Django Axes Documentation

Release 5.0.4

Jazzband

May 14, 2019

 Contents

1 Contents 1
1.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 API reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.10 Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2 Indices and tables 31

Python Module Index 33

i
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 CHAPTER 1

Contents

1.1 Requirements

Axes requires a supported Django version and runs on Python versions 3.6 and above.
Refer to the project source code repository in GitHub and see the Travis CI configuration and
Python package definition to check if your Django and Python version are supported.
The Travis CI builds test Axes compatibility with the Django master branch for future compat-
ibility as well.

1.2 Installation

Axes is easy to install from the PyPI package:

$ pip install django-axes

After installing the package, the project settings need to be configured.

1. Add axes to your INSTALLED_APPS:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',

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# Axes app can be in any position in the INSTALLED_APPS list.
'axes',
]

2. Add axes.backends.AxesBackend to the top of AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS:

AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = [
# AxesBackend should be the first backend in the AUTHENTICATION_
˓→BACKENDS list.

'axes.backends.AxesBackend',

# Django ModelBackend is the default authentication backend.

'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
]

3. Add axes.middleware.AxesMiddleware to your list of MIDDLEWARE:

MIDDLEWARE = [
# The following is the list of default middleware in new Django
˓→projects.

'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',

# AxesMiddleware should be the last middleware in the

˓→MIDDLEWARE list.

'axes.middleware.AxesMiddleware',
]

4. Run python manage.py check to check the configuration.

5. Run python manage.py migrate to sync the database.
Axes is now functional with the default settings and is saving user attempts into your database
and locking users out if they exceed the maximum attempts.
You should use the python manage.py check command to verify the correct configura-
tion in development, staging, and production environments. It is probably best to use this step
as part of your regular CI workflows to verify that your project is not misconfigured.
Axes uses checks to verify your Django settings configuration for security and functionality.
Many people have different configurations for their development and production environments,
and running the application with misconfigured settings can prevent security features from
working.
If you get errors when running tests or other configurations, try setting the AXES_ENABLED
flag to False in your project or test settings configuration file:

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AXES_ENABLED = False

This disables the Axes middleware, authentication backend and signal handlers which might
produce errors with exotic test configurations.

1.3 Usage

Once Axes is is installed and configured, you can login and logout of your application via
the django.contrib.auth views. The attempts will be logged and visible in the Access
Attempts section in admin.
By default, Axes will lock out repeated access attempts from the same IP address. You can
allow this IP to attempt again by deleting relevant AccessAttempt records.
Records can be deleted, for example, by using the Django admin application.
You can also use the axes_reset, axes_reset_ip, and axes_reset_username
management commands with the Django manage.py command helpers:
• python manage.py axes_reset will reset all lockouts and access records.
• python manage.py axes_reset_ip [ip ...] will clear lockouts and
records for the given IP addresses.
• python manage.py axes_reset_username [username ...] will clear
lockouts and records for the given usernames.
In your code, you can use the axes.utils.reset function.
• reset() will reset all lockouts and access records.
• reset(ip=ip) will clear lockouts and records for the given IP address.
• reset(username=username) will clear lockouts and records for the given user-
name.
Please note that if you give both username and ip arguments to reset that attempts that
have both the set IP and username are reset.
The effective behaviour of reset is to and the terms instead of or ing them.

1.4 Configuration

Minimal Axes configuration is done with just settings.py updates.

More advanced configuration and integrations might require updates on source code level de-
pending on your project implementation.

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1.4.1 Configuring project settings

The following settings.py options are available for customizing Axes behaviour.
• AXES_ENABLED: Enable or disable Axes plugin functionality, for example in test runner
setup. Default: True
• AXES_FAILURE_LIMIT: The number of login attempts allowed before a record is
created for the failed logins. Default: 3
• AXES_LOCK_OUT_AT_FAILURE: After the number of allowed login attempts are ex-
ceeded, should we lock out this IP (and optional user agent)? Default: True
• AXES_COOLOFF_TIME: If set, defines a period of inactivity after which old failed login
attempts will be cleared. Can be set to a Python timedelta object or an integer. If an
integer, will be interpreted as a number of hours. Default: None
• AXES_LOCK_OUT_BY_COMBINATION_USER_AND_IP: If True, prevent login
from IP under a particular username if the attempt limit has been exceeded, otherwise
lock out based on IP. Default: False
• AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES : If True, only lock based on username, and never
lock based on IP if attempts exceed the limit. Otherwise utilize the existing IP and user
locking logic. Default: False
• AXES_USE_USER_AGENT: If True, lock out and log based on the IP address and the
user agent. This means requests from different user agents but from the same IP are
treated differently. This settings has no effect if the AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES
setting is active. Default: False
• AXES_LOGGER: If set, specifies a logging mechanism for Axes to use. Default:
'axes.watch_login'
• AXES_HANDLER: The path to to handler class to use. If set, overrides the default signal
handler backend. Default: 'axes.handlers.database.DatabaseHandler'
• AXES_CACHE: The name of the cache for Axes to use. Default: 'default'
• AXES_LOCKOUT_TEMPLATE: If set, specifies a template to render when a user is
locked out. Template receives cooloff_time and failure_limit as context vari-
ables. Default: None
• AXES_LOCKOUT_URL: If set, specifies a URL to redirect to on lockout. If both
AXES_LOCKOUT_TEMPLATE and AXES_LOCKOUT_URL are set, the template will be
used. Default: None
• AXES_VERBOSE: If True, you’ll see slightly more logging for Axes. Default: True
• AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD: the name of the form field that contains your users
usernames. Default: username
• AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE: A callable or a string path to function that
takes two arguments for user lookups: def get_username(request:
HttpRequest, credentials: dict) -> str: .... This can be
any callable such as AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE = lambda request,

