PBN Operational Approval Course

Introduction and Overview

ICAO PBN Operational Approval Course

PBN Operations Approval

• Welcome
• Logistics
• Introductions
• PBN Overview

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Instructor – Bob Kennedy

Attendees:

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 Course Objectives
The objective of this Course is to:
• Verify that the PBN concept is understood
• Clarify State regulatory responsibilities with respect to
PBN
• Provide a simple step-by-step guide to the Ops
Approval process
• Relate the Ops Approval process to individual
navigation specifications.

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 ICAO Objectives

• Simplify the process for PBN ops approval

• Reduce costs for CAAs and operators
• A globally-common approval process for PBN
• Training for regional instructors

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 Logistics

Agenda
• 0900-0945
• 0945-1030
• 1030-1100 Coffee
• 1100-1145
• 1145-1230
• 1230-1330 Lunch
• 1330-1445
• 1445-1515 Coffee
• 1515-1630

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Monday 0900-0945 0945-1030 1100-1145 1145-1230 1230-1330 1330-1445 1515-1630

PBN Ops
Official Intro & Aircraft
Registration Registration LUNCH Approval
Welcome Overview Eligibility
Process
Tuesday

Crew
Navigation Application &
Procedures & Discussion LUNCH Oceanic Discussion
Databases Documentation
Training
Wednesday

En-Route Discussion Terminal Discussion LUNCH Approach Discussion

Thursday

RNP AR Discussion SAM AIC SAM Job Aids LUNCH Review Review
Friday

Wrap up &
Assessment Assessment Review LUNCH
Debrief

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 Material for Course

• Course folder
• ICAO Doc 9997 Ops Approval Manual
• ICAO Doc 9613 PBN Manual
• ICAO eLearning:
– http://www.icao.int/safety/pbn/PBN%20Overview/story.html
– http://www.icao.int/safety/pbn/PBN%20Ops%20Approval/story.html

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 PBN Manual

Volume I
• Concept and Implementation
Guidance
Volume II
• Implementing RNAV and RNP

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 PBN Manual Vol II

Volume II – Implementing RNAV and RNP

• Part A – General
• Part B – Implementing RNAV
• Part C – Implementing RNP
• Attachment A – Barometric VNAV

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 Navigation Specifications

IMPLEMENTING RNAV AND RNP CHAPTERS

• Introduction
• ANSP considerations
• Navigation specification

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 Navigation Specification

RNAV RNP
RNAV System RNP SYSTEM
Performance On-Board performance
Monitoring and
Accuracy; Integrity; Availability; Alerting
Continuity.
Accuracy; Integrity; Availability;
Continuity.

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 Navigation Specifications

In use before PBN Manual Introduced in PBN Manual

• RNP 10 > RNAV 10 • RNP APCH LNAV/VNAV
• RNP 4 > RNP 4 • RNP AR APCH
• B-RNAV > RNAV 5 • RNP 1
• P-RNAV > RNAV 1 & RNAV 2 New in 4th Edition PBN Manual
• RNAV(GNSS) > RNP APCH LNAV • RNP APCH LPV
• Advanced RNP
• RNP 2
• RNP 0.3 (Helicopter)

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 Navigation Specifications

GNSS OPTIONAL GNSS REQUIRED

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 Navigation Specifications

• Aircraft requirements
• Operating Procedures
• Pilot knowledge and training
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• Navigation database
• Oversight of operators

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 Components of PBN Concept
- Navigation Specification -
International Navigation Specifications in
Volume II of PBN Manual

 What Performance is required of the NAV

system?
 What Functionalities must NAV system
have to achieve performance
2  What Navigation Sensors must be
integrated in NAV system to achieve
performance.
 What requirements are placed on the Air
crew to achieve the required performance
from the NAV system?

Used by State as basis for developing

Certification & Operational Approval
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 Performance
Doesn’t an ILS or VOR have “performance”?

For conventional navigation:

• Performance is derived
• Design is based on “measured” navaid performance
• How accurate is a VOR?

