International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)

Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2016”, 06th-07th April 2016

Review of Water Level Monitoring System

Abstract- The PLC will be the very efficient to controlling purpose .This different system will be targeted for
medium and large industry while marketing it with cheaper cost basically the purpose will be integrated with
mechanical part, electronic unit, and electrical unit to make it as one control system. Exclusive of the software
programming to control the performance of the water pump. As a result the system would be complex free as the
PLC replaces the necessary sequential relay circuit for the motor control. The operation of system may not suit
all the industries because some industry not uses water to their process and it may need some adjustment. This
adjustment can be overcome according to requirement wanted by doing some editing on the system. The motor is
capable of fully water when timer activates and motor run while operation of motor is terminated. A high motor
would be more convenient to bring or pull the water constantly. A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or
Programmable Controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes. Unlike
general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended
temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control
machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. The whole concept is to
build an automatic water pump control system. That was basically controlling the system by using the PLC ,
some other method related to this concept will be the Zigbee, Fuzzy logic, Microcontroller, RF controller, with
fully machine which are use in like different method.
Index Terms- PI Controller, PLC, Microcontroller, XBEE,RF Controller. (Separate Index Terms with
semicolon).
INTRODUCTION act as a controlling device to trigger the water pump
Water is a precious resource that requires when water level changes between the upper limit and
conservation through proper management. It is lower limit. This method is similar to in the sense that
commonly used for domestic consumption, agriculture water conductivity is used as part of the water level
and industrial activities. The water storage tank at sensing circuitry.
home, fish tank and man-made water fountain use HISTORY OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL
water. Therefore, proper sensing, monitoring and SYSTEM
controlling of available water are essential in Automatic control, particularly the application of
preserving this precious resource. feedback, has been fundamental to the development of
Over the years, various methods on water level automation. Its origins lie in the level control, water
sensing, controlling and clocks, and pneumatics/hydraulics of the ancient
monitoring have been proposed. In a water level world. From the 17th century on-wards, systems were
and controlling system was designed using a designed for temperature control, the mechanical
microcontroller PIC16F84A, sensor rods, transistors, control of mills, and the regulation of steam engines.
LED indicators and water pump. In this design, water During the 19th century it became increasingly clear
conductivity was employed to act as part of the that feedback systems were prone to instability.
sensing circuitry to indicate the water level in the tank. A stability cri-tertian was derived independently
The method is simple and easy to implement. In a towards the end of the century by Routh in England
water level sensing and controlling system was and Hurwitz in Switzerland. The 19th century, too,
designed using a Programmable Logic Controller saw the development of servomechanisms, first for
(PLC) with proximity sensors and water Pumps are ship steering and later for stabilization and autopilots.
essential in the water supply field, wooden pumps The invention of aircraft added (literally) a new
existed in the 1700s and these were used to empty the dimension to the problem. Minorsky’s theoretic-cal
bilges of ships. analysis of ship control in the 1920s clarified the
Provided the hardware to allow the establishment nature of three-term control, also being used for
of many New Hampshire public water systems in the process applications by the 1930s.
very late 1800ser pump. Unlike which uses Feedback control can be said to have originated
conductivity rods, this design uses inductive proximity with the float valve regulators of the Hellenic and
switches. Using a PLC and additional components Arab worlds . They were used by the Greeks and
need to be installed in order to send messages to the Arabs to control such devices as water clocks, oil
GSM modem. This type of sensors provide accurate lamps and wine dispensers, as well as the level of
readings albeit extra cost. In a 555 timer was used to water in tanks. The precise construction of such

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)
Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2016”, 06th-07th April 2016

