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AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

OpenCL User Guide

October 2014

rev1.0
© 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. AMD, the AMD Arrow logo,
AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing, the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing logo, ATI,
the ATI logo, Radeon, FireStream, FirePro, Catalyst, and combinations thereof are trade-
marks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Microsoft, Visual Studio, Windows, and Windows
Vista are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S. and/or other jurisdic-
tions. Other names are for informational purposes only and may be trademarks of their
respective owners. OpenCL and the OpenCL logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. used by
permission by Khronos.

The contents of this document are provided in connection with Advanced Micro Devices,
Inc. (“AMD”) products. AMD makes no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and reserves the right to
make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. The
information contained herein may be of a preliminary or advance nature and is subject to
change without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or other-
wise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this publication. Except as set forth
in AMD’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, AMD assumes no liability whatsoever,
and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not
limited to, the implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or
infringement of any intellectual property right.

AMD’s products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as compo-
nents in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in other applications
intended to support or sustain life, or in any other application in which the failure of AMD’s
product could create a situation where personal injury, death, or severe property or envi-
ronmental damage may occur. AMD reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to
its products at any time without notice.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

One AMD Place
P.O. Box 3453
Sunnyvale, CA 94088-3453
www.amd.com

For AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing:

URL: developer.amd.com/appsdk
Developing: developer.amd.com/
Forum: developer.amd.com/openclforum

ii
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

Preface

About This Document

This document provides a basic description of the AMD Accelerated Parallel
Processing environment and components. It describes the basic architecture of
compute and stream processors. This document also provides a guide for
programmers who want to use AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing to
accelerate their applications.

Audience
This document is intended for programmers. It assumes prior experience in
writing code for CPUs and a basic understanding of threads (work-items). While
a basic understanding of GPU architectures is useful, this document does not
assume prior graphics knowledge. It further assumes an understanding of
chapters 1, 2, and 3 of the OpenCL Specification (for the latest version, see
http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/ ).

Organization
This AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing document begins, in Chapter 1, with
an overview of: the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing programming models,
OpenCL, and the AMD Compute Abstraction Layer (CAL). Chapter 2 discusses
the AMD implementation of OpenCL. Chapter 3 discusses the compiling and
running of OpenCL programs. Chapter 4 describes using the AMD CodeXL GPU
Debugger and the GNU debugger (GDB) to debug OpenCL programs. Chapter 5
provides information about the extension that defines the OpenCL Static C++
kernel language, which is a form of the ISO/IEC Programming languages C++
specification. Appendix A describes the supported optional OpenCL extensions.
Appendix B details the installable client driver (ICD) for OpenCL. Appendix C
details the compute kernel and contrasts it with a pixel shader. Appendix C
describes the OpenCL binary image format (BIF). Appendix D provides a
hardware overview of pre-GCN devices. Appendix E describes the
interoperability between OpenCL and OpenGL. Appendix F describes the new
and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0. The last section of this book is an
index.

Preface iii
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

Conventions
The following conventions are used in this document.

mono-spaced font A filename, file path, or code.

* Any number of alphanumeric characters in the name of a code format, parameter,

or instruction.

[1,2) A range that includes the left-most value (in this case, 1) but excludes the right-most
value (in this case, 2).

[1,2] A range that includes both the left-most and right-most values (in this case, 1 and 2).

{x | y} One of the multiple options listed. In this case, x or y.

0.0f A single-precision (32-bit) floating-point value.

0.0 A double-precision (64-bit) floating-point value.

1011b A binary value, in this example a 4-bit value.

7:4 A bit range, from bit 7 to 4, inclusive. The high-order bit is shown first.

italicized word or phrase The first use of a term or concept basic to the understanding of stream computing.

Related Documents
 The OpenCL Specification, Version 1.1, Published by Khronos OpenCL
Working Group, Aaftab Munshi (ed.), 2010.
 The OpenCL Specification, Version 2.0, Published by Khronos OpenCL
Working Group, Aaftab Munshi (ed.), 2013.
 AMD, R600 Technology, R600 Instruction Set Architecture, Sunnyvale, CA,
est. pub. date 2007. This document includes the RV670 GPU instruction
details.
 ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 - International Standard - Programming Languages - C
 Kernighan Brian W., and Ritchie, Dennis M., The C Programming Language,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1978.
 I. Buck, T. Foley, D. Horn, J. Sugerman, K. Fatahalian, M. Houston, and P.
Hanrahan, “Brook for GPUs: stream computing on graphics hardware,” ACM
Trans. Graph., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 777–786, 2004.
 AMD Compute Abstraction Layer (CAL) Intermediate Language (IL)
Reference Manual. Published by AMD.
 Buck, Ian; Foley, Tim; Horn, Daniel; Sugerman, Jeremy; Hanrahan, Pat;
Houston, Mike; Fatahalian, Kayvon. “BrookGPU”
http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/brookgpu/
 Buck, Ian. “Brook Spec v0.2”. October 31, 2003.
http://merrimac.stanford.edu/brook/brookspec-05-20-03.pdf
 OpenGL Programming Guide, at http://www.glprogramming.com/red/
 Microsoft DirectX Reference Website, at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/directx

iv Preface
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

 GPGPU: http://www.gpgpu.org, and Stanford BrookGPU discussion forum

http://www.gpgpu.org/forums/

Contact Information
URL: developer.amd.com/appsdk
Developing: developer.amd.com/
Forum: developer.amd.com/openclforum

Preface v
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

vi Preface
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AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

Contents

Preface

Contents

Chapter 1
OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing
1.1 Terminology ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 OpenCL Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 Programming Model ........................................................................................................................ 1-3
1.4 Synchronization ............................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.5 Memory Architecture and Access.................................................................................................. 1-5
1.5.1 Data Share Operations ....................................................................................................1-7
1.5.2 Dataflow in Memory Hierarchy .......................................................................................1-8
1.5.3 Memory Access ................................................................................................................1-9
1.5.4 Global Memory ...............................................................................................................1-10
1.5.5 Image Read/Write ...........................................................................................................1-10
1.6 Example Programs......................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.6.1 First Example: Simple Buffer Write .............................................................................1-10
1.6.2 Example: SAXPY Function............................................................................................1-14
1.6.3 Example: Parallel Min() Function .................................................................................1-19

Chapter 2
AMD Implementation
2.1 The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Implementation of OpenCL ................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Work-Item Processing .....................................................................................................2-4
2.1.2 Work-Item Creation ..........................................................................................................2-4
2.1.3 Flow Control .....................................................................................................................2-4
2.2 Hardware Overview for GCN Devices ........................................................................................... 2-6
2.2.1 Key differences between pre-GCN and GCN devices .................................................2-7
2.2.2 Key differences between Southern Islands, Sea Islands, and Volcanic Islands families
2-8
2.3 Communication Between Host and the GPU Compute Device.................................................. 2-8
2.3.1 Processing API Calls: The Command Processor ........................................................2-9
2.3.2 DMA Transfers ..................................................................................................................2-9
2.3.3 Masking Visible Devices................................................................................................2-10
2.4 Wavefront Scheduling ................................................................................................................... 2-10

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Chapter 3
Building and Running OpenCL Programs
3.1 Compiling the Program ................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 Compiling on Windows ...................................................................................................3-2
3.1.2 Compiling on Linux .........................................................................................................3-3
3.1.3 Supported Standard OpenCL Compiler Options..........................................................3-4
3.1.4 AMD-Developed Supplemental Compiler Options .......................................................3-4
3.2 Running the Program ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.1 Running Code on Windows............................................................................................3-6
3.2.2 Running Code on Linux ..................................................................................................3-7
3.3 Calling Conventions ........................................................................................................................ 3-7

Chapter 4
Debugging OpenCL
4.1 AMD CodeXL GPU Debugger ......................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Debugging CPU Kernels with GDB ............................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Setting the Environment .................................................................................................4-2
4.2.2 Setting the Breakpoint in an OpenCL Kernel...............................................................4-2
4.2.3 Sample GDB Session ......................................................................................................4-3
4.2.4 Notes..................................................................................................................................4-4

Chapter 5
OpenCL Static C++ Programming Language
5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Supported Features .........................................................................................................5-1
5.1.2 Unsupported Features.....................................................................................................5-2
5.1.3 Relations with ISO/IEC C++ ............................................................................................5-2
5.2 Additions and Changes to Section 5 - The OpenCL C Runtime ............................................... 5-2
5.2.1 Additions and Changes to Section 5.7.1 - Creating Kernel Objects .........................5-2
5.2.2 Passing Classes between Host and Device .................................................................5-3
5.3 Additions and Changes to Section 6 - The OpenCL C Programming Language .................... 5-3
5.3.1 Building C++ Kernels.......................................................................................................5-3
5.3.2 Classes and Derived Classes.........................................................................................5-3
5.3.3 Namespaces......................................................................................................................5-4
5.3.4 Overloading.......................................................................................................................5-4
5.3.5 Templates ..........................................................................................................................5-5
5.3.6 Exceptions ........................................................................................................................5-6
5.3.7 Libraries ............................................................................................................................5-6
5.3.8 Dynamic Operation ..........................................................................................................5-6
5.4 Examples........................................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.4.1 Passing a Class from the Host to the Device and Back ............................................5-6
5.4.2 Kernel Overloading ..........................................................................................................5-7
5.4.3 Kernel Template................................................................................................................5-8

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Chapter 6
OpenCL 2.0
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) ........................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2.1 Overview............................................................................................................................6-1
6.2.2 Usage.................................................................................................................................6-3
Coarse-grained memory ..................................................................................................6-4
6.3 Generic Address Space .................................................................................................................. 6-5
6.3.1 Overview............................................................................................................................6-5
6.3.2 Usage.................................................................................................................................6-6
Generic example...............................................................................................................6-6
AMD APP SDK example ..................................................................................................6-6
6.4 Device-side enqueue ....................................................................................................................... 6-7
6.4.1 Overview............................................................................................................................6-7
6.4.2 Usage.................................................................................................................................6-8
Iterate until convergence ................................................................................................6-8
Data-dependent refinement.............................................................................................6-8
Extracting Primes from an array by using device-side enqueue...............................6-9
Binary search using device enqueue (or kernel enqueue).......................................6-15
6.5 Atomics and synchronization....................................................................................................... 6-18
6.5.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-18
6.5.2 Usage...............................................................................................................................6-18
Atomic Loads/Stores .....................................................................................................6-19
Atomic Compare and Exchange (CAS) .......................................................................6-20
Atomic Fetch...................................................................................................................6-20
6.6 Pipes................................................................................................................................................ 6-21
6.6.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-21
6.6.2 Functions for accessing pipes .....................................................................................6-22
6.6.3 Usage...............................................................................................................................6-23
6.7 Sub-groups ..................................................................................................................................... 6-24
6.7.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-24
6.8 Program-scope global Variables .................................................................................................. 6-24
6.8.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-24
6.9 Image Enhancements .................................................................................................................... 6-24
6.9.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-24
6.9.2 sRGB................................................................................................................................6-25
6.9.3 Depth images..................................................................................................................6-27
6.10 Non-uniform work group size....................................................................................................... 6-28
6.10.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6-28
6.11 Portability considerations ............................................................................................................. 6-28
6.11.1 Migrating from OpenCL 1.2 to OpenCL 2.0 ................................................................6-28
6.11.2 Identifying implementation specifics...........................................................................6-29

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Appendix A
OpenCL Optional Extensions
A.1 Extension Name Convention ..........................................................................................................A-1
A.2 Querying Extensions for a Platform..............................................................................................A-1
A.3 Querying Extensions for a Device.................................................................................................A-2
A.4 Using Extensions in Kernel Programs..........................................................................................A-2
A.5 Getting Extension Function Pointers ............................................................................................A-3
A.6 List of Supported Extensions that are Khronos-Approved........................................................A-3
A.7 cl_ext Extensions.........................................................................................................................A-4
A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions ..................................................................................................A-4
A.8.1 cl_amd_fp64................................................................................................................. A-4
A.8.2 cl_amd_vec3................................................................................................................. A-4
A.8.3 cl_amd_device_persistent_memory.................................................................. A-4
A.8.4 cl_amd_device_attribute_query....................................................................... A-5
cl_device_profiling_timer_offset_amd....................................................... A-5
cl_amd_device_topology........................................................................................ A-5
cl_amd_device_board_name................................................................................... A-5
A.8.5 cl_amd_compile_options ...................................................................................... A-6
A.8.6 cl_amd_offline_devices....................................................................................... A-6
A.8.7 cl_amd_event_callback.......................................................................................... A-6
A.8.8 cl_amd_popcnt............................................................................................................ A-7
A.8.9 cl_amd_media_ops..................................................................................................... A-7
A.8.10 cl_amd_media_ops2................................................................................................... A-9
A.8.11 cl_amd_printf.......................................................................................................... A-12
A.8.12 cl_amd_predefined_macros................................................................................. A-13
A.8.13 cl_amd_bus_addressable_memory..................................................................... A-14
A.9 Supported Functions for cl_amd_fp64 / cl_khr_fp64.......................................................A-15
A.10 Extension Support by Device.......................................................................................................A-15

Appendix B
The OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD)
B.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................B-1
B.2 Using ICD..........................................................................................................................................B-1

Appendix C
OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF) v2.0
C.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................C-1
C.1.1 Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) Header........................................................... C-2
C.1.2 Bitness.............................................................................................................................. C-3
C.2 BIF Options.......................................................................................................................................C-3

Appendix D

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Hardware overview of pre-GCN devices

Appendix E
OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability
E.1 Under Windows ................................................................................................................................E-1
E.1.1 Single GPU Environment ............................................................................................... E-2
Creating CL Context from a GL Context...................................................................... E-2
E.1.2 Multi-GPU Environment .................................................................................................. E-4
Creating CL context from a GL context ....................................................................... E-4
E.1.3 Limitations ....................................................................................................................... E-7
E.2 Linux Operating System .................................................................................................................E-7
E.2.1 Single GPU Environment ............................................................................................... E-7
Creating CL Context from a GL Context...................................................................... E-7
E.2.2 Multi-GPU Configuration .............................................................................................. E-10
Creating CL Context from a GL Context.................................................................... E-10
E.3 Additional GL Formats Supported...............................................................................................E-13

Appendix F
New and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0
F.1 New built-in functions in OpenCL 2.0 ........................................................................................... F-1
F.1.1 Work Item Functions....................................................................................................... F-1
F.1.2 Integer functions ............................................................................................................. F-1
F.1.3 Synchronization Functions ............................................................................................ F-1
F.1.4 Address space quailfier functions ................................................................................ F-2
F.1.5 Atomic functions ............................................................................................................. F-2
F.1.6 Image Read and Write Functions.................................................................................. F-2
F.1.7 Work group functions..................................................................................................... F-2
F.1.8 Pipe functions.................................................................................................................. F-3
F.1.9 Enqueueing Kernels........................................................................................................ F-3
F.1.10 Sub-groups ...................................................................................................................... F-4
F.2 Deprecated built-ins......................................................................................................................... F-4
F.3 New runtime APIs in OpenCL 2.0 .................................................................................................. F-6
F.3.1 New Types........................................................................................................................ F-6
F.3.2 New Macros ..................................................................................................................... F-6
F.3.3 New API calls................................................................................................................... F-8
F.4 Deprecated runtimes ....................................................................................................................... F-8

Index

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AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

xii Contents
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AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

Figures

1.1 OpenCL Programming Model ..................................................................................................1-3

1.2 Interrelationship of Memory Domains for Southern Islands Devices .....................................1-6
1.3 Dataflow between Host and GPU ...........................................................................................1-6
1.4 High-Level Memory Configuration ...........................................................................................1-7
1.5 Memory Hierarchy Dataflow ....................................................................................................1-8
2.1 AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Software Ecosystem ..................................................2-1
2.2 Simplified Mapping of OpenCL onto AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing .........................2-2
2.3 Work-Item Grouping Into Work-Groups and Wavefronts ........................................................2-3
2.4 Generalized AMD GPU Compute Device Structure for GCN Devices...................................2-6
2.5 AMD Radeon™ HD 79XX Device Partial Block Diagram ......................................................2-7
2.6 Simplified Execution Of Wavefront On A Single Compute Unit ........................................... 2-11
2.7 Compute Unit Stall Due to Data Dependency ......................................................................2-12
3.1 OpenCL Compiler Toolchain....................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Runtime Processing Structure .................................................................................................3-6
A.1 Peer-to-Peer Transfers Using the cl_amd_bus_addressable_memory Extension .............. A-14
D.1 Generalized AMD GPU Compute Device Structure............................................................... D-2
D.2 Simplified Block Diagram of an Evergreen-Family GPU ....................................................... D-3

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xiv Contents
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AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

Tables

A.1 Extension Support for AMD GPU Devices 1 ....................................................................... A-15

A.2 Extension Support for Older AMD GPUs and CPUs........................................................... A-16
C.1 ELF Header Fields ................................................................................................................ C-2
E.1 AMD-Supported GL Formats ................................................................................................ E-14

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xvi Contents
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AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

Chapter 1
OpenCL Architecture and AMD
Accelerated Parallel Processing

This chapter provides a general software and hardware overview of the AMD
Accelerated Parallel Processing implementation of the OpenCL standard. It
explains the memory structure and gives simple programming examples.

1.1 Terminology
Term Description
compute kernel To define a compute kernel, it is first necessary to define a kernel. A
kernel is a small unit of execution that performs a clearly defined function
and that can be executed in parallel. Such a kernel can be executed on
each element of an input stream (called an NDRange), or simply at each
point in an arbitrary index space. A kernel is analogous and, on some
devices identical, to what graphics programmers call a shader program.
This kernel is not to be confused with an OS kernel, which controls
hardware. The most basic form of an NDRange is simply mapped over
input data and produces one output item for each input tuple.
Subsequent extensions of the basic model provide random-access
functionality, variable output counts, and reduction/accumulation
operations. Kernels are specified using the kernel keyword.

A compute kernel is a specific type of kernel that is not part of the

traditional graphics pipeline. The compute kernel type can be used for
graphics, but its strength lies in using it for non-graphics fields such as
physics, AI, modeling, HPC, and various other computationally intensive
applications.

In a compute kernel, the work-item spawn order is sequential. This

means that on a chip with N work-items per wavefront, the first N work-
items go to wavefront 1, the second N work-items go to wavefront 2, etc.
Thus, the work-item IDs for wavefront K are in the range (K•N) to
((K+1)•N) - 1.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 1-1

Term Description
wavefronts and Wavefronts and work-groups are two concepts relating to compute
work-groups kernels that provide data-parallel granularity. A wavefront executes a
number of work-items in lock step relative to each other. Sixteen work-
items are executed in parallel across the vector unit, and the whole
wavefront is covered over four clock cycles. It is the lowest level that flow
control can affect. This means that if two work-items inside of a
wavefront go divergent paths of flow control, all work-items in the
wavefront go to both paths of flow control.

Grouping is a higher-level granularity of data parallelism that is enforced

in software, not hardware. Synchronization points in a kernel guarantee
that all work-items in a work-group reach that point (barrier) in the code
before the next statement is executed.

Work-groups are composed of wavefronts. Best performance is attained

when the group size is an integer multiple of the wavefront size.
local data store The LDS is a high-speed, low-latency memory private to each compute
(LDS) unit. It is a full gather/scatter model: a work-group can write anywhere
in its allocated space. This model is unchanged for the AMD Radeon™
HD 7XXX series. The constraints of the current LDS model are:
 The LDS size is allocated per work-group. Each work-group specifies
how much of the LDS it requires. The hardware scheduler uses this
information to determine which work groups can share a compute unit.
 Data can only be shared within work-items in a work-group.
 Memory accesses outside of the work-group result in undefined
behavior.

