B.E.

(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:-
“Energy cannot be created, nor be destroyed. it can be only transferred from one
state to other”, it is the base of all intellectual and spiritual thoughts of human
beings. Energy is always subjected to cycles. Thus nothing as such is a waste. The
so called waste of one process is in fact a raw material for some other process.
Globally the tyre production is estimated to be 1 billion per year. With the
exponential growth in number of automobiles in India during recent years, the
demand of tyres as original equipment and as replacement has also increased. In
India an annual cumulative growth rate of 8% is expected in buses, trucks,
cars/jeep/taxis.

1.2 Background:

Considering the average life of the tyres used in these vehicles as 10 years after
rethreading twice, the total number of waste disposable tyres will be in the order of
112 million per year. Approximately, one tire is discarded per person per year.
These tires are among the largest and most problematic type of waste, due to the
large volume produced and their durability. Those same characteristics, which
make waste tires such a problem, also make them one of the most re-used waste
materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can be reused in other products.
Accumulations of discarded waste tires have been a major concern because the
waste rubber is not easily biodegradable even after a long-period landfill
treatment. Thus it gets accumulated and creates variety of problems. It creates
unsightly appearance. If burnt under conventional uncontrolled fashion it creates
harmful vapours. If dumped in land fill sites, in rainy seasons it accumulates water
and harbours mosquito and fly breeding. In landfill sites methane is generated by
other sources and bulk of tyre waste fetches fire. It creates hazards in land fill
sites.

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

1.3 Objectives of Project work:

 To evaluate the effects of waste tyre rubber powder in concrete.
 To study the existing disposal method of tyre waste.
 To investigate proportional relationship between rate of strength factor of
confine.
 To investigate the effect of tyre waste on compaction factor of confine.
 To investigate the effect of tyre waste on compressive strength of confine.
1.4 Overview of chapters:
Chapter 1 – Introduction - Considering the average life of the tyres used in these
vehicles as 10 years after rethreading twice, the total number of waste disposable
tyres will be in the order of 112 million per year. Approximately, one tire is
discarded per person per year. These tires are among the largest and most
problematic type of waste, due to the large volume produced and their durability.

Chapter 2 - Literature Review – It has been stated that, it is evident that tyre
waste is generated on a large scale due to automobile industry. The addition of
rubber tyre under certain proportion of rubber tyre for an specific property. Further
higher proportion of rubber tyre degrades the concrete properties. The optimum
values for specific concrete properties are presented in the previous section. The
proportion of rubber tyre, higher than the optimum can also find application in
uses like partition walls etc. where low density is the major requirement.
Chapter 3 – Methodology -
Gravels are obtained by crushing natural basalt stone obtain from quarries. Natural
sand free from silt, veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances.
Cement 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement is used for all mixes. Fine Scrap tyre
rubber Taken from Samrat Tyres, retrading works, Chalisgaon. Water used for
drinking purpose in Sandip Foundation, Nashik. Is used for mixing and curing. For
use in large construction projects, quantity of admixtures to be used shall be
obtained from test report for concrete mix with admixtures at various percentage.
Chapter 4 Experimental Analysis- Due to rapid growth in automobile industry,
use oftyre increases day to day and there is no reuse of the same to decrease the

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

environmental pollution. The decomposition and disposing of waste tyre rubber is

harmful to environment. This project reflects the reuse of waste tyre rubber into
concrete after observing their properties. In that experimental work rubber
aggregates replaced to the natural fine aggregates by varying percentage of 5, 10,
15 comparison of 0% replacement.

Chapter 5 Results and Discussions - The testing and results of basic component
of concrete is to be taken for understanding physical and mechanical properties of
Cement, Sand, fine aggregate and fine rubber respectively.

Chapter 6 References – References are done as per studying the latest and past
papers of concrete having partial replacement with waste tyre rubber particles.

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 B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General:
This Project aims at the study of Partial Replacement of fine aggregate with waste
tyre to attain high strength and economical concrete Also, this research deals with
the environmental waste reduction by using tyres aggregate waste as fine
aggregate.
2.2 Review of past research in this field:
Kshirsagar P.S, Pardeshi P.B. :- (2017) [1]
It has been stated that the disposal of waste material is one of the most serious
environmental concerns globally. There is no difference of opinion that the
increasing piles of tires are creating environmental issues. For that matter there
must be a way to dispose-off these tires. These tires have potential risks to
environment and health. Compressive strength of rubberized concrete depended on
two factors; grain size and shape of rubber aggregate and percentage of
replacement.
Shree D, Gowthama Raja G, Kumar K K, Prabhakaran R. :- (2016) [2]

It has been stated that the substitution of waste tyre to concrete is taken to 5%
replacement of weight of coarse aggregate and the compressive strength is
somewhat same to the concrete without substitution At the same time, 15%
replacement of weight of coarse aggregate, the compressive strength drops down
compared to conventional concrete. The presence of tyre more than 5% weight
tends to reduce the bonding between cement and aggregate leading to a
consequent decrease in strength. The use of rubber aggregates from waste tyres
addresses many issues such as reduction of the environmental threats caused by
waste tires, introduction of an alternative source to aggregates in concrete.

