www.Vidyarthiplus.

com

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL – 637 003.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Subject: Digital signal processing
Year/Sem/Branch: III/V/ECE
Two Marks Questions & Answers

UNIT – I -FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM

Introduction to DFT – Efficient computation of DFT- Properties of DFT – FFT

algorithms – Radix-2 FFT algorithms – Decimation in Time – Decimation in
Frequency algorithms –fast convolution- overlap save method.

2 MARKS

1. How many multiplication and additions are required to compute N point DFT
using radix 2 FFT? (NOV/DEC 2004)
The number of multiplications and additions required to compute N-point DFT
using radix-2 FFT are N log2N and N/2 log2N

2. Define DFT of a sequence.

N-1
X(k) = ∑ x(n) e-j2πkn/N k = 0,1…..N-1
n=0

3. State Periodicity Property of DFT.

If X(n) is N- point DFT of a finite duration sequence x(n), then
x(n+N) = x(n) for all n
X(k+N) = X(k) for all k

4. What is the difference between DFT and DTFT? (MAY/JUNE 2009)

DFT
* Obtained by performing sampling operation in both the time and frequency
domain
* Discrete frequency spectrum
DTFT
* Sampling is performed only in time domain
* Continous function of frequency spectrum

5. Why need of FFT?

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

for reasonably large values of N direct evaluation of the DFT requires an inordinate
amount of computations. By using FFT algorithms the number of computations can be
reduced

6. What is meant by radix 2 FFT?

The FFT algorithm is most efficient in calculating N-point DFT. If the number of
output points N can be expressed as a power of 2, that is N = 2M where M is the integer,
then this algorithm is known as radix 2 FFT algorithm.

7. What is the main advantage of FFT?

FFT reduces the computation time required to compute discrete fourier transform.

8. State the properties of DFT.

1) Periodicity
2) Linearity and symmetry
3) Multiplication of two DFTs
4) Circular convolution
5) Time reversal
6) Circular time shift and frequency shift
7) Complex conjugate
8) Circular correlation

9. How to obtain the output sequence of linear convolution through circular

convolution?
Consider two finite duration sequences x(n) and h(n) of duration L samples and M
samples. The linear convolution of these two sequences produces an output sequence of
duration L+M-1 samples, whereas, the circular convolution of x(n) and h(n) give N
samples where N=max(L,M).In order to obtain the number of samples in circular
convolution equal to L+M-1, both x(n) and h(n) must be appended with appropriate
number of zero valued samples. In other words by increasing the length of the sequences
x (n) and h(n) to L+M-1 points and then circularly convolving the resulting sequences we
obtain the same result as that of linear convolution.

10. What is zero padding? What are its uses? (NOV 2006,DEC 2009)
Let the sequence x (n) has a length L. If we want to find the N-point DFT(N>L)
of the sequence x(n), we have to add (N-L) zeros to the sequence x(n). This is known as
zero padding.
The uses of zero padding are
1) We can get better display of the frequency spectrum.
2)With zero padding the DFT can be used in linear filtering.

11. Define sectional convolution.

If the data sequence x(n) is of long duration it is very difficult to obtain the output
sequence y(n) due to limited memory of a digital computer. Therefore, the data sequence

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

is divided up into smaller sections. These sections are processed separately one at a time
and controlled later to get the output.

12. What are the two methods used for the sectional convolution?
The two methods used for the sectional convolution are
1) overlap-add method
2)overlap-save method.

13. What is overlap-add method?

In this method the size of the input data block xi(n) is L. To each data block we
append M-1 zeros and perform N point cicular convolution of xi(n) and h(n). Since each
data block is terminated with M-1 zeros the last M-1 points from each output block must
be overlapped and added to first M-1 points of the succeeding blocks.This method is
called overlap-add method.

14. What is overlap-save method?

In this method the data sequence is divided into N point sections xi(n).Each
section contains the last M-1 data points of the previous section followed by L new data
points to form a data sequence of length N=L+M-1.In circular convolution of xi(n) with
h(n) the first M-1 points will not agree with the linear convolution of xi(n) and h(n)
because of aliasing, the remaining points will agree with linear convolution. Hence we
discard the first (M-1) points of filtered section xi(n) N h(n). This process is repeated for
all sections and the filtered sections are abutted together.