1.2 OpenCL Overview

The OpenCL programming model consists of producing complicated task graphs
from data-parallel execution nodes.

In a given data-parallel execution, commonly known as a kernel launch, a

computation is defined in terms of a sequence of instructions that executes at
each point in an N-dimensional index space. It is a common, though by not
required, formulation of an algorithm that each computation index maps to an
element in an input data set.

The OpenCL data-parallel programming model is hierarchical. The hierarchical

subdivision can be specified in two ways:

 Explicitly - the developer defines the total number of work-items to execute

in parallel, as well as the division of work-items into specific work-groups.
 Implicitly - the developer specifies the total number of work-items to execute
in parallel, and OpenCL manages the division into work-groups.

OpenCL's API also supports the concept of a task dispatch. This is equivalent to
executing a kernel on a compute device with a work-group and NDRange
containing a single work-item. Parallelism is expressed using vector data types
implemented by the device, enqueuing multiple tasks, and/or enqueuing native
kernels developed using a programming model orthogonal to OpenCL.

1-2 Chapter 1: OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

1.3 Programming Model

The OpenCL programming model is based on the notion of a host device,
supported by an application API, and a number of devices connected through a
bus. These are programmed using OpenCL C. The host API is divided into
platform and runtime layers. OpenCL C is a C-like language with extensions for
parallel programming such as memory fence operations and barriers. Figure 1.1
illustrates this model with queues of commands, reading/writing data, and
executing kernels for specific devices.

_kernel foo(...) { _kernel foo(...) {

Wi0 Wi1 Wi3 Win Wi0 Wi1 Wi3 Win

barrier(...)

} }
Context
Local Memory Local Memory
Queue Queue

Global/Constant Memory

Figure 1.1 OpenCL Programming Model

The devices are capable of running data- and task-parallel work. A kernel can be
executed as a function of multi-dimensional domains of indices. Each element is
called a work-item; the total number of indices is defined as the global work-size.
The global work-size can be divided into sub-domains, called work-groups, and
individual work-items within a group can communicate through global or locally
shared memory. Work-items are synchronized through barrier or fence
operations. Figure 1.1 is a representation of the host/device architecture with a
single platform, consisting of a GPU and a CPU.

An OpenCL application is built by first querying the runtime to determine which

platforms are present. There can be any number of different OpenCL
implementations installed on a single system. The desired OpenCL platform can
be selected by matching the platform vendor string to the desired vendor name,
such as “Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.” The next step is to create a context. As
shown in Figure 1.1, an OpenCL context has associated with it a number of
compute devices (for example, CPU or GPU devices),. Within a context, OpenCL
guarantees a relaxed consistency between these devices. This means that
memory objects, such as buffers or images, are allocated per context; but
changes made by one device are only guaranteed to be visible by another device
at well-defined synchronization points. For this, OpenCL provides events, with the
ability to synchronize on a given event to enforce the correct order of execution.

1.3 Programming Model 1-3

Many operations are performed with respect to a given context; there also are
many operations that are specific to a device. For example, program compilation
and kernel execution are done on a per-device basis. Performing work with a
device, such as executing kernels or moving data to and from the device’s local
memory, is done using a corresponding command queue. A command queue is
associated with a single device and a given context; all work for a specific device
is done through this interface. Note that while a single command queue can be
associated with only a single device, there is no limit to the number of command
queues that can point to the same device. For example, it is possible to have
one command queue for executing kernels and a command queue for managing
data transfers between the host and the device.

Most OpenCL programs follow the same pattern. Given a specific platform, select
a device or devices to create a context, allocate memory, create device-specific
command queues, and perform data transfers and computations. Generally, the
platform is the gateway to accessing specific devices, given these devices and
a corresponding context, the application is independent of the platform. Given a
context, the application can:

 Create one or more command queues.

 Create programs to run on one or more associated devices.
 Create kernels within those programs.
 Allocate memory buffers or images, either on the host or on the device(s).
(Memory can be copied between the host and device.)
 Write data to the device.
 Submit the kernel (with appropriate arguments) to the command queue for
execution.
 Read data back to the host from the device.

The relationship between context(s), device(s), buffer(s), program(s), kernel(s),

and command queue(s) is best seen by looking at sample code.

1.4 Synchronization
The two domains of synchronization in OpenCL are work-items in a single work-
group and command-queue(s) in a single context. Work-group barriers enable
synchronization of work-items in a work-group. Each work-item in a work-group
must first execute the barrier before executing any instruction beyond this barrier.
Either all of, or none of, the work-items in a work-group must encounter the
barrier. A barrier or mem_fence operation does not have global scope, but is
relevant only to the local workgroup on which they operate.

There are two types of synchronization between commands in a command-

queue:

 command-queue barrier - enforces ordering within a single queue. Any

resulting changes to memory are available to the following commands in the
queue.

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 events - enforces ordering between, or within, queues. Enqueued commands

in OpenCL return an event identifying the command as well as the memory
object updated by it. This ensures that following commands waiting on that
event see the updated memory objects before they execute.

1.5 Memory Architecture and Access

OpenCL has four memory domains: private, local, global, and constant; the AMD
Accelerated Parallel Processing system also recognizes host (CPU) and PCI
Express (PCIe) memory.

Memory Type Description

private Specific to a work-item; it is not visible to other work-items.
local Specific to a work-group; accessible only by work-items belonging to that
work-group.
global Accessible to all work-items executing in a context, as well as to the host
(read, write, and map commands).
constant Read-only region for host-allocated and -initialized objects that are not
changed during kernel execution.
host (CPU) Host-accessible region for an application’s data structures and program
data.
PCIe Part of host (CPU) memory accessible from, and modifiable by, the host
program and the GPU compute device. Modifying this memory requires
synchronization between the GPU compute device and the CPU.

Figure 1.2 illustrates the interrelationship of the memories.

1.5 Memory Architecture and Access 1-5

Compute Device
Compute Unit n
Private Memory
(Reg Files)
m
Compute Unit 1 Private Memory
Private Memory
1 2
(Reg Files)
(Reg Files)
m
Private Memory Proc. Elem.
1 2
(Reg Files) (ALU)
Proc. Elem.
(ALU)
Proc. Elem.
(ALU)
Proc. Elem.
(ALU)

n Mem.
Local
L1
(LDS) n n

Local Mem.1 n lobal Share

G
L1 Mem. (GDS)
(LDS) 1

IMAGE / CONSTANT / BUFFER DATA

CACHE (L2)

Host
Compute Device DMA
GLOBAL MEMORY CONSTANT MEMORY PCIe
Memory (VRAM)

Figure 1.2 Interrelationship of Memory Domains for Southern Islands

Devices

Figure 1.3 illustrates the standard dataflow between host (CPU) and GPU.
S I B
A A
T e A
G L TP
L L
H P L ER
O I
O C O
C V
S I B
A A
T e A
L T
L
E

Figure 1.3 Dataflow between Host and GPU

There are two ways to copy data from the host to the GPU compute device
memory:

 Implicitly by using clEnqueueMapBuffer and clEnqueueUnMapMemObject.

 Explicitly through clEnqueueReadBuffer and clEnqueueWriteBuffer
(clEnqueueReadImage, clEnqueueWriteImage.).

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When using these interfaces, it is important to consider the amount of copying

involved. There is a two-copy processes: between host and PCIe, and between
PCIe and GPU compute device.

With proper memory transfer management and the use of system pinned
memory (host/CPU memory remapped to the PCIe memory space), copying
between host (CPU) memory and PCIe memory can be skipped.

Double copying lowers the overall system memory bandwidth. In GPU compute
device programming, pipelining and other techniques help reduce these
bottlenecks. See the AMD OpenCL Optimization Reference Guide for more
specifics about optimization techniques.

1.5.1 Data Share Operations

Local data share (LDS) is a very low-latency, RAM scratchpad for temporary data
with at least one order of magnitude higher effective bandwidth than direct,
uncached global memory. It permits sharing of data between work-items in a
work-group, as well as holding parameters for pixel shader parameter
interpolation. Unlike read-only caches, the LDS permits high-speed write-to-read
re-use of the memory space (full gather/read/load and scatter/write/store
operations).

Figure 1.4 shows the conceptual framework of the LDS is integration into the
memory of AMD GPUs using OpenCL.

Compute Device

Work-Group Work-Group

Private Private Private Private

Memory Memory Memory Memory
Work- Work- Work- Work-
Item Item Item Item

LDS LDS

Global/Constant Memory
Frame Buffer

Host

Host Memory

Figure 1.4 High-Level Memory Configuration

1.5 Memory Architecture and Access 1-7

Physically located on-chip, directly next to the ALUs, the LDS is approximately
one order of magnitude faster than global memory (assuming no bank conflicts).

There are 32 kB memory per compute unit, segmented into 32 or 16 banks

(depending on the GPU type) of 1 k dwords (for 32 banks) or 2 k dwords (for 16
banks). Each bank is a 256x32 two-port RAM (1R/1W per clock cycle). Dwords
are placed in the banks serially, but all banks can execute a store or load
simultaneously. One work-group can request up to 32 kB memory. Reads across
wavefront are dispatched over four cycles in waterfall.

The high bandwidth of the LDS memory is achieved not only through its proximity
to the ALUs, but also through simultaneous access to its memory banks. Thus,
it is possible to concurrently execute 32 write or read instructions, each nominally
32-bits; extended instructions, read2/write2, can be 64-bits each. If, however,
more than one access attempt is made to the same bank at the same time, a
bank conflict occurs. In this case, for indexed and atomic operations, hardware
prevents the attempted concurrent accesses to the same bank by turning them
into serial accesses. This decreases the effective bandwidth of the LDS. For
maximum throughput (optimal efficiency), therefore, it is important to avoid bank
conflicts. A knowledge of request scheduling and address mapping is key to
achieving this.

1.5.2 Dataflow in Memory Hierarchy

Figure 1.5 is a conceptual diagram of the dataflow within the memory structure.

Compute Unit
Private Private
(Buffers) Memory Memory (Images)
Work- Work-
Item Item

Texture (per
LDS Compute
L1
Unit)

Color Buffer/Depth Buffer Texture (Global)

Write-Only Coherence Cache L2

VRAM
Global Memory

Figure 1.5 Memory Hierarchy Dataflow

To load data into LDS from global memory, it is read from global memory and
placed into the work-item’s registers; then, a store is performed to LDS. Similarly,
to store data into global memory, data is read from LDS and placed into the work-
item’s registers, then placed into global memory. To make effective use of the
LDS, an algorithm must perform many operations on what is transferred between

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global memory and LDS. It also is possible to load data from a memory buffer
directly into LDS, bypassing VGPRs.

LDS atomics are performed in the LDS hardware. (Thus, although ALUs are not
directly used for these operations, latency is incurred by the LDS executing this
function.) If the algorithm does not require write-to-read reuse (the data is read
only), it usually is better to use the image dataflow (see right side of Figure 1.5)
because of the cache hierarchy.

Actually, buffer reads may use L1 and L2. When caching is not used for a buffer,
reads from that buffer bypass L2. After a buffer read, the line is invalidated; then,
on the next read, it is read again (from the same wavefront or from a different
clause). After a buffer write, the changed parts of the cache line are written to
memory.

Buffers and images are written through the texture L2 cache, but this is flushed
immediately after an image write.

The data in private memory is first placed in registers. If more private memory is
used than can be placed in registers, or dynamic indexing is used on private
arrays, the overflow data is placed (spilled) into scratch memory. Scratch memory
is a private subset of global memory, so performance can be dramatically
degraded if spilling occurs.

Global memory can be in the high-speed GPU memory (VRAM) or in the host
memory, which is accessed by the PCIe bus. A work-item can access global
memory either as a buffer or a memory object. Buffer objects are generally read
and written directly by the work-items. Data is accessed through the L2 and L1
data caches on the GPU. This limited form of caching provides read coalescing
among work-items in a wavefront. Similarly, writes are executed through the
texture L2 cache.

Global atomic operations are executed through the texture L2 cache. Atomic
instructions that return a value to the kernel are handled similarly to fetch
instructions: the kernel must use S_WAITCNT to ensure the results have been
written to the destination GPR before using the data.

1.5.3 Memory Access

Using local memory (known as local data store, or LDS, as shown in Figure 1.2)
typically is an order of magnitude faster than accessing host memory through
global memory (VRAM), which is one order of magnitude faster again than PCIe.
However, stream cores do not directly access memory; instead, they issue
memory requests through dedicated hardware units. When a work-item tries to
access memory, the work-item is transferred to the appropriate fetch unit. The
work-item then is deactivated until the access unit finishes accessing memory.
Meanwhile, other work-items can be active within the compute unit, contributing
to better performance. The data fetch units handle three basic types of memory
operations: loads, stores, and streaming stores. GPU compute devices can store
writes to random memory locations using global buffers.

1.5 Memory Architecture and Access 1-9

1.5.4 Global Memory

The global memory lets applications read from, and write to, arbitrary locations
in memory. When using global memory, such read and write operations from the
stream kernel are done using regular GPU compute device instructions with the
global memory used as the source or destination for the instruction. The
programming interface is similar to load/store operations used with CPU
programs, where the relative address in the read/write buffer is specified.

When using a global memory, each work-item can write to an arbitrary location
within it. Global memory use a linear layout. If consecutive addresses are written,
the compute unit issues a burst write for more efficient memory access. Only
read-only buffers, such as constants, are cached.

1.5.5 Image Read/Write

Image reads are done by addressing the desired location in the input memory
using the fetch unit. The fetch units can process either 1D or 2 D addresses.
These addresses can be normalized or un-normalized. Normalized coordinates
are between 0.0 and 1.0 (inclusive). For the fetch units to handle 2D addresses
and normalized coordinates, pre-allocated memory segments must be bound to
the fetch unit so that the correct memory address can be computed. For a single
kernel invocation, up to 128 images can be bound at once for reading, and eight
for writing. The maximum number of addresses is 8192x8192 for Evergreen and
Northern Islands-based devices, 16384x16384 for SI-based products.

Image reads are cached through the texture system (corresponding to the L2 and
L1 caches).

1.6 Example Programs

The following subsections provide simple programming examples with
explanatory comments.

1.6.1 First Example: Simple Buffer Write

This sample shows a minimalist OpenCL C program that sets a given buffer to
some value. It illustrates the basic programming steps with a minimum amount
of code. This sample contains no error checks and the code is not generalized.
Yet, many simple test programs might look very similar. The entire code for this
sample is provided at the end of this section.

1. The host program must select a platform, which is an abstraction for a given
OpenCL implementation. Implementations by multiple vendors can coexist on
a host, and the sample uses the first one available.
2. A device id for a GPU device is requested. A CPU device could be requested
by using CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU instead. The device can be a physical device,
such as a given GPU, or an abstracted device, such as the collection of all
CPU cores on the host.

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3. On the selected device, an OpenCL context is created. A context ties

together a device, memory buffers related to that device, OpenCL programs,
and command queues. Note that buffers related to a device can reside on
either the host or the device. Many OpenCL programs have only a single
context, program, and command queue.
4. Before an OpenCL kernel can be launched, its program source is compiled,
and a handle to the kernel is created.
5. A memory buffer is allocated in the context.
6. The kernel is launched. While it is necessary to specify the global work size,
OpenCL determines a good local work size for this device. Since the kernel
was launch asynchronously, clFinish() is used to wait for completion.
7. The data is mapped to the host for examination. Calling
clEnqueueMapBuffer ensures the visibility of the buffer on the host, which in
this case probably includes a physical transfer. Alternatively, we could use
clEnqueueWriteBuffer(), which requires a pre-allocated host-side buffer.

1.6 Example Programs 1-11

Example Code 1 –

//
// Copyright (c) 2010 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//

// A minimalist OpenCL program.

#include <CL/cl.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define NWITEMS 512

// A simple memset kernel

const char *source =

"__kernel void memset( __global uint *dst ) \n"
"{ \n"
" dst[get_global_id(0)] = get_global_id(0); \n"
"} \n";

int main(int argc, char ** argv)

{
// 1. Get a platform.

cl_platform_id platform;

clGetPlatformIDs( 1, &platform, NULL );

// 2. Find a gpu device.

cl_device_id device;

clGetDeviceIDs( platform, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU,

1,
&device,
NULL);

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// Copyright (c) 2010 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//

// A minimalist OpenCL program.

#include <CL/cl.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define NWITEMS 512

// A simple memset kernel

const char *source =

"__kernel void memset( __global uint *dst ) \n"
"{ \n"
" dst[get_global_id(0)] = get_global_id(0); \n"
"} \n";

int main(int argc, char ** argv)

{
// 1. Get a platform.

cl_platform_id platform;

clGetPlatformIDs( 1, &platform, NULL );

// 2. Find a gpu device.

cl_device_id device;

clGetDeviceIDs( platform, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU,

1,
&device,
NULL);

// 3. Create a context and command queue on that device.

cl_context context = clCreateContext( NULL,

1,
&device,
NULL, NULL, NULL);

cl_command_queue queue = clCreateCommandQueue( context,

device,
0, NULL );

// 4. Perform runtime source compilation, and obtain kernel entry point.

cl_program program = clCreateProgramWithSource( context,

1,
&source,
NULL, NULL );

clBuildProgram( program, 1, &device, NULL, NULL, NULL );

cl_kernel kernel = clCreateKernel( program, "memset", NULL );

// 5. Create a data buffer.

cl_mem buffer = clCreateBuffer( context,

CL_MEM_WRITE_ONLY,
//

1.6 Example Programs 1-13

// 6. Launch the kernel. Let OpenCL pick the local work size.

size_t global_work_size = NWITEMS;

clSetKernelArg(kernel, 0, sizeof(buffer), (void*) &buffer);

clEnqueueNDRangeKernel( queue,
kernel,
1,
NULL,
&global_work_size,
NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);

clFinish( queue );

// 7. Look at the results via synchronous buffer map.

cl_uint *ptr;
ptr = (cl_uint *) clEnqueueMapBuffer( queue,
buffer,
CL_TRUE,
CL_MAP_READ,
0,
NWITEMS * sizeof(cl_uint),
0, NULL, NULL, NULL );

int i;

for(i=0; i < NWITEMS; i++)

printf("%d %d\n", i, ptr[i]);

return 0;
}

1.6.2 Example: SAXPY Function

This section provides an introductory sample for beginner-level OpenCL
programmers using C++ bindings.

The sample implements the SAXPY function (Y = aX + Y, where X and Y are

vectors, and a is a scalar). The full code is reproduced at the end of this section.
It uses C++ bindings for OpenCL. These bindings are available in the CL/cl.hpp
file in the SDK available for AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing; they also are
downloadable from the Khronos website: http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl .

The following steps guide you through this example.

