International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume: 3 | Issue: 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470

Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Assessment

Anupam Jain1, Prof. Madhuvan Dixit2
1PG Scholar, 2Assistant Professor
1,2Department of CSE, MIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

How to cite this paper: Anupam Jain | ABSTRACT

Prof. Madhuvan Dixit "Analysis of In the past decades, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a wide area of
Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An research. In WSN, numerous sensor nodes are randomly setup with different
Assessment" Published in International energy level. Energy acts as power source and is available to each sensor node in
Journal of Trend in Scientific Research limited quantity. The limiting factor is that sensor nodes are energy constrained
and Development and recharging or replacing battery is costly and complex process. This paper
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- explores the different energy consumption factors which effect the lifetime and
6470, Volume-3 | performance of the WSN’s. The main factors which effect the energy
Issue-3, April 2019, consumption in WSN’s are scalability, load balancing, reliability, communication,
pp.267-271, URL: collision, over-hearing, ideal listing and latency. Researchers have proved that
http://www.ijtsrd.co the node near to sink node discharge very fastly. Apart from these, most of the
m/papers/ijtsrd227 IJTSRD22789 energy is consumed during the transfer of data from sender to receiver. In this
89.pdf paper effort is made to analyze the effect of different factors on energy
consumption in WSN’s.
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy efficiency, Scalability, Load balancing,
Journal. This is an Open Access article Reliability, Over-hearing, Latency
distributed under
the terms of the
Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0)
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN’s) is a network consisting of weighted probability. The node having highest weight
numerous sensor nodes. A sensor node(SN) is a probability has more chance to become a CH. Weight
multifunctional, low-power and low-cost tiny size device. SNs probability is the ratio of residual energy of node and average
are randomly deployed over a zone to measure various energy of wireless sensor network.
phenomena like humidity, moisture, vibrations and many
more. By enhancing the capabilities of sensor nodes,
realization of WSNs based on the collaborative effort of
sensor nodes is easy[1]. SN has four basic components
Sensing unit, Processing unit, Transceiver unit and Power
unit are shown in Figure 1.SNsare broadly classified as
normal nodes, advanced nodes and super nodes. Apparently,
the normal nodes have the least energy level, the advanced
nodes have more energy than the normal nodes and the
super nodes have the highest level of energy[2].The major
advantages of SNs in comparison to the normal nodes are
their ability to operate in harsh environment in which
contemporary monitoring is risky and sometime not feasible.
SN’s are established randomly in field of interest by
uncontrolled means like dropped by a helicopter etc. The
general architecture of WSN’s is shown in Figure 2. SNs
collect data and transmit to the base station or sink node[3].
Therefore data collection can be single hop or multi-hop. Sink Figure 1: Components of sensor node
node is an intermediate node which receives the data from
the sensor field and transmits over the internet. In WSN’s,
SNs are randomly setup in a geographical region. This region
is divided into sub-regions called clusters. In each cluster, one
of the node is selected as cluster head (CH) and the remaining
nodes are cluster members[4]. CH is chosen on the basis of

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
performance. Secondly, it proposes an on-demand source
cross-layer routing protocol ensuring selection of best routes
based on energy level and channel quality indicator for the
multi-hop inter-cluster data transmission. Lastly, an unequal
cluster size technique based on cluster head residual energy
and distance away from the base station is utilized. This
technique balances the energy among clusters and avoids
early network partitioning. This work further presents the
analytical performance model for energy consumption and
delay of the proposed communication framework. The
performance measures used for evaluation are energy
consumption, delay, and network lifetime. The results
indicate that combining routing and MAC schemes conserves
energy better than utilizing MAC scheme alone.(Maria
Sefuba, Tom Walingo; 2018)

