UNIT 8.

MACHINES

PRIMARY 4 / Natural Science.

Pedro Antonio López Hernández
 MACHINES
They are devices made of different materials. They help us complete tasks with less effort and make our lives easier. Machines
have been modernised over time.

We can classify machines in two groups Depending of the type of energy they
use, the can be classified in three groups

Simple machines Complex machines

Thermal machines
They have one or very They are made up of Manual machines
few parts, as wheel or many parts. Some of Electrical machines
scissors. these parts may be
They use our energy to They use energy
simple machines.
work. obtained by
They use electrical
burning fuel.
For example: A energy.
bicycle and a
For example:
television. For example:
For example:
- Scissors
- Laptop - Aeroplane

- Shovel
- Mixer - Ship

- Hammer - Lamp - Car

 STRUCTURE OF MACHINES
A structure is a group of connected elements that are capable of supporting weight.

They are designed to support a LOAD. They have PILLARS to support it.

They have one or more GIRDERS for the load to rest on.

Girders

Pillars

Load
 LEVERS
They are used to move objects that weigh a lot. A lever transmits and increases the force we apply when we use it.

The FORCE or EFFORT

that is applied to
move the load.
The FULCRUM is the
point where the beam
rests.

The RIGID BEAM or BAR.

 TYPES OF LEVERS
Class 1 lever Class 2 lever Class 3 lever

The force is applied between the

The fulcrum is located between the load The fulcrum is at one end, the force is at the fulcrum and the load.
and the force. other end and the load is between. This type of lever gives us precision.

Juicer Force
Fulcrum
Force
Force
Load

Fulcrum Fulcrum

Scissors
Load Load
Tongs
Other examples: Other examples:
Other examples:

Pliers Clothes-peg Wheelbarrow Nutcracker

Broom Stapler

Balance Bottle opener Fishing rod

 INCLINED PLANES AND PULLEYS
They are used to move heavy objects.

This make it possible to lift weight

It is used to raise objects with less
Inclined plane/ Ramp Pulley more easily than doing it
effort, sliding or dragging them
manually.
along the ground.
Wheel Groove

Rope

Load

Force
A pulley is made up of a wheel with a
Less effort is required to raise a load when using an groove through which a rope can
inclined plane with a smaller gradient. move. The load is attached to one end
of the rope. You pull from the other end.
 One of the greatest inventors was Archimedes. He
PAST INVENTIONS The machines of Archimedes lived more than 2000 years ago in Syracuse, an
ancient Greek city.
His main inventions were:
The screw of Archimedes The slaw of Archimedes

Crank
Beam
1. It is made up of a Pulley 1. It consisted of a
Cylinder
screw inside a beam with a
Hook hook hanging
cylinder. There is a
Screw from one end. On
crank at one end and
the other end is inside Ropes the other end,
the liquid. there was a
system of pulleys.

Pulley Ox

Water outlet 2. The ropes were

2. When the pulled by people
Pulley
mechanism turns, the Load or animals. This
water moves up the machines
Water inlet screw and comes out allowed them to
Ropes
the other end. lift and suddenly
drop the enemy
ships, sinking
Irrigation them.
channel Pulley Force
 PRESENT INVENTIONS Since Archimedes, other geniuses have created new inventions. They
have improved our quality of life.

TRANSPORT

AEROPLANES, SPACESHIPS, CARS and HIGH-

SPEED TRAINS are all very important.
MEDICINE

Important inventions include the SCANNER and

X-RAY MACHINE, which allow us to see inside
the body.

COMMUNICATIONS

Noteworthy inventions include the MOBILE TELEPHONE and

COMPUTER.

They make it possible to communicate with people who are

far away or to access information via the Internet.