1. Enable error checking through the exception handling mechanism in the C++
bindings by using the following define.
#define __CL_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS

This removes the need to error check after each OpenCL call. If there is an
error, the C++ bindings code throw an exception that is caught at the end of
the try block, where we can clean up the host memory allocations. In this
example, the C++ objects representing OpenCL resources (cl::Context,
cl::CommandQueue, etc.) are declared as automatic variables, so they do not

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need to be released. If an OpenCL call returns an error, the error code is

defined in the CL/cl.h file.
2. The kernel is very simple: each work-item, i, does the SAXPY calculation for
its corresponding elements Y[i] = aX[i] + Y[i]. Both X and Y vectors are stored
in global memory; X is read-only, Y is read-write.
__kernel void saxpy(const __global float * X,
__global float * Y,
const float a)
{
uint gid = get_global_id(0);
Y[gid] = a* X[gid] + Y[gid];
}

3. List all platforms on the machine, then select one.

cl::Platform::get(&platforms);

4. Create an OpenCL context on that platform.

cl_context_properties cps[3] = { CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties)(*iter)(), 0 };
context = cl::Context(CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU, cps);

5. Get OpenCL devices from the context.

devices = context.getInfo<CL_CONTEXT_DEVICES>();
6. Create an OpenCL command queue.
queue = cl::CommandQueue(context, devices[0]);

7. Create two buffers, corresponding to the X and Y vectors. Ensure the host-
side buffers, pX and pY, are allocated and initialized. The
CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR flag instructs the runtime to copy over the
contents of the host pointer pX in order to initialize the buffer bufX. The bufX
buffer uses the CL_MEM_READ_ONLY flag, while bufY requires the
CL_MEM_READ_WRITE flag.
bufX = cl::Buffer(context, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,
sizeof(cl_float) * length, pX);

8. Create a program object from the kernel source string, build the program for
our devices, and create a kernel object corresponding to the SAXPY kernel.
(At this point, it is possible to create multiple kernel objects if there are more
than one.)
cl::Program::Sources sources(1, std::make_pair(kernelStr.c_str(),
kernelStr.length()));
program = cl::Program(context, sources);
program.build(devices);
kernel = cl::Kernel(program, "saxpy");

9. Enqueue the kernel for execution on the device (GPU in our example).
Set each argument individually in separate kernel.setArg() calls. The
arguments, do not need to be set again for subsequent kernel enqueue calls.
Reset only those arguments that are to pass a new value to the kernel. Then,
enqueue the kernel to the command queue with the appropriate global and
local work sizes.

1.6 Example Programs 1-15

kernel.setArg(0, bufX);
kernel.setArg(1, bufY);
kernel.setArg(2, a);
queue.enqueueNDRangeKernel(kernel, cl::NDRange(),
cl::NDRange(length), cl::NDRange(64));

10. Read back the results from bufY to the host pointer pY. We will make this a
blocking call (using the CL_TRUE argument) since we do not want to proceed
before the kernel has finished execution and we have our results back.
queue.enqueueReadBuffer(bufY, CL_TRUE, 0, length * sizeof(cl_float),
pY);

11. Clean up the host resources (pX and pY). OpenCL resources is cleaned up
by the C++ bindings support code.

The catch(cl::Error err) block handles exceptions thrown by the C++

bindings code. If there is an OpenCL call error, it prints out the name of the call
and the error code (codes are defined in CL/cl.h). If there is a kernel compilation
error, the error code is CL_BUILD_PROGRAM_FAILURE, in which case it is
necessary to print out the build log.

Example Code 2 –

#define __CL_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS

#include <CL/cl.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using std::cout;
using std::cerr;
using std::endl;
using std::string;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Helper function to print vector elements
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void printVector(const std::string arrayName,
const cl_float * arrayData,
const unsigned int length)
{
int numElementsToPrint = (256 < length) ? 256 : length;
cout << endl << arrayName << ":" << endl;
for(int i = 0; i < numElementsToPrint; ++i)
cout << arrayData[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Globals
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int length = 256;
cl_float * pX = NULL;
cl_float * pY = NULL;
cl_float a = 2.f;

std::vector<cl::Platform> platforms;
cl::Context context;
std::vector<cl::Device> devices;
cl::CommandQueue queue;
cl::Program program;

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cl::Kernel kernel;
cl::Buffer bufX;
cl::Buffer bufY;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The saxpy kernel
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
string kernelStr =
"__kernel void saxpy(const __global float * x,\n"
" __global float * y,\n"
" const float a)\n"
"{\n"
" uint gid = get_global_id(0);\n"
" y[gid] = a* x[gid] + y[gid];\n"
"}\n";

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Allocate and initialize memory on the host
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void initHost()
{
size_t sizeInBytes = length * sizeof(cl_float);
pX = (cl_float *) malloc(sizeInBytes);
if(pX == NULL)
throw(string("Error: Failed to allocate input memory on host\n"));

pY = (cl_float *) malloc(sizeInBytes);
if(pY == NULL)
throw(string("Error: Failed to allocate input memory on host\n"));

for(int i = 0; i < length; i++)

{
pX[i] = cl_float(i);
pY[i] = cl_float(length-1-i);
}

printVector("X", pX, length);

printVector("Y", pY, length);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Release host memory
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void cleanupHost()
{
if(pX)
{
free(pX);
pX = NULL;
}
if(pY != NULL)
{
free(pY);
pY = NULL;
}
}

void
main(int argc, char * argv[])

{
try
{
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Allocate and initialize memory on the host

1.6 Example Programs 1-17

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
initHost();

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Find the platform
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
cl::Platform::get(&platforms);
std::vector<cl::Platform>::iterator iter;
for(iter = platforms.begin(); iter != platforms.end(); ++iter)
{
if(!strcmp((*iter).getInfo<CL_PLATFORM_VENDOR>().c_str(),
"Advanced Micro Devices, Inc."))
{
break;
} }

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Create an OpenCL context
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
cl_context_properties cps[3] = { CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties)(*iter)(), 0 };
context = cl::Context(CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU, cps);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Detect OpenCL devices
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
devices = context.getInfo<CL_CONTEXT_DEVICES>();

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Create an OpenCL command queue
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
queue = cl::CommandQueue(context, devices[0]);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Create OpenCL memory buffers
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bufX = cl::Buffer(context,
CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,
sizeof(cl_float) * length,
pX);
bufY = cl::Buffer(context,
CL_MEM_READ_WRITE | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,
sizeof(cl_float) * length,
pY);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Load CL file, build CL program object, create CL kernel object
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
cl::Program::Sources sources(1, std::make_pair(kernelStr.c_str(),
kernelStr.length()));
program = cl::Program(context, sources);
program.build(devices);
kernel = cl::Kernel(program, "saxpy");

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Set the arguments that will be used for kernel execution
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
kernel.setArg(0, bufX);
kernel.setArg(1, bufY);
kernel.setArg(2, a);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Enqueue the kernel to the queue
// with appropriate global and local work sizes
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
queue.enqueueNDRangeKernel(kernel, cl::NDRange(),
cl::NDRange(length), cl::NDRange(64));

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Enqueue blocking call to read back buffer Y
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

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queue.enqueueReadBuffer(bufY, CL_TRUE, 0, length *

sizeof(cl_float), pY);

printVector("Y", pY, length);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Release host resources
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
cleanupHost();
}
catch (cl::Error err)
{
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Catch OpenCL errors and print log if it is a build error
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
cerr << "ERROR: " << err.what() << "(" << err.err() << ")" <<
endl;
if (err.err() == CL_BUILD_PROGRAM_FAILURE)
{
string str =
program.getBuildInfo<CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG>(devices[0]);
cout << "Program Info: " << str << endl;
}
cleanupHost();
}
catch(string msg)
{
cerr << "Exception caught in main(): " << msg << endl;
cleanupHost();
}
}

1.6.3 Example: Parallel Min() Function

This medium-complexity sample shows how to implement an efficient parallel
min() function.

The code is written so that it performs very well on either CPU or GPU. The
number of threads launched depends on how many hardware processors are
available. Each thread walks the source buffer, using a device-optimal access
pattern selected at runtime. A multi-stage reduction using __local and __global
atomics produces the single result value.

The sample includes a number of programming techniques useful for simple

tests. Only minimal error checking and resource tear-down is used.

Runtime Code –

1. The source memory buffer is allocated, and initialized with a random pattern.
Also, the actual min() value for this data set is serially computed, in order to
later verify the parallel result.
2. The compiler is instructed to dump the intermediate IL and ISA files for
further analysis.
3. The main section of the code, including device setup, CL data buffer creation,
and code compilation, is executed for each device, in this case for CPU and
GPU. Since the source memory buffer exists on the host, it is shared. All
other resources are device-specific.

1.6 Example Programs 1-19

4. The global work size is computed for each device. A simple heuristic is used
to ensure an optimal number of threads on each device. For the CPU, a
given CL implementation can translate one work-item per CL compute unit
into one thread per CPU core.
On the GPU, an initial multiple of the wavefront size is used, which is
adjusted to ensure even divisibility of the input data over all threads. The
value of 7 is a minimum value to keep all independent hardware units of the
compute units busy, and to provide a minimum amount of memory latency
hiding for a kernel with little ALU activity.
5. After the kernels are built, the code prints errors that occurred during kernel
compilation and linking.
6. The main loop is set up so that the measured timing reflects the actual kernel
performance. If a sufficiently large NLOOPS is chosen, effects from kernel
launch time and delayed buffer copies to the device by the CL runtime are
minimized. Note that while only a single clFinish() is executed at the end
of the timing run, the two kernels are always linked using an event to ensure
serial execution.
The bandwidth is expressed as “number of input bytes processed.” For high-
end graphics cards, the bandwidth of this algorithm is about an order of
magnitude higher than that of the CPU, due to the parallelized memory
subsystem of the graphics card.
7. The results then are checked against the comparison value. This also
establishes that the result is the same on both CPU and GPU, which can
serve as the first verification test for newly written kernel code.
8. Note the use of the debug buffer to obtain some runtime variables. Debug
buffers also can be used to create short execution traces for each thread,
assuming the device has enough memory.
9. You can use the Timer.cpp and Timer.h files from the TransferOverlap
sample, which is in the SDK samples.

Kernel Code –

10. The code uses four-component vectors (uint4) so the compiler can identify
concurrent execution paths as often as possible. On the GPU, this can be
used to further optimize memory accesses and distribution across ALUs. On
the CPU, it can be used to enable SSE-like execution.
11. The kernel sets up a memory access pattern based on the device. For the
CPU, the source buffer is chopped into continuous buffers: one per thread.
Each CPU thread serially walks through its buffer portion, which results in
good cache and prefetch behavior for each core.
On the GPU, each thread walks the source buffer using a stride of the total
number of threads. As many threads are executed in parallel, the result is a
maximally coalesced memory pattern requested from the memory back-end.
For example, if each compute unit has 16 physical processors, 16 uint4
requests are produced in parallel, per clock, for a total of 256 bytes per clock.

1-20 Chapter 1: OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

12. The kernel code uses a reduction consisting of three stages: __global to
__private, __private to local, which is flushed to __global, and finally
__global to __global. In the first loop, each thread walks __global
memory, and reduces all values into a min value in __private memory
(typically, a register). This is the bulk of the work, and is mainly bound by
__global memory bandwidth. The subsequent reduction stages are brief in
comparison.
13. Next, all per-thread minimum values inside the work-group are reduced to a
__local value, using an atomic operation. Access to the __local value is
serialized; however, the number of these operations is very small compared
to the work of the previous reduction stage. The threads within a work-group
are synchronized through a local barrier(). The reduced min value is
stored in __global memory.
14. After all work-groups are finished, a second kernel reduces all work-group
values into a single value in __global memory, using an atomic operation.
This is a minor contributor to the overall runtime.

Example Code 3 –

//
// Copyright (c) 2010 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//

#include <CL/cl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "Timer.h"

#define NDEVS 2

// A parallel min() kernel that works well on CPU and GPU

const char *kernel_source =

" \n"
"#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics : enable \n"
"#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics : enable \n"
" \n"
" // 9. The source buffer is accessed as 4-vectors. \n"
" \n"
"__kernel void minp( __global uint4 *src, \n"
" __global uint *gmin, \n"
" __local uint *lmin, \n"
" __global uint *dbg, \n"
" int nitems, \n"
" uint dev ) \n"
"{ \n"
" // 10. Set up __global memory access pattern. \n"
" \n"
" uint count = ( nitems / 4 ) / get_global_size(0); \n"
" uint idx = (dev == 0) ? get_global_id(0) * count \n"
" : get_global_id(0); \n"
" uint stride = (dev == 0) ? 1 : get_global_size(0); \n"
" uint pmin = (uint) -1; \n"
" \n"
" // 11. First, compute private min, for this work-item. \n"
" \n"

1.6 Example Programs 1-21

" for( int n=0; n < count; n++, idx += stride ) \n"
" { \n"
" pmin = min( pmin, src[idx].x ); \n"
" pmin = min( pmin, src[idx].y ); \n"
" pmin = min( pmin, src[idx].z ); \n"
" pmin = min( pmin, src[idx].w ); \n"
" } \n"
" \n"
" // 12. Reduce min values inside work-group. \n"
" \n"
" if( get_local_id(0) == 0 ) \n"
" lmin[0] = (uint) -1; \n"
" \n"
" barrier( CLK_LOCAL_MEM_FENCE ); \n"
" \n"
" (void) atom_min( lmin, pmin ); \n"
" \n"
" barrier( CLK_LOCAL_MEM_FENCE ); \n"
" \n"
" // Write out to __global. \n"
" \n"
" if( get_local_id(0) == 0 ) \n"
" gmin[ get_group_id(0) ] = lmin[0]; \n"
" \n"
" // Dump some debug information. \n"
" \n"
" if( get_global_id(0) == 0 ) \n"
" { \n"
" dbg[0] = get_num_groups(0); \n"
" dbg[1] = get_global_size(0); \n"
" dbg[2] = count; \n"
" dbg[3] = stride; \n"
" } \n"
"} \n"
" \n"
"// 13. Reduce work-group min values from __global to __global. \n"
" \n"
"__kernel void reduce( __global uint4 *src, \n"
" __global uint *gmin ) \n"
"{ \n"
" (void) atom_min( gmin, gmin[get_global_id(0)] ) ; \n"
"} \n";

int main(int argc, char ** argv)

{
cl_platform_id platform;

int dev, nw;

cl_device_type devs[NDEVS] = { CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU,
CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU };

cl_uint *src_ptr;
unsigned int num_src_items = 4096*4096;

// 1. quick & dirty MWC random init of source buffer.

// Random seed (portable).

time_t ltime;
time(&ltime);

src_ptr = (cl_uint ) malloc( num_src_items sizeof(cl_uint) );

1-22 Chapter 1: OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

cl_uint a = (cl_uint) ltime,

b = (cl_uint) ltime;
cl_uint min = (cl_uint) -1;

// Do serial computation of min() for result verification.

for( int i=0; i < num_src_items; i++ )

{
src_ptr[i] = (cl_uint) (b = ( a * ( b & 65535 )) + ( b >> 16 ));
min = src_ptr[i] < min ? src_ptr[i] : min;
}

// Get a platform.

clGetPlatformIDs( 1, &platform, NULL );

// 3. Iterate over devices.

for(dev=0; dev < NDEVS; dev++)

{
cl_device_id device;
cl_context context;
cl_command_queue queue;
cl_program program;
cl_kernel minp;
cl_kernel reduce;

cl_mem src_buf;
cl_mem dst_buf;
cl_mem dbg_buf;

cl_uint *dst_ptr,
*dbg_ptr;

printf("\n%s: ", dev == 0 ? "CPU" : "GPU");

// Find the device.

clGetDeviceIDs( platform,
devs[dev],
1,
&device,
NULL);

// 4. Compute work sizes.

cl_uint compute_units;
size_t global_work_size;
size_t local_work_size;
size_t num_groups;

clGetDeviceInfo( device,
CL_DEVICE_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS,
sizeof(cl_uint),
&compute_units,
NULL);

if( devs[dev] == CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU )

{
global_work_size = compute_units * 1; // 1 thread per core
local_work_size = 1;
}
else
{

1.6 Example Programs 1-23

cl_uint ws = 64;

global_work_size = compute_units * 7 * ws; // 7 wavefronts per SIMD

while( (num_src_items / 4) % global_work_size != 0 )

global_work_size += ws;

local_work_size = ws;
}

num_groups = global_work_size / local_work_size;

// Create a context and command queue on that device.

context = clCreateContext( NULL,

1,
&device,
NULL, NULL, NULL);

queue = clCreateCommandQueue(context,
device,
0, NULL);

// Minimal error check.

if( queue == NULL )

{
printf("Compute device setup failed\n");
return(-1);
}

// Perform runtime source compilation, and obtain kernel entry point.

program = clCreateProgramWithSource( context,

1,
&kernel_source,
NULL, NULL );

//Tell compiler to dump intermediate .il and .isa GPU files.

ret = clBuildProgram( program,

1,
&device,
“-save-temps”,
NUL, NULL );

// 5. Print compiler error messages

if(ret != CL_SUCCESS)
{
printf("clBuildProgram failed: %d\n", ret);

char buf[0x10000];

clGetProgramBuildInfo( program,
device,
CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG,
0x10000,
buf,
NULL);
printf("\n%s\n", buf);
return(-1);
}

1-24 Chapter 1: OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

minp = clCreateKernel( program, "minp", NULL );

reduce = clCreateKernel( program, "reduce", NULL );

// Create input, output and debug buffers.

src_buf = clCreateBuffer( context,

CL_MEM_READ_ONLY | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,
num_src_items * sizeof(cl_uint),
src_ptr,
NULL );

dst_buf = clCreateBuffer( context,

CL_MEM_READ_WRITE,
num_groups * sizeof(cl_uint),
NULL, NULL );

dbg_buf = clCreateBuffer( context,

CL_MEM_WRITE_ONLY,
global_work_size * sizeof(cl_uint),
NULL, NULL );

clSetKernelArg(minp, 0, sizeof(void ), (void) &src_buf);

clSetKernelArg(minp, 1, sizeof(void *), (void*) &dst_buf);
clSetKernelArg(minp, 2, 1*sizeof(cl_uint), (void*) NULL);
clSetKernelArg(minp, 3, sizeof(void *), (void*) &dbg_buf);
clSetKernelArg(minp, 4, sizeof(num_src_items), (void*) &num_src_items);
clSetKernelArg(minp, 5, sizeof(dev), (void*) &dev);

clSetKernelArg(reduce, 0, sizeof(void ), (void) &src_buf);

clSetKernelArg(reduce, 1, sizeof(void *), (void*) &dst_buf);

CPerfCounter t;
t.Reset();
t.Start();

// 6. Main timing loop.

#define NLOOPS 500

cl_event ev;
int nloops = NLOOPS;

while(nloops--)
{

clEnqueueNDRangeKernel( queue,
minp,
1,
NULL,
&global_work_size,
&local_work_size,
0, NULL, &ev);

clEnqueueNDRangeKernel( queue,
reduce,
1,
NULL,
&num_groups,
NULL, 1, &ev, NULL);
}

clFinish( queue );
t.Stop();

1.6 Example Programs 1-25

printf("B/W %.2f GB/sec, ", ((float) num_src_items *

sizeof(cl_uint) * NLOOPS) /
t.GetElapsedTime() / 1e9 );

// 7. Look at the results via synchronous buffer map.

dst_ptr = (cl_uint *) clEnqueueMapBuffer( queue,

dst_buf,
CL_TRUE,
CL_MAP_READ,
0,
num_groups * sizeof(cl_uint),
0, NULL, NULL, NULL );

dbg_ptr = (cl_uint *) clEnqueueMapBuffer( queue,

dbg_buf,
CL_TRUE,
CL_MAP_READ,
0,
global_work_size *
sizeof(cl_uint),
0, NULL, NULL, NULL );

// 8. Print some debug info.

printf("%d groups, %d threads, count %d, stride %d\n", dbg_ptr[0],

dbg_ptr[1],
dbg_ptr[2],
dbg_ptr[3] );

if( dst_ptr[0] == min )

printf("result correct\n");
else
printf("result INcorrect\n");

printf("\n");
return 0;
}

1-26 Chapter 1: OpenCL Architecture and AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

Chapter 2
AMD Implementation

2.1 The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Implementation of OpenCL

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing harnesses the tremendous processing
power of GPUs for high-performance, data-parallel computing in a wide range of
applications. The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing system includes a
software stack, AMD GPUs, and AMD multicore CPUs. Figure 2.1 illustrates the
relationship of the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing components.