Radhakrishnan A, Das A, John E(2016) [3]

It has been stated that slump tests are used to find the workability of concrete and
super plasticizer content in concrete. All mixes prepared show adequate
workability (100 mm to 115 mm) by varying the super plasticizer content in small
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

percentage. Mixes are made by replacing fine aggregate with 5%, 10%, and 15%
crumb rubber are tested.
The compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength are
studied for 3, 7 and 28 day. Compressive strength, Flexural strength and splitting
tensile strength decreases with increase in the percentage of crumb rubber.
Maximum values for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile
strength of concrete after the replacement is obtained at 5% which is 14.81
N/mm2, and 1.13 N/mm2 ( 28 day strength)The loss of strength may be due to the
lack of adhesive property of crumb rubber. Mixes are made by replacing fine
aggregate with 10% crumb rubber and cement with 5%, 10% and 15% silica fume
are tested. The compressive strength is studied for 7 and 28 day. From the result it
is observed that the strength of concrete increases as compared to the concrete in
which 10% fine aggregate is replaced by the crumb rubber. There for the strength
increases in crumb rubber silica fume combination rather than the crumb rubber
cement combination. The compressive strength obtained for the concrete block is
less than that of the concrete cubes for the same mix. Maximum strength is
obtained at 5% cement replacement with silica fume and it is 11.55N/mm2 and
that of the concrete block is 9.69N/mm2

Shirule P.A., Husain M. :- (2015) [4]

It has been stated that use of the waste rubber tyre in concrete is a techno-
economically feasible and environmentally consistent method of waste disposal.
The addition of rubber tyre under certain proportion of rubber tyre for an specific
property. Further higher proportion of rubber tyre degrades the concrete
properties. The optimum values for specific concrete properties are presented in
the previous section. (Results and Discussions). The proportion of rubber tyre,
higher than the optimum can also find application in uses like partition walls etc.
Where low density is the major requirement. Thus there is great potential to use
rubber tyre waste in concrete.

More T.A, Jadhao P.D, Dumne S.M. :- (2015) [5]

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

It has been stated that addition of recycled crumb rubber aggregates into normal
concrete mix leads to decrease in workability for the various mix samples.
Flexural strength of concrete decreases about 40% when 3% sand is replaced by
crumb rubber aggregates and further decrease in strength with increase of
percentage of crumb rubber aggregates.

Alam I, Mahmood U.A, Khattak K. :- (2015) [6]

It has been stated that when rubber was used instead of aggregates in concrete it
shows less compressive strength when compared with ordinary concrete. But it
also shows some ductile behavior before failure. Rubberized concrete shows
reduction in density of concrete when compared with control concrete specimen.
Concrete made of crumb rubber as fine aggregate shows much strength when
compared with concrete made of chipped rubber as coarse aggregate.

Shah S.N, Jadhao P.D, Dumne S.M. :- (2014) [7]

It has been stated that reduction of solid load carrying material in rubberized
concrete is directly affects to reducing the strength of concrete. It can be
concluded that as the amount of rubber content increases then there is reduction in
flexural strength. The results of splitting tensile strength test shows that, there is a
decrease in strength with increase in rubber aggregate content like reduction
observed in the flexural strength tests. One of the reasons that split tensile strength
of rubberized concrete is lower than the normal concrete is that the bond strength
between cement paste and chipped rubber aggregates is poor.

Turer Aetal :- (2009) [8]

It has been stated that this chapter illustrated various uses of scrap tires through
recycling as a whole, in parts, or after chemically decomposition of materials
inside scrap tires. Industrial development brought luxury of cars to our modern
lives that produces scrap tires in an increasing rate. As in the cases of other natural
resources in the world, we need to learn using less of natural resources while
recycling readily available tires by finding ways not to pollute the environment.
All cars in the world constantly generating about one scrap tire per person every
year causes scrap tires generation in the order of billions on a global scale. The

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

ideal solution would have been recycling each scrap tire to a brand new tire, since
when someone throws away a used tire has to buy a new tire. Using tires on slope
stability and land fill, inside asphalt and concrete is not adequately spread enough
and in right quantities to use all manufactured tires. Structural uses of scrap tires
remain to be at limited instances either enforced by government such as in the case
of roads and pavements or experimentally sparse and rare mostly applied by good
intentioned environmentalists or low-budgeted projects.
Chemical decomposition using pyrolysis is a highly promising approach; however,
could not quite reach its full potential yet. On the other hand, burning scrap tires at
high temperature furnaces at cement producing kilns and thermo electric power
plants as fuel is quite efficient and widely used. Provided that chimney filtering is
defined by regulations and rules are properly enforced from toxic material
emissions, scrap tire burning seems to be a good source of recycling and
transforming otherwise useless and harmful discarded material into energy.

