THE FEASIBILITY OF CARABAO (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) DUNG

AS FUEL

A Junior Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

Alabel National Science High School

Regional Science High School for Region XII

Alabel, Sarangani Province

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements in Research IV

Gwyn Ann C. Aldip

Leah Mae T. Ambag

Robin Jacob Benignos

Kent Anthony Capilitan

Ralph Ory Padilla

August 20, 2018

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Bubalus bubalis carabanesis (carabao) dung, also known as carabao pats,

carabao pies, or carabao manure, is the waste product of water buffalos also

known as carabaos. Carabao dung is the undigested residue of plant matter

which has passed through the animal's gut. The resultant fecal matter is rich in

minerals.

Carabao dung, which is usually dark brown in color, is often used as

agricultural fertilizer. It contains 93.7% phosphoric acid, 18.5% nitrogen, and

9.6% potash. It also contains significant amounts of other nutrients such as

calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. As dried manure, it generates biogas or

methane making it as a good source of fuel.

Biogas can also be produced from dung. The gas is rich in methane and is

used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable

and stable source of electricity.

Fuels have great value in the society that it produces big potentials like

being a source of light energy and heat energy. It costs high and it is importantly

needed that the researchers are hardly keeping up of finding some alternatives

for making organic and natural fuel that will be environmental-friendly and

cheaper to use.
B. Objectives of the study

This study aims to:

a. produce an alternative fuel from carabao dung

b. know the effectiveness of carabao dung as fuel

c. compare the potency of commercial fuel from the organic carabao

dung fuel; and

d. produce an environmental-friendly fuel

C. Hypothesis

Null hypothesis: Carabao dung is not an effective organic fuel.

Alternative Hypothesis: Carabao dung is an effective alternative organic

fuel.

D. Significance of the study

To the community. This study can help the community by giving people an

alternative fuel that is effective to use and affordable for everybody. In addition,

people will be wary about the importance of making an environmental–friendly

fuel. With this, the use of woods in producing fuels can be minimized, thus

lessens the amount of trees needed to be cut down for producing fuel.
Consumers won’t be needing larger amount of money to be spent for buying

fuel.

To the researchers. The importance of this study to researchers is they can

widen their knowledge about the effectiveness of carabao dung as a fuel and

to know the beneficial effects of it.

E. Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study is limited only to examine the efficacy of carabao dung as a

fuel. The carabao dung will be mixed with starch and water to have a sticky

and thick mixture. The cooking rice will be our dependent variable and the

molded carabao dung will be our independent variable. This will be conducted

at Alabel National Science High School in August 2018 that will be done for a

week.

F. Definition of Terms

Carabao dung - waste of domestic water buffalo

Fuel - use as source of energy and power

Biogas - refers to a mixture of different gases produced by breakdown of

organic matter in the absence of oxygen

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The carabao or commonly known as the Asian water buffalo is commonly

termed as one because it likes to submerge mostly at times in water (Bradford,

A. 2014). It also referred as the living tractor of the East and the largest among

the Bovidi tribe. Their common diet are grass and herbs.

Dung is the waste of animals and often discarded in scatter. But, it is

effective in producing fertilizers (2014). Manures are used to create fertilizers

that can provide nutrients and organic matter to the soil. These can help in the

nutrient content and soil structure for the growth of the plants.

Carabao manure is the waste that has many benefits to human beings

because it can be made as fertilizer to the plant. Carabao manure contains

plant nutrients like 18.5% nitrogen, 43.7% phosporic acid, and 9.6% potash. It

is also a good source of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or

methane. Carabao dung has many uses like alternative lumber, production of

building material, mosquito coil and etc.

Charcoal is a sure sort of half-consumed wood. Individuals utilize charcoal

for flames since it burns hotter and cleaner than wood (less smoky), but also

lasts longer (Carr, 2017). Your home or working environment stays cleaner.

You require charcoal to soften copper and tin ore to make bronze, as well.