Figure 2: WSN’s architecture 3-axis accelerometer is a widely adopted device for

applications such as fall detection of the elders, kinematic
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Sections II analysis, building/bridge/landslide monitoring, and so on.
presents the related work on various aspects of energy To retrieve the sensing data in real time, one may use a
management in WSNs. Discussion of various energy wireless module to forward those data to a gateway or
consumption protocols is carried out in section III and server. For outdoor applications, Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4
Section IV concludes the paper. technology is often the candidate because it is cost effective
and easy to be purchased in the market. However,
II. RELATED WORK transmission range, energy consumption and network
Internet of thing (IoT) is not only a promising research topic capacity are key factors in designing an outdoor system.
but also a blooming industrial trend. Although the basic idea (Yaw-Wen Kuo and Cho-Long Li; 2017).
is to bring things or objects into the Internet, there are
various approaches because an IoT system is highly Time-synchronized channel hopping (TSCH) is currently the
application oriented. In addition to the design of a most efficient solution for collision-free, interference
customized hardware for range extension, a new avoiding communications in ad hoc wireless networks, such
synchronization scheme and a burst transmission feature as wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, and
are also presented to boost the network capacity and reduce networks of robots or drones. However, all variants of TSCH
the energy waste. As a result, the proposed platform can require some form of centralized coordination to maintain
fulfill the high throughput requirement for high-rate the time-frequency slotting mechanism. This leads to slow
applications and the requirement of long battery life for low- convergence to steady state and moderate time-frequency
rate applications at the same time. We have developed a test slot utilization, especially under node churn or mobility. We
bed in our campus to validate the proposed system.(Yaw- propose decentralized timesynchronized channel swapping
Wen Kuo, Cho-Long Li, Jheng-Han Jhang and Sam Lin; (DT-SCS), a novel protocol for medium access control (MAC)
2018) in ad hoc wireless networks. Under the proposed protocol,
nodes first converge to synchronous beacon packet
In wireless sensors networks, the sensor nodes are densely transmissions across all available channels at the physical
deployed. Owing to this excessive deployment of sensor layer, with balanced number of nodes in each channel.
nodes, each target is covered by multiple sensors at a time. (George Smart, Nikos Deligiannis, Rosario Surace,
To prolong the network lifetime, the authors can schedule Valeria Loscri, Giancarlo Fortino and Yiannis
the sensor activity in such a way that only a subset of sensor Andreopoulos; 2016).
nodes, called cover set, is sufficient enough to cover all the
targets. In this study, they propose an energy-efficient We have witnessed the Fixed Internet emerging with
scheduling algorithm based on learning automata for target virtually every computer being connected today; we are
coverage problem. The learning automata-based technique currently witnessing the emergence of the Mobile Internet
helps a sensor node to select its appropriate state (either with the exponential explosion of smart phones, tablets and
active or sleep). To prove the effectiveness of their proposed net-books. However, both will be dwarfed by the anticipated
scheduling method, they conduct a detailed set of emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), in which everyday
simulations and compare the performance of their algorithm objects are able to connect to the Internet, tweet or be
with the existing algorithms.(Manju, Satish Chand, queried. Whilst the impact onto economies and societies
Bijender Kumar; 2018) around the world is undisputed, the technologies facilitating
such a ubiquitous connectivity have struggled so far and only
This work presents a combined energy-efficient medium recently commenced to take shape. To this end, this paper
access control (MAC) and routing protocol for large-scale introduces in a timely manner the cornerstones of a
wireless sensor networks that aims to minimize energy technically and commercially viable IoT which includes a
consumption and prolong the network lifetime. The detailed discussion on the particular standard of choice at
proposed communication framework employs the following each protocol layer. This stack is shown to meet the
measures to enhance the network energy efficiency. Firstly, important criteria of power-efficiency, reliability and
it provides an adaptive intra-cluster schedule to arbitrate Internet connectivity. Industrial applications have been the
media access of sensor nodes within a cluster, minimizing early adopters of this stack, which has become the de-facto
idle listening on sensor nodes, leading to improved energy standard, thereby bootstraping early IoT developments.