15.Why FFT is needed?

The direct evaluation DFT requires N2 complex multiplications and N2 –N
complex additions.Thus for large values of N direct evaluation of the DFT is difficult.By
using FFT algorithm the number of complex computations can be reduced. So we use
FFT.

16.What is FFT? NOV/DEC 2006

The Fast Fourier Transform is an algorithm used to compute the DFT. It makes
use of the symmetry and periodicity properties of twiddle factor to effectively reduce the
DFT computation time.It is based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the
computation of DFT of a sequence of length N into successively smaller DFTs.

19.What is DIT algorithm?

Decimation-In-Time algorithm is used to calculate the DFT of a N point
sequence. The idea is to break the N point sequence into two sequences, the DFTs of
which can be combined to give the DFt of the original N point sequence.This algorithm is
called DIT because the sequence x(n) is often splitted into smaller sub- sequences.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

20.What DIF algorithm?

It is a popular form of the FFT algorithm. In this the output sequence X(k) is
divided into smaller and smaller sub-sequences , that is why the name Decimation In
Frequency.

22.What are the applications of FFT algorithm?

The applications of FFT algorithm includes
1) Linear filtering
2) Correlation
3) Spectrum analysis

23. Why the computations in FFT algorithm is said to be in place?

Once the butterfly operation is performed on a pair of complex numbers (a,b) to
produce (A,B), there is no need to save the input pair. We can store the result (A,B) in the
same locations as (a,b). Since the same storage locations are used troughout the
computation we say that the computations are done in place.

24 .What are the differences and similarities between DIF and DIT algorithms?
(NOV/DEC 2006)(MAY/JUNE 2009)

Differences:
1)The input is bit reversed while the output is in natural order for DIT, whereas for DIF
the output is bit reversed while the input is in natural order.

2)The DIF butterfly is slightly different from the DIT butterfly, the difference being that
the complex multiplication takes place after the add-subtract operation in DIF.

Similarities:

Both algorithms require same number of operations to compute the DFT. Both
algorithms can be done in place and both need to perform bit reversal at some place

25. Distinguish between linear convolution and circular convolution of two sequences
MAY/JUNE 2006

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

26. What are differences between overlap-save and overlap-add methods.

27. Establish the relation between DFT and z transform

The z transform of a sequence is X(z) is n=∞ _1
X(z) = ∑ x(n) z
n=-∞
with a ROC that includes the unit circle.
If X(z) is sampled at the N equally spaced points on the unit circle zk=ej2Πk/N,k=0,1,2...N-1
We obtain X(k)=X(z) at z= ej2Πk/N,k=0,1,2...N-1

28. Define twiddle factor of FFT. NOV/DEC 2009

The complex number WN is called phase factor or twiddle factor. The WN represent a
complex number e-j2Π/N. It is used to reduce the computational complexity.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

UNIT II FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE DIGITAL FILTERS

Amplitude and phase responses of FIR filters – Linear phase filters – Windowing
techniques for design of linear phase FIR filters: Rectangular- Hamming- Hanning-
Blackman and Kaiser Windows. Gibbs phenomenon –principle of frequency
samplingtechnique- principle of optimum equiripple approximation. Realization -
FIR filters.

2-MARKS:

1. What is mean by FIR filter?

The filter designed by selecting finite number of samples of impulse response h(n)
obtained from inverse Fourier transform of desired frequency response. H (w)) are called
FIR filters

2. Write the steps involved in FIR filter design

Choose the desired frequency response Hd (w)

Take the inverse Fourier transform and obtain Hd (n)

Convert the infinite duration sequence Hd (n) to h (n)

Take Z transform of h(n) to get H(Z)

3. What are advantages of FIR filter? (NOV/DEC 2004)

Linear phase FIR filter can be easily designed.

Efficient realization of FIR filter exists as both recursive and non-recursive
structures.

FIR filter realized non-recursively stable.

The round off noise can be made small in non recursive realization of FIR filter.