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credentials: 'username' or a full Python module path to callable such as

AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE = 'example.get_username. The request
is a HttpRequest like object and the credentials is a dictionary like object.
credentials are the ones that were passed to Django authenticate() in the lo-
gin flow. If no function is supplied, Axes fetches the username from the credentials
or request.POST dictionaries based on AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD. Default:
None
• AXES_PASSWORD_FORM_FIELD: the name of the form or credentials field that con-
tains your users password. Default: password
• AXES_NEVER_LOCKOUT_GET: If True, Axes will never lock out HTTP GET re-
quests. Default: False
• AXES_NEVER_LOCKOUT_WHITELIST: If True, users can always login from
whitelisted IP addresses. Default: False
• AXES_IP_BLACKLIST: An iterable of IPs to be blacklisted. Takes precedence over
whitelists. For example: AXES_IP_BLACKLIST = ['0.0.0.0']. Default: None
• AXES_IP_WHITELIST: An iterable of IPs to be whitelisted. For example:
AXES_IP_WHITELIST = ['0.0.0.0']. Default: None
• AXES_DISABLE_ACCESS_LOG: If True, disable all access logging, so the admin
interface will be empty. Default: False
• AXES_DISABLE_SUCCESS_ACCESS_LOG: If True, successful logins will not be
logged, so the access log shown in the admin interface will only list unsuccessful login
attempts. Default: False
• AXES_RESET_ON_SUCCESS: If True, a successful login will reset the number of
failed logins. Default: False
The configuration option precedences for the access attempt monitoring are:
1. Default: only use IP address.
2. AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES: only user username (AXES_USE_USER_AGENT
has no effect).
3. AXES_LOCK_OUT_BY_COMBINATION_USER_AND_IP: use username and IP ad-
dress.
The AXES_USE_USER_AGENT setting can be used with username and IP address or just IP
address monitoring, but does nothing when the AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES setting is set.

1.4.2 Configuring reverse proxies

Axes makes use of django-ipware package to detect the IP address of the client and uses
some conservative configuration parameters by default for security.
If you are using reverse proxies, you will need to configure one or more of the following settings
to suit your set up to correctly resolve client IP addresses:

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Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

• AXES_PROXY_COUNT: The number of reverse proxies in front of Django as an integer.

Default: None
• AXES_META_PRECEDENCE_ORDER: The names of request.META attributes as a
tuple of strings to check to get the client IP address. Check the Django documentation for
header naming conventions. Default: IPWARE_META_PRECEDENCE_ORDER setting
if set, else ('REMOTE_ADDR', )

1.4.3 Configuring handlers

Axes uses handlers for processing signals and events from Django authentication and login
attempts.
The following handlers are implemented by Axes and can be configured with the
AXES_HANDLER setting in project configuration:
• axes.handlers.database.AxesDatabaseHandler logs attempts to database
and creates AccessAttempt and AccessLog records that persist until removed from the
database manually or automatically after their cool offs expire (checked on each login
event).
• axes.handlers.cache.AxesCacheHandler only uses the cache for monitor-
ing attempts and does not persist data other than in the cache backend; this data can
be purged automatically depending on your cache configuration, so the cache handler is
by design less secure than the database backend but offers higher throughput and can
perform better with less bottlenecks. The cache backend should ideally be used with a
central cache system such as a Memcached cache and should not rely on individual server
state such as the local memory or file based cache does.
• axes.handlers.dummy.AxesDummyHandler does nothing with attempts and
can be used to disable Axes handlers if the user does not wish Axes to execute any logic
on login signals. Note that this effectively disables any Axes security features, and is
meant to be used on e.g. local development setups and testing deployments where login
monitoring is not wanted.
To switch to cache based attempt tracking you can do the following:

AXES_HANDLER = 'axes.handlers.cache.AxesCacheHandler'

See the cache configuration section for suitable cache backends.

1.4.4 Configuring caches

If you are running Axes with the cache based handler on a deployment with a local Django
cache, the Axes lockout and reset functionality might not work predictably if the cache in use
is not the same for all the Django processes.
Axes needs to cache access attempts application-wide, and e.g. the in-memory cache only
caches access attempts per Django process, so for example resets made in the command line

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might not remove lock-outs that are in a sepate processes in-memory cache such as the web
server serving your login or admin page.
To circumvent this problem, please use somethings else than django.core.
cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache, django.core.cache.backends.
locmem.LocMemCache, or django.core.cache.backends.filebased.
FileBasedCache as your cache backend in Django cache BACKEND setting.
If changing the 'default' cache is not an option, you can add a cache specifically for use
with Axes. This is a two step process. First you need to add an extra cache to CACHES with a
name of your choice:

CACHES = {
'axes': {
'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.
˓→MemcachedCache',

'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211',
}
}

The next step is to tell Axes to use this cache through adding AXES_CACHE to your
settings.py file:

AXES_CACHE = 'axes'

There are no known problems in e.g. MemcachedCache or Redis based caches.

1.4.5 Configuring authentication backends

Axes requires authentication backends to pass request objects with the authentication requests
for performing monitoring.
If you get AxesBackendRequestParameterRequired exceptions, make sure any li-
braries and middleware you use pass the request object.
Please check the integration documentation for further information.