Liu H , Wang X, Jiao Y and Sha:- (2002) [9]

It has been stated that in this paper, crumb rubber concretes with different
replacement forms and replacement levels were produced. The effect of the
volume content of crumb rubber and pretreatment methods on the performances of
concrete was investigated. The following conclusions have been obtained. Adding
crumb rubber into concrete resulted in a significant decrease of the mechanical
properties, but increased the durability. The effect caused by replacing the mixture
with crumb rubber was higher than that caused by fine aggregate replacement.

2.3 Conclusion from literature survey is as follows:

After studying above papers, it is evident that tyre waste is generated on a large
scale due to automobile industry. The addition of rubber tyre under certain
proportion of rubber tyre for an specific property. Further higher proportion of
rubber tyre degrades the concrete properties. The optimum values for specific
concrete properties are presented in the previous section (Results and
Discussions). The proportion of rubber tyre, higher than the optimum can also find

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

application in uses like partition walls etc. where low density is the major
requirement.

Hence, there is great potential to use rubber tyre waste in concrete. Higher content
of waste tyre shredded rubber particle in concrete increases workability of
concrete. The disposal of waste material is one of the most serious environmental
concerns globally. There is no difference of opinion that the increasing piles of
tires are creating environmental issues. For that matter there must be a way to
dispose-off these tires. These tires have potential risk to environment and society.

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 General :
Remoulding of tyre is done for its further use. During the process of remoulding,
fine rubber particle are obtained buffing of the layer of tyre by buffing machine.
These waste fine particles of rubber are used as replacement of locally available
natural sand. The part of their research work in which he used scrap rubber as
partial and complete replacement fine aggregate in concrete and reported the
various performance levels of concrete subject to the different phenomenon like
shrinkage, segregation, workability, flexural bending stresses, shear bending
stresses, normal consistency of cement paste and the initial and final setting times
determination.

Due to rapid growth in automobile industry, use of tyre increases day to day and
there is no reuse of the same to decrease the environmental pollution. The
decomposition and disposing of waste tyre rubber is harmful to environment. This
project reflects the reuse of waste tyre rubber into concrete after observing their
properties. In that experimental work rubber aggregates replaced to the natural fine
aggregates by varying percentage of 5, 10, and 15 comparison of 0% replacement.
The workability of fresh concrete is observed with the help of slump cone test.
From the test of slump cone test workability is decrease with increasing
percentage of chipped rubber. Increasing rubber aggregates as partial replacement
into concrete reduces compressive strength. So these can use in non-primary
structural applications of medium to low strength requirements. The overall results
of study show that it is possible to use recycled rubber tyre aggregates in concrete
construction as partial replacement to natural fine aggregates. The percent of
discarded waste tires substituted in to the concrete mix by weight (0%, 10%, 15%,
and 20%) respectively. Two types of waste tires are used as (chips and grounded
shape) applied at 68 experiments and tested their mechanical, physical and
chemical properties with 260 test in order to determine the optimal enhancing

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

replacing ratios of waste tires as (dry density, compressive and flexural strength,
performing slump, and toughness indices) at curing ages of (3, 7, 28 and 56 days)
for standard and improved concrete mix. The results for tests show a decline in
compressive strength of the concrete in other hand an increase in their toughness
with good approach properties and reduce the cost of additive materials, also solve
a serious problem posed by waste tires.

3.2 Methodology flow Chart:

Following flow chart shows sequence of progress of our project.

Problem Identification

Literature review

Field Study and Laboratory Tests

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Result Discussion

Conclusion

Methodology Chart

3.3 Materials used and their properties:

Materials to be used in project work are discussed below.
3.3.1 Natural Aggregate:-

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Gravels are obtained by crushing natural basalt stone. They are hard, strong,
tough, clear and free from veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious
substances. Aggregates are free from such material, which will reduce strength or
durability of concrete. Natural aggregates, which consist of crushed stone and sand
and gravel, are among the most abundant natural re-sources and a major basic raw
material used by construction, agriculture, and industries employing complex
chemical and metallurgical processes. Despite the low value of the basic products,
natural aggregates are a major contributor to and an indicator of the economic
well-being of the Nation. Natural aggregates are widely distributed throughout the
United States and occur in a variety of geologic environments, however, they are
not universally available. Some areas lack quality aggregates, or existing
aggregates deposits cannot be mined for a multitude of reasons; but economic
factors require that pits or quarries be located near the popul ation centers.
The main characteristics of aggregates made of natural rock materials are:
(a) Activity of natural radionuclides (radioactivity)
(b) Grain size composition and grain shape
(c) Strength
(d) Frost resistance
(e) Content of dust and clay particles
Actual, average and bulk densities:
The strength of aggregates is characterized by the limit of the extracted rock
strength while being compressed (crushed) in a cylinder. This indicator is imitated,
for example, the resistance of rock material impacted by passing transport vehicles
over a road surface or by mechanical impact in the road building process (laying
and compaction by road rollers). Depending on mass losses during testing,
aggregates are marked as 200,300, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200, or 1,400. The
higher the mark, the stronger are aggregates.
Depending on the type of rock and the grade at crushing, the content of poor rock
grains is normalized in aggregates and marked from 300 to 1,400.

