VERB FORMS

Infinitive: to + verb Infinitivo

To be Ser
To go Ir
To have Tener
To read Leer
To write Escribr
To swim Nadir
To listen Escuchar

VERB TENSES

Past Present Future

Present simple: Routine facts Presente simple

1 conjugated verb: I eat. / He swims. 1 verbo conjugado: Yo como. / Él nada.
Present continuous/progressive: Gerundio: acción continua
Ongoing action 2 o más formas verbales
2 or more verb forms
 Sujeto + am + verb root + ing Sujeto + estoy + raíz del verbo + ando/
iendo

I am drink-ing. Yo estoy com-iendo.

I am eat-ing. Ella está camin-ando.
I am cry-ing. Sandra está bail-ando

Exercises:
1. Andy sometimes___________ comics. (to read)
2. We never_____________ TV in the morning. (to watch)
3. Listen! Sandy___________ in the bathroom. (to sing)
4. My sister usually___________ in the kitchen. (to help)
5. My mother_____________ breakfast now. (to make)
6. They often________________ the bathroom. (to clean)
7. Look! The boys______________ home. (to come)
8. Every day his grandfather______________ for a walk. (to go)
9. I ______________ with my friend at the moment. (to chat)
10. Cats_______________ mice. (to eat)
 Helping or auxiliary verbs: Verbos auxiliares:
 These verbs help a main verb in a
sentence, they give more detail to  Usado para conjugar tiempos
how time is portrayed in a sentence. compuestos.
 Used in verb conjugation for  Concordancia entre sujeto y verbo.
progressive and perfect tenses.
 This verb is ALWAYS conjugated
according to the subject.

Have to + infinitive (duty) Tener que + infinitivo (deber)

You have to eat your vegetables. Tú tienes que comerte las verduras.
She has to do her homework. Ella tiene que hacer su tarea.
Be + going to + infinitive (future plan) Ir a + infinitivo (plan future)

I am going to bake a cake. Voy a hornear un pastel.

Sarah is going to write a book. María va a escribir un libro.
They are going to buy a house. Ellos van a comprar una casa.
Want to + infinitive (wish) Querer + infinitivo (deseo)

I want to watch TV. Yo quiero ver la tele.

He wants to take a shower. Él quiere bañarse.
We want to eat Italian food. Nosotros queremos comer comida italiana.
Can + Infinitive (capability) Poder + infinitivo (capacidad,
posibilidad)

I can climb a mountain. Yo puedo subir la montaña.

They can give you money. Ellos te pueden dar dinero.

Exercises:

a) Conjugate the following verbs in present simple:

Person/ verb be have want can

I
You
He/She/It
We
You
They
 b) Complete the sentences with have to or has to:

1) They____________ do an exam.
2) Jenny_____________ clean her desk.
3) Ken and Liz______________ learn more English vocabulary.
4) Andy_____________ help his mom.
5) We_______________ do our homework.
6) He_________________ use pencil at school.
7) I_________________ feed my hamster.
8) You_______________ take photos.
9) Vicky______________ read the newspaper.
10) The teacher______________ correct a lot of homework.

c) Complete the sentences using don’t have to or doesn’t have to:

1) He__________ work in the evening.

2) We___________ go shopping.
3) My friends______________ get up early.
4) Mandy_________________ read the instructions.
5) You_____________ do the project.
6) I___________________ study for the test.
7) They_______________ carry the buckets.
8) She_________________ wash my clothes.
9) Mom_____________ make sandwiches.
10) Frank and Joe______________ go to soccer practice every day.

d) Complete the sentences with the correct form of be + going to

1. My father ____________ (buy) a new car.

2. He ____________ (walk) back home.
3. They ____________ (stay) here for a few days.
4. I ____________ (redecorate) my room.
5. Dick ______________ (visit) us as soon as possible.
6. We _____________ (give) you a ring when we arrive in London.
7. ______________ (you/work) in Boston?
8. She _____________ (buy) a new stereo.
9. I _______________ (take /not) my exam this year.
Comparative adjectives

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they
modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are
compared, in this pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example
below).

My house is larger than hers.

This box is smaller than the one I lost.
Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
The rock flew higher than the roof.
Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)

Superlative adjectives

Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of
a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences
where a subject is compared to a group of objects.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final
example below).

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the
rocks" is understood)

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of
syllables in the original adjective.

One syllable adjectives

Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant +
single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the
ending.
 Adjective Comparative Superlative

tall taller tallest

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

Two syllables

Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er or by
preceeding the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative either by adding -
est or by preceeding the adjective with most. In many cases, both forms are used, although
one usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure whether a two-syllable
adjective can take a comparative or superlative ending, play it safe and use more
and most instead. For adjectives ending in y, change the y to an i before adding the ending.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

happy happier happiest

simple simpler simplest

busy busier busiest

tilted more tilted most tilted

tangled more tangled most tangled

Three or more syllables

Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of
the adjective, and the superlative by putting most in front.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

important more important most important

expensive more expensive most expensive

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative
forms.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

much more most

far further / farther furthest / farthest