1.4.6 Configuring 3rd party apps

Refer to the integration documentation for Axes configuration with third party applications and
plugins such as
• Django REST Framework
• Django Allauth
• Django Simple Captcha

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1.5 Customization

Axes has multiple options for customization including customizing the attempt tracking and
lockout handling logic and lockout response formatting.
There are public APIs and the whole Axes tracking system is pluggable. You can swap the
authentication backend, attempt tracker, failure handlers, database or cache backends and error
formatters as you see fit.
Check the API reference section for further inspiration on implementing custom authentication
backends, middleware, and handlers.
Axes uses the stock Django signals for login monitoring and can be customized and extended
by using them correctly.
Axes listens to the following signals from django.contrib.auth.signals to log ac-
cess attempts:
• user_logged_in
• user_logged_out
• user_login_failed
You can also use Axes with your own auth module, but you’ll need to ensure that it sends the
correct signals in order for Axes to log the access attempts.

1.5.1 Customizing authentication views

Here is a more detailed example of sending the necessary signals using and a custom auth back-
end at an endpoint that expects JSON requests. The custom authentication can be swapped out
with authenticate and login from django.contrib.auth, but beware that those
methods take care of sending the nessary signals for you, and there is no need to duplicate
them as per the example.
example/forms.py:

from django import forms

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(max_length=128, required=True)
password = forms.CharField(max_length=128, required=True)

example/views.py:

from django.contrib.auth import signals

from django.http import JsonResponse, HttpResponse
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
from django.views import View
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt

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from axes.decorators import axes_dispatch

from example.forms import LoginForm

from example.authentication import authenticate, login

@method_decorator(axes_dispatch, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(csrf_exempt, name='dispatch')
class Login(View):
"""
Custom login view that takes JSON credentials
"""

http_method_names = ['post']

def post(self, request):

form = LoginForm(request.POST)

if not form.is_valid():
# inform django-axes of failed login
signals.user_login_failed.send(
sender=User,
request=request,
credentials={
'username': form.cleaned_data.get('username'),
},
)
return HttpResponse(status=400)

user = authenticate(
request=request,
username=form.cleaned_data.get('username'),
password=form.cleaned_data.get('password'),
)

if user is not None:

login(request, user)

signals.user_logged_in.send(
sender=User,
request=request,
user=user,
)

return JsonResponse({
'message':'success'
}, status=200)

# inform django-axes of failed login

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signals.user_login_failed.send(
sender=User,
request=request,
credentials={
'username': form.cleaned_data.get('username'),
},
)

return HttpResponse(status=403)

urls.py:

from django.urls import path

from example.views import Login

urlpatterns = [
path('login/', Login.as_view(), name='login'),
]

1.5.2 Customizing username lookups

In special cases, you may have the need to modify the username that is submitted before
attempting to authenticate. For example, adding namespacing or removing client-set pre-
fixes. In these cases, axes needs to know how to make these changes so that it can
correctly identify the user without any form cleaning or validation. This is where the
AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE setting comes in. You can define how to make these mod-
ifications in a callable that takes a request object and a credentials dictionary, and provide that
callable to axes via this setting.
For example, a function like this could take a post body with something like
username='prefixed-username' and namespace=my_namespace and turn it
into my_namespace-username:
example/utils.py:

def get_username(request, credentials):

username = credentials.get('username')
namespace = credentials.get('namespace')
return namespace + '-' + username

settings.py:

AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE = 'example.utils.get_username'

NOTE: You still have to make these modifications yourself before calling authenticate. If you
want to re-use the same function for consistency, that’s fine, but Axes does not inject these
changes into the authentication flow for you.

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1.6 Integration

Axes is intended to be pluggable and usable with 3rd party authentication solutions.
This document describes the integration with some commonly used 3rd party packages such as
Django Allauth and Django REST Framework.

1.6.1 Integration with Django Allauth

Axes relies on having login information stored under AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD key

both in request.POST and in credentials dict passed to user_login_failed sig-
nal.
This is not the case with Allauth. Allauth always uses the login key in post POST data but it
becomes username key in credentials dict in signal handler.
To overcome this you need to use custom login form that duplicates the value of username
key under a login key in that dict and set AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD = 'login'.
You also need to decorate dispatch() and form_invalid() methods of the Allauth
login view.
settings.py:

AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD = 'login'

example/forms.py:

from allauth.account.forms import LoginForm

class AxesLoginForm(LoginForm):
"""
Extended login form class that supplied the
user credentials for Axes compatibility.
"""

def user_credentials(self):
credentials = super(AllauthCompatLoginForm, self).user_
˓→credentials()

credentials['login'] = credentials.get('email') or
˓→credentials.get('username')

return credentials

example/urls.py:

from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator

from allauth.account.views import LoginView

from axes.decorators import axes_dispatch

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from axes.decorators import axes_form_invalid

from example.forms import AxesLoginForm

LoginView.dispatch = method_decorator(axes_dispatch)(LoginView.
˓→dispatch)

LoginView.form_invalid = method_decorator(axes_form_
˓→invalid)(LoginView.form_invalid)

urlpatterns = [
# Override allauth default login view with a patched view
url(r'^accounts/login/$', LoginView.as_view(form_
˓→class=AllauthCompatLoginForm), name='account_login'),

url(r'^accounts/', include('allauth.urls')),
]

1.6.2 Integration with Django REST Framework

Modern versions of Django REST Framework after 3.7.0 work normally with Axes.
Django REST Framework versions prior to [3.7.0](https://github.com/encode/
django-rest-framework/commit/161dc2df2ccecc5307cdbc05ef6159afd614189e) require
the request object to be passed for authentication.
example/authentication.py:

from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication

class AxesBasicAuthentication(BasicAuthentication):
"""
Extended basic authentication backend class that supplies the
request object into the authentication call for Axes
˓→compatibility.