3.3.2 Sand:-

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock

andmineral particles.It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than
silt.Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing
more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common
constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings
is silica(silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. The second most
common type of sand is calcium-carbonate, for example, aragonite, which has
mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like
coraland shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas
where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the
Caribbean. Natural sand free from silt, veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other
deleterious substances.

Moulding sand properties and its classification:

The moulding is a process of making a cavity or mould out of sand by means of a
pattern. The molten metal is poured into the moulds to produce casting. Properties
of moulding sand :

1: Porosity or permeability :
It is the property of sand which permits the steam and other gases to pass through
the sand mould. The porosity of sand depends upon its grain size, grain shape,
moisture and clay components are the moulding sand. If the sand is too fine, the
porosity will be low.

2: Plasticity :
It is that property of sand due to which it flows to all portions of the moulding box
or flask. The sand must have sufficient plasticity to produce a good mould.

3: Adhesiveness :
It is that properties of sand due to it adheres or cling to the sides of the moulding
box.
Refractoriness :
The property which enables it to resist high temperature of the molten metal
without breaking down or fusing.

Dry Sand
The green sand moulds when baked or dried before pouring the molten metal are
called dry sand moulds. The sand of this condition is called dry sand. The dry sand

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

moulds have greater strength, rigidity and thermal stability. These moulds used for
large and heavy casting.

3.3.3 Cement :-
Cement 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement is used for all mixes.This grade was
introduced in the country by BIS in the year 1987 and commercial production
started from 1991. Advent of this grade in the country owes it to the improved
technology adopted by modern cement plants. OPC 53 Grade cement is required to
conform to BIS specification IS:12269-1987 with a designed strength for 28 days
being a minimum of 53 MPa or 530 kg/sq.cm.

53 Grade OPC provides high strength and durability to structures because of its
optimum particle size distribution and superior crystallized structure. Being a high
strength cement, it provides numerous advantages wherever concrete for special
high strength application is required, such as in the construction of skyscrapers,
bridges, flyovers, chimneys, runways, concrete roads and other heavy load bearing
structures. Not only is this grade of cement stronger than other grades / types, it is
also more durable. Further, by substituting lower grade cement with OPC 53,
overall savings can be obtained through reduced quantity of cement that would be
required to be used. A savings of 8-10% can be achieved with the use of 53 Grade
OPC in place of any other grade.

53 Grade cement attains higher early strength as compared to any other grade of
cement but because of early gain, does not increase much after 28 days. In
addition, due to faster hydration process, the cement releases heat of hydration at a
much faster rate initially and therefore, the chances of micro cracking of concrete
is much greater. Thus, during initial setting period of concrete, the higher heat of
hydration can lead to damage arising out of micro cracks with in the concrete
structure, which may not be visible on the surface. The situation can be worsened
when construction supervisors / masons tend to increase the quantity of cement in
concrete with a wrong notion that such increases are better for both strength and
durability of concrete. Grade 53 should therefore be used only where such
application is warranted for making the concrete of higher strength, where good
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

supervision and quality assurance measures are in place and where proper
precautions are taken to relieve the higher heat of hydration through a proper
curing process.

Properties of cement 53 Grade Ordinary Portland:

Compressive strength – 3 days– 27 MPa
7 days– 37 MPa
28 days – 53 MPa
Fineness - 225 m2/kg
Setting time – Initial setting time 30 Minutes
Final setting time 600 Minutes
Soundness – Autoclave 0.8 %
Lee- chatelier – 10 mm
3.3.4 Fine tyre rubber powder:-
Fine Scrap tyre rubber Taken from Samrat Tyres, retrading works, Chalisgaon.
Physical Characteristics of the Rubber Scrap tyre :
The used specimens don’t contain steel but contain less than 2% of textile fiber.
Since it was not possible to determine the gradation curve of the rubber powder as
for normal aggregates, a microscope examination was done. Dimensions of rubber
powder vary from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm with an average particle size of 1 mm. The
density of the rubber powder is determined using helium pycnometer and it’s
about 0.83.

Rubber powder is also characterized by an insignificant water absorption less than

3%.Table I resumes some characteristics of the used waste tire powder rubber.

Properties Rubber powder:

Density – 0.83
Size 80 μm – 1.6 mm
Elongation (%) – 42

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No. 1 Fine tyre rubber powder

3.3.5 Water:-
Water is an important constituent in concrete. It chemically reacts with cement
(hydration) to produce the desired properties of concrete. Mixing water is the
quantity of water that comes in contact with cement, Impacts slump of concrete
and is used to determine the water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) of the
concrete mixture. Strength and durability of concrete is controlled to a large extent
by its w/cm. Mixing water in concrete includes batch water measured and added to
the mixer at the batch plant, ice, free moisture on aggregates, water included in
any significant quantity with chemical admixtures, and water added after batching
during delivery or at the job site. Water absorbed by aggregates is excluded from
mixing water. Besides its quantity, the quality of mixing water used in concrete
has important effects on fresh concrete properties, such as setting time and
workability; it also has important effects on the strength and durability of hardened
concrete.