For Performance Based Navigation:

• Performance is specified
• Aircraft must meet the required level of performance
• How performance is achieved is “open” or non-sensor specific

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 Performance

• All Navigation Systems must meet performance

requirements:
• ACCURACY
• INTEGRITY
• AVAILABILITY
• CONTINUITY

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 Performance

• RNAV systems have been assessed to have

adequate system performance
• Not required to be monitored by flight crew
• ACCURACY 95% probability requirement
• INTEGRITY Dependent on navaids/updates
• AVAILABILITY Based on Navaids
• CONTINUITY Based on Navaids

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 Performance

• RNP based on GNSS performance

• System performance monitored in flight
• ACCURACY GNSS extremely accurate >>>95%
• INTEGRITY On-board monitoring system
• AVAILABILITY Requires operational mitigation
• CONTINUITY Requires operational mitigation

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 Actual & Required Performance

• All Nav specs have minimum performance requirements

• But actual performance of GNSS systems (RNP)
exceeds the minimum requirements
• e.g. RNP 4 requires 4NM accuracy/95%
• GNSS is a minimum requirement for RNP 4
• GNSS accuracy is in metres!
• The “baseline” is 95% probability of position within stated
limits but other performance requirements usually are
limiting

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 On-board Performance
Monitoring
The aircraft, or aircraft and pilot in combination, is
required to monitor the TSE, and to provide an
alert if the accuracy requirement is not met or if
the probability that the TSE exceeds two-times
the accuracy value is larger than 10 –5

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 Performance Monitoring

• GNSS positioning is monitored by Nav System

• FTE is monitored by the flight crew
• Standard is ½ accuracy value (RNP)

Note: Exception is the Boeing NPS system which electronically monitors both
NSE and FTE to ensure TSE limits are not exceeded

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 Nav System Monitoring

• GNSS/RNP monitoring typically based on integrity

• NOT accuracy
• Accuracy remains very high
• Measured in metres
• Accuracy independent of the specified nav accuracy
• RNP selection changes integrity alerting level

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 Integrity Monitoring
All IFR navigation systems must have integrity
• NDB, VOR, DME, ILS
Self monitoring transmitters
Duplicated equipment
Solid state electronics
Flight inspection
On-board monitoring and alerting
• GNSS
ABAS
SBAS
GBAS

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 GNSS Integrity
• Integrity is a form of insurance
• An area around the flight path is protected against
the possibility of an undetected error
• When there is no integrity alert the position solution
is protected
• If an alert occurs the operation is discontinued
• Accuracy remains high but the requirement for
protection against potential misleading navigation
information is no longer met

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 Receiver Autonomous Integrity
Monitoring (RAIM)

RAIM is one example of an integrity monitoring system

• Receiver calculates Horizontal Protection Level (HPL)
• Radius around true position
• Protects against a potential undetected error
• HPL varies with satellite geometry
• Horizontal Alert Level (HAL) set for phase of flight:
• En-route - 2NM
• Terminal (Inside 30NM from ARP) - 1NM
• Final Approach - 0.3NM
• If HPL>HAL, system alerts

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 Integrity Monitoring

• RAIM is only one simple method

• There are a number of integrity monitoring systems
• ALL RNP systems must have integrity monitoring
• Flight crews must understand the system used

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 Stand-alone GNSS Monitoring

• Stand-alone GNSS operates in 3 modes

• Modes are determined by the phase of flight
• Mode cannot be selected by the flight crew
• Alerting levels dependent upon mode
• 2.0NM en-route
• 1.0NM terminal
• 0.3NM approach
• Level of protection varies
• GNSS accuracy is independent of the mode

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 FMS Integrity Monitoring

• FMS based systems do not operate in fixed modes

• Alerting levels determined by selected RNP
• Monitoring method and alerting thresholds vary between
manufacturers
• Actual navigation accuracy is independent of the
selected RNP

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 Example

• ANP Actual Navigation Performance (e.g. Boeing)

• ANP is derived from an INTEGRITY value
• Maximum ANP is equal to the selected RNP
ANP>RNP = ALERT
“UNABLE NAV PERF RNP”
• The required level of protection is not available
• ANP does not indicate position accuracy
• Position accuracy remains HIGH

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 Availability
• Current GNSS constellations cannot provide 100% availability
• Operational mitigation is required
• Availability prediction permits operations to be predicated on
service availability
• Availability reduces with lower RNP
• Virtually 100% availability for RNP 1 with current 31 satellite
constellation
• Gaps in availability for RNP 0.3 or less
When additional satellites/constellations are in service sufficient redundant satellites
will be available to provide 100% availability of GNSS with integrity

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 Continuity

• Service may be lost during an operation

• Operational mitigation is required
• Prediction reduces probability of loss of
continuity
• Backup navigation systems may be used
• Typically IRS
• Flight crew procedures may be required

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 Navigation Performance
• ACCURACY: the usable output of the navigation system
• GNSS accuracy remains HIGH
• Provides the capability
• INTEGRITY: insurance policy
• Gives confidence in the safety of the solution
• Protects against a potential failure to detect

• AVAILABILITY: prediction required

• CONTINUITY: operational mitigation required

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 PBN is Part of the Solution

COM NAV SUR ATM

PBN

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Questions?

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