4. What are the disadvantages of FIR FILTER?(NOV/DEC 2006)

The duration of impulse response should be large to realize sharp cutoff filters. The
non integral delay can lead to problems in some signal processing applications.

5. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for the linear phase characteristic of
a FIR filter?

The phase function should be a linear function of w, which in turn requires constant
group delay and phase delay.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

6. List the well known design technique for linear phase FIR filter design?

• Fourier series method and window method

• Frequency sampling method.
• Optimal filter design method.

7. For what kind of application, the symmetrical impulse response can be used?

The impulse response, which is symmetric having odd number of samples can be
used to design all types of filters, i.e. low pass, high pass, band pass and band reject.

The symmetric impulse response having even number of samples can be used to
design low pass and band pass filter.

8. What is the reason that FIR filter is always stable?

FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at the origin.

9. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed n order that this filter
can be called a liner phase filter? NOV/DEC 2005

The conditions are

(i) Symmetric condition h(n)=h(N-1-n)

(ii) Antisymmetric condition h(n)=-h(N-1-n)

10. Under what conditions a finite duration sequence h(n) will yield constant group
delay in its frequency response characteristics and not the phase delay?

If the impulse response is anti symmetrical, satisfying the condition

H(n)=-h(N-1-n)

The frequency response of FIR filter will have constant group delay and not the phase
delay.

11. What are the features of FIR filter? NOV/DEC 2009

1. FIR filter is always stable.

2. A realizable filter can always be obtained.

3. FIR filter has a linear phase response.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

12. When cascade from realization is preferred in FIR filters?

The cascade from realization is preferred when complex zeros with absolute
magnitude less than one.

13. What are the disadvantages of Fourier series method?

In designing FIR filter using Fourier series method the infinite duration impulse
response is truncated at n= (N-1/2).Direct truncation of the series will lead to fixed
percentage overshoots and undershoots before and after an approximated discontinuity in
the frequency response .

14. What is Gibbs phenomenon(MAY 2007,2009, DEC 2009)

One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates H(ej)would be to

truncate the infinite Fourier series at n= (N-1/2).Abrupt truncation of the series will lead
to oscillation both in pass band and is stop band .This phenomenon is known as Gibbs
phenomenon.

15. What are the desirable characteristics of the windows?(APRIL/MAY 2007)

The desirable characteristics of the window are

1. The central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain most of the
energy and should be narrow.

2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.

3. The side’s lobes of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapidly as w
 tends to π.

16. Compare Hamming window with Kaiser Window.

Hamming window Kaiser Window

1. The main lobe width is equal to8π/N and the peak side lobe level is –41dB.
2. The low pass FIR filter designed will have first side lobe peak of –53 dB. The
main lobe width, the peak side lobe level can be varied by varying the parameter π
and N.
3. The side lobe peak can be varied by varying the parameter π.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

17. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in
FIR filter?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

The necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR filter is
the impulse response h(n) of the system should have the symmetry property,i.e,

H (n) = h(N-1-n)

where N is the duration of the sequence.

18. What is the advantage of Kaiser Widow?

1. It provides flexibility for the designer to select the side lobe level and N .

2. It has the attractive property that the side lobe level can be varied

Continuously from the low value in the Blackman window to the high value in the
rectangle window.

19. What is the principle of designing FIR filter using frequency sampling method?

In frequency sampling method the desired magnitude response is sampled and a linear
phase response is specified .The samples of desired frequency response are defined as DFT
coefficients. The filter coefficients are then determined as the IDFT of this set of samples.

20.For what type of filters frequency sampling method is suitable? (NOV/DEC 2005)

Frequency sampling method is attractive for narrow band frequency selective

filters where only a few of the samples of the frequency response are non-zero.

21. What are the requirements of analog filters.

Transfer function should be rational function
Coefficient should be real
Poles in the left half

22. Mention the disadvantages of digital filters

Bandwidth is limited
Performance depend on hardware.