Sources of water for concrete mixing :

In general, water that is fit for human consumption (potable) is acceptable for use
as mixing water. However, non-potable sources of water can also be used provided

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

the source does not negatively impact the properties of concrete. Most concrete
plants have a source of municipal water that supplies potable water and this can be
used as mixing water without any qualification testing. In rural areas, or for
portable plants set up on project sites, the concrete producer may have to rely on
non-potable sources such as wells, streams or other bodies of water. All concrete
producers will also generate process water by cleaning mixers and plant
components, also referred to as wash water. Additionally, precipitation on the site
of the concrete plant generates storm water that may be collected at the plant.
Process and storm water at concrete plants is referred to as water from concrete
production operations in ASTM C1602. Process water is also generated when
returned concrete is washed out in concrete reclaimer systems. These systems
collect process water with the cement and aggregate fines in the form of a slurry
that can be re-used as mixing water in concrete. Water used for drinking purpose
in Sandip Foundation, Nashik. Is used for mixing and curing.

3.3.6 Admixtures :-
Types of admixtures:-
a) Accelerating admixture
b) Retarding admixture
c) Water reducing admixture
d) Super plasticizing admixture
e) Hydration-control admixtures

Concrete admixture shall be selected carefully as per specifications and shall be

used as recommended by manufacturer or by lab testing report. For use in large
construction projects, quantity of admixtures to be used shall be obtained from test
report for concrete mix with admixtures at various percentage use

The major reasons for using admixtures are:

1. To reduce the cost of concrete construction
2. To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than by other
means

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

3. To maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing,

transporting, placing, and curing in ad-verse weather conditions.

To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations.

3.4 Mixing of Concrete :

The cube mould plates should be removed, properly cleaned assembled and all the
bolts should be fully tight. A thin layer of oil then shall be applied on all the faces
of the mould. It is important that cube side faces must be parallel. The concrete
sample shall be filled into the cube moulds in 3 layers, each layer approximately 5
cm deep. In placing each scoopful of concrete, the scoop shall be moved around
the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides from it, in order to ensure a
symmetrical distribution of the concrete within the mould. Each layer shall be
compacted either by hand or by the vibration. Each layer of the concrete filled in
the mould shall be compacted by not less than 35 strokes by tamping bar. The
strokes shall be penetrating into the underlying layer and the bottom layer shall be
rodded throughout its depth. Where voids are left by the tamping bar the sides of
the mould shall be tapped to close the voids.

Image No 2 Mixing of concrete

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

3.5 Tests on Fresh Concrete :

Slump test - the most widely used test for assessing the workability of concrete of
normal consistency (slump 10 mm to 200 mm)

Flow Table test - for concretes that are more free flowing (slump 180mm+)

Vee-Bee Test - for concretes that are not workable in the normal sense, the test
uses integral vibration. Control and measurement of air content is easily assessed
using a pressure type air meter. Fresh density, compactability and bleeding can all
be measured.
From Quality Control and Mix Design assessment to Admixture testing, Sandberg
are able to carry out a comprehensive range of fresh concrete tests.
To measure workability of concrete by slump cone test.

3.6 Casting of Test Specimen:

IS-456 has laid down the acceptance criteria of quality concrete. In all the cases,
the 28-days compressive strength shall alone be the criterion for acceptant
rejection of the concrete.

7 days compressive strength of concrete can be carried out in order to get a

relatively quicker idea regarding the quality of concrete. Sample of concrete for
test specimen shall be taken at the mixer or in the case of ready mixed concrete
from the transportation vehicle at the time of discharge. Such samples shall be
obtained by repeatedly passing a scoop or pail through the discharge stream of the
concrete. The samples thus obtained shall be mixed on a non-absorbent base with
shovel until it is uniform in appearance.

Three specimen of each blend of Cube, Cylinder and Beam are casted as per IS
code.
Size of cube: 150mm x 150mm x 150mm

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No.3 Empty Mould

I
m
a
g
e

Image No 4. Concrete placing in mould

3.7 Curing and Demoulding of Specimen :-

Immediately after curing, the cubes should be covered with damp matting or other
suitable damp material and then with polythene or similar impervious sheeting and
stored in a place where the temperature can be kept at 27 ± 5°C for approximately
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

16 to 24 hrs. Curing of the specimen is done for 28 days after casting of specimen
by submerging them in tank.Test cubes should be demoulded between 16 and 24
hours after they have been made. If after this period of time the concrete has not
achieved sufficient strength to enable demoulding without damaging the cube then
the demoulding should be delayed for a further 24 hours. When removing the
concrete cube from the mould, take the mould apart completely. Take care not to
damage the cube because, if any cracking is caused, the compressive strength may
be reduced.