NOTE: This patch is only needed for DRF versions < 3.7.0.
"""

def authenticate(self, request):

# NOTE: Request is added as an instance attribute in here
self._current_request = request
return super(AxesBasicAuthentication, self).
˓→authenticate(request)

def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password,

˓→request=None):

credentials = {
get_user_model().USERNAME_FIELD: userid,
'password': password
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}

# NOTE: Request is added as an argument to the authenticate

˓→call here
user = authenticate(request=request or self._current_
˓→request, **credentials)

if user is None:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('Invalid
˓→username/password.'))

if not user.is_active:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('User inactive
˓→or deleted.'))

return (user, None)

1.6.3 Integration with Django Simple Captcha

Axes supports Captcha with the Django Simple Captcha package in the following manner.
settings.py:

AXES_LOCKOUT_URL = '/locked'

example/urls.py:

url(r'^locked/$', locked_out, name='locked_out'),

example/forms.py:

class AxesCaptchaForm(forms.Form):
captcha = CaptchaField()

example/views.py:

from example.forms import AxesCaptchaForm

def locked_out(request):
if request.POST:
form = AxesCaptchaForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
ip = get_ip_address_from_request(request)
reset(ip=ip)
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse_lazy('signin'))
else:
form = AxesCaptchaForm()
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return render_to_response('captcha.html', dict(form=form),

˓→ context_instance=RequestContext(request))

example/templates/example/captcha.html:

<form action="" method="post">

{% csrf_token %}

{{ form.captcha.errors }}
{{ form.captcha }}

<div class="form-actions">
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</div>
</form>

1.7 Architecture

Axes is based on the existing Django authentication backend architecture and framework for
recognizing users and aims to be compatible with the stock design and implementation of
Django while offering extensibility and configurability for using the Axes authentication moni-
toring and logging for users of the package as well as 3rd party package vendors such as Django
REST Framework, Django Allauth, Python Social Auth and so forth.
The development of custom 3rd party package support are active goals, but you should check
the up-to-date documentation and implementation of Axes for current compatibility before
using Axes with custom solutions and make sure that authentication monitoring is working
correctly.
This document describes the Django authentication flow and how Axes augments it to achieve
authentication and login monitoring and lock users out on too many access attempts.

1.7.1 Django authentication flow

When a user tries to log in in Django, the login is usually performed by running a number of
authentication backends that check user login information by calling the django.contrib.
auth.authenticate function.
If an authentication backend does not approve of a user login, it can raise a django.core.
exceptions.PermissionDenied exception.
If a login fails, Django then fires a from django.contrib.auth.signals.
user_login_failed signal.
If this signal raises an exception, it is propagated through the Django middleware stack where it
can be caught, or alternatively where it can bubble up to the default Django exception handlers.

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A normal login flow for Django runs as follows:

1. Login view is called by, for example,

a user sending form data with browser.

2. django.contrib.auth.authenticate is called by
the view code to check the authentication request
for credentials and return a user object matching them.

3. AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS are iterated over

and their authenticate methods called one-by-one.

4. An authentication backend either returns

a user object which results in that user
being logged in or returns None.
If a PermissionDenied error is raised
by any of the authentication backends
the whole request authentication flow
is aborted and signal handlers triggered.

1.7.2 Django authentication flow with Axes

Axes monitors logins with the user_login_failed signal handler and after login attempts
exceed the given maximum, starts blocking them.
Django emits the user_login_failed signal when an authentication backend either raises
the PermissionDenied signal or alternatively no authentication backend manages to recognize
a given authentication request and return a user for it.
The blocking is done by AxesBackend which checks every request coming through the
Django authentication flow and verifies they are not blocked, and allows the requests to go
through if the check passes.
If any of the checks fails, an exception is raised which interrupts the login process and triggers
the Django login failed signal handlers.
Another exception is raised by a Axes signal handler, which is then caught by
AxesMiddleware and converted into a readable error because the user is currently locked
out of the system.
Axes implements the lockout flow as follows:

1. Login view is called.

2. django.contrib.auth.authenticate is called.

3. AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS are iterated over

where axes.backends.AxesBackend is the first.

4. AxesBackend checks authentication request

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for lockout rules and either aborts the
authentication flow or lets the authentication
process proceed to the next configured
authentication backend in the list.

[Axes handler runs at this this stage if appropriate]

5. If the user authentication request fails due to

any reason, e.g. a lockout or wrong credentials,
Axes receives authentication failure information
via the axes.signals.handle_user_login_failed signal.

6. The selected Axes handler is run to check

the user login failure statistics and rules.

[Axes default handler implements these steps]

7. Axes logs the failure and increments the failure

counters which keep track of failure statistics.

8. AxesSignalPermissionDenied exception is raised

if appropriate and it bubbles up the middleware stack.
The exception aborts the Django authentication flow.

9. AxesMiddleware processes the exception

and returns a readable lockout message to the user.

This plugin assumes that the login views either call the django.contrib.auth.
authenticate method to log in users or otherwise take care of notifying Axes of authenti-
cation attempts or login failures the same way Django does.
The login flows can be customized and the Axes authentication backend or middleware can be
easily swapped.

1.8 API reference

Axes offers extensible APIs that you can customize to your liking. You can specialize the
following base classes or alternatively use third party modules as long as they implement the
following APIs.
class axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
Handler API definition for implementations that are used by the AxesProxyHandler.
If you wish to specialize your own handler class, override the necessary methods and con-
figure the class for use by setting settings.AXES_HANDLER = 'module.path.
to.YourClass'.
The default implementation that is actually used by Axes is axes.handlers.
database.AxesDatabaseHandler.