Individuals have been making charcoal since around 4000 BC in both China

and West Asia. North and South American individuals, Africans, and
Europeans likewise made and utilized charcoal. The manner in which

individuals made charcoal was generally by heaping wood up and covering it

with damp earth, and after that lighting the wood ablaze, so it burned gradually

without much oxygen. The best charcoal originates from consuming hard wood

like oak or beech. The outcome is basically carbon, similar to coal. Most people

utilized charcoal just to cook their meals on or warm their homes. In any case,

there were more specific uses as well. Metal forgers required charcoal to have

the capacity to smelt bronze and iron, since you require a hot fire to melt most

metals. You additionally required charcoal to make glass. Craftsmen utilized

charcoal as a shabby illustration and composing material, similar to a pencil.

Egyptian craftsmen utilized charcoal to make dark paint for divider canvases.

Scholars blended powdered charcoal with water to make ink.

Charcoal fuel is widely used for cooking for it burns cleaner in comparison

to the common wood and with greater amount of heat exerted (Nishizawa Y.,

2018). One type of cheaper charcoal available in the market is the briquette that

if not used properly, will affect the taste of the food. Rest assured it will not

create danger to health. It is also used to smelt irons and as a gunpowder

alongside sulfur. Charcoals are also helpful in arts, drawing and painting. The

compressed charcoals in pencils are used as art materials to draw, sketch and

tone artworks. Product examples are the vine charcoal and the powdered

charcoal. It can also be useful for smoking. It heats tobacco for smoking

purposes.

This day in age, one of the world’s main concerns is energy (2016). Acid

rain, caused by modern petroleum engines, would be non-existent when

Currently, we rely on petroleum to run our cars, and household central heat,

and electricity in our homes. Alternative fuels are one of the worlds most talked

about issues, and many solutions have been brought forth, yet none of them

have been sophisticatedly acted upon. Through the list of pros and cons, one

shall determine the importance of alternative fuels, and how bad the pros

outweigh the cons, thus forcing the reality of the matter that we need to start

moving towards these alternate forms of energy. These are seen throughout

the Great Plains, and many other flats.This type of energy is produced through

different types of wastes. Although these do produce some good, usable

energy, as with all things, they have some problems. Petroleum is not only

limited, but it is also dirtying up the world’s air, and depleting the ozone layer as

it is burned.Wind Turbines are also a big concern for birds.

Biodiesel can be run in unmodified diesel engines and is often a higher

quality fuel than petrodiesel. Biofuels are also becoming cost effective with

higher crude oil prices and can be completely renewable. An ethanol engine will

not be backwards compatible with gasoline though. The best thing about many

of these alternative fuels is they can be readily used in standard internal

combustion engines with little or no modification.The list of alternative fuels can

go on forever, but some of the most common and readily adaptable fuels are:

ethanol and biodiesel. They have sensors in the fuel lines that can tell the

percentage of ethanol in the fuel and adjust spark and injection timing as

necessary. Ethanol can be run in a regular gasoline engine, but with a loss in

fuel efficiency, as much as 34%. However if the engine is designed to run on

gasoline engine.

In processing natural gas, the natural gas will be converted from raw to

into pipeline quality natural gas by demounting contaminants, condensates

and impurities (2016). It is needed for the natural gas to be dry with very low

water content, and contaminant-free at levels that will damage or disintegrate

the pipelines. The common contaminants that are needed to be remove from

natural gas are gases such as helium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide,

nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor. The liquid natural gas condensate and

crude oil, trace metals such as mercury and radioactive materials such as

radon should be cast from it also. The value of the natural gas will depend on

its energy content, which can vary its final composition. Gas chromatography

(GC) is the analytical technique used to examine the composition of the natural

gas and measure its energy content. The fuel is more valuable and more

expensive when there is a higher BTU rating. The Multiple standard methods

used for natural gas analysis involves GPA 2145, 2172, 2177, 2186, 2261,

2286, TP-17, ASTM D1945, D1946 and D3588, ISO 6974 and 6976,

Din51872-5 and UOP539. The preferred tools for analysis were called gas

analyzers.

Gas analysis is a various of equipment and methods that produce

significant data for many manufacturing research industries (2018). There are

four types of Gas Analysis Application you might need; the Gas Purity,

Hydrogen Isotope and Helium/Deuterium Analyses, Residual Gas Analysis and

Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA). In Gas Purity, it is where impurities in gases were
being detected. Other industries, require correct gas mixtures confirmation for

various processes. Next is the Hydrogen Isotope and Helium/Deuterium

Analyses, were designed when the resolution is critical in Low Gas Analysis

Application. It can easily separate atomic Hydrogen from the ion on blast, the

same with the separation of Helium and Deuterium. Then the Residual Gas

Analysis (RGA), where the contained gases of vacuum environment can be

identified and will be operated in research laboratories and industrial

processing throughout the world. And lastly, the Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA),

wherein the dynamic composition of gases discharged by thermogravimetric

analysis (TGA) or insight into the mechanisms at work within the experiment

provided by continuous flow systems.