systems is still not entirely clear, since the descriptions cases when the two methods are combined for a
in the original Greek or Arabic are often vague, and maximum use of pumps capacity, for reducing the
lack illustrations. The best known Greek names are frequently starts and to reduce working for a short
Ktsebios and Philon (third century BC) and Heron period of time.
(first century AD) who were active in the eastern Low power control system are based on a
Mediterranean (Alexandria, Byzantium). specialized sensor are very simple but must take in
• Stability Analysis in the 19th Century consideration the pumps power and the power that the
With the spread of the centrifugal governor in the sensor can switch. Some types of water level control
early 19th century a number of major problems systems can be enumerated, water level control
became apparent. First, because of the absence of systems using programmable logic controller and
integral action, the governor could not remove offset: industrial wireless modules for industrial plants, in this
in the terminology of the time it could not regulate but system the process variable is the water level from a
only moderate. Second, its response to a change in tank . The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
load was slow. A number of attempts were made to starts the pump when the water level is minimum and
overcome these problems: for example, the Siemens allows it to run until the water reaches the maximum
chronometric governor effectively introduced integral level
action through differential gearing, as well as Water level control systems using
mechanical amplification. Other approaches to the microcontrollers . This type of system simply starts
design of an isochronous governor (one with no the pump when the water level is minimum and allows
offset) were based on ingenious mechanical it to run until it is reached the maximum level in the
constructions, but often encountered problems of tank. In this system the fluid level sensor is a magnetic
stability Nevertheless the 19th century saw steady field response sensor. A measurement acquisition
progress in the development of practical governors for method for acquiring measurements from magnetic
steam en-gines and hydraulic turbines, including field response sensors is presented.
spring-loaded designs (which could be made much Water level control systems based on fuzzy
smaller, and operate at higher speeds) and relay logic, water level is controlled using SCADA
(indirect-acting) governors. By the end of the century (supervisory control and data acquisition system). For
governors of various sizes and designs were available a nonlinear water-tank level it is necessary to design a
for effective regulation in a range of applications, and gain scheduling controller for a water level control
a number of graphical techniques existed for steady- system. This device has more advantages than a
state design. Few engineers were concerned with the classic PI (proportional-integral) controller, for
analysis of the dynamics of a feedback system. example, a shorter time required to fill the tank. The
Maxwell derived a third-order linear model and advantages of a water level control systems are the
the correct conditions for stability in terms of the possibility of maintaining a constant level at a variable
coefficients of the characteristic equation. able to filing or draining flow, avoiding shocks that are
derive a solution for higher-order models, he introduced in the network when the pump is started,
expressed the hope that the question would gain the the possibility of using a motor of a different power
attention of mathematicians. In 1875 the subject for than the maximum one for a longer interval without
the Cambridge University Adams Prize in frequently turn Offs or short functioning. The main
mathematics was set as The criterion of dynamical disadvantages are the high cost of the level sensors
stability. One of the examiners was Maxwell himself with analogical outputs and of the frequency
(prizewinner in 1857) and the 1875 prize (awarded in converter.
1877) was won by Edward James Routh. Routh had METHOD OF WATER LEVEL CONTROLLING
been interested in dynamical stability for several Microcontroller based system
years, and had already obtained a solution for a fifth- Pumps are essential in the water supply field,
order sys-tem. In the published paper we find derived wooden pumps existed in the 1700s and these were
the Routh version of the renowned Routh–Hurwitz used to empty the bilges of ships. They were made
stability criterion from bored logs with wooden pistons to create suction.
LITEARTURE SURVEY Metal piston type pumps, driven by steam, were
Today a very important problem is the developed in the early to mid-1800s but it was not
management of the water resources from all over the until the advent of electrically driven pumps that water
world. Water is commonly used in agriculture, system expansion became feasible on a large scale.
industry and in households. In practice are known Layne Bowler developed the first vertical turbine
many types of level control that can be done. But the water pumps in 1894 and Jacuzzi developed the first
most common ones are those with overflow control submersible pumps in the 1920s. These manufacturing
used to prevent exceeding the maximum level that a developments provided the hardware to allow the
storage tank can hold and those with fully drain for establishment of many New Hampshire public water
preventing the pomp to work without liquid. There are systems in the very late 1800s.

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)
Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2016”, 06th-07th April 2016