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Corroborated throughout this paper and by emerging Energy management in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is
industry alliances, we believe that a standardized approach, of paramount importance for the remotely deployed energy
using latest developments in the IEEE 802.15.4 and IETF stringent sensor nodes. These nodes are typically powered
working groups, is the only way forward. (Maria Rita by attached batteries. Several battery-driven energy
Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Xavier Vilajosana, Thomas conservation schemes are proposed to ensure energy
Watteyne, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, Gennaro Boggia and efficient network operation. The constraints associated to
Mischa Dohler; 2016) the limited battery capacity shifted the research trend
towards finding alternate sources by harvesting ambient
The main concern in Wireless Sensor Networks is how to energy. This survey presents a high level taxonomy of energy
handle with their limited energy resources. The performance management in WSNs. We analyze different battery-driven
of Wireless Sensor Networks strongly depends on their energy consumption based schemes and energy harvesting
lifetime. As a result, Dynamic Power Management based energy provision schemes. We also highlight the
approaches with the purpose of reduction of energy recent breakthrough of wireless energy transference to a
consumption in sensor nodes, after deployment and sensor node as an alternative to typical batteries. We
designing of the network. Recently, there have been a strong recommend take into account recent energy provisioning
interest to use intelligent tools especially Neural Networks in advancements in parallel with the traditional energy
energy efficient approaches of Wireless Sensor Networks, conservation approaches for a sensor network while
due to their simple parallel distributed computation, designing energy efficient schemes.(Junaid Ahmed Khan,
distributed storage, data robustness, auto classification of Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi and Adnan Iqbal, “Energy
sensor nodes and sensor reading. This paper presents a new management in Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey”,
centralized adaptive Energy Based Clustering protocol https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01283728, 2015)
through the application of Self organizing map neural
networks (called EBC-S) which can cluster sensor nodes, III. DISCUSSION
based on multi parameters; energy level and coordinates of Various protocols discussed in section II are analyzed and
sensor nodes. We applied some maximum energy nodes as their outcomes/methodology are presented in tabular form
weights of SOM map units; so that the nodes with higher as shown in table I. WSN approaches discussed in section-II
energy attract the nearest nodes with lower energy levels. have been categorized into three main catagories: data-
Therefore, formed clusters may not necessarily contain centric routing protocol, hierarchical protocols and
adjacent nodes. The new algorithm enables us to form aggregation based protocols. In the field of WSN’s, LEACH
energy balanced clusters and equally distribute energy protocol solves the problem of energy consumption due
consumption. Simulation results and comparison with rotation of cluster heads in setup phase of cluster
previous protocols( LEACH and LEA2C) prove that our new formation[4]. In LEACH, data gathering problem developed
algorithm is able to extend the lifetime of the does not reach an optimal solution. PEGASIS protocol was
network.(Mohammad Ali Azimi kashani and Hassan developed for solving data gathering problem. The key point
Ziafat; 2016) of PEGASIS is to make chain to nearest sensor node so that
each node can receive and transmit data to closest SN[5].
The increasing complexity of Wireless Sensor Networks PEGASIS gives better performance in comparison to LEACH.
(WSNs) is leading towards the deployment of complex In both LEACH and PEGASIS network simulators are used to
networked systems and the optimal design of WSNs can be a measure the efficiency of WSN’s. LEACH doesn’t have the
very difficult task because several constraints and data-centric routing capability. A new protocol called REEP
requirements must be considered, among all the power was developed for reliable and energy efficient data-centric
consumption. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy logic based routing[6]. In data-centric routing, the BS sends queries to
mechanism that according to the battery level and to the certain regions and waits for data from deployed sensors,
ratio of Throughput to Workload determines the sleeping hence data is collected through queries. EEHCA was
time of sensor devices in a Wireless Sensor Network for developed to overcome the problem of load balancing. EEHCA
environmental monitoring based on the IEEE 802.15.4 is a hierarchical and data aggregation based WSN protocol.
protocol. The main aim here is to find an effective solution EEHCA increased the WSN’s lifetime with the help of backup
that achieves the target while avoiding complex and cluster heads. In EEHCA if the primary CH is depleted of all its
computationally expensive solutions, which would not be energy then secondary CH manages the load. EEHC was
appropriate for the problem at hand and would impair the developed for energy efficiency maximization on the basis of
practical applicability of the approach in real scenarios. The weighted election probability of their residual energy.To fulfil
results of several real test-bed scenarios show that the the objective of energy efficient and load balancing scheme, a
proposed system outperforms other solutions, significantly approach called S-EECP and M-EECP was developed. In S-
reducing the whole power consumption while maintaining EECP the single hop communication is established inside the
good performance in terms of the ratio of throughput to clusters between non-CHs and CHs whereas multi-hop
workload. An implementation on off-the-shelf devices proves communication is established between CHs and BS by M-
that the proposed controller does not require powerful EECP[10]. The latest protocol for achieving the mobility and
hardware and can be easily implemented on a low-cost decreasing the delay in transmission of data is VELCT. VELCT
device, thus paving the way for extensive usage in construct the DCT based on cluster head location which helps
practice.(Giovanni Pau, “Power Consumption Reduction in reducing the end to end delay of network.
for Wireless Sensor Networks Using A Fuzzy Approach”,
International Journal of Engineering and Technology
Innovation, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016)