Image No 5. Curing of test specimen

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 B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER NO 4

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
4.1 GENERAL:
Strength is one among the most important properties of concrete, since the first
consideration in structural design is that the structural member must be capable of
carrying the imposed loads .the mix of concrete used in this study is M20. Concrete mix
with 0% waste material is the control mix and w/c ratio adopted is 0.5 in accordance with
the Indian slandered specification IS 10262-2009. A design mix proportion of 1:1.5:3 was
investigated for the research. The percentages of replacements are 0%, 05%, 10% &
15%by weight of fine aggregate test were performed for compressive strength & flexural
strength of concrete for all replacement levels of fine aggregate at different curing period
(7 days, 28 days).besides, the physical and chemical properties of tyre dust are also
studied.

4.1 Test for property of material: Tests conducted on materials are discussed below.
4.1.1 Test for cement: Following tests were conducted on cement.
Field test of cement
Observation:
- When hand is inserted into a cement bag it felt cool.
- It was free from lumps.
- When a pinch of cement was thrown on surface of water in bucket it floats

Image No 6. Field test of cement

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 B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No. 7 field test of cement

Result: Field test of cement has satisfied IS Code

Fineness test
a) Take 100 gm of cement sample and sieve it through IS sieve no.9
(90microns).
b) Break down the air set lumps in sample with finger.
c) Continuously sieve the sample giving circular and radial motion for a
period of 15 min.
d) Mechanical sieving may be used.
e) Take the weight of the residue on the sieve.

22
B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Observation:
a) Weight of cement sample = W1=100 gms.
b) Weight of residue = 8gms
c) Percentage weight retained on sieve = (W2/W1)X100=8 %
Result: The fineness of cement sample is 8 %
Conclusion: The given sample is satisfied. It should not be more than 10%

Image No. 8 Fineness test of cement

4.1.2 Test for fine aggregate :

Specific gravity of fine aggregate by pycnometer method
a) Clean the pycnometer bottle and dry it. Find the empty mass (M1gm) of
pycnometer, brass cap and washer up to accuracy 1 gm.
23
B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

b) Take about 400 gm. of oven dry fine aggregate and put it in the pycnometer,
find the mass (M2) of pycnometer with sample.

c) Fill the pycnometer to half of its height with distilled water and mix
thoroughly with glass rod. Add more water stir it. Replace the screw at the
top and fill the pycnometer and flush the hole in conical cap. Dry the
pycnometer from outside and weight (M3)

d) Empty the pycnometer and clean it thoroughly. Fill it with distilled water
upto the hole of conical cap and weight it (M4).

Observation:
Table No.1 Specific gravity of fine aggregate by pycnometer method

Sr. No. Particulars Sample

1 Pycnometer No. A

2 Mass of empty pycnometer (M1) gm 609.5

Mass of pycnometer + Sand (M2) gm
3 1031.3
Mass of pycnometer + Sand + Distilled

4 Water (M3) gm 1767.0

5 Mass of pycnometer + Distilled water (M4) 1502.1

Conclusion :-
Specific gravity (G)= (M2-M1)/[(M2-M1)-(M3-M4)] = 2.68
Result: Specific gravity for sample found to be 2.68

Fineness modulus of aggregate by sieve analysis:-

Apparatus:
A set of IS sieve 4.75 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18 mm, 600micron, 300micron, and
150micron.Quatering shovel, trough, soft brush etc.
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Observation table:
Table no. 2 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate

Weight retained
IS sieves Cumulative Cumulative Percentage
(gm) weight retained weight percentage passing (100-
retained col.4)
4.75 mm 17.6 17.6 1.76 98.34

2.36 mm 139.2 156.8 15.68 34.322

1.18 mm 324.7 481.5 48.15 31.85

600 micron 315.1 796.6 79.66 20.34

300 micron 173.5 970.1 97.01 2.99

150 micron 20.7 990.8 99.08 0.92

Recevier 9.2 1000 100 00

Fineness modulus = Total column No. 5 / 100 = 2.58

Result :Fineness modulus of fine aggregrate = 2.58

Conclusion :The fineness modulus of fine aggregate satisfied.(2.20 to 2.60)

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No 9. Fineness modulus test of Fine Aggregate by sieve

4.1.3 Test for coarse aggregate: Following tests were conducted on coarse aggregates.

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate by sieve analysis:

Apparatus: 80 mm, 40 mm, 16 mm, 10 mm,4.75 mm, 2.36 mm

Image No 10. Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate by sieve test

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Observation:
Table No. 3 Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate by sieve analysis

Cumulative
Weight Cumulative Percentage
weight
IS sieves Retaind weight passing (100 –
percentage
(gm) retained col.4)
retained
80 mm 0 0 0 100
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 200 200 4 96
10 mm 4640 4840 96.8 3.2
4.75 mm 100 4940 98.8 1.2
2.36 mm 60 5000 100 0
1.18 mm 0 0 00 0

Fineness modulus = Total column no 5 / 100 = 3.0

Result :Fineness modulus of fine aggregates = 3.00 (2.90 to 3.20)
4.2 Tests on hardened concrete :
Compressive strength test:-

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cmX 15cm X 15cm or
10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of
the works cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used. This
concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for
curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This
is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of
specimen.