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 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

Note: This is a virtual class and can not be used without specialization.

get_failures(request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, credentials: dict =

None) → int
Checks the number of failures associated to the given request and credentials.
This is a virtual method that needs an implementation in the handler subclass if the
settings.AXES_LOCK_OUT_AT_FAILURE flag is set to True.
is_allowed(request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, credentials: dict = None)
→ bool
Checks if the user is allowed to access or use given functionality such as a login
view or authentication.
This method is abstract and other backends can specialize it as needed, but the
default implementation checks if the user has attempted to authenticate into the site
too many times through the Django authentication backends and returns False if
user exceeds the configured Axes thresholds.
This checker can implement arbitrary checks such as IP whitelisting or blacklisting,
request frequency checking, failed attempt monitoring or similar functions.
Please refer to the axes.handlers.database.AxesDatabaseHandler
for the default implementation and inspiration on some common checks and access
restrictions before writing your own implementation.
is_blacklisted(request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, credentials: dict =
None) → bool
Checks if the request or given credentials are blacklisted from access.
is_locked(request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, credentials: dict = None)
→ bool
Checks if the request or given credentials are locked.
is_whitelisted(request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, credentials: dict =
None) → bool
Checks if the request or given credentials are whitelisted for access.
post_delete_access_attempt(instance, **kwargs)
Handles the axes.models.AccessAttempt object post delete signal.
post_save_access_attempt(instance, **kwargs)
Handles the axes.models.AccessAttempt object post save signal.
user_logged_in(sender, request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, user,
**kwargs)
Handles the Django django.contrib.auth.signals.
user_logged_in authentication signal.
user_logged_out(sender, request: axes.request.AxesHttpRequest, user,
**kwargs)
Handles the Django django.contrib.auth.signals.
user_logged_out authentication signal.

1.8. API reference 17

Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

user_login_failed(sender, credentials: dict, request:

axes.request.AxesHttpRequest = None, **kwargs)
Handles the Django django.contrib.auth.signals.
user_login_failed authentication signal.
class axes.backends.AxesBackend
Bases: django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend
Authentication backend class that forbids login attempts for locked out users.
Use this class as the first item of AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS to prevent locked out
users from being logged in by the Django authentication flow.

Note: This backend does not log your user in. It monitors login at-
tempts. Authentication is handled by the following backends that are configured in
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS.

class axes.backends.AxesModelBackend
Bases: axes.backends.AxesBackend
Backwards compatibility class for version 4 to version 5 migration.
See the AxesBackend class documentation and implementation.
class axes.middleware.AxesMiddleware(get_response: Callable)
Middleware that calculates necessary HTTP request attributes for attempt monitoring and
maps lockout signals into readable HTTP 403 Forbidden responses.
By default Django server returns PermissionDenied exceptions as HTTP 403 errors
with the django.views.defaults.permission_denied view that renders the
403.html template from the root template directory if found.
This middleware recognizes the specialized attempt monitoring and lockout exceptions
and uses the axes.helpers.get_lockout_response handler for returning cus-
tomizable and context aware lockout message to the end user.
To customize the error handling behaviour further, you can subclass this middleware and
change the process_exception handler to your own liking.
Please see the following configuration flags before customizing this handler:
• AXES_LOCKOUT_TEMPLATE,
• AXES_LOCKOUT_URL,
• AXES_COOLOFF_MESSAGE, and
• AXES_PERMALOCK_MESSAGE.
class axes.request.AxesHttpRequest
Bases: django.http.request.HttpRequest
Extended Django HttpRequest with custom Axes attributes.
This request is constructed by the AxesMiddleware class where the custom attributes
are inserted into the request.

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 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

Note: The str type variables have a maximum length of 255 characters and they are
calculated in the middleware layer. If the HTTP request attributes can not be resolved
they are assigned default value of <unknown>.

Variables
• axes_attempt_time (datetime) – Timestamp of the request
on the server side.
• axes_ip_address (str) – Request IP address as resolved by
django-axes and django-ipware configurations.
• axes_user_agent (str) – Request agent from request.
META['HTTP_USER_AGENT'].
• axes_path_info (str) – Request path from request.
META['PATH_INFO'].
• axes_http_accept (str) – Request Accept header from
request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT'].

1.9 Development

You can contribute to this project forking it from GitHub and sending pull requests.
First fork the repository and then clone it:

$ git clone [email protected]:<you>/django-axes.git

Initialize a virtual environment for development purposes:

$ mkdir -p ~/.virtualenvs
$ python3 -m venv ~/.virtualenvs/django-axes
$ source ~/.virtualenvs/django-axes/bin/activate

Then install the necessary requirements:

$ cd django-axes
$ pip install -r requirements.txt

Unit tests are located in the axes/tests folder and can be easily run with the pytest tool:

$ pytest

Prospector runs a number of source code style, safety, and complexity checks:

$ prospector

Mypy runs static typing checks to verify the source code type annotations and correctness:

1.9. Development 19
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

$ mypy .

Before committing, you can run all the above tests against all supported Python and Django
versions with tox:

$ tox

Tox runs the same test set that is run by Travis, and your code should be good to go if it passes.
If you wish to limit the testing to specific environment(s), you can parametrize the tox run:

$ tox -e py37-django21

After you have pushed your changes, open a pull request on GitHub for getting your code
upstreamed.