Compute Applications

Libraries Third-Party Tools

OpenCL Runtime

Multicore AMD GPUs

CPUs

Figure 2.1 AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Software Ecosystem

The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing software stack provides end-users and
developers with a complete, flexible suite of tools to leverage the processing
power in AMD GPUs. AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing software embraces
open-systems, open-platform standards. The AMD Accelerated Parallel
Processing open platform strategy enables AMD technology partners to develop
and provide third-party development tools.

The software includes the following components:

 OpenCL compiler and runtime

 Debugging and Performance Profiling Tools – AMD CodeXL.
 Performance Libraries – AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Math Library
(APPML) for optimized NDRange-specific algorithms.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 2-1

The latest generations of AMD GPUs use unified shader architectures capable
of running different kernel types interleaved on the same hardware.
Programmable GPU compute devices execute various user-developed programs,
known to graphics programmers as shaders and to compute programmers as
kernels. These GPU compute devices can execute non-graphics functions using
a data-parallel programming model that maps executions onto compute units.
Each compute unit contains one (pre-GCN devices) or more (GCN devices)
vector (SIMD) units. In this programming model, known as AMD Accelerated
Parallel Processing, arrays of input data elements stored in memory are
accessed by a number of compute units.

Each instance of a kernel running on a compute unit is called a work-item. Work-

items are mapped to an n-dimensional index space, called an NDRange.

The GPU schedules the range of work-items onto a group of processing

elements, until all work-items have been processed. Subsequent kernels then
can be executed, until the application completes. A simplified view of the AMD
Accelerated Parallel Processing programming model and the mapping of work-
items to processing elements is shown in Figure 2.2.

GPU DEVICE
CUs

Compute Unit 0
00
1
Processing Elements 2

Work-Items

Work-Groups

ND-RANGE

Figure 2.2 Simplified Mapping of OpenCL onto AMD Accelerated Parallel

Processing

2-2 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

Work-groups are assigned to CUs. All work-items of a work-group can be

processed only by the processing elements of a single CU. A processing element
can process only one work-item at a time; however, a CU can process multiple
work-groups.

Note that in OpenCL 2.0, the work-groups are not required to divide evenly into
the NDRange.

OpenCL maps the total number of work-items to be launched onto an n-

dimensional grid (ND-Range). The developer can specify how to divide these
items into work-groups. AMD GPUs execute on wavefronts (groups of work-items
executed in lock-step in a compute unit); there is an integer number of
wavefronts in each work-group. Thus, as shown in Figure 2.3, hardware that
schedules work-items for execution in the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing
environment includes the intermediate step of specifying wavefronts within a
work-group. This permits achieving maximum performance on AMD GPUs. For
a more detailed discussion of wavefronts, see Section 1.1, “Terminology,” page 1-
1.

Range

WORK-GROUP

Dim Y
Di
m
en
si
on

Dimension X
Z
Dim Y

WORK-ITEM

Wavefront
( HW-Specific Size)
Di
m
en
si
on

Dimension X
Z

Figure 2.3 Work-Item Grouping Into Work-Groups and Wavefronts

2.1 The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Implementation of OpenCL 2-3

2.1.1 Work-Item Processing

All processing elements within a vector unit execute the same instruction in each
cycle. A work item can issue one instruction per clock cycle. The block of work-
items that are executed together is called a wavefront. To hide latencies due to
memory accesses and processing element operations, up to four work-items
from the same wavefront are pipelined on the same vector unit. For example, on
the AMD Radeon™ HD 290X compute device, the 16 processing elements within
each vector unit execute the same instruction for four cycles, which effectively
appears as a 64-wide compute unit in execution width.

The size of wavefronts can differ on different GPU compute devices. For
example, some of the low-end and older GPUs, such as the AMD Radeon™ HD
54XX series graphics cards, have a wavefront size of 32 work-items. Higher-end
and newer AMD GPUs have a wavefront size of 64 work-items.

Compute units operate independently of each other, so it is possible for different

compute units to execute different instructions. It is also possible for different
vector units within a compute unit to execute different instructions.

Before discussing flow control, it is necessary to clarify the relationship of a

wavefront to a work-group. If a user defines a work-group, it consists of one or
more wavefronts. A wavefront is a hardware thread with its own program counter;
it is capable of following control flow independently of other wavefronts. A
wavefront consists of 64 or fewer work-items. The mapping is based on a linear
work-item order. On a device with a wavefront size of 64, work-items 0-63 map
to wavefront 0, work items 64-127 map to wavefront 1, etc. For optimum
hardware usage, an integer multiple of 64 work-items is recommended.

2.1.2 Work-Item Creation

For each work-group, the GPU compute device spawns the required number of
wavefronts on a single compute unit. If there are non-active work-items within a
wavefront, the processing elemnts that would have been mapped to those work-
items are idle. An example is a work-group that is a non-multiple of a wavefront
size (for example: if the work-group size is 32, the wavefront is half empty and
unused).

2.1.3 Flow Control

Flow control, such as branching, is achieved by combining all necessary paths
as a wavefront. If work-items within a wavefront diverge, all paths are executed
serially. For example, if a work-item contains a branch with two paths, the
wavefront first executes one path, then the second path. The total time to
execute the branch is the sum of each path time. An important point is that even
if only one work-item in a wavefront diverges, the rest of the work-items in the
wavefront execute the branch. The number of work-items that must be executed
during a branch is called the branch granularity. On AMD hardware, the branch
granularity is the same as the number of work-items in a wavefront.

Masking of wavefronts is effected by constructs such as:

2-4 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

if(x)
{
. //items within these braces = A
.
.
}
else
{
. //items within these braces = B
.
.
}

The wavefront mask is set true for lanes (elements/items) in which x is true, then
execute A. The mask then is inverted, and B is executed.

Example 1: If two branches, A and B, take the same amount of time t to execute
over a wavefront, the total time of execution, if any work-item diverges, is 2t.

Loops execute in a similar fashion, where the wavefront occupies a compute unit
as long as there is at least one work-item in the wavefront still being processed.
Thus, the total execution time for the wavefront is determined by the work-item
with the longest execution time.

Example 2: If t is the time it takes to execute a single iteration of a loop; and

within a wavefront all work-items execute the loop one time, except for a single
work-item that executes the loop 100 times, the time it takes to execute that
entire wavefront is 100t.

2.1 The AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing Implementation of OpenCL 2-5

2.2 Hardware Overview for GCN Devices

A general OpenCL device comprises compute units (CUs), each of which has
sub-modules that ultimately have ALUs. A work-item (or SPMD kernel instance)
executes on an ALU, as shown in Figure 2.4).

GPU GPU
Compute Device Compute Device

Compute Compute Compute

Unit Unit Unit

16 Processing Elements (ALUs)

16 Processing Elements (ALUs)
1 Scalar Unit + 4 Vector Units
16 Processing Elements (ALUs)
16 Processing Elements (ALUs)

Figure 2.4 Generalized AMD GPU Compute Device Structure for GCN
Devices

In GCN devices, each CU includes one Scalar Unit and four Vector (SIMD) units,
each of which contains an array of 16 processing elements (PEs). Each PE
contains one ALU. Each SIMD unit simultaneously executes a single operation
across 16 work items, but each can be working on a separate wavefront.

For example, for the AMD Radeon™ HD 79XX devices each of the 32 CUs has
one Scalar Unit and four Vector Units. Figure 2.5 shows only two compute
engines/command processors of the array that comprises the compute device of
the AMD Radeon™ HD 79XX family.

2-6 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

Asynchronous Compute Engine Asynchronous Compute Engine
/ Command Processor / Command Processor
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit

SC cache
SC cache
I cache

I cache
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit

Read/Write memory interface
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit

SC cache
SC cache
I cache

I cache
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
SC cache

SC cache
I cache

SC cache
I cache
I cache

1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit

1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit
1 Scalar Unit 4 Vector Unit L1 LDS LDS L1 4 Vector Unit 1 Scalar Unit

Level 2 cache

GDDR5 Memory System

Figure 2.5 AMD Radeon™ HD 79XX Device Partial Block Diagram

In Figure 2.5, there are two command processors, which can process two
command queues concurrently. The Scalar Unit, Vector Unit, Level 1 data cache
(L1), and Local Data Share (LDS) are the components of one compute unit, of
which there are 32. The scalar (SC) cache is the scalar unit data cache, and the
Level 2 cache consists of instructions and data.

On GCN devices, the instruction stream contains both scalar and vector
instructions. On each cycle, it selects a scalar instruction and a vector instruction
(as well as a memory operation and a branch operation, if available); it issues
one to the scalar unit, the other to the vector unit; this takes four cycles to issue
over the four vector cores (the same four cycles over which the 16 units execute
64 work-items).

The Asynchronous Compute Engines (ACEs) manage the CUs; a graphics

command processor handles graphics shaders and fixed-function hardware.

2.2.1 Key differences between pre-GCN and GCN devices

In pre-GCN devices (for a hardware overview, see Appendix D, “Hardware
overview of pre-GCN devices.”), each compute unit consists of a single vector
unit, each containing up to 16 processing elements. Each processing element,

2.2 Hardware Overview for GCN Devices 2-7

which contains 4 or 5 ALUs, could execute bundles of 4 or 5 independent

instructions co-issued in a VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) format. All the
processing elements within a vector unit execute a single wavefront (a group of
64 work items). If operations within a wavefront contain dependencies, they
cannot be scheduled in the same clock cycle, leaving some ALUs un-utilized. In
such cases, some processing elements (and hence, vector units) remain under-
utilized.

In GCN devices, the CUs are arranged in four vector unit arrays consisting of 16
processing elements each. Each of these arrays executes a single instruction
across each lane for each block of 16 work-items. That instruction is repeated
over four cycles to make the 64-element vector called a wavefront.

Thus, In GCN devices, the four vector units within a CU can operate on four
different wavefronts. If operations within a wavefront include dependencies,
independent operations from different wavefronts can be selected to be assigned
to a single vector unit to be executed in parallel every cycle.

2.2.2 Key differences between Southern Islands, Sea Islands, and Volcanic Islands families
The number of Asynchronous Compute Engines (ACEs) and CUs in an AMD
GPU, and the way they are structured, vary with the device family, as well as
with the device designations within a family.

The ACEs are responsible for managing the CUs and for scheduling and
resource allocation of the compute tasks (but not of the graphics shader tasks).
The ACEs operate independently; the greater the number of ACEs, the greater
is the performance. Each ACE fetches commands from cache or memory, and
creates task queues to be scheduled for execution on the CUs depending on
their priority and on the availability of resources.

Each ACE contains up to 8 queues and, together with the graphics command
processor, allows up to nine independent vector instructions to be executed per
clock cycle. Some of these queues are not available for use by OpenCL.

Devices in the Southern Islands families typically have two ACEs. Devices in the
Sea Islands and Volcanic Islands families contain between four and eight ACEs,
so they offer more performance. For example, the AMD Radeon™ R9 290X
devices, in the VI family contain 8 ACEs and 44 CUs.

2.3 Communication Between Host and the GPU Compute Device

The following subsections discuss the communication between the host (CPU)
and the GPU in a compute device. This includes an overview of the PCIe bus,
processing API calls, and DMA transfers.

Communication and data transfers between the system and the GPU compute
device occur on the PCIe channel. AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing
graphics cards use PCIe 2.0 x16 (second generation, 16 lanes). Generation 1
x16 has a theoretical maximum throughput of 4 GBps in each direction.
Generation 2 x16 doubles the throughput to 8 GBps in each direction. Southern

2-8 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

Islands AMD GPUs support PCIe 3.0 with a theoretical peak performance of
16 GBps. Actual transfer performance is CPU and chipset dependent.

Transfers from the system to the GPU compute device are done either by the
command processor or by the DMA engine. The GPU compute device also can
read and write system memory directly from the compute unit through kernel
instructions over the PCIe bus.

2.3.1 Processing API Calls: The Command Processor

The host application does not interact with the GPU compute device directly. A
driver layer translates and issues commands to the hardware on behalf of the
application.

Most commands to the GPU compute device are buffered in a command queue
on the host side. The queue of commands is sent to, and processed by, the GPU
compute device. There is no guarantee as to when commands from the
command queue are executed, only that they are executed in order.

Command queue elements include:

 Kernel execution calls

 Kernels
 Constants
 Transfers between device and host

2.3.2 DMA Transfers

Certain memory transfer calls use the DMA engine. To properly leverage the
DMA engine, make the associated OpenCL data transfer calls. See the AMD
OpenCL Optimization Reference Guide for more information.

Direct Memory Access (DMA) memory transfers can be executed separately from
the command queue using the DMA engine on the GPU compute device. DMA
calls are executed immediately; and the order of DMA calls and command queue
flushes is guaranteed.

DMA transfers can occur asynchronously. This means that a DMA transfer is
executed concurrently with other system or GPU compute operations when there
are no dependencies. However, data is not guaranteed to be ready until the DMA
engine signals that the event or transfer is completed. The application can use
OpenCL to query the hardware for DMA event completion. If used carefully, DMA
transfers are another source of parallelization.

Southern Island devices have two DMA engines that can perform bidirectional
transfers over the PCIe bus with multiple queues created in consecutive order,
since each DMA engine is assigned to an odd or an even queue correspondingly.

2.3 Communication Between Host and the GPU Compute Device 2-9
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

2.3.3 Masking Visible Devices

By default, OpenCL applications are exposed to all GPUs installed in the system;
this allows applications to use multiple GPUs to run the compute task.

In some cases, the user might want to mask the visibility of the GPUs seen by
the OpenCL application. One example is to dedicate one GPU for regular
graphics operations and the other three (in a four-GPU system) for Compute. To
do that, set the GPU_DEVICE_ORDINAL environment parameter, which is a comma-
separated list variable:

 Under Windows: set GPU_DEVICE_ORDINAL=1,2,3

 Under Linux: export GPU_DEVICE_ORDINAL=1,2,3

Another example is a system with eight GPUs, where two distinct OpenCL
applications are running at the same time. The administrator might want to set
GPU_DEVICE_ORDINAL to 0,1,2,3 for the first application, and 4,5,6,7 for the
second application; thus, partitioning the available GPUs so that both
applications can run at the same time.

2.4 Wavefront Scheduling

GPU compute devices are very efficient at parallelizing large numbers of work-
items in a manner transparent to the application. Each GPU compute device
uses the large number of wavefronts to hide memory access latencies by having
the resource scheduler switch the active wavefront in a given compute unit
whenever the current wavefront is waiting for a memory access to complete.
Hiding memory access latencies requires that each work-item contain a large
number of ALU operations per memory load/store.

Figure 2.6 shows the timing of a simplified execution of wavefronts in a single

compute unit. At time 0, the wavefronts are queued and waiting for execution. In
this example, only four wavefronts (T0…T3) are scheduled for the compute unit.
The hardware limit for the number of active wavefront is dependent on the
resource usage (such as the number of active registers used) of the program
being executed. An optimally programmed GPU compute device typically has
many of active wavefronts.

2-10 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

W0
STALL READY

Wavefronts
W1
READY STALL

W2
READY STALL

W3
READY STALL

0 20 40 60 80

= executing = ready (not executing) = stalled

Figure 2.6 Simplified Execution Of Wavefront On A Single Compute Unit

At runtime, wavefront T0 executes until cycle 20; at this time, a stall occurs due
to a memory fetch request. The scheduler then begins execution of the next
wavefront, T1. Wavefront T1 executes until it stalls or completes. New wavefronts
execute, and the process continues until the available number of active
wavefronts is reached. The scheduler then returns to the first wavefront, T0.

If the data wavefront T0 is waiting for has returned from memory, T0 continues
execution. In the example in Figure 2.6, the data is ready, so T0 continues. Since
there were enough wavefronts and processing element operations to cover the
long memory latencies, the compute unit does not idle. This method of memory
latency hiding helps the GPU compute device achieve maximum performance.

If none of T0 – T3 are runnable, the compute unit waits (stalls) until one of T0 –
T3 is ready to execute. In the example shown in Figure 2.7, T0 is the first to
continue execution.

2.4 Wavefront Scheduling 2-11

STALL

Wavefronts
W1
STALL

W2
STALL

W3
STALL

0 20 40 60 80

= executing = ready (not executing) = stalled

Figure 2.7 Compute Unit Stall Due to Data Dependency

2-12 Chapter 2: AMD Implementation

Chapter 3
Building and Running OpenCL
Programs

The compiler tool-chain provides a common framework for both CPUs and
GPUs, sharing the front-end and some high-level compiler transformations. The
back-ends are optimized for the device type (CPU or GPU). Figure 3.1 is a high-
level diagram showing the general compilation path of applications using
OpenCL. Functions of an application that benefit from acceleration are re-written
in OpenCL and become the OpenCL source. The code calling these functions
are changed to use the OpenCL API. The rest of the application remains
unchanged. The kernels are compiled by the OpenCL compiler to either CPU
binaries or GPU binaries, depending on the target device.

O
p OpenCL Compiler
e Built-In
n Library
C LLVM IR Linker
OpenCL L
Front-End
Source
R LLVM
u Optimizer
n
t
i LLVM IR
m
e

LLVM AS AMD IL

CPU GPU

Figure 3.1 OpenCL Compiler Toolchain

For CPU processing, the OpenCL runtime uses the LLVM AS to generate x86
binaries. The OpenCL runtime automatically determines the number of
processing elements, or cores, present in the CPU and distributes the OpenCL
kernel between them.

For GPU processing, the OpenCL runtime post-processes the AMD IL from the
OpenCL compiler and turns it into complete AMD IL. This adds macros (from a
macro database, similar to the built-in library) specific to the GPU. The OpenCL

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 3-1

Runtime layer then removes unneeded functions and passes the complete IL to
the Shader compiler for compilation to GPU-specific binaries.

3.1 Compiling the Program

An OpenCL application consists of a host program (C/C++) and an optional
kernel program (.cl). To compile an OpenCL application, the host program must
be compiled; this can be done using an off-the-shelf compiler such as g++ or
MSVC++. The application kernels are compiled into device-specific binaries
using the OpenCL compiler.

This compiler uses a standard C front-end, as well as the low-level virtual

machine (LLVM) framework, with extensions for OpenCL. The compiler starts
with the OpenCL source that the user program passes through the OpenCL
runtime interface (Figure 3.1). The front-end translates the OpenCL source to
LLVM IR. It keeps OpenCL-specific information as metadata structures. (For
example, to debug kernels, the front end creates metadata structures to hold the
debug information; also, a pass is inserted to translate this into LLVM debug
nodes, which includes the line numbers and source code mapping.) The front-
end supports additional data-types (int4, float8, etc.), additional keywords (kernel,
global, etc.) and built-in functions (get_global_id(), barrier(), etc.). Also, it
performs additional syntactic and semantic checks to ensure the kernels meet
the OpenCL specification. The input to the LLVM linker is the output of the front-
end and the library of built-in functions. This links in the built-in OpenCL functions
required by the source and transfers the data to the optimizer, which outputs
optimized LLVM IR.

For GPU processing, the LLVM IR-to-AMD IL module receives LLVM IR and
generates optimized IL for a specific GPU type in an incomplete format, which is
passed to the OpenCL runtime, along with some metadata for the runtime layer
to finish processing.

For CPU processing, LLVM AS generates x86 binary.

3.1.1 Compiling on Windows

To compile OpenCL applications on Windows requires that Visual Studio 2008
Professional Edition (or later) or the Intel C (C++) compiler are installed. All C++
files must be added to the project, which must have the following settings.

 Project Properties  C/C++  Additional Include Directories

These must include $(AMDAPPSDKROOT)/include for OpenCL headers.
Optionally, they can include $(AMDAPPSDKSAMPLESROOT)/include for
SDKUtil headers.
 Project Properties  C/C++  Preprocessor Definitions
These must define AMD_OS_WIN.