23. What do you understand by backward difference?

One of the simplest methods of converting analog to digital filter is to
approximate the differential equation by an equivalent difference equation.
d/dt(y(t)/t=nT=(y(nT)-y(nT-T))/T

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

24. Mention the techniques for digitizing analog filter

Bilinear transformation
Impulse invariant

25. Describe the features of IIR filters.

Physically realizable
Desired characteristics for magnitude

26. Compare Rectangular and Hanning windows.

Rectangular window Hanning window

(a) The width of the mainlobe in window (a) The width of the mainlobe in window
spectrum is 4Π/N. spectrum is 8Π/N.
(b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in (b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in
window spectrum is -13dB. window spectrum is -31dB.
(c) In window spectrum the sidelobe (c) In window spectrum the sidelobe
magnitude slightly decreases with magnitude decreases with increasing ω.
increasing ω.
(d) The minimum stop band attenuation (d) The minimum stop band attenuation
is 22 dB. is 44 dB.

27. How phase and delay distortions are introduced?

 The phase distortion is introduced when the phase characteristics of a filter
is not linear within the desired frequency band.
 The delay distortion is introduced when the delay is not a constant within
the desired frequency.

28. Compare Hanning and Hamming windows.

Hanning window Hamming window

(a) The width of the mainlobe in window (a) The width of the mainlobe in window
spectrum is 8Π/N. spectrum is 8Π/N.
(b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in (b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in
window spectrum is -31dB. window spectrum is -41dB.
(c) In window spectrum the sidelobe (c) In window spectrum the sidelobe
magnitude slightly decreases with magnitude remains constant.
increasing ω.
(d) The minimum stop band attenuation (d) The minimum stop band attenuation
is 44 dB. is 51 dB.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

29. Compare Hamming and Blackman windows. APRIL/MAY 2007

Hamming window Blackman window

(a) The width of the mainlobe in window (a) The width of the mainlobe in window
spectrum is 8Π/N. spectrum is 12Π/N.
(b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in (b) The maximum sidelobe magnitude in
window spectrum is -41dB. window spectrum is -58dB.
(c) In window spectrum the sidelobe (c) In window spectrum the sidelobe
magnitude remains constant. magnitude slightly decreases with
increasing ω.
(d) The minimum stop band attenuation (d) The minimum stop band attenuation
is 51 dB. is 78 dB.
(e) The higher value of sidelobe (e) The higher value of sidelobe
attenuation is achieved at the expense of attenuation is achieved at the expense of
constant attenuation at higher frequencies. increased mainlobe width.

30. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable?
A digital filter is causal if its impluse response h(n)=0 for n<0.
A digital filter is stable if its impulse response is absolutely summable ,i.e,
∞
∑ h(n)< ∞
n=-∞

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

UNIT III INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE DIGITAL FILTERS

Review of design of analogue Butterworth and Chebychev Filters- Frequency

transformation in analog domain – Design of IIR digital filters using impulse
invariancetechnique – Design of IIR digital filters using bilinear transformation – pre
warping –Frequency transformation in digital domain – Realization - Direct form I,
Direct form II,cascade and parallel.

2 MARKS:

1. What is filter?

Filter is a frequency selective device ,which amplify particular range of

frequencies and attenuate particular range of frequencies.

2. What are the types of digital filter according to their impulse response?

• IIR (Infinite impulse response )filter

• FIR (Finite Impulse Response)filter.

3. Define IIR filter?

The filter designed by considering all the infinite samples of impulse

response are called IIR filter.

4. What do you understand by backward difference?

One of the simplest methods of converting analog to digital filter is to

approximate the differential equation by an equivalent difference equation.

d/dt(y(t)/t=nT=(y(nT)-y(nT-T))/T

5. What are the properties of chebyshev filter? NOV/DEC 2006

1. The magnitude response of the chebyshev filter exhibits ripple either in the stop
band or the pass band.

2. The poles of this filter lies on the ellipse

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

6. Give the equation for the order N, major, minor axis of an ellipse in case of
chebyshev filter? MAY/JUNE 2009

The order is given by N=cosh-1(((10.1_p)-1/10.1_s-1)1/2))/cosh-1_s/_p

A= (µ1/N-µ-1/N)/2Ωp

B=Ωp(µ1/N+µ-1/N)/2

7. Write the various frequency transformations in analog domain?

LPF to LPF:s=s/c
LPF to HPF:s=c/s
LPF to BPF:s=s2xlxu/s(xu-xl)
LPF to BSF:s=s(xu-xl)/s2=xlxu.