1.10 Changes

1.10.1 5.0.4 (2019-05-09)

• Fix regression with OAuth2 authentication backends not having remote IP addresses set
and throwing an exception in cache key calculation. [aleksihakli]

1.10.2 5.0.3 (2019-05-08)

• Fix django.contrib.auth module login and logout functionality so that they

work with the handlers without the an AxesHttpRequest to improve cross compati-
bility with other Django applications. [aleksihakli]
• Change IP address resolution to allow empty or missing addresses. [aleksihakli]
• Add error logging for missing request attributes in the handler layer so that users get
better indicators of misconfigured applications. [aleksihakli]

1.10.3 5.0.2 (2019-05-07)

• Add AXES_ENABLED setting for disabling Axes with e.g. tests that use Django
test client login, logout, and force_login methods, which do not supply the
request argument to views, preventing Axes from functioning correctly in certain test
setups. [aleksihakli]

1.10.4 5.0.1 (2019-05-03)

• Add changelog to documentation. [aleksihakli]

20 Chapter 1. Contents
 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.5 5.0 (2019-05-01)

• Deprecate Python 2.7, 3.4 and 3.5 support. [aleksihakli]

• Remove automatic decoration and monkey-patching of Django views and forms. Deco-
rators are available for login function and method decoration as before. [aleksihakli]
• Use backend, middleware, and signal handlers for tracking login attempts and imple-
menting user lockouts. [aleksihakli, jorlugaqui, joshua-s]
• Add AxesDatabaseHandler, AxesCacheHandler, and AxesDummyHandler
handler backends for processing user login and logout events and failures. Handlers are
configurable with the AXES_HANDLER setting. [aleksihakli, jorlugaqui, joshua-s]
• Improve management commands and separate commands for resetting all access at-
tempts, attempts by IP, and attempts by username. New command names are
axes_reset, axes_reset_ip and axes_reset_username. [aleksihakli]
• Add support for string import for AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE that supports dotted
paths in addition to the old callable type such as a function or a class method. [aleksi-
hakli]
• Deprecate one argument call signature for AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE. From now
on, the callable needs to accept two arguments, the HttpRequest and credentials that are
supplied to the Django authenticate method in authentication backends. [aleksi-
hakli]
• Improve documentation layouting and contents. Add public API reference section. [alek-
sihakli]

1.10.6 4.5.4 (2019-01-15)

• Improve README and documentation [aleksihakli]

1.10.7 4.5.3 (2019-01-14)

• Remove the unused AccessAttempt.trusted flag from models [aleksihakli]

• Improve README and Travis CI setups [aleksihakli]

1.10.8 4.5.2 (2019-01-12)

• Added Turkish translations [obayhan]

1.10.9 4.5.1 (2019-01-11)

• Removed duplicated check that was causing issues when using APIs. [camilonova]
• Added Russian translations [lubicz-sielski]

1.10. Changes 21
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.10 4.5.0 (2018-12-25)

• Improve support for custom authentication credentials using the

AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD and AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE settings.
[mastacheata]
• Updated behaviour for fetching username from request or credentials: If no
AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE is configured, the optional credentials that are
supplied to the axes utility methods are now the default source for client user-
name and the HTTP request POST is the fallback for fetching the user information.
AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE implements an alternative signature with two argu-
ments request, credentials in addition to the old request call argument sig-
nature in a backwards compatible fashion. [aleksihakli]
• Add official support for the Django 2.1 version and Python 3.7. [aleksihakli]
• Improve the requirements, documentation, tests, and CI setup. [aleksihakli]

1.10.11 4.4.3 (2018-12-08)

• Fix MANIFEST.in missing German translations [aleksihakli]

• Add AXES_RESET_ON_SUCCESS configuration flag [arjenzijlstra]

1.10.12 4.4.2 (2018-10-30)

• fix missing migration and add check to prevent it happening again. [markddavidoff]

1.10.13 4.4.1 (2018-10-24)

• Add a German translation [adonig]

• Documentation wording changes [markddavidoff]
• Use get_client_username in log_user_login_failed instead of credentials [markddavid-
off]
• pin prospector to 0.12.11, and pin astroid to 1.6.5 [hsiaoyi0504]

1.10.14 4.4.0 (2018-05-26)

• Added AXES_USERNAME_CALLABLE [jaadus]

1.10.15 4.3.1 (2018-04-21)

• Change custom authentication backend failures from error to warning log level [aleksi-
hakli]

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 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

• Set up strict code linting for CI pipeline that fails builds if linting does not pass [aleksi-
hakli]
• Clean up old code base and tests based on linter errors [aleksihakli]

1.10.16 4.3.0 (2018-04-21)

• Refactor and clean up code layout [aleksihakli]

• Add prospector linting and code checks to toolchain [aleksihakli]
• Clean up log message formatting and refactor type checks [EvaSDK]
• Fix faulty user locking with user agent when AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES is set
[EvaSDK]

1.10.17 4.2.1 (2018-04-18)

• Fix unicode string interpolation on Python 2.7 [aleksihakli]

1.10.18 4.2.0 (2018-04-13)

• Add configuration flags for client IP resolving [aleksihakli]

• Add AxesModelBackend authentication backend [markdaviddoff]

1.10.19 4.1.0 (2018-02-18)

• Add AXES_CACHE setting for configuring axes specific caching. [JWvDronkelaar]

• Add checks and tests for faulty LocMemCache usage in application setup. [aleksihakli]

1.10.20 4.0.2 (2018-01-19)

• Improve Windows compatibility on Python < 3.4 by utilizing win_inet_pton

[hsiaoyi0504]
• Add documentation on django-allauth integration [grucha]
• Add documentation on known AccessAttempt caching configuration problems when us-
ing axes with the django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache [aleksihakli]
• Refactor and improve existing AccessAttempt cache reset utility [aleksihakli]

1.10.21 4.0.1 (2017-12-19)

• Fixes issue when not using AXES_USERNAME_FORM_FIELD [camilonova]

1.10. Changes 23
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.22 4.0.0 (2017-12-18)

• BREAKING CHANGES. AXES_BEHIND_REVERSE_PROXY

AXES_REVERSE_PROXY_HEADER AXES_NUM_PROXIES were removed in or-
der to use django-ipware to get the user ip address [camilonova]
• Added support for custom username field [kakulukia]
• Customizing Axes doc updated [pckapps]
• Remove filtering by username [camilonova]
• Fixed logging failed attempts to authenticate using a custom authentication backend.
[D3X]

1.10.23 3.0.3 (2017-11-23)