3-2 Chapter 3: Building and Running OpenCL Programs

 Project Properties  Linker  Additional Library Directories

These must include $(AMDAPPSDKROOT)/lib/x86 for OpenCL libraries.
Optionally, they can include $(AMDAPPSDKSAMPLESROOT)/lib/x86 for SDKUtil
libraries.
 Project Properties  Linker  Input  Additional Dependencies
These must include OpenCL.lib. Optionally, they can include SDKUtil.lib.

3.1.2 Compiling on Linux

To compile OpenCL applications on Linux requires that the gcc or the Intel C
compiler is installed. There are two major steps to do this: compiling and linking.

1. Compile all the C++ files (Template.cpp), and get the object files.
For 32-bit object files on a 32-bit system, or 64-bit object files on 64-bit
system:
g++ -o Template.o -DAMD_OS_LINUX -c Template.cpp -I$AMDAPPSDKROOT/include

For building 32-bit object files on a 64-bit system:

g++ -o Template.o -DAMD_OS_LINUX -c Template.cpp -I$AMDAPPSDKROOT/include

2. Link all the object files generated in the previous step to the OpenCL library
and create an executable.
For linking to a 64-bit library:
g++ -o Template Template.o -lOpenCL -L$AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86_64

For linking to a 32-bit library:

g++ -o Template Template.o -lOpenCL -L$AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86

The OpenCL samples in the SDK provided by AMD Accelerated Parallel

Processing depend on the SDKUtil library. In Linux, the samples use the shipped
SDKUtil.lib, whether or not the sample is built for release or debug. When
compiling all samples from the samples/opencl folder, the SDKUtil.lib is
created first; then, the samples use this generated library. When compiling the
SDKUtil library, the created library replaces the shipped library.

The following are linking options if the samples depend on the SDKUtil Library
(assuming the SDKUtil library is created in $AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86_64 for 64-
bit libraries, or $AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86 for 32-bit libraries).

g++ -o Template Template.o -lSDKUtil -lOpenCL -L$AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86_64

g++ -o Template Template.o -lSDKUtil -lOpenCL -L$AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86

3.1 Compiling the Program 3-3

3.1.3 Supported Standard OpenCL Compiler Options

The currently supported options are:

 -I dir — Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
header files. When parsing #include directives, the OpenCL compiler
resolves relative paths using the current working directory of the application.
 -D name — Predefine name as a macro, with definition = 1. For -
D name=definition, the contents of definition are tokenized and processed
as if they appeared during the translation phase three in a #define directive.
In particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline characters.
-D options are processed in the order they are given in the options argument
to clBuildProgram.

3.1.4 AMD-Developed Supplemental Compiler Options

The following supported options are not part of the OpenCL specification:

 -g — This is an experimental feature that lets you use the GNU project
debugger, GDB, to debug kernels on x86 CPUs running Linux or
cygwin/minGW under Windows. For more details, see Chapter 4, “Debugging
OpenCL.” This option does not affect the default optimization of the OpenCL
code.
 -O0 — Specifies to the compiler not to optimize. This is equivalent to the
OpenCL standard option -cl-opt-disable.
 -f[no-]bin-source — Does [not] generate OpenCL source in the .source
section. For more information, see Appendix C, “OpenCL Binary Image
Format (BIF) v2.0.”
 -f[no-]bin-llvmir — Does [not] generate LLVM IR in the .llvmir section.
For more information, see Appendix C, “OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF)
v2.0.”
 -f[no-]bin-amdil — Does [not] generate AMD IL in the .amdil section.
For more information, see Appendix C, “OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF)
v2.0.”
 -f[no-]bin-exe — Does [not] generate the executable (ISA) in .text
section. For more information, see Appendix C, “OpenCL Binary Image
Format (BIF) v2.0.”
 -save-temps[=<prefix>] — This option dumps intermediate temporary
files, such as IL and ISA code, for each OpenCL kernel. If <prefix> is not
given, temporary files are saved in the default temporary directory (the
current directory for Linux, C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local for Windows).
If <prefix> is given, those temporary files are saved with the given
<prefix>. If <prefix> is an absolute path prefix, such as
C:\your\work\dir\mydumpprefix, those temporaries are saved under
C:\your\work\dir, with mydumpprefix as prefix to all temporary names. For
example,

3-4 Chapter 3: Building and Running OpenCL Programs

-save-temps
under the default directory
_temp_nn_xxx_yyy.il, _temp_nn_xxx_yyy.isa

-save-temps=aaa
under the default directory
aaa_nn_xxx_yyy.il, aaa_nn_xxx_yyy.isa

-save-temps=C:\you\dir\bbb
under C:\you\dir
bbb_nn_xxx_yyy.il, bbb_nn_xxx_yyy.isa
where xxx and yyy are the device name and kernel name for this build,
respectively, and nn is an internal number to identify a build to avoid
overriding temporary files. Note that this naming convention is subject to
change.

To avoid source changes, there are two environment variables that can be used
to change CL options during the runtime.

 AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS — Overrides the CL options specified in

clBuildProgram().
 AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND — Appends options to those specified in
clBuildProgram().

3.2 Running the Program

The runtime system assigns the work in the command queues to the underlying
devices. Commands are placed into the queue using the clEnqueue commands
shown in the listing below.

OpenCL API Function Description

clCreateCommandQueue() Create a command queue for a specific device (CPU,
GPU).
clCreateProgramWithSource() Create a program object using the source code of the
clCreateProgramWithBinary() application kernels.
clBuildProgram() Compile and link to create a program executable from
the program source or binary.
clCreateKernel() Creates a kernel object from the program object.
clCreateBuffer() Creates a buffer object for use via OpenCL kernels.
clSetKernelArg() Set the kernel arguments, and enqueue the kernel in a
clEnqueueNDRangeKernel() command queue.
clEnqueueReadBuffer(), Enqueue a command in a command queue to read from
clEnqueueWriteBuffer() a buffer object to host memory, or write to the buffer
object from host memory.
clEnqueueWaitForEvents() Wait for the specified events to complete.

3.2 Running the Program 3-5

The commands can be broadly classified into three categories.

 Kernel commands (for example, clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(), etc.),

 Memory commands (for example, clEnqueueReadBuffer(), etc.), and
 Event commands (for example, clEnqueueWaitForEvents(), etc.

As illustrated in Figure 3.2, the application can create multiple command queues
(some in libraries, for different components of the application, etc.). These
queues are muxed into one queue per device type. The figure shows command
queues 1 and 3 merged into one CPU device queue (blue arrows); command
queue 2 (and possibly others) are merged into the GPU device queue (red
arrow). The device queue then schedules work onto the multiple compute
resources present in the device. Here, K = kernel commands, M = memory
commands, and E = event commands.

3.2.1 Running Code on Windows

The following steps ensure the execution of OpenCL applications on Windows.

1. The path to OpenCL.lib ($AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86) must be included in

path environment variable.
2. Generally, the path to the kernel file (Template_Kernel.cl) specified in the
host program is relative to the executable. Unless an absolute path is
specified, the kernel file must be in the same directory as the executable.

Programming n
3
Layer 2
1
Command M1 K1 E1 K2 M2 K3 M3
Queues
For CPU queue For CPU queue For GPU queue

GPU
Device
Command CPU
M11 K11 E11 K12 M12 M31 K32 M32
Queue

K111 K112 Scheduler

CPU Core 1 CPU Core 2 GPU Core 1 GPU Core 2

Figure 3.2 Runtime Processing Structure

3-6 Chapter 3: Building and Running OpenCL Programs

3.2.2 Running Code on Linux

The following steps ensure the execution of OpenCL applications on Linux.

1. The path to libOpenCL.so ($AMDAPPSDKROOT/lib/x86) must be included in

$LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
2. /usr/lib/OpenCL/vendors/ must have libatiocl32.so and/or
libatiocl64.so.
3. Generally, the path to the kernel file (Template_Kernel.cl) specified in the
host program is relative to the executable. Unless an absolute path is
specified, the kernel file must be in the same directory as the executable.

3.3 Calling Conventions

For all Windows platforms, the __stdcall calling convention is used. Function
names are undecorated.

For Linux, the calling convention is __cdecl.

3.3 Calling Conventions 3-7

3-8 Chapter 3: Building and Running OpenCL Programs

Chapter 4
Debugging OpenCL

This chapter discusses how to debug OpenCL programs running on AMD

Accelerated Parallel Processing GPU and CPU compute devices. The preferred
method is to debug with the AMD CodeXL, as described in Section 4.1, “AMD
CodeXL GPU Debugger.” The second method, described in Section 4.2,
“Debugging CPU Kernels with GDB,” is to use experimental features provided by
AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing (GNU project debugger, GDB) to debug
kernels on x86 CPUs running Linux or cygwin/minGW under Windows.

4.1 AMD CodeXL GPU Debugger

CodeXL 1.2 is available as an extension to Microsoft® Visual Studio®, a stand-
alone version for Windows, and a stand-alone version for Linux. It offers real-time
OpenCL kernel debugging and memory analysis on GPU devices and lets
developers

 access the kernel execution directly from the API call that issues it,
 debug inside the kernel, and
 view all variable values across the different work-groups and work-items.

It also provides OpenGL API-level debugging and memory analysis. For

information on downloading and installing CodeXL, see:

http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/heterogeneous-computing/codexl/

After installing CodeXL, launch Visual Studio, then open the solution to be
worked on. In the Visual Studio menu bar, note the new CodeXL menu, which
contains all the required controls.

Select a Visual C/C++ project, and set its debugging properties as normal. To
add a breakpoint, either select New CodeXL Breakpoint from the CodeXL menu,
or navigate to a kernel file (*.cl) used in the application, and set a breakpoint
on the appropriate source line. Then, select the Launch OpenCL/OpenGL
Debugging from the CodeXL menu to start debugging.

CodeXL currently supports only API-level debugging and OpenCL kernel

debugging. Stepping through C/C++ code is not yet possible; however, the
C/C++ call stack can be seen in the Visual Studio call stack view, which shows
what led to the API function call.

To start kernel debugging, there are several options. One is to Step Into (F11)
the appropriate clEnqueueNDRangeKernel function call. Once the kernel starts

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 4-1

executing, debug it like C/C++ code, stepping into, out of, or over function calls
in the kernel, setting source breakpoints, and inspecting the locals, autos, watch,
and call stack views.

If you develop on Linux, or do not use Visual Studio, using the CodeXL stand-
alone application is very similar. After installing CodeXL, launch the CodeXL
stand-alone application from the installation folder. On the start page, select
"Create New Project," and use the browse button next to the "Executable Path"
field to select your application. Click the "Go" (F5) button, and follow the
instructions above to enter kernel debugging.

4.2 Debugging CPU Kernels with GDB

This section describes an experimental feature for using the GNU project
debugger, GDB, to debug kernels on x86 CPUs running Linux or cygwin/minGW
under Windows.

4.2.1 Setting the Environment

The OpenCL program to be debugged first is compiled by passing the “-g -O0”
(or “-g -cl-opt-disable”) option to the compiler through the options string to
clBuildProgram. For example, using the C++ API:

err = program.build(devices,"-g -O0");

To avoid source changes, set the environment variable as follows:

AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND="-g -O0" or
AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS="-g -O0"

Below is a sample debugging session of a program with a simple hello world

kernel. The following GDB session shows how to debug this kernel. Ensure that
the program is configured to be executed on the CPU. It is important to set
CPU_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS=1. This ensures that the program is executed
deterministically.

4.2.2 Setting the Breakpoint in an OpenCL Kernel

To set a breakpoint, use:

b [N | function | kernel_name]

where N is the line number in the source code, function is the function name,
and kernel_name is constructed as follows: if the name of the kernel is
bitonicSort, the kernel_name is __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel.

Note that if no breakpoint is set, the program does not stop until execution is
complete.

Also note that OpenCL kernel symbols are not visible in the debugger until the
kernel is loaded. A simple way to check for known OpenCL symbols is to set a

4-2 Chapter 4: Debugging OpenCL

breakpoint in the host code at clEnqueueNDRangeKernel, and to use the GDB

info functions __OpenCL command, as shown in the example below.

4.2.3 Sample GDB Session

The following is a sample debugging session. Note that two separate breakpoints
are set. The first is set in the host code, at clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(). The
second breakpoint is set at the actual CL kernel function.

$ export AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND="-g -O0"

$ export CPU_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS=1
$ gdb BitonicSort
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.1-ubuntu
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
<http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux-gnu".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>...
Reading symbols from /home/himanshu/Desktop/ati-stream-sdk-v2.3-
lnx64/samples/opencl/bin/x86_64/BitonicSort...done.
(gdb) b clEnqueueNDRangeKernel
Breakpoint 1 at 0x403228
(gdb) r --device cpu
Starting program: /home/himanshu/Desktop/ati-stream-sdk-v2.3-
lnx64/samples/opencl/bin/x86_64/BitonicSort --device cpu
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]

Unsorted Input
53 5 199 15 120 9 71 107 71 242 84 150 134 180 26 128 196 9 98 4 102 65
206 35 224 2 52 172 160 94 2 214 99 .....

Platform Vendor : Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Device 0 : AMD Athlon(tm) II X4 630 Processor
[New Thread 0x7ffff7e6b700 (LWP 1894)]
[New Thread 0x7ffff2fcc700 (LWP 1895)]
Executing kernel for 1 iterations
-------------------------------------------

Breakpoint 1, 0x00007ffff77b9b20 in clEnqueueNDRangeKernel () from

/home/himanshu/Desktop/ati-stream-sdk-v2.3-lnx64/lib/x86_64/libOpenCL.so
(gdb) info functions __OpenCL
All functions matching regular expression "__OpenCL":

File OCLm2oVFr.cl:
void __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel(uint *, const uint, const uint, const
uint, const uint);

Non-debugging symbols:
0x00007ffff23c2dc0 __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel@plt
0x00007ffff23c2f40 __OpenCL_bitonicSort_stub
(gdb) b __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel
Breakpoint 2 at 0x7ffff23c2de9: file OCLm2oVFr.cl, line 32.
(gdb) c
Continuing.
[Switching to Thread 0x7ffff2fcc700 (LWP 1895)]

Breakpoint 2, __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel (theArray=0x615ba0, stage=0,

passOfStage=0, width=1024, direction=0) at OCLm2oVFr.cl:32
32 uint sortIncreasing = direction;
(gdb) p get_global_id(0)
$1 = 0
(gdb) c

4.2 Debugging CPU Kernels with GDB 4-3

Continuing.

Breakpoint 2, __OpenCL_bitonicSort_kernel (theArray=0x615ba0, stage=0,

passOfStage=0, width=1024, direction=0) at OCLm2oVFr.cl:32
32 uint sortIncreasing = direction;
(gdb) p get_global_id(0)
$2 = 1
(gdb)

4.2.4 Notes
1. To make a breakpoint in a working thread with some particular ID in
dimension N, one technique is to set a conditional breakpoint when the
get_global_id(N) == ID. To do this, use:
b [ N | function | kernel_name ] if (get_global_id(N)==ID)

where N can be 0, 1, or 2.

2. For complete GDB documentation, see

http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/ .
3. For debugging OpenCL kernels in Windows, a developer can use GDB
running in cygwin or minGW. It is done in the same way as described in
sections 3.1 and 3.2.
Notes:
– Only OpenCL kernels are visible to GDB when running cygwin or
minGW. GDB under cygwin/minGW currently does not support host code
debugging.
– It is not possible to use two debuggers attached to the same process.
Do not try to attach Visual Studio to a process, and concurrently GDB to
the kernels of that process.
– Continue to develop the application code using Visual Studio. Currently,
gcc running in cygwin or minGW is not supported.

4-4 Chapter 4: Debugging OpenCL

Chapter 5
OpenCL Static C++ Programming
Language

5.1 Overview
This extension defines the OpenCL Static C++ kernel language, which is a form
of the ISO/IEC Programming languages C++ specification1. This language
supports overloading and templates that can be resolved at compile time (hence
static), while restricting the use of language features that require dynamic/runtime
resolving. The language also is extended to support most of the features
described in Section 6 of OpenCL spec: new data types (vectors, images,
samples, etc.), OpenCL Built-in functions, and more.

5.1.1 Supported Features

The following list contains the major C++ features supported by this extension.

 Kernel and function overloading.

 Inheritance:
– Strict inheritance.
– Friend classes.
– Multiple inheritance.
 Templates:
– Kernel templates.
– Member templates.
– Template default argument.
– Limited class templates (the virtual. keyword is not exposed).
– Partial template specialization
 Namespaces.
 References.
 this operator.

Note that supporting templates and overloading highly improve the efficiency of
writing code: it allows developers to avoid replication of code when not
necessary.

1. Programming languages C++. International Standard ISO/IEC 14881, 1998.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 5-1

Using kernel template and kernel overloading requires support from the runtime
API as well. AMD provides a simple extension to clCreateKernel, which
enables the user to specify the desired kernel.

5.1.2 Unsupported Features

C++ features not supported by this extension are:

 Virtual functions (methods marked with the virtual keyword).

 Abstract classes (a class defined only of pure virtual functions).
 Dynamic memory allocation (non-placement new/delete support is not
provided).
 Exceptions (no support for throw/catch).
 The :: operator.
 STL and other standard C++ libraries.
 The language specified in this extension can be easily expanded to support
these features.

5.1.3 Relations with ISO/IEC C++

This extension focuses on documenting the differences between the OpenCL
Static C++ kernel language and the ISO/IEC Programming languages C++
specification. Where possible, this extension leaves technical definitions to the
ISO/IEC specification.

5.2 Additions and Changes to Section 5 - The OpenCL C Runtime

5.2.1 Additions and Changes to Section 5.7.1 - Creating Kernel Objects

In the static C++ kernel language, a kernel can be overloaded, templated, or
both. The syntax explaining how to do it is defined in Sections 5.3.4 and 5.3.5,
below.

To support these cases, the following error codes were added; these can be
returned by clCreateKernel.

 CL_INVALID_KERNEL_TEMPLATE_TYPE_ARGUMENT_AMD if a kernel template

argument is not a valid type (is neither a valid OpenCL C type or a user
defined type in the same source file).
 CL_INVALID_KERNEL_TYPE_ARGUMENT_AMD if a kernel type argument, used for
overloading resolution, is not a valid type (is neither a valid OpenCL C type
or user-defined type in the same source program).

5-2 Chapter 5: OpenCL Static C++ Programming Language

5.2.2 Passing Classes between Host and Device

This extension allows a developer to pass classes between the host and the
device. The mechanism used to pass the class to the device and back are the
existing buffer object APIs. The class that is passed maintains its state (public
and private members), and the compiler implicitly changes the class to use either
the host-side or device-side methods.

On the host side, the application creates the class and an equivalent memory
object with the same size (using the sizeof function). It then can use the class
methods to set or change values of the class members. When the class is ready,
the application uses a standard buffer API to move the class to the device (either
Unmap or Write), then sets the buffer object as the appropriate kernel argument
and enqueues the kernel for execution. When the kernel finishes the execution,
the application can map back (or read) the buffer object into the class and
continue working on it.

5.3 Additions and Changes to Section 6 - The OpenCL C Programming Language

5.3.1 Building C++ Kernels

To compile a program that contains C++ kernels and functions, the application
must add the following compile option to clBuildProgramWithSource:

-x language

where language is defined as one of the following:

 clc – the source language is considered to be OpenCL C, as defined in the

The OpenCL Programming Language version 1.21.
 clc++ - the source language is considered to be OpenCL C++, as defined in
the following sections of the this document.