8. How can you design a digital filter from analog filter?

Digital filter can de designed from analog filter using the following methods

1. Approximation of derivatives

2. Impulse invariant method

3. Bilinear transformation

9. Write down bilinear transformation.

s=2/T (z-1/z+1)

10. List the Butterworth polynomial for various orders.

N Denominator polynomial

1 S+1

2 S2+.707s+1

3 (s+1)(s2+s+1)

4 (s2+.7653s+1)(s2+1.84s+1)

5 (s+1)(s2+.6183s+1)(s2+1.618s+1)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

6 (s2+1.93s+1)(s2+.707s+1)(s2+.5s+1)

11. Differentiate Butterworth and Chebyshev filter. MAY/JUNE 2006

Butterworth damping factor 1.44 chebyshev 1.06

Butterworth flat response chebyshev damped response.

12. How phase distortion and delay distortion are introduced?

The phase distortion is introduced when the phase characteristics of a filter is

nonlinear with in the desired frequency band.

The delay distortion is introduced when the delay is not constant with in the desired
frequency band.

13. Distinguish IIR and FIR filters. NOV/DEC 2007

• Impulse response is finite

• They have perfect linear phase
• Impulse Response is infinite
• They do not have perfect linear phase
• Non recursive.
• Greater flexibility to control the shape of magnitude response
• Less flexibility

14. Distinguish analog and digital filters

Constructed using active or passive components and it is described by a differential

equation Consists of elements like adder, subtractor and delay units and it is described by a
difference equation. Frequency response can be changed by changing the Components
Frequency response can be changed by changing the filter Coefficients It processes and
generates analog output Processes and generates digital output. Output varies due to
external conditions Not influenced by external conditions

15. Write the steps in designing chebyshev filter?

1. Find the order of the filter.

2. Find the value of major and minor axis.

3. Calculate the poles.

4. The numerator polynomial value depends on the value of n.

If n is odd: put s=0 in the denominator polynomial.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

If n is even put s=0 and divide it by (1+e2)1/2

16. Write down the steps for designing a Butterworth filter?

1. From the given specifications find the order of the filter

2 find the transfer function from the value of N

3. Find c

4 find the transfer function ha(s) for the above value of c by by that value.

17. State the equation for finding the poles in chebyshev filter

sk=acos¢k+jbsin¢k,where ¢k=/2+(2k-1)/2n)

18. State the steps to design digital IIR filter using bilinear method

Substitute s by 2/T (z-1/z+1), where T=2/_ (tan (w/2) in h(s) to get h (z)

19. What is warping effect? NOV/DEC 2003

For smaller values of w there exist linear relationship between w and .but for larger
values of w the relationship is nonlinear. This introduces distortion in the frequency axis.
This effect compresses the magnitude and phase response. This effect is called warping
effect.

20. Write a note on pre warping. NOV/DEC 2008, MAY/JUNE 2009

The effect of the non linear compression at high frequencies can be compensated.
When the desired magnitude response is piecewise constant over frequency, this
compression can be compensated by introducing a suitable rescaling or prewarping the
critical frequencies.

21. Give the bilinear transform equation between s plane and z plane

s=2/T (z-1/z+1)

22. Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of IIR filters other
than low pass filter?

In this method the mapping from s plane to z plane is many to one. Thus there are an
infinite number of poles that map to the same location in the z plane, producing an aliasing
effect. It is inappropriate in designing high pass filters. Therefore this method is not much
preferred.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

23. What is meant by impulse invariant method? MAY/JUNE 2004

In this method of digitizing an analog filter, the impulse response of the resulting
digital filter is a sampled version of the impulse response of the analog filter. For e.g. if the
transfer function is of the form, 1/s-p, then

H (z) =1/1-e-pTz-1

24. Define FIR

This type of system has an impulse response which is zero outside a finite time interval

25. Define IIR

This type of system has an impulse response of infinite time interval

26. Mention the features of IIR filters

No linear phase
Have desired characteristics for magnitude response only

27. Mention the classification of filter based on frequency response

Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Band stop

28. Mention the advantages of digital filters

High thermal stability
Accurate
Easily programmable
Filtering is possible

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

UNIT IV FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

Quantization noise – derivation for quantization noise power – Binary fixed point
andfloating point number representations – Comparison – truncation and rounding
error –input quantization error-coefficient quantization error – limit cycle
oscillations-deadband- Overflow error-signal scaling.