Procedure:
Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

 For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

10cmX 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most
of the works cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

 This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in
water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and
smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole
area of specimen.

 These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or
28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per
minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen
gives the compressive strength of concrete.

Following are the procedure for testing Compressive strength of Concrete Cubes
 Apparatus for Concrete Cube Test
 Compression testing machine Preparation of Concrete Cube Specimen
 The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same
concrete used in the field.

Specimen
 3 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M20
 Mixing of Concrete for Cube Test
 Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
Hand Mixing
I. Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform
until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color
 Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the
coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
 Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the
desired consistency

Sampling of Cubes for Test

(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil
(ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod
(steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

Curing of Cubes-The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after
thisperiod the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept
submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test.

Procedure for Cube Test

(i) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.

(ii)Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

(iii)Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

(iv)Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
(v) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
(vi) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.
(vii) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
(viii) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Note: Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength
of any specimen varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of
such specimen should be rejected. Average of three specimens gives the
compressive strength of concrete. The strength requirements of concrete.

29
B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No. 11 Testing of cube under Compression

Image No.12 Testing of cube under Compression

30
 B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Image No. 13 Deform Bolck

4.3 Effect on properties of concrete :

Effects observed on properties of concrete are asfollows.

a) Effect on workability:
The increasing the rubber content in concrete the slump as well as the unit weight
decreases. But it still gave a workable mix despite of adding rubber to it when
compared with ordinary concrete.

b) Effect on Unit weight:

The density of rubberized concrete was found comparatively less than ordinary
concrete. With the increase in the percentage of rubber in concrete the density of
it decreases. The density of concrete greatly depends upon the amount of air
entrained or air entrapped, water-cement ratio, which in turn depends upon the
size of aggregates.

c) Effect on Compressive Strength:

Compressive tests are considered as the most convenient test for evaluating the
quality of the Concrete. The conducted various tests on rubberized concrete,

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

having tyre articles and crumb rubber and found that there is a reduction of 85%
in compressive strength and about 50% of reduction in split tensile strength but
showed large absorption of energy.

d) Effect on Tensile Strength:

The tensile strength of rubberized concrete decreases but the strain at failure
increases correspondingly. Higher tensile strain at failure is indicative of more
energy absorbent mixes.

4.4 Concrete mix design :-

Concrete mix design is the process of finding the proportions of concrete mix in
terms of ratios of cement, sand and coarse aggregates. For e.g. a concrete mix of
proportions 1:1.5:3 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio
1:1.5:3 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and
four parts of coarse aggregate. The concrete mix design proportions are either by
volume or by mass.

Requirements for concrete mix design:-

 The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of
concrete.

 The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength

of concrete.

 Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as

possible within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
 The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
 The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to
the size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and
technique used for transportation, placing and compaction.

 Mix Design (M) = Cement: Sand :Aggregate

 Types of Concrete Mix Ratio – Mix Designs :-
 a) Nominal Concrete Mix Ratios :-

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

 In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of

cement, fine and coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate
ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed nominal mixes.
 Nominal mixes offer simplicity and under normal circumstances, have a
margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the variability of
mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in
strength.
 Nominal mix ratios for concrete are M15, 1:1.5:3 for M20 etc.
 b) Standard Mixes or Ratio :-
 The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely
in strength and may result in under or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the
minimum compressive strength has been included in many specifications.
These mixes are termed standard mixes.
 IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as
M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M
refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix

in N/mm2.

 The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to
the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.
 Designed Mix Ratio of Concrete :-
 In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer
but the mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except
that the minimum cement content can be laid down. This is most rational
approach to the selection of mix proportions with specific materials in mind
possessing more or less unique characteristics.
 The approach results in the production of concrete with the appropriate
properties most economically. However, the designed mix does not serve as a
guide since this does not guarantee the correct mix proportions for the
prescribed performance.
For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes
(prescribed in the codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by
slump) may be used only for very small jobs, when the 28-day strength of
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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm2. No control testing is necessary reliance

being placed on the masses of the ingredients. We have adopted, Design Mix
Type.

Procedure:-
1) Target strength of mix proportion
f[targate]= fck + 1.65s
= 20 + 1.65 x 4
= 26.6 N/mm2

2) Determination of w/c ratio As nominal aggregate size is 20 mm, w/c ratio = 0.45

3) Selection of water content For 50 mm slump, maximum water content =186 litre
As lump is 10 mm water content = 186+(6/100x186)

= 197
Based on experience and trials with super plasticizer, adopt 29% reduction in
water content = 192 x 0.71

= 140 lit.

