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GHC V: Objective Theoretical Backgroundadeter Mination Coefficient of Velocity From Jet

This document describes an experiment to determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices. The experiment involves measuring the flow of water through orifices of different diameters under varying head conditions. In the first part, the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, and coefficient of contraction are calculated for a constant head. In the second part, discharge is measured at different head values to plot a graph and calculate the coefficient of discharge, which is then compared to the first part to evaluate percentage error. The goal is to understand how orifice diameter and head affect flow characteristics.

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Yousef Sailini
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

GHC V: Objective Theoretical Backgroundadeter Mination Coefficient of Velocity From Jet

This document describes an experiment to determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices. The experiment involves measuring the flow of water through orifices of different diameters under varying head conditions. In the first part, the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, and coefficient of contraction are calculated for a constant head. In the second part, discharge is measured at different head values to plot a graph and calculate the coefficient of discharge, which is then compared to the first part to evaluate percentage error. The goal is to understand how orifice diameter and head affect flow characteristics.

Uploaded by

Yousef Sailini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECTIVE

To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifice.


THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDaDetermination Coefficient of Velocity from
Jet
The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations. Ifrequired these
values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replaced withyour own
measurements.Diameter of small orifice = θ mmDiameter of large orifice = θ ! mm"urface #rea of
$eservoir = ..........m
%
&'or different sets of equipment( please refer to the equipment manual)The ideal orifice outflow
velocity &from the application of *ernoulli+s ,quation - conservationof mechanical energy for a
steady( incompressible( frictionless flow) at the vena contracta &narrowest diameter) is
ghV
i
%
=

,quation /0here h is the height of fluid above the orifice.The actual velocity(
ghC V
v
%
=
,quation %1
v
is the coefficient of velocity( which allows for the effects of viscosity and( therefore 1
v
2/.1
v
can be determined from the of the using the following argument3 4eglecting the effect
of air resistance( the hori5ontal component of the velocity can beassumed to remain constant so
that in time( t( and the hori5ontal distance travelled

,quation 6*ecause of the action of gravity( the fluid also


acquires a downward vertical &y-direction)component of
velocity. 7ence( after the same time( t( &i.e. after traveling a
displacement given by(

t g y

,quation rearranged to give3


g yt

,quation

yh xc

,quation <7ence( for steady flow connections( i.e. constant h( 1

can be determined from the x( y co-ordina


# graph of x plotted against &yh)

9.8

will have a slope of %1

!Determination of Coefficient of Di"c#ar$e %n&er Con"tant


Hea&

The ideal orifice outflow velocity &from the application of


*ernoulli+s ,quation - conservationof mechanical energy for a

contracta &narrowest diameter) is


ghV

,quation ;0here h is the height of fluid above the orifice.The


actual velocity(

ghC V

,quation

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a)Determination Coefficient

/?rifice 4o. mm) was inserted into the orifice


fitting device.%The apparatus was connected to the water
supply of the hydraulic bench and the pumpwas
started.6The mm by mean of
the sheet of paper is attached to back-
board between the needle and board and securedit in place
with the clamp provided so that its upper is hori5ontal. The
location of thetop of each needle on the paper was
device
got in
<The hori5ontal distance from the plane orifice &taken as x=9)
to the co-ordinate pointmarking the position of the first needle
was noted. The first co-ordinate is closeenough to the orifice to
treat it as having the value y=9. Thus( y displacement
weremeasured relative to this position.;@easured y-position of

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DI*CU**ION

the different flow rates aredecreasing. The slope of the graph is


mu
the orifice of diameter ! mm. 'rom the graph / and %( it
can seen that the higher the flowrates( the less the gradient of
the slope and the less the degree of the decrease of the
graph.The graph also shows that the diameter of the orifice do

rates.'rom the graph / and % we can obtain the value

using from formula in

2
√

yh

and from slope of graph average

= "lopeE%

. 7owever the value of

we obtain donot equal to the average 1

= "lopeE%.

'or 1oefficient of Discharge under 1onstant 7ead( from graph 6

can obtain by using formula 1

Ao

(
2

0.5

slope

. The

coefficient of discharge

we obtain from graph 6 small orifice( 1

−¿

−¿

'or 1oefficient of Discharge under Aarying 7ead( the coefficient


of discharge
1

obtainsusing formula

Ar Ao

g slope

. The

coefficient of discharge for small orifice from graph8(

=/.!!< and for large orifice from graph <( 1

=/.!!<. The

coefficient of discharge

d
from both large and small orifice is same.Therefore( common
errors done by human could affect the readings and as well as
the theorywhich would be inappropriate value to be obtained
from experiment
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

CONCLU*ION

In conclusion( it can be said that the diameter of the orifice

orifice. *ut( the head of the water is found to have more effect
the orifice. The
coefficient of velocity( 1

can be estimated by plotting the x against yhC9.8( where the


graph gives a gradient of 1v. The coefficient of velocity of water
from the slope of graph and using formula in theory does not
ective of thisexperiment does not
achieve.
SUMMARY

Orifice is a device that allows the flowing of fluids through a


restricted opening whichcommonly used in a pipe. With this
orifice we can determine the flow rates of the fluid byknowing
the characteristics and the properties of both fluids and the
orifice.This experiment is divided into 2 parts which asked us to
measure the extent of thereduction in flow, contraction of the
stream and energy loss as the water which is the fluid
useddischarges into the atmosphere from a sharp-edged orifice
in the base of a tank. The tank used inthis experiment is the
hydraulic bench H1.The first part, we have to determine the
value of coefficient of discharge Cd, coefficientof velocity Cu
and the coefficient of contraction Cc at a single constant value
of H

. The value of the head of orifice and the pitot tube reading can
be determined by using the manometer placed below the tank.
Then we have to calculate the diameter of the jet using the
vernier caliper. Byknowing all this value, the entire coefficient
therefore can be calculated using the formulasgiven.In the
second part, we have to measure the discharge at a number of
different values of H

. By using the bench control valve, the flow rates of the water
can be changed and thus thehead also will be different. The
flow rates can be firm by calculated the time taken for the
water to fill up the tank to 5L. The data collected will be put in
the table and the graph H
o

½ versus Qhas to be plotted. From this graph, the value of Cd


can be found and can be compared to thevalue in the first part.
Finally the percentage error may be evaluated by the
comparison of thetwo values

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