Numerical: Pg.

No: 151
1. A man fires a gun and hears its echo after 5 S. The man then
moves 310 m towards the hill and fires his gun. This time he
hears an echo after 3 S. Calculate the speed of sound.
1. i) Frequency = V/λ ii)T=1/f
2. V = 2d/t, d =? ( t= 0.1s)
3. V = 2d/t, d =? (t= 0.1s), 4) V= 2d/t, t = 2d/
V.
5) t = 2d/ V. 6) d = vt/2 7) d = vt/2
8.Solution: Given: f of simple pendulum = 5 Hz,
T=1/5=0.2s.Hence time taken for 1 vibration = 0.2s.V= 340 m/s, t
= time taken for 8 vibration= 8x0.2=1.6s. d =? (d =vt/2)
Q9) d = vt/2
Q10) A man fires a gun & hears its echo after 5s.The man then
moves 310 m towards the hill fires his gun again. Then he hears the
echo after 3s.Calculate the speed of sound.
 Vibrations:
a) Free (Natural) vibrations: When external force acts on a body, then
the periodic vibrations of a body with constant amplitude are called free
vibrations.
The time period & frequency of free vibrations depends on size & shape
of a vibrating body. The frequency of this vibrating body is called
natural frequency. The amplitude of the freely vibrating body is always
constant. These vibrations can occur only in vacuum.

Displacement – time graph.

Ex of free vibrations:
1. Vibrations of a simple pendulum in vacuum whose frequency is
determined by its length.
Note: A different pendulum with different length will have different
frequency. (Frequency is inversely proportional to its length)
i)When a tuning fork is struck against a rubber, it vibrates with its
natural frequency & sound is produced in the form of longitudinal
waves. This sound of single frequency is pure note.
ii)When flute is made to vibrate, whose natural frequency is inversely
proportional to the length of an air column.
iii)If a pipe is open at both ends, called as open organ pipe, the
frequencies are in the ratio of 1:2:3: …. While in closed organ, pipe
(closed at one end) frequencies are in the ratio of 1:3:5:
iv) When a string is plucked to produce transverse waves, frequency of
a wave depends on three factors:
i) α (1/length)
ii) α(1/thickness of a string
iii) α to tension in the string.
b) Damped vibrations: Due to the presence of resistive forces, the
amplitude of the periodic vibrations will continuously decrease. Such a
vibrations are called damped vibrations.

The characteristics of damped vibrations:

i) Amplitude decreases. ii) Decrease in energy converted as heat & lost
to the surroundings.
The rate at which the energy lost (decrease in amplitude) depends on
two factors:
i) Nature of the surrounding medium ii) size & shape of the vibrating
body.
 Ex: Vibrations of a simple pendulum, tuning fork in any medium.
Compare Free & damped vibrations.
Free Vibrations Damped vibrations
Amplitude is constant Amplitude keeps decreasing
No loss of energy Loss of energy as heat
No external force acts on it Damping force opposes the motion.
Frequency is constant Frequency is less than the natural
frequency.
Ex: Vibrations of a simple Ex: Vibrations of a simple pendulum
pendulum in vacuum in medium.

FORCED VIBRATIONS:

VIBRATIONS.mp4

Freely vibrating body in a medium cannot maintain the constant

amplitude of vibration. In order to maintain the amplitude of vibrations
kept constant, external force is applied to the system periodically to
compensate the loss of energy in free vibrations.
A vibration of a body due to an external periodic force is called forced
vibrations.
Once an external periodic force is applied to a body, which is vibrating
under natural frequency, it gradually acquires the frequency of the
external force.
If the frequency of the ext. periodic force is not matching with the
frequency of the vibrating body, and then the amplitude of oscillations
is very small.
If the frequency of the external force is exactly matching with the
frequency of the natural vibrating body, amplitude of vibrations of
oscillations is large. Such a phenomenon is called RESONANCE.
Ex of forced Vibrations: Refer book.
Conditions for Resonance: Frequency of the external force is
exactly matching with the frequency of the natural vibrating body,
amplitude of Oscillations is large.
Real life examples of RESONANCE:
1. Soldiers are asked to break the steps while marching on the bridge
reason behind is that the frequency of the steps marched are equal to the
natural frequency of the bridge; bridge begins to vibrate with larger
amplitude results in resonance.
2. Sometimes a frame of motorcycle begins to vibrate strongly. This is
because frequency of the engine and the frequency of the motor cycle
match and hence resonance occurs.
3. Resonance can cause disaster during earthquake. If the natural
frequency of the building becomes the frequency of the oscillations
produced in the earth, then building begin to vibrate with larger
amplitude leading to collapse.
4. Radio & TV reception: If the frequency of the receiver equal to the
frequency of the transmitter then the energy transfer is maximum and we
get good reception.
5. Musical Instruments: All musical Instruments are provided with a
hollow sound box in which air is filled. When the Musical instruments
are vibrated, the air column also vibrates. At resonance, large sound is
produced.
6. If two pendulums of same length are suspended from a rubber string,
If 1 pendulum is made to vibrate / Oscillate, Other pendulum is also
made to Oscillate with larger amplitude because of resonance.
Some Important definitions:
OSCILLATION: One to-fro motion of a full wave is called …
WAVELENGTH: Length of a wave is called Wave length. Its unit is
m
Amplitude: Max displacement of a wave from its mean position is
called … Its unit is m
Time Period (T): Time taken by a sound to complete one oscillation. Its
SI unit is second.
Frequency: It is the Number of oscillations made in one second is called
….It is measured in hertz (Hz).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND:
i) LOUDNESS: It is the property of the sound where the one sound is
differentiated from the other sound.
If 2 waves of same frequency having different amplitude results in
different loudness. Loudness depends on Intensity of sound, which in
turn depends on the square of the amplitude.
Loudness (L) and Intensity (I) are related by, L = K log I
Where K is called the constant of proportionality. Loudness increases
with increase in logarithmic intensity.
Intensity of sound at any point is defined as the amount of sound energy
passing /unit time/ unit area around that point in a particular direction.
Greater the amplitude, greater is the Intensity.
Intensity of sound =Power of sound/Unit area.
Unit: Watt/m2, Where Power of sound = Energy of sound in unit time.

Factors affecting the loudness of the sound:

i) Proportional to Square of the amplitude. (amplitude2)
ii) Directly proportional to the surface area of the vibrating
body.
iii) Directly proportional to the density of the medium.(ρ)
iv) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) of a
point of observation form the source of sound.
Unit of loudness: decibel (dB)
Define decibel: When the intensity of sound changes by 26%, then the
change in level of loudness is 1 dB.
II) PITCH: It is the characteristic of a sound, which determines the
shrillness of sound. Pitch is directly proportional to frequency.
Higher the frequency, higher the pitch, sound is SHRILL
Lower the frequency, lesser the pitch, sound is FLAT
Bass in TV: Refers to low pitch.
Treble in TV: Refers to high pitch.
Pitch always depends on its Frequency.

Ex:
1. All stringed Instruments will have several strings of different
thickness & different tension will results in different frequency.
Ex: Guitar, veena etc.
2. In flute, by closing the some of the holes, the length of the air
column is increased thus the frequency is decreased.
 3. The voice of women is usually higher pitch than that of men.
Frequency of a wave depends on three factors:
i) Inversely α length
ii) Inversely α thickness of a string
iii) directly α to tension in the string.
Pitch is subjective while frequency is an objective. Frequency is a
measurable one while pitch depends on the source of sound and the pitch
is sensation as perceived by the listener.
III) QUALITY or TIMBRE: Notes of same frequency & same
amplitude produced by two different bodies can be distinguished by the
property is called as …. QUALITY
It depends on its waveform. Waveform differentiates the two waves of
same frequency and amplitude (same Intensity & loudness, same pitch)
Quality is when two different Instruments producing the sound with
same intensity, same frequency and same amplitude.
Quality can express our ability to recognize the sound of different
Instruments with same intensity, same frequency and same
amplitude.
The waveform differentiates the quality ….
Characteristics/ Loudness Pitch Quality
Subjective
Factor/ Amplitude Frequency Wave form
objective

Home work: Learn the text book questions form the sound