• Test against Python 2.7. [mbaechtold]

• Test against Python 3.4. [pope1ni]

1.10.24 3.0.2 (2017-11-21)

• Added form_invalid decorator. Fixes #265 [camilonova]

1.10.25 3.0.1 (2017-11-17)

• Fix DeprecationWarning for logger warning [richardowen]

• Fixes global lockout possibility [joeribekker]
• Changed the way output is handled in the management commands [ataylor32]

1.10.26 3.0.0 (2017-11-17)

• BREAKING CHANGES. Support for Django >= 1.11 and signals, see issue #215. Drop
support for Python < 3.6 [camilonova]

1.10.27 2.3.3 (2017-07-20)

• Many tweaks and handles successful AJAX logins. [Jack Sullivan]

• Add tests for proxy number parametrization [aleksihakli]
• Add AXES_NUM_PROXIES setting [aleksihakli]
• Log failed access attempts regardless of settings [jimr]
• Updated configuration docs to include AXES_IP_WHITELIST [Minkey27]

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 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

• Add test for get_cache_key function [jorlugaqui]

• Delete cache key in reset command line [jorlugaqui]
• Add signals for setting/deleting cache keys [jorlugaqui]

1.10.28 2.3.2 (2016-11-24)

• Only look for lockable users on a POST [schinckel]

• Fix and add tests for IPv4 and IPv6 parsing [aleksihakli]

1.10.29 2.3.1 (2016-11-12)

• Added settings for disabling success accesslogs [Minkey27]

• Fixed illegal IP address string passed to inet_pton [samkuehn]

1.10.30 2.3.0 (2016-11-04)

• Fixed axes_reset management command to skip “ip” prefix to command arguments.

[EvaMarques]
• Added axes_reset_user management command to reset lockouts and failed login
records for given users. [vladimirnani]
• Fixed Travis-PyPI release configuration. [jezdez]
• Make IP position argument optional. [aredalen]
• Added possibility to disable access log [svenhertle]
• Fix for IIS used as reverse proxy adding port number [Dmitri-Sintsov]
• Made the signal race condition safe. [Minkey27]
• Added AXES_ONLY_USER_FAILURES to support only looking at the user ID.
[lip77us]

1.10.31 2.2.0 (2016-07-20)

• Improve the logic when using a reverse proxy to avoid possible attacks. [camilonova]

1.10.32 2.1.0 (2016-07-14)

• Add default_app_config so you can just use axes in INSTALLED_APPS [vdboor]

1.10. Changes 25
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.33 2.0.0 (2016-06-24)

• Removed middleware to use app_config [camilonova]

• Lots of cleaning [camilonova]
• Improved test suite and versions [camilonova]

1.10.34 1.7.0 (2016-06-10)

• Use render shortcut for rendering LOCKOUT_TEMPLATE [Radoslaw Luter]

• Added app_label for RemovedInDjango19Warning [yograterol]
• Add iso8601 translator. [mullakhmetov]
• Edit json response. Context now contains ISO 8601 formatted cooloff time [mullakhme-
tov]
• Add json response and iso8601 tests. [mullakhmetov]
• Fixes issue 162: UnicodeDecodeError on pip install [joeribekker]
• Added AXES_NEVER_LOCKOUT_WHITELIST option to prevent certain IPs from be-
ing locked out. [joeribekker]

1.10.35 1.6.1 (2016-05-13)

• Fixes whitelist check when BEHIND_REVERSE_PROXY [Patrick Hagemeister]

• Made migrations py3 compatible [mvdwaeter]
• Fixing #126, possibly breaking compatibility with Django<=1.7 [int-ua]
• Add note for upgrading users about new migration files [kelseyq]
• Fixes #148 [camilonova]
• Decorate auth_views.login only once [teeberg]
• Set IP public/private classifier to be compliant with RFC 1918. [SilasX]
• Issue #155. Lockout response status code changed to 403. [Arthur Mullahmetov]
• BUGFIX: Missing migration [smeinel]

1.10.36 1.6.0 (2016-01-07)

• Stopped using render_to_response so that other template engines work [tarkatronic]

• Improved performance & DoS prevention on query2str [tarkatronic]
• Immediately return from is_already_locked if the user is not lockable [jdunck]
• Iterate over ip addresses only once [annp89]

26 Chapter 1. Contents
 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

• added initial migration files to support django 1.7 &up. Upgrading users should run
migrate –fake-initial after update [ibaguio]
• Add db indexes to CommonAccess model [Schweigi]

1.10.37 1.5.0 (2015-09-11)

• Fix #_get_user_attempts to include username when filtering AccessAttempts if

AXES_LOCK_OUT_BY_COMBINATION_USER_AND_IP is True [afioca]

1.10.38 1.4.0 (2015-08-09)

• Send the user_locked_out signal. Fixes #94. [toabi]

1.10.39 1.3.9 (2015-02-11)

• Python 3 fix (#104)

1.10.40 1.3.8 (2014-10-07)

• Rename GitHub organization from django-security to django-pci to emphasize focus on

providing assistance with building PCI compliant websites with Django. [aclark4life]

1.10.41 1.3.7 (2014-10-05)

• Explain common issues where Axes fails silently [cericoda]

• Allow for user-defined username field for lookup in POST data [SteveByerly]
• Log out only if user was logged in [zoten]
• Support for floats in cooloff time (i.e: 0.1 == 6 minutes) [marianov]
• Limit amount of POST data logged (#73). Limiting the length of value is not enough, as
there could be arbitrary number of them, or very long key names. [peterkuma]
• Improve get_ip to try for real ip address [7wonders]
• Change IPAddressField to GenericIPAddressField. When using a PostgreSQL database
and the client does not pass an IP address you get an inet error. This is a known problem
with PostgreSQL and the IPAddressField. https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/5622. It
can be fixed by using a GenericIPAddressField instead. [polvoblanco]
• Get first X-Forwarded-For IP [tutumcloud]
• White listing IP addresses behind reverse proxy. Allowing some IP addresses to have
direct access to the app even if they are behind a reverse proxy. Those IP addresses must
still be on a white list. [ericbulloch]