RELATED STUDIES
 A study was conducted to test the dark anaerobic fermentation of water

buffalo, used both as substrate and inoculum that were presented in 250 batch

reactors. To increase the H2 production, the researchers used different initial

fermentation pH values (5 and 6), temperatures (37°C and 55°C), and manure

thermal pre-treatments (90°C for 3 hours). The phylogas composition is

calculated with a micro gas chromatograph (Agilent 3000) with two capillary

columns; a MolSieve 5A and a Poraplot U. Results show that to maximize the

production of CH4, the pH should be 6 and the temperature should be 37°C. It

is also remarked that the use of heat-shocked manure can result to doubling of

productivity of bio-hydrogen. It due due to thermal suppression of

methanogenic bacteria (Carotenuto et al., 2012).

A was conducted to determine the composition of buffalo manure and to

find out if the presence of bamboo biochar can affect the chemical and

biological reactivity (Ngo et. al., 2013). The carbon and phosphorus

composition of the manure, its compost and vermicompost were incubated and

had been analyzed with their reactivity with the acid dichromate oxidation. The

researchers found out the reactivity of the substances in a decreasing order

from the buffalo manure, compost and vermicompost. They discovered that

with the presence of biochar, the organic matter was able for a protection

against the chemical oxidation and inverted its proneness to material

degradation. This suggested that the presence of biochar can increase the

potential of the compost, vermicompost and manure when applied.

and was ended up being successful as decomposer in the creation of natural

manure in a study. Expanding the rate of Trichoderma spp. to 6 kg for each ton

of manure heap abbreviated the deterioration period to 66 days and expanded

the percent recuperation at 69.31%. The quality and supplement content

(NPK) of delivered natural manure got the required NPK content (5.3%) as

stipulated in the Philippine National Guidelines for Natural Farming (Galindez

et al, 2017).

A study was conducted to gauge the chosen microorganisms isolated from

water buffalo manure in a shot to provide compost substance that may cut back

the amount of decomposition and conjointly to check its alternative potential

use as bio-fertilizer and bio-control agent (Lopez, 2014). Six genera of fungi

were isolated from water buffalo manure, namely; fungus genus, genus

Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Trichoderma and mould. Among these,

solely Trichoderma was elected as helpful fungi. Plant life populations at

completely different ages of water buffalo manure were discovered, starting

from 6-26 x 106 cfu/g. Two species of Trichoderma (Trichoderma sp. one and

Trichoderma sp. 2) were isolated and discovered to be dominant on the third

and fourth week previous water buffalo manure. Trichoderma sp. two grew best

in rice bran and oatmeal substrates at four days of period. The addition of

combined Trichodema sp. one and Trichoderma sp. two on the compost (3

components of rice straw and leaf litters: one a part of water buffalo manure

and 0.5 a part of change state rice hull) lessened the amount of decomposition

from forty five to thirty six days likewise as increase N, P and K content with

one.49% N; 0.73% P and a pair of 28% K.

biogas tecnology project through the Municipal Environment and Natural

Resources Office of Malvar, Batangas, Philippines. The results presented that

the electricity and heat generated from biogas minimized dependency on

electricity and fuel oil. The technology of biogas had a big contribution to the

improvement of barangay socio-economic by new job creations, skills and

technology in production of biogas, continuous supply of energy sustainability

and neutrality. The biogas technology can also be a source of farming

fertilizers. It is highly required that biogas technology should be applied in

ordinances (Mojares, 2015).

Anaerobic procedure of processing creature squanders is generally utilized

for accomplishing biogas for vitality generation (Sabusap A., 2015). The effect

of this biogas innovation prompts this examination utilizing distinctive creature

squander medicines keeping in mind the end goal to deliver helpful gas for

cooking in the kitchen. Carabao compost and chicken excrement at various

volumetric proportion were utilized as a part of this investigation to gauge the

gas generation of the distinctive medicines. The blending proportion of chicken

compost to carabao excrement utilized as a part of the investigation were

100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 blending of medications inside the

dextrose bottle as digester. The water with 25% volume was blended to the

slurry. The blend of creature squanders delivered noteworthy volume of biogas.