5.3.2 Classes and Derived Classes

OpenCL C is extended to support classes and derived classes as per Sections
9 and 10 of the C++ language specification, with the limitation that virtual
functions and abstracts classes are not supported. The virtual keyword is
reserved, and the OpenCL C++ compiler is required to report a compile time
error if it is used in the input program.

This limitation restricts class definitions to be fully statically defined. There is

nothing prohibiting a future version of OpenCL C++ from relaxing this restriction,
pending performance implications.

A class definition can not contain any address space qualifier, either for members
or for methods:

1. The OpenCL Programming Language 1.2. Rev15, Khronos 2011.

5.3 Additions and Changes to Section 6 - The OpenCL C Programming Language 5-3
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

class myClass{
public:
int myMethod1(){ return x;}
void __local myMethod2(){x = 0;}
private:
int x;
__local y; // illegal
};

The class invocation inside a kernel, however, can be either in private or local
address space:

__kernel void myKernel()

{
myClass c1;
__local myClass c2;
...
}

Classes can be passed as arguments to kernels, by defining a buffer object at

the size of the class, and using it. The device invokes the adequate device-
specific methods, and accesses the class members passed from the host.

OpenCL C kernels (defined with __kernel) may not be applied to a class

constructor, destructor, or method, except in the case that the class method is
defined static and thus does not require object construction to be invoked.

5.3.3 Namespaces
Namespaces are support without change as per [1].

5.3.4 Overloading
As defined in of the C++ language specification, when two or more different
declarations are specified for a single name in the same scope, that name is said
to be overloaded. By extension, two declarations in the same scope that declare
the same name but with different types are called overloaded declarations. Only
kernel and function declarations can be overloaded, not object and type
declarations.

As per of the C++ language specification, there are a number of restrictions as

to how functions can be overloaded; these are defined formally in Section 13 of
the C++ language specification. Note that kernels and functions cannot be
overloaded by return type.

Also, the rules for well-formed programs as defined by Section 13 of the C++
language specification are lifted to apply to both kernel and function declarations.

The overloading resolution is per Section 13.1 of the C++ language specification,
but extended to account for vector types. The algorithm for “best viable function”,
Section 13.3.3 of the C++ language specification, is extended for vector types by
inducing a partial-ordering as a function of the partial-ordering of its elements.
Following the existing rules for vector types in the OpenCL 1.2 specification,
explicit conversion between vectors is not allowed. (This reduces the number of

5-4 Chapter 5: OpenCL Static C++ Programming Language

possible overloaded functions with respect to vectors, but this is not expected to
be a particular burden to developers because explicit conversion can always be
applied at the point of function evocation.)

For overloaded kernels, the following syntax is used as part of the kernel name:

foo(type1,...,typen)

where type1,...,typen must be either an OpenCL scalar or vector type, or can

be a user-defined type that is allocated in the same source file as the kernel foo.

To allow overloaded kernels, use the following syntax:

__attribute__((mangled_name(myMangledName)))

The kernel mangled_name is used as a parameter to pass to the

clCreateKernel() API. This mechanism is needed to allow overloaded kernels
without changing the existing OpenCL kernel creation API.

5.3.5 Templates
OpenCL C++ provides unrestricted support for C++ templates, as defined in
Section 14 of the C++ language specification. The arguments to templates are
extended to allow for all OpenCL base types, including vectors and pointers
qualified with OpenCL C address spaces (i.e. __global, __local, __private,
and __constant).

OpenCL C++ kernels (defined with __kernel) can be templated and can be
called from within an OpenCL C (C++) program or as an external entry point
(from the host).

For kernel templates, the following syntax is used as part of the kernel name
(assuming a kernel called foo):

foo<type1,...,typen>

where type1,...,typen must be either OpenCL scalar or vector type, or can be

a user-defined type that is allocated in the same source file as the kernel foo. In
this case a kernel is both overloaded and templated:

foo<type1,...,typen>(typen+1,...,typem)

Note that here overloading resolution is done by first matching non-templated

arguments in order of appearance in the definition, then substituting template
parameters. This allows intermixing of template and non-template arguments in
the signature.

To support template kernels, the same mechanism for kernel overloading is used.
Use the following syntax:

__attribute__((mangled_name(myMangledName)))

The kernel mangled_name is used as a parameter to passed to t he

clCreateKernel() API. This mechanism is needed to allow template kernels

5.3 Additions and Changes to Section 6 - The OpenCL C Programming Language 5-5
Copyright © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AMD ACCELERATED P ARALLEL P ROCESSING

without changing the existing OpenCL kernel creation API. An implementation is

not required to detect name collision with the user-specified kernel_mangled
names involved.

5.3.6 Exceptions
Exceptions, as per Section 15 of the C++ language specification, are not
supported. The keywords try, catch, and throw are reserved, and the OpenCL
C++ compiler must produce a static compile time error if they are used in the
input program.

5.3.7 Libraries
Support for the general utilities library, as defined in Sections 20-21 of the C++
language specification, is not provided. The standard C++ libraries and STL
library are not supported.

5.3.8 Dynamic Operation

Features related to dynamic operation are not supported:

 the virtual modifier.

OpenCL C++ prohibits the use of the virtual modifier. Thus, virtual member
functions and virtual inheritance are not supported.
 Dynamic cast that requires runtime check.
 Dynamic storage allocation and deallocation.

5.4 Examples

5.4.1 Passing a Class from the Host to the Device and Back
The class definition must be the same on the host code and the device code,
besides the members’ type in the case of vectors. If the class includes vector
data types, the definition must conform to the table that appears on Section 6.1.2
of the OpenCL Programming Specification 1.2, Corresponding API type for
OpenCL Language types.

Example Kernel Code

Class Test
{
setX (int value);
private:
int x;
}

kernel foo (global Test* InClass, ...)

{
If (get_global_id(0) == 0)
InClass->setX(5);
}

5-6 Chapter 5: OpenCL Static C++ Programming Language

Example Host Code

Class Test
{
setX (int value);
private:
int x;
}

MyFunc ()
{
tempClass = new(Test);
... // Some OpenCL startup code – create context, queue, etc.
cl_mem classObj = clCreateBuffer(context,
CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR, sizeof(Test),
&tempClass, event);
clEnqueueMapBuffer(...,classObj,...);
tempClass.setX(10);
clEnqueueUnmapBuffer(...,classObj,...); //class is passed to the Device
clEnqueueNDRange(..., fooKernel, ...);
clEnqueueMapBuffer(...,classObj,...); //class is passed back to the Host

5.4.2 Kernel Overloading

This example shows how to define and use mangled_name for kernel overloading,
and how to choose the right kernel from the host code. Assume the following
kernels are defined:

attribute((mangled_name(testAddFloat4))) kernel void

testAdd(global float4 * src1, global float4 * src2, global float4 * dst)
{
int tid = get_global_id(0);
dst[tid] = src1[tid] + src2[tid];

attribute((mangled_name(testAddInt8))) kernel void

testAdd(global int8 * src1, global int8 * src2, global int8 * dst)
{
int tid = get_global_id(0);
dst[tid] = src1[tid] + src2[tid];

The names testAddFloat4 and testAddInt8 are the external names for the two
kernel instants. When calling clCreateKernel, passing one of these kernel
names leads to the correct overloaded kernel.

5.4 Examples 5-7

5.4.3 Kernel Template

This example defines a kernel template, testAdd. It also defines two explicit
instants of the kernel template, testAddFloat4 and testAddInt8. The names
testAddFloat4 and testAddInt8 are the external names for the two kernel
template instants that must be used as parameters when calling to the
clCreateKernel API.

template <class T>

kernel void testAdd(global T * src1, global T * src2, global T * dst)
{
int tid = get_global_id(0);
dst[tid] = src1[tid] + src2[tid];
}

template attribute((mangled_name(testAddFloat4))) kernel void

testAdd(global float4 * src1, global float4 * src2, global float4 *
dst);

template attribute((mangled_name(testAddInt8))) kernel void

testAdd(global int8 * src1, global int8 * src2, global int8 * dst);

5-8 Chapter 5: OpenCL Static C++ Programming Language

Chapter 6
OpenCL 2.0

6.1 Introduction
The OpenCL 2.0 specification is a significant evolution of OpenCL. It introduces
features that allow closer collaboration between the host and OpenCL devices,
such as Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) and device-side enqueue. Other features,
such as pipes, dynamic parallelism, and new image-related additions provide
effective ways of expressing heterogeneous programming constructs.

The following sections highlight the salient features of OpenCL 2.0 and provide
usage guidelines.

 Shared Virtual Memory (SVM)

 Generic Address Space
 Device-side enqueue
 Atomics and synchronization
 Pipes
 Sub-groups
 Program-scope global Variables
 Image Enhancements
 Non-uniform work group size

Sample code is included wherever appropriate; complete samples illustrating the

OpenCL 2.0 features are provided with the AMD APP SDK.

For guidelines on how to migrate from OpenCL 1.2 to OpenCL 2.0 and for
information about querying for image- and device-specific extensions, see
Portability considerations.

For a list of the new and deprecated functions, see Appendix F, “New and
deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0.”

6.2 Shared Virtual Memory (SVM)

6.2.1 Overview
In OpenCL 1.2, the host and OpenCL devices do not share the same virtual
address space. Consequently, the host memory, the device memory, and
communication between the host and the OpenCL devices, need to be explicitly

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide 6-1

specified and managed. Buffers may need to be copied over to the OpenCL
device memory for processing and copied back after processing; the same
memory cannot be accessed simultaneously by the host and the OpenCL
devices. To access locations within a buffer (or regions within an image), the
appropriate offsets must be passed to and from the OpenCL devices.

In OpenCL 2.0, the host and OpenCL devices may share the same virtual
address space. Buffers need not be copied over between devices. When the host
and the OpenCL devices share the address space, communication between the
host and the devices can occur via shared memory. This simplifies programming
in heterogeneous contexts.

Support for SVM does not imply or require that the host and the OpenCL devices
in an OpenCL 2.0 compliant architecture share actual physical memory. The
OpenCL runtime manages the transfer of data between the host and the OpenCL
devices; the process is transparent to the programmer, who sees a unified
address space.

A caveat, however, concerns situations in which the host and the OpenCL
devices access the same region of memory at the same time. It would be highly
inefficient for the host and the OpenCL devices to have a consistent view of the
memory for each load/store from any device/host. In general, the memory model
of the language or architecture implementation determines how or when a
memory location written by one thread or agent is visible to another. The memory
model also determines to what extent the programmer can control the scope of
such accesses.

OpenCL 2.0 adopts the memory model defined C++11 with some extensions.
The memory orders taken from C++11 are: "relaxed", "acquire", "release",
“acquire-release”, and "sequential consistent".

OpenCL 2.0 introduces a new (C++11-based) set of atomic operations with

specific memory-model based semantics. Atomic operations are indivisible: a
thread or agent cannot see partial results. The atomic operations supported are:

 atomic_load/store
 atomic_init
 atomic_work_item_fence
 atomic_exchange
 atomic_compare_exchange
 atomic_fetch_<op>, where <op> is "add", "sub", "xor", "and", or "or"

OpenCL 2.0 introduces the concept of "memory scope", which limits the extent
to which atomic operations are visible. For example:

 "workgroup" scope means that the updates are to be visible only within the
work group
 "device" scope means that the updates are to be visible only within the
device (across workgroups within the device)

6-2 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

 "all-svm-devices" scope means the updates are available across devices

(GPUs and the host/CPU).

The OpenCL 2.0 further differentiates between coarse-grained and fine-grained

(buffer and system) SVM buffer sharing mechanisms. These mechanisms define
the granularity at which the SVM buffers are shared.

Updates to coarse-grained or fine-grained SVM are visible to other devices at

synchronization points:

 For coarse-grained SVM, the synchronization points are: the mapping or un-
mapping of the SVM memory and kernel launch or completion. This means
that any updates are visible only at the end of the kernel or at the point of
un-mapping the region of memory. Coarse-grained buffer memory has a fixed
virtual address for all devices it is allocated on. The physical memory is
allocated on Device Memory.
 For fine-grained SVM, the synchronization points include, in addition to those
defined for coarse-grained SVM, the mapping or un-mapping of memory and
atomic operations. This means that updates are visible at the level of atomic
operations on the SVM buffer (for fine-grained buffer SVM, allocated with the
CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS flag) or the SVM system, i.e. anywhere in the SVM
(for fine-grained system SVM). Fine-grained buffer memory has the same
virtual address for all devices it is allocated on. The physical memory is
allocated on the Device-Visible Host Memory. If the fine grain buffer is
allocated with the CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS flag, the memory will be GPU-
CPU coherent.

The OpenCL 2.0 specification mandates coarse-grained SVM but not fine-
grained SVM.

For details, the developer is urged to read Section 3.3 of the OpenCL 2.0
specification.

6.2.2 Usage
In OpenCL 2.0, SVM buffers shared between the host and OpenCL devices are
created by calling clSVMAlloc (or malloc/new in the case of fine-grain system
support). The contents of such buffers may include pointers (into SVM buffers).
Pointer-based data structures are especially useful in heterogenous
programming scenarios. A typical scenario is as follows:

1. Host creates SVM buffer(s) with clSVMAlloc

2. Host maps the SVM buffer(s) with blocking clEnqueueSVMMap

3. Host fills/updates the SVM buffer(s) with data structures including pointers

4. Host unmaps the SVM buffer(s) by using clEnqueueSVMUnmap

5. Host enqueues processing kernels, passing SVM buffers to the kernels with
calls to clSetKernelArgSVMPointer and/or clSetKernelExecInfo

6.2 Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) 6-3

6. The OpenCL 2.0 device processes the structures in SVM buffer(s) including
following/updating pointers.

7. Repeat Step 2 as necessary.

Note that the map and unmap operations in Steps 2 and 4 may be eliminated if
the SVM buffers are created by using the CL_MEM_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER
flag, which may not be supported on all devices.

6.2.2.1 Coarse-grained memory

Some applications do not require fine-grained atomics to ensure that the SVM is
consistent across devices after each read/write access. After the initial
map/creation of the buffer, the GPU or any other devices typically read from
memory. Even if the GPU or other devices write to memory, they may not require
a consistent view of the memory.

For example, while searching in parallel on a binary search tree (as in the Binary
Search tree sample presented later in this section), coarse-grain buffers are
usually sufficient. In general, coarse-grain buffers provide faster access
compared to fine grain buffers as the memory is not required to be consistent
across devices.

for (i = 0; i < keys_per_wi; i++) {

key = search_keys[init_id + i];

tmp_node = root;

while (1) {

if (!tmp_node || (tmp_node->value == key))

break;

tmp_node = (key < tmp_node->value) ? tmp_node-

>left : tmp_node->right;

found_nodes[init_id + i] = tmp_node;

}
In the above example, the binary search tree root is created using coarse-
grain SVM on the host as
int flags = CL_MEM_READ_ONLY;

if ((data = (node *) clSVMAlloc(context, flags, num_nodes

* sizeof(node), 0)) == NULL) {

printf("Error allocating memory for nodes.\n");

exit(1);

6-4 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

The “data” is the tree created by the host as a coarse-grain buffer and is passed
to the kernel as an input pointer.

CPU – time
Tree (size in M)(ms) GPU (OpenCL 2.0) GPU (OpenCL 1.2) *
1 23.46 5.17 3.22 (+1.92) (+49.58 +8.50)

5 86.11 24.87 13.95 (+4.15) (+259.12 +34.30)

10 180.73 51.58 N/A

25 381.77 129.58 N/A

The above table shows the performance of the 2.0 implementation over the 1.2
implementation.

As SVM was absent in OpenCL 1.2, the tree needed to be sent to the GPU
memory. In addition, as pointers were not pointing to the same tree as on the
host, the tree might have required to be transformed into arrays for GPU
compute. The values provided in parentheses indicate the extra time required for
such computes. Alternatively, offsets might have been required to be used
instead of pointers on both the host and the device at the cost of a few more
additions.

Finally, more than 5M nodes could not be allocated in 1.2, as the allowable
memory allocation was limited by the amount of memory that could be used on
the device. Overall, the 2.0 version exceeds the 1.2 version in both performance
and usability.

6.3 Generic Address Space

6.3.1 Overview
In OpenCL 1.2, all parameters in a function definition must have address spaces
associated with them. (The default address space is the private address space.)
This necessitates creating an explicit version of the function must be created for
each desired address space.

OpenCL 2.0 introduces a new address space called the generic address space.
Data cannot be stored in the generic address space, but a pointer to this space
can reference data located in the private, local, or global address spaces. A
function with generic pointer arguments may be called with pointers to any
address space except the constant address space. Pointers that are declared
without pointing to a named address space point to the generic address space.

6.3 Generic Address Space 6-5

However, such pointers must be associated with a named address space before
they can be used. Functions may be written with arguments and return values
that point to the generic address space, improving readability and
programmability.

6.3.2 Usage

6.3.2.1 Generic example

In OpenCL 1.2, the developer needed to write three functions for a pointer p that
can reference the local, private, or global address space:

void fooL (local int *p) { … }

void fooP (private int *p) { … }

void fooG (global int *p) { … }

In OpenCL 2.0, the developer needs to write only one function:

void foo (int *p)

As foo is a generic function, the compiler will accept calls to it with pointers to
any address space except the constant address space.

Note: The OpenCL 2.0 spec itself shows most built-in functions that accept
pointer arguments as accepting generic pointer arguments.

6.3.2.2 AMD APP SDK example

In the xxx APP SDK sample, addMul2d is a generic function that uses generic
address spaces for its operands. The function computes the convolution sum of
two vectors. Two kernels compute the convolution: one uses data in the global
address space (convolution2DUsingGlobal); the other uses the local
address space (sepiaToning2DUsingLocal). The use of a single function
improves the readability of the source.

float4 addMul2D (uchar4 src, float filter, int2 filterDim, int

width)

{ int i, j;

float4 sum = (float4)(0);

for(i = 0; i < (filterDim.y); i++)

for(j = 0; j < (filterDim.x); j++)

sum +=
(convert_float4(src[(i*width)+j]))*((float4)(filter[(i*filterDim.x)

6-6 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

+j]));

return sum;

Note: The compiler will try to resolve the address space at compile time.
Otherwise, the runtime will decide whether the pointer references the local or the
global address space. For optimum performance, the code must make it easy for
the compiler to detect the pointer reference by avoiding data-dependent address
space selection, so that run-time resolution -- which is costly -- is not required.

6.4 Device-side enqueue

6.4.1 Overview
In OpenCL 1.2, a kernel cannot be enqueued from a currently running kernel.
Enqueuing a kernel requires returning control to the host.

OpenCL 2.0 introduces "clang blocks" and new built-in functions that allow
kernels to enqueue new work to device-side queues. In addition, the runtime API
call clCreateCommandQueue has been deprecated in favor of a new call,
clCreateCommandQueueWithProperties, which allows creating device-side
command queues. Device enqueue allows programmers to launch the (child)
kernels from the current (parent) kernel.

This mechanism offers the following benefits:

1. As the overhead of returning control to the host to launch the kernel is

eliminated, device enqueue can improve the performance of applications.
Some platforms (such as AMD’s) provide a standard way of enqueuing work
to the hardware, which can further improve the performance. Device-side
enqueue has been observed to reduce by the overhead of enqueuing by
more than 3x in some cases. Device-side enqueue can especially benefit
applications that are inherently recursive or comprise work to be performed
dynamically.
2. In OpenCL 1.2, knowing when all the workgroups of the running kernel have
completed execution requires waiting on a completion event from that kernel.
This necessitates waiting on the host before another kernel can be launched,
if the host requires the result of a computation before it can proceed. Device-
side enqueue allows the parent kernel to launch the child kernel and thus
eliminates this wait. The extracting primes example in the subsequent
sections illustrate this benefit.