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Table 1: Comparative analysis of different algorithms and protocol

Further in depth analyzation the effect of different parameter such as load balancing, reliability, ideal listening and latency in
data transmission. The first factor, load balancing is the distribution of energy load throughout the WSN’s for maximizing the
network lifetime. The primary objective of protocol listed in Table 2 is balancing the energy load and providing a reliable
communication between SNs[9]. Reliability means protocol is working according to their functionality or specification without
any failure. Ideal-listening occurs when a node is not receiving any message but still in an active state for incoming messages,
hence the energy is consumed. In order to reduce the energy consumption due to idle-listening in WSN a protocol called Sparse
Topology and Energy Management (STEM) has been developed. STEM efficiently wakes up nodes from a sleep state to active
state when there is any message to receive. However the nodes don’t suffer from idle-listening. Latency means delay in packet
transmission; hence more energy is consumed if packet takes a long route. REEP, S-EECP, M-EECP and VLECT protocol suffer
with problem of ideal-listening.

Table 2: Effect of various techniques over selected parameters

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
On analyzation of WSN protocols we have found some [5] Arvind Kumar, Damanpreet Singh, “Importance of
research gapes. In EEHCA the data transmission capability Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”, An
and inter cluster communication can be improved. The REEP International Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 17,
protocol has been designed for static nodes only so it can 2016.
also be design for mobile node which will helpful for tracking
[6] George Smart, Nikos Deligiannis, Rosario Surace,
moving devices. In REEP lots of energy is waste when the
Valeria Loscri, Giancarlo Fortino and Yiannis
node in active mode so it’s also design for sleep or active
Andreopoulos, “Decentralized Time-Synchronized
mode operation for saving energy and lifetime of WSN is
Channel Swapping for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks”,
increases.
IEEE Transaction of Wireless Network, 2016.
Another interesting issue in energy consumption protocols is [7] Maria Rita Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Xavier
the selection of cluster head among available sensor nodes. A Vilajosana, Thomas Watteyne, Luigi Alfredo Grieco,
cluster head perform data aggregation and transmition to Gennaro Boggia and Mischa Dohler, “Standardized
BS. Many researchers have been done in WSNs to build Protocol Stack For The Internet Of (Important) Things”,
optimized clusters with efficient and reliable data collection IEEE Conference of IoT, 2016.
techniques, but still there are research gaps in cluster
[8] Mohammad Ali Azimi kashani and Hassan Ziafat, “A
formation and CH selection. Most of the protocol assumes
method for Reduction of Energy Consumption in
that sink node is stationary. However there are some
Wireless Sensor Network with using Neural Networks”,
situations where the sink node is mobile like a battlefield
IEEE Conference of Wireless Sensor Network, 2016.
where the information of enemy and battleships current
location are frequently transmitted to the control rooms [9] Giovanni Pau, “Power Consumption Reduction for
hence the sensors energy drains rapidly. So new protocols Wireless Sensor Networks Using A Fuzzy Approach”,
are needed for handling the changes in topology and International Journal of Engineering and Technology
mobility overhead. Innovation, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016.
[10] Junaid Ahmed Khan, Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi and
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
Adnan Iqbal “Energy management in Wireless Sensor
At present, WSNs is an emerging research area. In this paper
Networks: A survey”, https://hal.archives-
we have summarized the WSNs protocols and proposed a
ouvertes.fr/hal-01283728, 2015.
comparative study based on the data-centric routing,
hierarchical and aggregation based protocol. Furthermore, [11] Keshav Sood, Shui Yu and Yong Xiang, “Software
the protocol is classified based on the energy consumption Defined Wireless Networking Opportunities and
factors like latency, load balancing and energy efficiency. Challenges for Internet of Things: A Review”, IEEE
Although many of WSN protocol look promising but still there internet of things journal, 2015.
are many challenges that needs to be solved in WSNs. We
highlight those challenges and pointing out future research in [12] Ala Al-Fuqaha, Mohsen Guizani, Mehdi Mohammadi,
the direction to solve energy consumption problem to be Mohammed Aledhari and Moussa Ayyash, “Internet of
solved in WSNs. We highlight those challenges and pointing Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols,
out future research in the direction to solve energy and Applications”, IEEE communication surveys &
consumption problem. tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, fourth quarter 2015.
[13] Antonio Guerrieri, Giancarlo Fortino and Wilma Russo,
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