Automatic water pump controller is a series • Frequency agile solution operating over 16
of functions to control the Automatic Water Pump channels in the 2.4GHz frequency
Controller Circuit in a reservoir or water storage. The • Incorporates power saving mechanisms for
water level sensor is made with a metal plate mounted all device classes
on the reservoir or water tank, with a sensor in the • Discovery mechanism with full application
short to create the top level and a detection sensor for confirmation
detecting long again made for the lower level and
ground lines connected to the bottom of reservoirs or Zigbee logical device types
reservoir. • There are three categories of nodes in a
In everyday life, there must be some physical XBEE system. They are Coordinator, Router
elements that need to be controlled in order for them and End devices.
to perform their expected behaviors. A control system
therefore can be defined as a device, or set of devices,
that manages, commands, directs or regulates the
behaviour of other device(s) or system(s).
Consequently, automatic controlling involves
designing a control system to function with minimal or
no human interference. Intelligent systems are being
used in a wide range of fields including from medical
sciences to financial sciences, education, law, and so
on. Several of them are embedded in the design of Fig:- Zigbee network
everyday devices. Coordinator
This paper aimed at presenting our project in Forms the root of the network tree and might
embedding a control system into an automatic water bridge to other networks. There is exactly one
pump controller. One of the motivations for this coordinator in each network. It is responsible for
research was the need to bring a solution to the initiating the network and selecting the network
problem of water shortage in various places .Radio frequency based system
eliminating the major culprit; waste of water during Sustainability of available water resource in
pumping and dispensing into overhead thanks. We many region of the world is now a dominant issue.
believe that creating a barrier to wastage will not only This problem is quietly related to poor water
provide more financial gains and energy saving, but allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and
will also help the environment and water cycle which integrated water management. Water is commonly
in turn ensures that we save water for our future. used for agriculture, industry, and domestic
consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water
Zigbee based system monitoring are potential constraint for home or office
What is Zigbee water management system. In the last few decades
Zigbee is an open global standard for several monitoring systems integrated with water level
wireless technology designed to use low-power detection have been accepted. Measuring water level
digital radio signals for personal area networks. is an essential task for government and residence
Zigbee operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 perspective. It would be possible to track the actual
specification and is used to create networks that implementation of such initiatives with integration of
require a low data transfer rate, energy efficiency various controlling activities. Therefore, water
and secure networking. It is employed in a controlling system implementation makes potential
number of applications such as building significance in home applications.
automation systems, heating and cooling control In this paper we discuss automatic water
and in medical devices. Zigbee is designed to be level sensing and controlling with wireless
simpler and less expensive than other personal are communication between controllers placed at the tank
network technologies such as Bluetooth. Zigbee is and the sump. So the system basically operated with
a cost- and energy-efficient wireless network two controllers and RF transceiver modules.
standard. It employs mesh network topology, There are some literatures that survey water
allowing it provide high reliability and a level control and automation systems. Also, there are
reasonable range. some papers that overview and compare the current
techniques in this area. The paper introduces the
Characteristics of Zigbee notion of water level monitoring and management
• Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency within the context of electrical conductivity of the
band according to IEEE 802.15.4 water. More specifically, it explains about the
• Regional operation in the 915 MHz microcontroller based water level sensing and
(Americas) and 868 MHz (Europe). controlling in a wired environment. Water Level

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)
Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2016”, 06th-07th April 2016