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-7

6.4.2 Usage

6.4.2.1 Iterate until convergence

Suppose a complex process requires 4 kernels, A, B, C, and Check, and that

these kernels must be run in order repeatedly until the Check kernel produces a
value indicating that the process has converged.

In OpenCL 1.2, the host side code to perform this might be structured as follows:

1. Enqueue kernel A
2. Enqueue kernel B
3. Enqueue kernel C
4. Enqueue kernel Check
5. Enqueue blocking map of Check result, e.g. with clEnqueueSVMMap
6. If Check result is not "Converged" then:
Enqueue unmap of Check result
7. Go to Step 1

However, with device-side enqueue in OpenCL 2.0, the Check kernel may be
altered to enqueue blocks that carry out A, B, C, and Check when it detects that
convergence has not been reached. This avoids a potentially costly interaction
with the host on each iteration. Also, a slight modification of Check might allow
the replacement of the entire loop above with a single host-side enqueue of the
Check kernel.

6.4.2.2 Data-dependent refinement

Consider a search or computational process that works from coarse levels to

increasingly finer levels that operates something like this:

1. Search/Compute over current region

2. Loop over sub-regions in current region
3. If a sub-region is interesting:
1. Refine the sub-region
2. Apply a process to the refined sub-region

With OpenCL 1.2, this process would require a complex interaction between the
host and the OpenCL device. The device-side kernel would need to somehow
mark the sub-regions requiring further work, and the host side code would need
to scan all of the sub-regions looking for the marked ones and then enqueue a
kernel for each marked sub-region. This is made more difficult by the lack of
globally visible atomic operations in OpenCL 1.2.

However, with OpenCL 2.0, rather than just marking each interesting sub-region,
the kernel can instead launch a new sub-kernel to process each marked sub-

6-8 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

region. This significantly simplifies the code and improves efficiency due to the
elimination of the interactions with, and dependence on, the host.

6.4.2.3 Extracting Primes from an array by using device-side enqueue

Given an array of positive integers, the device-side enqueue feature in OpenCL

2.0 can be used to efficiently extract the prime numbers present in that array and
store them into another output array.

The following figure explains the input and output expected from this sample:

Input:

12 31 47 64 19 27 49 81 99 11
Output:

31 47 19 11
As can be seen in the Figure above, the input is given as an array of positive
numbers and the expected output is an array of the primes in the input array.
This is a classic example of data-parallel processing, in which the processing for
each array element for checking whether the element is prime or not, can be
done in parallel with all others.

In OpenCL 1.2, this processing can be done as follows:

kernel extractPrimes(global int in, global int out) {

int id = get_global_id (0);

if (isPrime(in[id]))

out[id] = in[id];

}
Assuming that the output array is initialized with zeroes before the kernel
executes, the output would be:

0 31 47 0 19 0 0 0 0 11
The output array can be written into by using atomics directly. But doing so would
essentially make the loop run sequentially.

Extracting the non-zero numbers will require atomics or processing on the CPU
through a sequential loop, both of which may not be inefficient or scalable.

In OpenCL 2.0, the new workgroup built-ins can efficiently compute prefix sums
and perform reductions on various operations like additions, maximum and
minimum on a workgroup. Some such built-in are:
work_group_scan_inclusive_<op>,
work_group_scan_exclusive_<op>, and work_group_reduce_<op>,
where <op> can be one of "add", "max", or "min". The "reduce" operation does
the reduction in dimension, by yielding the sum of all elements in the array as a

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-9

scalar (sum), while the prefix sum yields an array of the same size, with each
element containing the "prefix-sum" for that index.

Workgroup broadcast built-ins are also used.

The following code illustrates how the workgroup built-ins in OpenCL 2.0 can be
used to efficiently extract the primes from an array of positive integers.

int isPrime(int number) {

int i;

if (number == 0) return 0;

for (i=2; i*i<=number; i++) {

if (number % i == 0) return 0;

return 1;

/***

* set_primes_kernel:

* this kernel fills the boolean primes array to reflect the entry
in

* input array is prime

***/

kernel void set_primes_kernel(global int in, global int primes)

int id = get_global_id(0);

primes[id] = 0;

if (isPrime(in[id]))

primes[id] = 1;

/***

* get_primes_kernel:

* this kernel fills output array to reflect the entry in

6-10 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

* input array is prime

***/

kernel void get_primes_kernel(global int in, global int output,

global int *outPrimes)

int id = get_global_id(0);

int k = output[id] - 1;

if (id == 0) {

if (output[id] == 1)

outPrimes[k] = in[id];

return;

if (output[id-1] == k)

outPrimes[k] = in[id];

/***

* group_scan_kernel:

* this kernel takes an input array [in] and produces a work-group

level scan in [out].

***/

kernel void group_scan_kernel(global int in, global int out)

int in_data;

int i = get_global_id(0);

in_data = in[i];

out[i] = work_group_scan_inclusive_add(in_data);

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-11

/***

* global_scan_kernel:

* takes a work-group scanned array [out] from group_scan_kernel

and gives globally scanned array.

***/

kernel void global_scan_kernel(global int *out, unsigned int stage)

unsigned int l;

unsigned int vlen;

unsigned int prev_gr,prev_el;

unsigned int curr_gr, curr_el;

int add_elem;

int lid = get_local_id(0);

int grid = get_group_id(0);

int szgr = get_local_size(0);

/* array size to be processed */

vlen = 1 << stage;

/* find the element to be added */

l = (grid >> stage);

prev_gr = l*(vlen << 1) + vlen - 1;

prev_el = prev_gr*szgr + szgr - 1;

if (lid == 0)

add_elem = out[prev_el];

work_group_barrier(CLK_GLOBAL_MEM_FENCE|CLK_LOCAL_MEM_FENCE);

6-12 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

add_elem = work_group_broadcast(add_elem,0);

/* find the array to which the element to be added */

curr_gr = prev_gr + 1 + (grid % vlen);

curr_el = curr_gr*szgr + lid;

out[curr_el] += add_elem;

}
The first kernel fills the "primes" Boolean array as in the OpenCL 1.2 example.
The second kernel runs "group_scan_kernel" on this boolean "prime" array.
However, the "group_scan_kernel" function works only at the workgroup level.
The next kernel, "global_scan_kernel", runs in multiple (log (n)) stages, where
"n" is the size of the input array. At each stage, it merges two consecutive
work_groups for which the "prefix_sums" are ready for the work group. After
log(n) stages, the prefix sums for the complete "out" array are computed. This
gives index of the final primes array. During every stage, work_group_broadcast
is used to broadcast the prefix sum of the last element of the previous workgroup.
The following figures show the outputs of various arrays at various stages.

Input:

12 31 47 64 19 27 49 81 99 11
(Assuming workgroup size is 4)

After setPrimes (Primes):

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

After group_scan_kernel (out):

0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1
After global_scan_kernel out:

0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4
Finally, the device enqueue feature is employed. Device enqueue enqueues
these kernels in sequence instead of host-enqueing them. This improves
performance. As these kernels must be run in sequence, they cannot be clubbed
into one kernel.

outPrimes:

31 47 19 11

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-13

The host launches the setPrimes, group_scan, and global_scan kernels in

sequence to set the primes Boolean array, performing prefix sum calculation at
the workgroup level, and perform the prefix sum across workgroup levels,
respectively. The output after each stage is shown in the above figure.

The performance of this OpenCL 2.0 version is compared with that of OpenCL
1.2 version for the same problem. Unlike OpenCL 2.0, OpenCL 1.2 does not
provide workgroup built-ins to perform prefix sum efficiently. While primes can be
in the same manner as in OpenCL 2.0, the group and global scan contain
redundant computations of the order of O(n) for each work item, as illustrated in
the following basic OpenCL 1.2 implementation:

kernel void get_primes_kernel(global int in, global int primes,

global int *outPrimes)

int id = get_global_id(0);

int idx,i;

if (primes[id]) {

idx = 0;

for (i=0;i<id;i++)

idx += primes[i];

outPrimes[idx] = in[id];

Thus, in OpenCL 1.2, each work item computes the prefix sum for its index and
stores the input prime into the outPrimes array. Clearly, more work is performed
for each work item, compared to OpenCL 2.0.

The following graph and the table compare the performance of OpenCL 2.0
version with that of the OpenCL 1.2 version:

Size OpenCL 1.2 (Secs) OpenCL 2.0 (Secs)

1024 0.000365 0.000495
2048 0.000588 0.0006
4096 0.00115 0.0005
10000 0.003 0.0011
20000 0.00692 0.0012

6-14 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

40000 0.02222 0.00165

80000 0.07897 0.00254
160000 0.29292 0.00391
320000 1.1427 0.00614
640000 4.5203 0.010622
128000 17.991 0.01928

As the size of the input array exceeds 4K, the difference in performance between
the OpenCL 1.2 implementation and the OpenCL 2.0 implementation becomes
more apparent. In OpenCL 1.2, the time taken is O(n) time and the work done is
O(n^2); in OpenCL 2.0, the time taken is O(log (n)) and the work done is O(n),
assuming the prefix sum at the group level is constant time.

6.4.2.4 Binary search using device enqueue (or kernel enqueue)

The power of device enqueue is aptly illustrated in the example of binary search.
To make the problem interesting, multiple keys in a sorted array will be searched
for. The versions written for OpenCL 1.2 and 2.0 will also be compared with
respect to programmability and performance.

The OpenCL 1.2 version of the code that performs binary search is as follows:

kernel void binarySearch_mulkeys( global int *keys, global uint

*input, const unsigned int numKeys, global int *output)

int gid = get_global_id(0);

int lBound = gid * 256;

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-15

int uBound = lBound + 255;

for(int i = 0; i < numKeys; i++)

if(keys[i] >= input[lBound] && keys[i] <=input[uBound])

output[i]=lBound;

The search for multiple keys is done sequentially, while the sorted array is
divided into 256 sized chunks. The NDRange is the size of the array divided by
the chunk size. Each work item checks whether the key is present in the range
and if the key is present, updates the output array.

The issue with the above approach is that if the input array is very large, the
number of work items (NDRange) would be very large. The array is not divided
into smaller, more-manageable chunks.

In OpenCL 2.0, the device enqueue feature offers clear advantages in binary
search performance.

The kernel is rewritten in OpenCL 2.0 as follows:

for(key_count=0;key_count<no_of_keys;key_count++)

/* If the element to be found does not lie between them,

then nothing left to do in this thread */

if( (elementLower > keys[key_count]) || (elementUpper <

keys[key_count]))

continue;

else

/* However, if the element does lie between the

lower and upper bounds of this thread's searchspace

* we need to narrow down the search further in

this search space

subdivSize_for_keys[key_count] = subdivSize;

outputArray[key_count].x = parent_globalids[key_count]
+ tid * subdivSize_for_keys[key_count];

parent_globalids[key_count] +=

6-16 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

subdivSize_for_keys[key_count] * tid ;

outputArray[key_count].w = 1;

outputArray[key_count].y =
subdivSize_for_keys[key_count];

globalLowerIndex = tid*subdivSize_for_keys[key_count];

unsigned int globalUpperIndex =

globalLowerIndex+subdivSize_for_keys[key_count]-1;

if(subdivSize_for_keys[key_count] < global_threads)

continue;

subdivSize_for_keys[key_count] = (globalUpperIndex -
globalLowerIndex + 1)/global_threads;

ndrange_t ndrange1 = ndrange_1D(global_threads);

void (^binarySearch_device_enqueue_wrapper_blk)(void) =
^{binarySearch_device_enqueue(outputArray,

sortedArray,

subdivSize_for_keys[key_count],

globalLowerIndex,

keys[key_count],global_threads,key_count,parent_globalids);};

int err_ret =
enqueue_kernel(def_q,CLK_ENQUEUE_FLAGS_NO_WAIT,ndrange1,binarySearc
h_device_enqueue_wrapper_blk);

if(err_ret != 0)

outputArray[key_count].w = 2;

outputArray[key_count].z = err_ret;

return;

In the OpenCL 2.0 version, each work item checks for each key, if it is found in
its search range. If the key is found, it further divides the range into chunks and
enqueues the kernel for further processing.

The advantage is that when the input array is large, the OpenCL 2.0 version
divides the input array into 1024-sized chunks. The chunk in which the given key
falls is found and another kernel is enqueued which further divides it into 1024-

6.4 Device-side enqueue 6-17

sized chunks, and so on. In OpenCL 1.2, as the whole array is taken as the
NDRange, a huge number of work groups require processing.

The following figure shows how the OpenCL 2.0 version compares to the
OpenCL 1.2 as the array increases beyond a certain size.

Performance comparison v/s 1.2
1400
1200
1000
Kernel Time 800
(Milli secs) 600
400 OpenCL1.2
200 OpenCL2.0
0
1 10 100 1000 2000 1 10 100 1000 2000
100K 100K 100K 100K 100K 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M
Keys & Samples

The above figure shows the performance benefit of using OpenCL 2.0 over the
same sample using OpenCL 1.2. In OpenCL 2.0, the reduced number of kernel
launches from the host allow superior performance. The kernel enqueues are
much more efficient when done from the device.

6.5 Atomics and synchronization

6.5.1 Overview
In OpenCL 1.2, only work-items in the same workgroup can synchronize.

OpenCL 2.0 introduces a new and detailed memory model which allows
developers to reason about the effects of their code on memory, and in particular
understand whether atomic operations and fences used for synchronization
ensure the visibility of variables being used to communicate between threads. In
conjunction with the new memory model, OpenCL 2.0 adds a new set of atomic
built-in functions and fences derived from C++11 (although the set of types is
restricted), and also deprecates the 1.2 atomic built in functions and fences.

These additions allow synchronization between work-items in different work-

groups, as well as fine-grained synchronization with the host using atomic
operations on memory in fine-grained SVM buffers (allocated with the
CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS flag).

6.5.2 Usage
The following examples to illustrate the use of atomics are part of the AMD APP
SDK.

6-18 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

6.5.2.1 Atomic Loads/Stores

This sample illustrates atomic loads/stores with the use of memory orders.

The first step is to create this memory on the host:

buffer = (int *) clSVMAllocP(context, CL_MEM_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER,

(N+1)*sizeof(int), 4);

atomicBuffer = (int *) clSVMAllocP(context,

CL_MEM_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER | CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS,
(N+1)*sizeof(int), 4);

Note the flags sent as parameters: CL_MEM_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER and

CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS. The following kernel runs on all work items in parallel.
It will atomically load atomicBuffer[0], check whether its value is 99, and wait
till it is 99. The acquire memory order is used to indicate that the latest update
must be done on the host and to ensure that the local L1 cache is not read from.
This will be made 99 by the host (CPU) by

std::atomic_store_explicit ((std::atomic<int> *)&atomicBuffer[0],

99, std::memory_order_release);

The host uses the C++11 compiler and the same memory model.

kernel void ldstore(volatile global int buffer, global int

atomicBuffer)

int i;

while (atomic_load_explicit ((global atomic_int

*)&atomicBuffer[0], memory_order_acquire) != 99);

i = get_global_id(0);

buffer[i] += i;

atomic_store_explicit ((global atomic_int

*)&atomicBuffer[i], (100+i), memory_order_release);

The kernel next stores (100+i), where i is the ID of the work-item into
atomicBuffer[i]. The order used is memory_order_release which
ensures that the updated copy reaches the CPU which is waiting for it to report
PASS for the test.

After the atomic operation, the updates on fine-grain variables (such as buffer)
will also be available at the host. The CPU checks for the following to ensure that
the results are OK:

for (i=0;i<N;i++)

6.5 Atomics and synchronization 6-19

while(std::atomic_load_explicit ((std::atomic<int>
*)&atomicBuffer[i], std::memory_order_acquire) != (100+i));

/* check the results now */

for (i=0;i<N;i++)

if (buffer[i] != (64+i))

printf(" Test Failed \n");

printf (" Test Passed! \n");

6.5.2.2 Atomic Compare and Exchange (CAS)

This sample illustrates the use of the atomic CAS operation typically used for
"lock-free" programming, in which a critical section can be created without having
to use waiting mutexes/semaphores. The following kernel simultaneously inserts
the IDs of various work items into the "list" array by using atomic CAS operation.
The same loop also runs on the host and inserts the other half (N) work items.
In this way, 2*N numbers are inserted into this "list".

kernel void linkKernel(__global int *list) {

int head, i;

i = get_global_id(0) + 1;

head = list[0];

if (i != get_global_size(0)) {

do {

list[i] = head;

} while (!atomic_compare_exchange_strong((global
atomic_int *) &list[0], &head,i), memory_order_release,
memory_order_acquire, memory_scope_system);

Note how there is no wait to enter the critical section, but list[0] and head are
updated atomically. On the CPU too, a similar loop runs. Again note that the
variables "list"and "head" must be in fine-grain SVM buffers.
memory_order_release and memory_scope_system are used to ensure
that the CPU gets the updates -- hence the name "platform atomics."

6.5.2.3 Atomic Fetch

This sample illustrates the use of the atomic fetch operation. The fetch operation
is an RMW (Read-Modify-Write) operation. The following kernel computes the
maximum of the N numbers in array "A". The result of the intermediate
comparisons is computed and the result is placed in a Boolean array "B". After

6-20 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

the matrix "B" is computed, the row (i) is computed. The row which has all 1s will
be the maximum (C[i]).

kernel void atomicMax(volatile global int *A, global int *B, global
int *C, global int *P)

int i = get_global_id(0);

int j = get_global_id(1);

int N = *P, k;

if (A[i] >= A[j]) B[i*N+j] = 1;

else B[i*N+j] = 0;

if (j == 0) {

C[i] = 1;

for (k=0;k<N;k++)

atomic_fetch_and_explicit((global atomic_int *)&C[i],

B[i*N+k], memory_order_release, memory_scope_device);

Similarly, another sample includes the following kernel that increments 2*N times,
N times in the kernel and another N times on the host:

kernel void counter(__global int *count)

atomic_fetch_add((atomic _int)count, 1);

//(*count)++;

Note: If atomic_fetch_add is not used and instead an incrementing count (as

performed in the commented line) is used, the sum will not be computed
correctly.

6.6 Pipes

6.6.1 Overview
OpenCL 2.0 introduces a new mechanism, pipes, for passing data between
kernels. A pipe is essentially a structured buffer containing space for some
number of a single kernel specified type of "packet" and bookkeeping
information. Pipes are accessed via special read_pipe and write_pipe built-
in functions. A given kernel may either read from or write to a pipe, but not both.
Pipes are only "coherent" at the standard synchronization points; the result of

6.6 Pipes 6-21

concurrent accesses to the same pipe by multiple kernels (even if permitted by

hardware) is undefined. A pipe cannot be accessed from the host side.

Pipes are created on the host with a call to clCreatePipe, and may be passed
between kernels. Pipes may be particularly useful when combined with device-
size enqueue for dynamically constructing computational data flow graphs.

There are two types of pipes: a read pipe, from which a number of packets can
be read; and a write pipe, to which a number of packets can be written.

Note: A pipe specified as read-only cannot be written into and a pipe specified
as write-only cannot be read from. A pipe cannot be read from and written into
at the same time.

6.6.2 Functions for accessing pipes

A new host API function has been added into the OpenCL 2.0 spec to create the
Pipe.

cl_mem clCreatePipe ( cl_context context,

cl_mem_flags flags,
cl_uint pipe_packet_size,
cl_uint pipe_max_packets,
const cl_pipe_properties * properties,
cl_int *errcode_ret)

The memory allocated in the above function can be passed to kernels as read-
only or write-only pipes.

Also, a set of built-in functions have been added to operate on the pipes.