The carabao compost and chicken manure were resolved on a week by week

premise. The volume proportion of 25% chicken waste and 75% excrement

yield the most astounding biogas creation amid the fourth, fifth and sixth seven
day stretch of decay having estimation of 6,390 ml, 8,817.50 ml and 10,815 ml,

separately. The week after, biogas yield was impacted via carbon/nitrogen

proportion and pH level influencing the disintegration phase of the squanders

blend. The pH estimations of the distinctive medicines went from 6.32 to 7.15

and it had slightest impact of decay amid starting stage. The squanders blend

had mesophilic temperature of 350ºC. Disintegration of creature squanders

inside the digester is prescribed for a more extended period to truly mature the

squanders and to amplify gas generation.

In addition to the biochar, the process also results in bio oil and syngas

that are used for further combustion and renewable fuels (Kwapinski et al.,

2010). Low heating rate and long residence time are often used to increase

solid products yield. Biochar produced from agricultural and forestry residues

can be readily used as biofuel feed stocks for cooking, barbecue and existing

coal power plants (Kung et al., 2013). It is superior in quality to coal-char due

to its low sulfur content and high reactivity. Biological substrates such as CNS

and PGH were collected from the premises of Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore. They were cut down into 10 - 15 cm length and then

dried in the solar tunnel dryer for 48h. Later, the biological substrates were

slowly pyrolyzed in the pyrolysis unit between 400 and 450 째 C by using

semi-indirect heating method. The biochar were cooled, collected and then

grounded down to about <0.25 mm sieve for further characterization (IBI,

2010).
 Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production out of wheat straw will be

done under the biorefinery framework to maximize the economic value of the

biomass used while reducing the waste in the environment (Kaparaju et. al.,

2008). First, the wheat straw went through hydrothermal exposure to a

cellulose rich fiber fraction and hydrolysate. It undergone fermentation which

produced 0.41 g-ethanol/g-glucose and 178.0 ml-H2/g-sugars, respectively.

The wastes from the processes were produced as methane. The evaluation

showed that the wheat straw-to-biofuel production was most efficient

compared to mono-fuel such as bioethanol. The researchers found out that

biofuels from wheat straw are efficient and is effective for the community.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the statistical procedures, equipment and materials to be

used to conduct the study. This will be conducted at Alabel National Science

High School, Maribulan, Alabel, Sarangani Province.

Preparation of Materials

Mixing of Materials

Molding

Drying of Mixture

Test for Burning Time

Gas Analyzer

Figure 1. Research Design

Preparation of Materials

The researchers will be collecting 15 kg of dried carabao manure from

Brgy.’s Poblacion and Maribulan, Municipality of Alabel and Brgy. Malandag,

Municipality of Malungon. Materials of 4 kg of cornstarch, 1.5 liter of distilled

water, 1 kg. of wooden charcoal, 4 cups of rice, 2 pots, 5 pairs of gloves, basin,

and garden trowel will also be needed.

The researchers will wear proper dressing code and each of the member

will have to wear gloves for mixing the materials. The 15 kg dried manure will

be put in the basin and be mixed with 4 kg. of cornstarch and 1.5 liter of

distilled water. The researchers will mix it using a garden trowel until the

mixture will become thick and sticky so it can be molded properly.

Fuel Production

The mixture will be molded into a sphere shape with a size like a fist. The

molded pieces will be sun dried for three to five days or until it hardens. It

should have very low water content so it may undergo gas analysing.

Test for Burning Time

To test the efficiency of the carabao dung as fuel, 4 cups of rice will be

cooked. In two pots, 2 cups of rice will be cooked in each. Both tests will be

conducted with the use of carabao dung fuel and the other one with the

commercial charcoal. Cooking time will be recorded. The weight of charcoal

needed will also be recorded.

In Gas Analysing, the molded carabao dung charcoal must have very low

water content and must be contaminant-free. The exerted gas from the burning

dung fuel will be analysed with an available gas analyser to see the

composition of its gas released.

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