2-MARKS:

1. What do you understand by a fixed-point number? MAY/JUNE 2004

In fixed point arithmetic the position of the binary point is fixed. The bits to the right
represent the fractional part of the number & those to the left represent the integer part.

For example, the binary number 01.1100 has the value 1.75 in decimal.

3. What is meant by block floating point representation? What are its advantages?

In block point arithmetic the set of signals to be handled is divided into blocks. Each
block has the same value for the exponent. The arithmetic operations with in the block uses
fixed point arithmetic & only one exponent per block is stored thus saving memory. This
representation of numbers is more suitable in certain FFT flow graph & in digital audio
applications.

4. What are the advantages of floating point arithmetic?

1. Large dynamic range

2. Over flow in floating point representation is unlike.

5. What are the three-quantization errors to finite word length registers in digital
filters?NOV/DEC 2004

1. Input quantization error

2. Coefficient quantization error

3. Product quantization error

6. What do you understand by input quantization error?

In digital signal processing, the continuous time input signals are converted into
digital using a b-bit ACD. The representation of continuous signal amplitude by a fixed
digit produce an error, which is known as input quantization error.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

7. How the multiplication & addition are carried out in floating point arithmetic?

In floating point arithmetic, multiplication are carried out as follows,

Let f1 = M1*2c1 and f2 = M2*2c2. Then f3 = f1*f2 = (M1*M2) 2(c1+c2)

That is, mantissa is multiplied using fixed-point arithmetic and the exponents are

added. The sum of two floating-point number is carried out by shifting the bits of the
mantissa of the smaller number to the right until the exponents of the two numbers are
equal and then adding the mantissas.

8. What is the relationship between truncation error e and the bits b for representing
a decimal into binary?

For a 2's complement representation, the error due to truncation for both positive
and negative values of x is 0>=xt-x >-2-b

Where b is the number of bits and xt is the truncated value of x. The equation holds
good for both sign magnitude, 1's complement if x>0 If x<0, then for sign magnitude and
for 1's complement the truncation error satisfies.

9. What is meant rounding? NOV/DEC 2006

Rounding a number to b bits is accomplished by choosing the rounded result as the b bit
number closest to the original number unrounded.

10. What is meant by A/D conversion noise?MAY/JUNE 2009

A DSP contains a device, A/D converter that operates on the analog input x(t) to
produce xq(t) which is binary sequence of 0s and 1s.

At first the signal x(t) is sampled at regular intervals to produce a sequence x(n) is of
infinite precision. Each sample x(n) is expressed in terms of a finite number of bits given
the sequence xq(n). The difference signal e(n)=xq(n)-x(n) is called A/D conversion noise.

11. What is the effect of quantization on pole location?NOV/DEC 2004

Quantization of coefficients in digital filters lead to slight changes in their value.

This change in value of filter coefficients modifies the pole-zero locations. Some times the
pole locations will be changed in such a way that the system may drive into instability.

12. Which realization is less sensitive to the process of quantization?

Cascade form.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

13. What is meant by quantization step size? NOV/DEC 2006, 2008

Let us assume a sinusoidal signal varying between +1 and -1 having a dynamic range 2. If
the ADC used to convert the sinusoidal signal employs b+1 bits including sign bit, the
number of levels available for quantizing x(n) is 2b+1. Thus the interval between
successive levels q= 2 =2-b -------- 2b+1

Where q is known as quantization step size.

14. How would you relate the steady-state noise power due to quantization and the b
bits representing the binary sequence?

Steady state noise power

Where b is the number of bits excluding sign bit.

15. What is overflow oscillation? MAY/JUNE 2005,NOV/DEC 2009

The addition of two fixed-point arithmetic numbers cause over flow the sum
exceeds the word size available to store the sum. This overflow caused by adder make the
filter output to oscillate between maximum amplitude limits. Such limit cycles have been
referred to as over flow oscillations.

