = Angle at which the plate is inclined with the jet
Mass of water flowing per second = γaV/g (kg)
• Since, the force exerted by the jet in its original direction,
= γaV2 / g (kN)
• Force exerted by the jet perpendicular to the plate,
F = γaV2 / g (sinθ)
• and the force exerted by the jet in the direction of flow,
Fx = F sinθ = γaV2 sinθ / g (sinθ)
Fx = γaV2 sinθ2 / g
• Similarly, force exerted by the jet perpendicular to the flow,
Fy = F cosθ = γaV2 sinθ / g x cosθ = 2γaV2 sinθ cosθ / 2g (since, 2sinθcosθ = sin2θ)
Fy = γaV2 sin2θ / 2g
 Pressure due to Jet of Water on Moving Flat Plates
• Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a plate and as a result of the
impact of jet the plate move in the direction of the jet as shown in Figure.
Let, V = velocity of jet
a = cross-sectional area of the jet
v = velocity of the plate as a result of the impact of jet
• The relative velocity of the jet with respect to the plate is (V – v) i.e. the
velocity at which the jet strikes the plate.
• Let us assume that the plate is fixed and the jet is moving with a velocity
of (V – v), therefore, force exerted by the jet,
F = γa(V – v)/g x [(V – v) – 0)]
F = γa(V – v)2/g
• This would not be possible in practice as there would be continually
lengthening jet.
• Now, consider a continuous series of plates at a fixed distance apart
radially around the circumference of a large wheel and all moving in the
same direction as the jet with a velocity of v, the force of jet on the
moving plates is,
F = γaV/g x (V – v)
 Pressure on Fixed Curve Plates
• Consider a jet of water entering and leaving a fixed
curved vane tangentially as shown.
-Vcosβ
Let V = Velocity of the jet in m/s, and
a = Cross-sectional area of the jet in m2
α = inlet angle of the jet Vcosα
β = outlet angle of the jet
ab = normal at the center of the vane
• It is clear that the vane deflects the jet through an angle 180 – (α + β).
• The velocity of jet is not changed in magnitude while flowing over the
vane but only the direction is changed.
• This force may be determined by finding out the components of the force
along and perpendicular to ab (normal to the vane).
• We know that the force of the jet along ab,
F = Mass of water flowing per second x Change of velocity along normal
to the vane
F = γaV / g [V cosα – (-V cosβ)] = γaV/g (V cosα + V cosβ)
• Similarly, force of the jet perpendicular to ab
F = γaV/g (V sinα - V sinβ)
 Pressure on Fixed Curve Plates

• If the vane is semicircular, the angles are each equal to

zero, then, the force on vane in direction ab
F = 2γaV2 / g
• The force is thus twice as great as that on a flat plate.
• This is due to the fact that, with a semicircular vane the leaving fluid also
exerts the same force as that of the entering fluid.
• This principle is made use of in the Pelton Wheel turbine.
 Flow Over a Radial Vane
• Consider the blade to be one of the series of blades fixed radially to the
rim of a rotating wheel as shown in Figure.
• Let r = radius of wheel at entrance
r1 = radius of wheel at exit
ω = angular velocity of wheel
ν = tangential velocity of blade tip at entrance
ν1 = tangential velocity of blade tip at exit
Vw = velocity of whirl at entrance
Vw1 = velocity of whirl at exit
• Tangential momentum of fluid striking blade at entrance
Vw/g per kg per sec
• Moment of momentum at entrance
(Vw/g) r per kg per sec
• Tangential momentum of fluid striking blade at exit
Vw1/g per kg per sec
• Moment of momentum at entrance
(Vw1/g) r1 per kg per sec
 Flow Over a Radial Vane
• Torque on wheel = change of moment of momentum per kg per sec
= Vw r/g – Vw1 r1/g
• Work done by torque per kg of fluid
= (Vw r/g – Vw1 r1/g) ω
= Vw ν/g – Vw1 ν1/g since, ν = ωr
• If the fluid leaves against the direction of motion of the wheel, Vw1 will be
negative, therefore,
• Work done by torque per kg of fluid
= Vw ν/g + Vw1 ν1/g
• This equation is called the momentum equation and is very important in
problems dealing with the blading design of water, gas and steam
turbines, centrifugal pumps and rotary air compressor.