1.10. Changes 27
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

• Reduce logging of reverse proxy IP lookup and use configured logger. Fixes #76. Instead
of logging the notice that django.axes looks for a HTTP header set by a reverse proxy on
each attempt, just log it one-time on first module import. Also use the configured logger
(by default axes.watch_login) for the message to be more consistent in logging. [eht16]
• Limit the length of the values logged into the database. Refs #73 [camilonova]
• Refactored tests to be more stable and faster [camilonova]
• Clean client references [camilonova]
• Fixed admin login url [camilonova]
• Added django 1.7 for testing [camilonova]
• Travis file cleanup [camilonova]
• Remove hardcoded url path [camilonova]
• Fixing tests for django 1.7 [Andrew-Crosio]
• Fix for django 1.7 exception not existing [Andrew-Crosio]
• Removed python 2.6 from testing [camilonova]
• Use django built-in six version [camilonova]
• Added six as requirement [camilonova]
• Added python 2.6 for travis testing [camilonova]
• Replaced u string literal prefixes with six.u() calls [amrhassan]
• Fixes object type issue, response is not an string [camilonova]
• Python 3 compatibility fix for db_reset [nicois]
• Added example project and helper scripts [barseghyanartur]
• Admin command to list login attemps [marianov]
• Replaced six imports with django.utils.six ones [amrhassan]
• Replaced u string literal prefixes with six.u() calls to make it compatible with Python 3.2
[amrhassan]
• Replaced assertIn‘s and ‘assertNotIn‘s with ‘assertContains and assertNotContains
[fcurella]
• Added py3k to travis [fcurella]
• Update test cases to be python3 compatible [nicois]
• Python 3 compatibility fix for db_reset [nicois]
• Removed trash from example urls [barseghyanartur]
• Added django installer [barseghyanartur]
• Added example project and helper scripts [barseghyanartur]

28 Chapter 1. Contents
 Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.42 1.3.6 (2013-11-23)

• Added AttributeError in case get_profile doesn’t exist [camilonova]

• Improved axes_reset command [camilonova]

1.10.43 1.3.5 (2013-11-01)

• Fix an issue with __version__ loading the wrong version [graingert]

1.10.44 1.3.4 (2013-11-01)

• Update README.rst for PyPI [marty, camilonova, graingert]

• Add cooloff period [visualspace]

1.10.45 1.3.3 (2013-07-05)

• Added ‘username’ field to the Admin table [bkvirendra]

• Removed fallback logging creation since logging cames by default on django 1.4 or later,
if you don’t have it is because you explicitly wanted. Fixes #45 [camilonova]

1.10.46 1.3.2 (2013-03-28)

• Fix an issue when a user logout [camilonova]

• Match pypi version [camilonova]
• Better User model import method [camilonova]
• Use only one place to get the version number [camilonova]
• Fixed an issue when a user on django 1.4 logout [camilonova]
• Handle exception if there is not user profile model set [camilonova]
• Made some cleanup and remove a pokemon exception handling [camilonova]
• Improved tests so it really looks for the rabbit in the hole [camilonova]
• Match pypi version [camilonova]

1.10.47 1.3.1 (2013-03-19)

• Add support for Django 1.5 [camilonova]

1.10. Changes 29
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

1.10.48 1.3.0 (2013-02-27)

• Bug fix: get_version() format string [csghormley]

1.10.49 1.2.9 (2013-02-20)

• Add to and improve test cases [camilonova]

1.10.50 1.2.8 (2013-01-23)

• Increased http accept header length [jslatts]

1.10.51 1.2.7 (2013-01-17)

• Reverse proxy support [rmagee]

• Clean up README [martey]

1.10.52 1.2.6 (2012-12-04)

• Remove unused import [aclark4life]

1.10.53 1.2.5 (2012-11-28)

• Fix setup.py [aclark4life]

• Added ability to flag user accounts as unlockable. [kencochrane]
• Added ipaddress as a param to the user_locked_out signal. [kencochrane]
• Added a signal receiver for user_logged_out. [kencochrane]
• Added a signal for when a user gets locked out. [kencochrane]
• Added AccessLog model to log all access attempts. [kencochrane]

30 Chapter 1. Contents
 CHAPTER 2

Indices and tables

• search

31
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

32 Chapter 2. Indices and tables

 Python Module Index

a
axes.backends, 18
axes.handlers.base, 16
axes.middleware, 18
axes.request, 18

33
Django Axes Documentation, Release 5.0.4

34 Python Module Index

 Index

A (axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
axes.backends (module), 18 method), 17
axes.handlers.base (module), 16 post_save_access_attempt()
axes.middleware (module), 18 (axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
axes.request (module), 18 method), 17
AxesBackend (class in axes.backends), 18
AxesHandler (class in
U
axes.handlers.base), 16 user_logged_in()
AxesHttpRequest (class in axes.request), (axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
18 method), 17
AxesMiddleware (class in user_logged_out()
axes.middleware), 18 (axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
AxesModelBackend (class in method), 17
axes.backends), 18 user_login_failed()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
G method), 17
get_failures()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
method), 17

I
is_allowed()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
method), 17
is_blacklisted()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
method), 17
is_locked()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
method), 17
is_whitelisted()
(axes.handlers.base.AxesHandler
method), 17

P
post_delete_access_attempt()

35