management approach would help in reducing the commonsense linguistic labels like slow, fast, small,
home power consumption and as well as water large, heavy, low, medium, high, tall, etc.
overflow. Finally, they have proposed a web and PLC based system
cellular based monitoring service protocol that would A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or
determine and sense water level globally. Programmable Controller is a digital computer used
In the next paper the micro controller based for automation of electromechanical processes, unlike
wireless, GSM based water level indicator is general-purpose computers; the PLC is designed for
explained. Paper says that advances in communication multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended
technology, made new trends to emerge in monitoring temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise. The
system. The most popular standard for bile phones in proposed system will control and monitor the liquid
the world are Global System for Mobile level of the tank continuously and will ensure that a
Communication (GSM). The smart water level sufficient level of water is maintained. e to vibration
indicator is presented by the paper. It discusses about and impact.
the monitoring system to monitor the changes of water
level from time to time and directly send an alert to
user via GSM cellular network immediately. This
paper comprises of three parts, which is the main part
comprising the development of the system that is
capable to detect water level using microcontroller.
The microcontroller is the „brain‟ of the system which
is responsible of processing network protocol, which
comprises of transmitting packets and receiving
packets. The second part is the development of the The brain of the whole PLC is the CPU module. This
system that can process the data that has been module typically lives in the slot beside the power
collected based on the deepness of water level. supply The module that connected an input device,
Fuzzy Logy based system such as panel or sensor, to a programmable logic
Conventional control approaches are not controller (PLC) a device used to control automated
convenient to solve the complex issues in this highly manufacturing processes. The power supply provides
nonlinear system. Neural networks and fuzzy logic isolation necessary the power supply gives the voltage
control have emerged over the years and become one required for electronics module output modules act as
of the most active areas of research. There are many link between the CPU and the output devices in the
works in literature addressed the water level control field.
issues using neural networks and fuzzy logic. Due to Programs to control machine operation are
its simplicity, fuzzy logic control method became most typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile
famous in this application. Fuzzy logic is a form of memory. Four sensors are used to implement the
probabilistic logic or many-valued logic; it deals with system. These sensors detect the presence of water.
approximate reasoning rather than fixed and exact. The readings of the sensors are used by the PLC to
Unlike traditional binary sets, where variables take take the required decision. Finally the decision is
either true or false values, fuzzy logic variables have a implemented by the PLC through a relay switch. The
truth value that ranges in degree between 1 and 0. The ladder logic was implemented in SIMANTIC
truth value may range between completely true and manager.
completely false. Thus Fuzzy logic has been extended The proposed system will control and
to handle the concept of partial truth. monitor the liquid level of the tank continuously and
Fuzzy logic is a part of artificial intelligence or will ensure that a sufficient level of water is
machine learning which interprets a human’s actions. maintained. This system can be used ubiquitously in
Computers can interpret only true or false values but a industrial application. It can be used to prevent
human being can reason the degree of truth or degree industrial accident by overfilling of any open
of falseness. Fuzzy models interpret the human actions container, to prevent overfilling of any closed
and are also called intelligent systems. A fuzzy set is container thereby creating overpressure condition.
an extension of a crisp set. Crisp sets allow only full The high number of the input output port of the PLC
membership or no membership at all, whereas fuzzy will enable this single system to control large number
sets allow partial membership. In a crisp set, of tanks single handedly. Leakage can also be
membership or non-membership of element x in set A monitored. Flexible and can be reapplied to control
is described by a characteristic function, where and. other systems quickly and easily.
Fuzzy set theory extends this concept by defining Reliable components make these likely to
partial membership. A fuzzy set ‘A’ on a universe of operate for years before failure. The PLC was
discourse U is characterized by a membership function invented in response to the needs of the American
that takes values in the interval. Fuzzy sets represent automotive manufacturing industry .Programmable

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 International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)
Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2016”, 06th-07th April 2016

logic controllers were initially adopted by the Implementation Issue’. Proceedings of the
automotive industry where software revision replaced
World Congress on Engineering and
the rewiring of hard-wired control panels when
production models changed. Before the PLC, control, Computer Science, pp 220-224.
sequencing, and safety interlock logic for
manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using • S. M. Khaled Reza, Shah Ahsanuzzaman
hundreds or thousands of relays, timers, and drum Md. Tariq, S.M. Mohsin Reza,
sequencers and dedicated closed controller.
“Microcontroller Based Automated Water
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS
Level Sensing and Controlling:
and Implementation Issue”, Proceedings of
the World Congress on Engineering
and Computer Science 2010 Vol I (WCECS),
October 20-22, 2010
• C. Liu, F.Y. Zhao, P. Hu, S. Hou & C. Li, ‘P-
controller with partial feed forward
compensation and decoupling-control for the
steam generator water level’, Nuclear Engg.
& Design, vol. 240, pp. 181-190, 2010.
CONCLUSION
The real time monitoring and controlling system
has been developed using PLC and is highly effective,
efficient and roboust. The number of input and output
are attached to the PLC providing it’s expandably and
competence.
Have interfacing for inputs and outputs already
inside the controller. The review of automated water
distribution system with the various controllers and
parameters focuses on the entities such as proper
supply, red alarm pop-ups, filtration, flow control,
supervision using various protocols is concluded with
the future aspects of real time implementation in the
municipal corporations where scarcity of water is the
huge issue.

REFERANCES
• Gouthaman.J, Bharathwajanprasbhu.R &
Srikanth.A(2011), Automated urban drinking
water supply control and water theft
identification system, Proceeding of the 2011
IEEE Students' Technology Symposium14-
16 January, 2011, IIT Kharagpur
• Khaled Reza, S.M., Shah Ahsanuzzaman Md.
Tariq, S.M. Mohsin Reza (2010),
‘Microcontroller Based Automated Water
Level Sensing and Controlling: Design and

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