16. What are the methods used to prevent overflow? NOV/DEC 2009

There are two methods used to prevent overflow

1. Saturation arithmetic

2. Scaling

17. What are the two kinds of limit cycle behavior in DSP?

1. Zero input limit cycle oscillations

2. Overflow limit cycle oscillations

18. What is meant by "dead band" of the filter? NOV/DEC 2009

The limit cycle occur as a result of quantization effect in multiplication. The

amplitudes of the output during a limit cycle are confined to a range of values called the
dead band of the filter.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

19. Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter implementation.
(APR/MAY 2004)

To prevent overflow, the signal level at certain points in the digital filter must be
scaled so that no overflow occurs in the adder.

20. What is meant by autocorrelation?

The autocorrelation of a sequence is the correlation of a sequence with its shifted

version, and this indicates how fast the signal changes.

21. Define noise transfer function (NTF)?

The NTF is defined as the transfer function from the noise source to the filter output.
The NTF depends on the structure of the digital network.

22. What are the two types of quantization employed in digital system?

The two types of quantization in digital system are truncation and rounding.

24. What is truncation? MAY/JUNE 2005

The process of reducing the size of binary number by discarding all bits less
significant than the least significant bit that is retained.

25. What is the drawback in saturation arithmetic? APR/MAY 2007

The saturation arithmetic introduces non-linearity in the adder which creates signal
distortion.

26. What are the types of arithmetic used in digital computers?

The floating point arithmetic and two’s complement arithmetic are the two types.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

UNIT-V - MULTI RATE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Introduction to multirate signal processing – decimation – interpolation – polyphase

implementation of
FIR filters for interpolator and decimator – multistage implementation of sampling rate conversion
– design of narrow band filters – applications of multirate signal processing.

Two marks.

1. Define sampling rate conversion.

Sampling rate conversion of digital signal can be obtainedby converting the digital signal
into analog form (D/A) and then resampling the resulting (A/D) conversion.

2. Define decimation.
The process of reducing the sampling rate by a factor D is known as decimation or down
sampling.

3. What is interpolator?
Interpolator is also known as upsampler.
The process of sampling rate conversion in digital domain can be viewed as linear filtering
operation.

4. What is a decimator?
Decimator is also known as downsampler. It reduces sampling rate.

5. Mention two applications of multirate signal processing.

• Phase shifter
• Transmultiplexers
• Vocoder

6. What do you mean by sub band coding?

Sub band coding is a method where speech signal is sub-divided into several frequency
bands and each band is digitally encoded and separated by allocating different bits per
sample to the signal of different sub-bands.we can achieve a reduction in a bit rate of the
digitalized bit signal. It is very useful to reproduce speech signal efficiently.

7. What is an anti-imaging filter?

The filter which is used to remove the image spectra is known as anti-imaging filter.

8. What is transmultiplexers?
Transmultiplexers is used to convert frequency division multiplexed signals into time
division multiplexed signals and vice versa.

9. Mention the two stages of musical sound processing.

First stage: the sound from the singer or the sound from the instrument is recorded on a
single track of multitrack tape.
Second stage: the special audio effects are added to this sound. The special audio effects
can be generated by DSP.

10. What are the steps to be followed for the reproduction of the recorded signal?

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

• Decoding and demodulation

• Error correction and demultiplexing.

11. Define interpolation.

The process of increasing the sampling rate by a factor I is known as interpolation.

12. What is linear filter?

Linear filter process time varying input signals to produce output signals subject to the
constraint of linearity. It is also used in statistics and data analysis.

13. Define multirate signal processing systems.

The systems that employ multiple sampling rates in the processing of digital signals are
known as multi rate signal processing.

14. What are the two methods used for sampling rate conversion?

First method:
The digital signal is converted into analog signal by using DAC. Then analog signal is
converted into digital signal using ADC.

Second method:
sampling rate conversion is performed in digital domain.

15. Define aliasing.

Aliasing refers to an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable when
sampled. It also refers to the distortion when the signal reconstructed from samples is
different from the original continuous signal.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com