4) Calculation of cement content Cement content = water content/ w/c ratio

= 140 / 0.4
= 350 kg/m3

5) Proportion of volume of C.A and F.A content

Volume of C.A is corrected at rate of 0.01 for every 0.05 change in w/c ratio
Proportion of C.A volume = 0.6 + 0.02 = 0.62
Proportion of volume of F.A = 1 - 0.62 = 0.38

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

6) Mix calculation
The mix proportion per unit volume of concrete is as follows:
a) volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) vol. of cement = (350/ 3.15)x(1/1000)
= 0.111 m3
c) vol. of water = (140 / 1)x(1/1000)
= 0.14 m3
d) vol. of all in aggregate = a – (b+c)
= 1- (0.111+0.14)
= 0.98 m3
e) mass of C.A = 0.715 x 0.56 x (2.74 x 1000)
= 1097 kg
f) mass of F.A. = 0.749 x 0.44 x (2.74 x 1000)

= 862 kg

7) Mix proportion for trial 1 per m3 concrete

i. w/c ratio = 0.4

ii. Watre = 140 kg/m3
iii. Cement = 350 kg /m3
iv. F.A = 862 kg/m3
v. C.A = 1097 kg/m3

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

4.5 Implementation of mix design:-

Mix proportion

Table No. 4 Mix proportion

Grade of Target mean

Sr. No. W/c ratio Mix proportion
Concrete Strength N/mm2
1 M20 20 0.45 1: 1.5: 3

Material quantities

Table No. 5 Material quantities for 3 cubes

Sr No. Replacement Cement Sand Tyre dust Aggregate Water

(%) (kg) (kg) (kg) (lit)
(kg)

1 0 3.54 5.31 0 10.62 1.42

2 5 3.54 5.04 0.26 10.62 1.42

3 10 3.54 4.78 0.53 10.62 1.42

4 15 3.54 4.52 0.79 10.62 1.42

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 FOR 7 DAYS: Results for 7 days testing are shown below.
5.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (M20)

Table No. 6 Results of compressive strength for 7 days

% Comp. Strength Avg. comp Strength

Sample No.
Replacement (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

S1 22.31

0% S2 22.83 22.74

S3 23.13

S1 17.06

5% S2 16.96 17.05

S3 17.12

S1 14.12

10% S2 14.28 14.09

S3 13.89

S1 9.13

15% S2 9.21 9.10

S3 8.97

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 B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

Comprehensive strenght for 7 days

25

20

15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15%

Percentage of sand replacement

5.1.2 DISCUSSION
 Results for compressive strength for 7 days are shown in table.
 Maximum compressive strength is 22.85 N/mm2 at 5% replacement of sand by
scrap tyre rubber powder it is 30% greater than compressive strength of
conventional concrete.
 So replacement is desirable upto 10% but at 15% strength reduces considerably


38
B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

5.2 FOR 28 DAYS: Tests results for 28 days testing are shown below.

5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (M20)

Table No. 7 Results of compressive strength for 28 days

Comp Strength Avg. comp strength
% Replacement Sample No.
(N/mm2) s(N/mm2)
S1 27.96
0% S2 28.17 28.08
S3 28.12
S1 26.02
5% S2 26.56 26.29
S3 26.30
S1 22.18
10% S2 22.08 22.46
S3 23.12
S1 17.15
15% S2 16.96 17.33
S3 17.89

Comprehensive strength for 28 days

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of sand replacement

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

5.2.2 DISCUSSION

 Results of compressive strength for 28 days is shown in table.

 Max compressive strength is 29.70 N/mm2 for 5% replacement which is 18.51%

more than compressive strength of conventional concrete.

 There is increase in compressive strength of concrete for 5% and 10% of sand by

tyre rubber powder.

 Strength reduces by 2% for 15% replacement.

From present study following points can be concluded

 From results, increase in compressive strength was observed to be 18.50%, when

sand was replaced by tyre rubber powder by 5%.

 There was little rise by 8% for 10% replacement of sand.

 Strength reduction was by 2% for 15% replacement of sand by tyre rubber

powder.

 Hence use of tyre rubber powder is beneficial for 5-10%, for compressive
strength. But, 15% of tyre rubber degrades the properties of concrete. So, use of
15% of tyre rubber powder is undesirable.

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CONCLUSION

 The test conducted on materials like Aggregate, Sand, Cement and rubber
having all test results within permissible limit as per IS codes.
 The modified concrete mix using recycled tires performs satisfactorily on
various tests, with Acknowledgement to the proportional relationship
between its rates of strength-loss and contain of the rubber in the mix.
Mixing, casting and compacting the concrete mix using waste tyre rubber
dust with local materials can be carried out in a similar fashion to that of
traditional concrete mix.
 Modified concrete casted using waste tyre rubber dust as a replacement to
fine aggregate shows reduction in density of concrete compare to traditional
concrete.
 As density of concrete is reduces, self-weight of the structure is reduces.
Therefore design becomes economical.
 Up to 5% replacement of waste tyre rubber dust, compressive strength is
nearly equal to compressive strength of traditional concrete at 28 days.
 The test result of this study indicate that there is a great potential for the
utilization of waste tyre rubber dust in concrete mixes up to 5%.

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

CHAPTER 7

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B.E.(Civil) Reuse of tyre waste dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

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