CHAPTER 13

HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR TWO

POPULATION PARAMETERS
 Situation 1: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
• A teacher wants to know if the mean Math
grade of males is greater than the mean Math
grade of females in a certain high school.
• Let 𝜇1 be the population mean Math grade of
males and let 𝜇2 be the mean Math grade of
females.
 Situation 1: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
• The hypothesis of the teacher is 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0.
• Thus, the null hypothesis (𝐻0 ) of the teacher is
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0 and alternative hypothesis (𝐻1 )
is 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0.
 Situation 2: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
• A political analyst wants to know if the
proportion of males who will vote for a certain
candidate is not equal to the proportion of
females who will vote that candidate in a city.
• Let 𝑝1 be the population proportion of voters
for males and let 𝑝2 be the proportion of
voters for females.
 Situation 2: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
• The hypothesis of the political analyst is
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ≠ 0.
• Thus, the null hypothesis (𝐻0 ) of the teacher is
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0 and the alternative hypothesis
(𝐻1 ) is 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ≠ 0.
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means
Case 1A: Independent samples where 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
are known
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑑0
𝑧=
𝜎1 2 𝜎2 2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means
Case 1B: Independent samples where 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
are unknown, 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 ≥ 30
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑑0
𝑧=
𝑠1 2 𝑠2 2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means
Case 1C: Independent samples where 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
are unknown, 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 < 30 but 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 .
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑑0
𝑡=
2 1 1
𝑠𝑝 +
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑛1 −1 𝑠1 2 + 𝑛2 −1 𝑠2 2
𝑠𝑝 2 = with
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means
Case 1D: Independent samples where 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
are unknown, 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 < 30 but 𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎2 .
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑑0
𝑡=
𝑠1 2 𝑠2 2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means
2 2 2
𝑠1 𝑠2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑣=
𝑠1 2 2 𝑠2 2 2
𝑛1 𝑛1
+
(𝑛1 − 1) (𝑛2 − 1)
Rounded down to the nearest integer.
 Example 13.1: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
A study was made to estimate the difference in
salaries of college professors in the private and
state colleges of Virginia. A random sample of
100 professors in private colleges showed an
average 9-month salary of $26000 with a
standard deviation of $1300. A random sample
of 200 professors teaching in state colleges
showed an average salary of $26900 with
 Example 13.1: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
A standard deviation of $1400. Test the
hypothesis that the average salary for professors
teaching in state colleges does not exceed the
average salary for professors teaching in private
colleges. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
 Example 13.2: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
A manufacturer claims that the average tensile
strength of thread A exceeds the average tensile
strength of thread B. To test this claim, 50 pieces
of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile
strength of 86.7 kilograms with a standard
deviation of 6.28 kilograms, while type B thread
had an
 Example 13.2: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
average tensile strength of 77.8 kilograms with a
standard deviation of 5.61 kilograms. Test the
manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
 Example 13.3: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
A study was made to determine if the subject
matter in a physics course is better understood
when a lab constitutes part of the course.
Students were allowed to choose between a 3-
semester-hour course without labs and a 4-
semester-hour course with labs. In the section
with labs, 11 students made an average grade of
85 with a standard deviation of 4.7.
 Example 13.3: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means
In the section without labs 17 students made an
average grade of 79 with a standard deviation of
6.1. Would you say that the laboratory course
increases the average grade? Use a 0.01 level of
significance and assume that populations to be
approximately normally distributed with equal
variances.
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Means (Paired)
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑑 − 𝑑0
𝑡= 𝑠
𝑑
𝑛
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
 Example 13.4: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means (Paired)
A taxi company is trying to decide whether the
use of radial tires instead of regular belted tires
improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were
equipped with radial tires and driven over a
prescribed test course. Without changing
drivers, the same cars were then equipped with
regular belted tires and driven once again over
the test course.
 Example 13.4: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means (Paired)
The gasoline consumption, in kilometers per
liter, was recorded as follows:

At the 0.025 level of significance, can we

conclude that cars equipped radial tires give
better fuel economy than those equipped with
belted tires?
Hypothesis Test for Two Population
Proportions
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑧=
1 1
𝑝𝑞 +
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑥1 +𝑥2
𝑝= and 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝
𝑛1 +𝑛2
 Example 13.5: Hypothesis Test for
Two Population Means (Paired)
A cigarette manufacturing firm distributes two
brands of cigarettes. If it is found that 56 of 200
smokers prefer brand A and that 29 of 150
smokers prefer brand B, can we conclude at the
0.06 level of significance that brand A outsells
brand B?