Read pipe and write pipe functions

int read_pipe (pipe gentype p, gentype *ptr) Read packet from pipe p into ptr. Returns
0 if read_pipe is successful and a
negative value otherwise.
int write_pipe (pipe gentype p,const gentype Write packet specified by ptr to pipe p.
*ptr) Returns 0 if write_pipe is successful and
a negative value otherwise.
Pipe Reservation functions
reserve_id_t reserve_read_pipe (pipe gentype Reserve num_packets entries for reading
p,uint num_packets) from or writing to pipe p. Returns a valid
reserve_id_t reserve_write_pipe (pipe gentype reservation ID if the reservation is
p,uint num_packets) successful.
reserve_id_t work_group_reserve_read_pipe The reserved pipe entries are referred to
(pipe gentype p,uint num_packets) by indices that go from 0 …
reserve_id_t work_group_reserve_write_pipe num_packets – 1.
(pipe gentype p,uint num_packets)
reserve_id_t sub_group_reserve_read_pipe
(pipe gentype p,uint num_packets)
reserve_id_t sub_group_reserve_write_pipe
(pipe gentype p,uint num_packets)

6-22 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

bool is_valid_reserve_id (reserve_id_t Return true if reserve_id is a valid

reserve_id) reservation ID and false otherwise.

Read and write pipe functions using reservation indices

int read_pipe (pipe gentype p, reserve_id_t Read packet from the reserved area of
reserve_id, uint index, gentype *ptr) the pipe referred to by reserve_id and
index into ptr.
The reserved pipe entries are referred to
by indices that go from 0 … num_packets
– 1. Returns 0 if read_pipe is successful
and a negative value otherwise.
int write_pipe (pipe gentype p, reserve_id_t Write packet specified by ptr to the
reserve_id, uint index, const gentype *ptr) reserved area of the pipe referred to by
reserve_id and index.
The reserved pipe entries are referred to
by indices that go from 0 … num_packets
– 1.
Returns 0 if write_pipe is successful and
a negative value otherwise.
Commit/flush functions
void commit_read_pipe ( pipe gentype p, Indicates that all reads and writes to
reserve_id_t reserve_id) num_packets associated with reservation
void commit_write_pipe (pipe gentype p, reserve_id are completed.
reserve_id_t reserve_id)
void work_group_commit_read_pipe ( pipe
gentype p, reserve_id_t reserve_id)
void work_group_commit_write_pipe (pipe
gentype p, reserve_id_t reserve_id)
void sub_group_commit_read_pipe ( pipe
gentype p, reserve_id_t reserve_id)
void sub_group_commit_write_pipe (pipe
gentype p, reserve_id_t reserve_id)
Pipe Query Functions
uint get_pipe_num_packets (pipe gentype p) Returns the number of available entries
in the pipe. The number of available
entries in a pipe is a dynamic value. The
value returned should be considered
immediately stale.
uint get_pipe_max_packets (pipe gentype p) Returns the maximum number of packets
specified when pipe was created.

6.6.3 Usage
The corresponding sample in the AMD APP SDK contains two kernels: a
"producer_kernel", which writes into the pipe, and another kernel,
"consumer_kernel", which reads from the pipe. In this example, the producer
writes a sequence of random numbers. The consumer reads these numbers and
creates a histogram of these numbers. The producer kernel first reserves the
amount of space in the pipe by invoking:

rid = work_group_reserve_write_pipe(rng_pipe, szgr);

Next, it writes and commits into the pipe by invoking:

write_pipe(rng_pipe,rid,lid, &gfrn);

work_group_commit_write_pipe(rng_pipe, rid);

6.6 Pipes 6-23

Similarly, the consumer pipe reserves the pipe for reading and reads from the
pipe by issuing:

work_group_reserve_read_pipe(rng_pipe, szgr);

read_pipe(rng_pipe,rid,lid, &rn);

work_group_commit_read_pipe(rng_pipe, rid);

The pipe thus provides a useful communication mechanism between two kernels.

6.7 Sub-groups

6.7.1 Overview
OpenCL 2.0 introduces a Khronos sub-group extension. Sub-groups are a logical
abstraction of the hardware SIMD execution model akin to wavefronts, warps, or
vectors and permit programming closer to the hardware in a vendor-independent
manner. This extension includes a set of cross-sub-group built-in functions that
match the set of the cross-work-group built-in functions specified in Section 6.4

6.8 Program-scope global Variables

6.8.1 Overview
OpenCL 1.2 permits the declaration of only constant address space variables at
program scope.

OpenCL 2.0 permits the declaration of variables in the global address space at
program (i.e. outside function) scope. These variables have the lifetime of the
program in which they appear, and may be initialized. The host cannot directly
access program-scope variables; a kernel must be used to read/write their
contents from/to a buffer created on the host.

Program-scope global variables can save data across kernel executions. Using
program-scope variables can potentially eliminate the need to create buffers on
the host and pass them into each kernel for processing. However, there is a limit
to the size of such variables. The developer must ensure that the total size does
not exceed the value returned by the device info query:
CL_DEVICE_MAX_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_SIZE.

6.9 Image Enhancements

6.9.1 Overview
OpenCL 2.0 introduces significant enhancements for processing images.

6-24 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

A read_write access qualifier for images has been added. The qualifier allows
reading from and writing to certain types of images (verified against
clGetSupportedImageFormats by using the
CL_MEM_KERNEL_READ_AND_WRITE flag) in the same kernel, but reads must be
sampler-less. An atomic_work_item_fence with the
CLK_IMAGE_MEM_FENCE flage and the memory_scope_work_item memory
scope is required between reads and writes to the same image to ensure that
the writes are visible to subsequent reads. If multiple work-items are writing to
and reading from multiple locations in an image, a call to work_group_barrier
with the CLK_IMAGE_MEM_FENCE flag is required.

OpenCL 2.0 also allows 2D images to be created from a buffer or another 2D

image and makes the ability to write to 3D images a core feature. This extends
the power of image operations to more situations.

The function clGetSupportedImageFormats returns a list of the image

formats supported by the OpenCL platform. The Image format has two
parameters, channel order and data type. The following lists some image formats
OpenCL supports:

Channel orders: CL_A, CL_RG, CL_RGB, CL_RGBA.

Channel data type: CL_UNORM_INT8, CL_FLOAT.

OpenCL 2.0 provides improved image support, specially support for sRGB
images and depth images.

6.9.2 sRGB
sRGB is a standard RGB color space that is used widely on monitors, printers,
digital cameras, and the Internet. Because the linear RGB value is used in most
image processing algorithms. Processing the images often requires converting
sRGB to linear RGB.

OpenCL 2.0 provides a new feature for handling this conversion directly. Note
that only the combination of data type CL_UNORM_INT8 and channel order
CL_sRGBA is mandatory in OpenCL 2.0. The AMD implementations support this
combination. The remaining combinations are optional in OpenCL 2.0.

When not using the mandatory combination (CL_sRGBA, CL_UNORM_INT8), the

clGetSupportedImageFormats function must be used to get a list of
supported image formats and data types before using the sRGB image,

Creating sRGB image objects is similar to creating an image object of existing

supported channel order with OpenCL 2.0. The following snippet shows how to
create CL_sRGBA image objects by using the read_image call.

6.9 Image Enhancements 6-25

cl_image_format imageFormat;

imageFormat.image_channel_data_type = CL_UNORM_INT8;

imageFormat.image_channel_order = CL_sRGBA

cl_mem imageObj = clCreateImage(

context, // A valid OpenCL context

CL_MEM_READ_ONY | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,

&imageFormat,

&desc, //cl_image_desc

pSrcImage, // An pointer to the image data

&retErr); // Returned error code

A new sRGB image can also be created based on an existing RGB image object,
so that the kernel can implicitly convert the sRGB image data to RGB. This is
useful when the viewing pixels are sRGB but share the same data as the existing
RGB image.

After an sRGB image object has been created, the read_imagef call can be
used in the kernel to read it transparently. read_imagef explicitly converts
sRGB values into linear RGB. Converting sRGB into RGB in the kernel explicitly
is not necessary if the device supports OpenCL 2.0. Note that only
read_imagef can be used for reading sRGB image data because only the
CL_UNOR_INT8 data type is supported with OpenCL 2.0.

The following is a kernel sample that illustrates how to read an sRGB image
object.

// Read sRGBA image object (input) and convert it to linear RGB

values(results)

__kernel void sample_kernel( read_only image2d_t input, sampler_t

imageSampler, __global float *xOffsets, __global float *yOffsets,
__global float4 *results ) // input: sRGBA image object

int tidX = get_global_id(0), tidY = get_global_id(1);

int offset = tidY*get_image_width(input) + tidX;

int2 coords = (int2)( xOffsets[offset], yOffsets[offset]);

results[offset] = read_imagef( input, imageSampler, coords );

6-26 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

OpenCL 2.0 does not include writing sRGB images directly, but provides the
cl_khr_srgb_image_writes extension. The AMD implementations do not
support this extension as of this writing.

In order to write sRGB pixels in a kernel, explicit conversion from linear RGB to
sRGB must be implemented in the kernel.

clFillImage is an exception for writing sRGB image directly. The AMD

OpenCL platform supports clFillImage for filling linear RGB image to sRGB
image directly.

6.9.3 Depth images

As with other image formats, clCreateImage is used for creating depth image
objects. However, the channel order must be set to CL_DEPTH, as illustrated
below. For the data type of depth image, OpenCL 2.0 supports only CL_FLOAT
and CL_UNORM_INT16.

cl_image_format imageFormat;

imageFormat.image_channel_data_type = CL_UNORM_INT16;

imageFormat.image_channel_order = CL_DEPTH

cl_mem imageObj = clCreateImage(

context, // A
valid OpenCL context

CL_MEM_READ_ONY | CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,

&imageFormat,

&desc,
//cl_image_desc

pSrcImage, // An
pointer to the image data

&retErr); //
Returned error code

In OpenCL 2.0, depth images must be of type image2d or image2d array.

clCreateImage will fail for other dimensions when creating depth image.

A depth image object can be read by using the read_imagef call in the kernel.
For write, write_imagef must be used. read_image(i|ui) and
write_image(i|ui) are not supported for depth images.

OpenCL 2.0 C introduces two data types, image2d_depth_t and

image2d_array_depth_t for declaring depth images. The following kernel
code sample illustrates how to read depth image objects.

// Read depth image object (input) based on sampler and offset and
save it (results)

__kernel void sample_kernel( read_only image2d_depth_t input,

6.9 Image Enhancements 6-27

sampler_t imageSampler, global float *xOffsets, global float

*yOffsets, __global float *results )

int tidX = get_global_id(0), tidY = get_global_id(1);

int offset = tidY*get_image_width(input) + tidX;

int2 coords = (int2)( xOffsets[offset], yOffsets[offset]);

results[offset] = read_imagef( input, imageSampler, coords );

The AMD OpenCL 2.0 platform fully supports the cl_khr_depth_images

extension but not the cl_khr_gl_depth_images extension. Consequently, the
AMD OpenCL platform does not support creating a CL depth image from a GL
depth or depth-stencil texture.

6.10 Non-uniform work group size

6.10.1 Overview
Prior to OpenCL 2.0, each work-group size needed to divide evenly into the
corresponding global size. This requirement is relaxed in OpenCL 2.0; the final
work-group in each dimension is allowed to be smaller than all of the other work-
groups in the "uniform" part of the NDRange. This can reduce the effort required
to map problems onto NDRanges.

A consequence is that kernels may no longer assume that calls to

get_work_group_size return the same value in all work-groups. However, a
new call (get_enqueued_local_size) has been added to obtain the size in
the uniform part, which is specified using the local_work_size argument to
the clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.

A new compile time option (-cl-uniform-work-group-size) has been

added to optimize the computation for cases in which the work-group size is
known to, or required to, divide evenly into the global size.

6.11 Portability considerations

6.11.1 Migrating from OpenCL 1.2 to OpenCL 2.0

OpenCL 2.0 is backward compatible with OpenCL 1.2. Applications written on
OpenCL 1.2 should run on OpenCL 2.0 without requiring any changes to the
application.

OpenCL 2.0 includes changes in the runtime and the compiler. In the runtime,
some new functions (such as for SVM) have been added. In the compiler, the -
cl-std=CL2.0 option is needed in order to compile OpenCL 2.0 kernels.

6-28 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

If a program uses the OpenCL 2.0 functions and if one compiles a kernel by
using the cl-std=CL2.0 option, the program will not build or compile on
OpenCL 1.2 platforms. If a program uses only OpenCL 1.2 functions and if one
compiles a kernel without the cl-std=CL2.0 option, then the program should
run on OpenCL 2.0 platforms.

6.11.2 Identifying implementation specifics

Applications can query for the OpenCL extensions and use the values returned
from the OpenCL functions.

For instance, clGetSupportedImageFormats will return all image formats

supported by OpenCL. The supported images may differ across implementations.
Similarly, clGetDeviceInfo with the CL_DEVICE_EXTENSIONS parameter
returns all the supported extensions. The supported extensions may differ across
implementations and between different versions of OpenCL.

6.11 Portability considerations 6-29

6-30 Chapter 6: OpenCL 2.0

Appendix A
OpenCL Optional
Extensions

The OpenCL extensions are associated with the devices and can be queried for
a specific device. Extensions can be queried for platforms also, but that means
that all devices in the platform support those extensions.

Table A.1, on page A-15, lists the supported extensions.

A.1 Extension Name Convention

The name of extension is standardized and must contain the following elements
without spaces in the name (in lower case):

 cl_khr_<extension_name> - for extensions approved by Khronos Group.

For example: cl_khr_fp64.
 cl_ext_<extension_name> - for extensions provided collectively by multiple
vendors. For example: cl_ext_device_fission.
 cl_<vendor_name>_<extension_name> – for extension provided by a
specific vendor. For example: cl_amd_media_ops.

The OpenCL Specification states that all API functions of the extension must
have names in the form of cl<FunctionName>KHR, cl<FunctionName>EXT, or
cl<FunctionName><VendorName>. All enumerated values must be in the form of
CL_<enum_name>_KHR, CL_<enum_name>_EXT, or
CL_<enum_name>_<VendorName>.

A.2 Querying Extensions for a Platform

To query supported extensions for the OpenCL platform, use the
clGetPlatformInfo() function, with the param_name parameter set to the
enumerated value CL_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS. This returns the extensions as a
character string with extension names separated by spaces. To find out if a
specific extension is supported by this platform, search the returned string for the
required substring.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide A-1

A.3 Querying Extensions for a Device

To get the list of devices to be queried for supported extensions, use one of the
following:

 Query for available platforms using clGetPlatformIDs(). Select one, and

query for a list of available devices with clGetDeviceIDs().
 For a specific device type, call clCreateContextFromType(), and query a
list of devices by calling clGetContextInfo() with the param_name
parameter set to the enumerated value CL_CONTEXT_DEVICES.

After the device list is retrieved, the extensions supported by each device can be
queried with function call clGetDeviceInfo() with parameter param_name being
set to enumerated value CL_DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.

The extensions are returned in a char string, with extension names separated by
a space. To see if an extension is present, search the string for a specified
substring.

A.4 Using Extensions in Kernel Programs

There are special directives for the OpenCL compiler to enable or disable
available extensions supported by the OpenCL implementation, and, specifically,
by the OpenCL compiler. The directive is defined as follows.

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION <extention_name> : <behavior>

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION all: <behavior>

The <extension_name> is described in Section A.1, “Extension Name

Convention.”. The second form allows to address all extensions at once.

The <behavior> token can be either:

 enable - the extension is enabled if it is supported, or the error is reported

if the specified extension is not supported or token “all” is used.
 disable - the OpenCL implementation/compiler behaves as if the specified
extension does not exist.
 all - only core functionality of OpenCL is used and supported, all extensions
are ignored. If the specified extension is not supported then a warning is
issued by the compiler.

The order of directives in #pragma OPENCL EXTENSION is important: a later

directive with the same extension name overrides any previous one.

The initial state of the compiler is set to ignore all extensions as if it was explicitly
set with the following directive:

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION all : disable

A-2 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

This means that the extensions must be explicitly enabled to be used in kernel
programs.

Each extension that affects kernel code compilation must add a defined macro
with the name of the extension. This allows the kernel code to be compiled
differently, depending on whether the extension is supported and enabled, or not.
For example, for extension cl_khr_fp64 there should be a #define directive for
macro cl_khr_fp64, so that the following code can be preprocessed:

#ifdef cl_khr_fp64
// some code
#else
// some code
#endif

A.5 Getting Extension Function Pointers

Use the following function to get an extension function pointer.

void* clGetExtensionFunctionAddress(const char* FunctionName).

This returns the address of the extension function specified by the FunctionName
string. The returned value must be appropriately cast to a function pointer type,
specified in the extension spec and header file.

A return value of NULL means that the specified function does not exist in the
CL implementation. A non-NULL return value does not guarantee that the
extension function actually exists – queries described in sec. 2 or 3 must be done
to ensure the extension is supported.

The clGetExtensionFunctionAddress() function cannot be used to get core

API function addresses.

A.6 List of Supported Extensions that are Khronos-Approved

Supported extensions approved by the Khronos Group are:

 cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics – basic atomic operations on 32-bit

integers in global memory.
 cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics – extended atomic operations on
32-bit integers in global memory.
 cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics – basic atomic operations on 32-bit
integers in local memory.
 cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics – extended atomic operations on
32-bit integers in local memory.
 cl_khr_int64_base_atomics – basic atomic operations on 64-bit integers in
both global and local memory.
 cl_khr_int64_extended_atomics – extended atomic operations on 64-bit
integers in both global and local memory.

A.5 Getting Extension Function Pointers A-3

 cl_khr_3d_image_writes – supports kernel writes to 3D images.

 cl_khr_byte_addressable_store – this eliminates the restriction of not
allowing writes to a pointer (or array elements) of types less than 32-bit wide
in kernel program.
 cl_khr_gl_sharing – allows association of OpenGL context or share group
with CL context for interoperability.
 cl_khr_icd – the OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD) that lets developers
select from multiple OpenCL runtimes which may be installed on a system.
This extension is automatically enabled as of SDK v2 for AMD Accelerated
Parallel Processing.
 cl_khr_d3d10_sharing - allows association of D3D10 context or share
group with CL context for interoperability.

A.7 cl_ext Extensions

 cl_ext_device_fission - Support for device fission in OpenCL™. For more
information about this extension, see:
http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/extensions/ext/cl_ext_device_fission.txt

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions

This section describes the AMD vendor-specific extensions.

A.8.1 cl_amd_fp64
Before using double data types, double-precision floating point operators, and/or
double-precision floating point routines in OpenCL™ C kernels, include the
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_amd_fp64 : enable directive. See Table A.1
for a list of supported routines.

A.8.2 cl_amd_vec3
This extension adds support for vectors with three elements: float3, short3,
char3, etc. This data type was added to OpenCL 1.1 as a core feature. For more
details, see section 6.1.2 in the OpenCL 1.1 or OpenCL 1.2 spec.

A.8.3 cl_amd_device_persistent_memory
This extension adds support for the new buffer and image creation flag
CL_MEM_USE_PERSISTENT_MEM_AMD. Buffers and images allocated with this flag
reside in host-visible device memory. This flag is mutually exclusive with the flags
CL_MEM_ALLOC_HOST_PTR and CL_MEM_USE_HOST_PTR.

A-4 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

A.8.4 cl_amd_device_attribute_query
This extension provides a means to query AMD-specific device attributes. To
enable this extension, include the #pragma OPENCL EXTENSION
cl_amd_device_attribute_query : enable directive. Once the extension is
enabled, and the clGetDeviceInfo parameter <param_name> is set to
CL_DEVICE_PROFILING_TIMER_OFFSET_AMD, the offset in nano-seconds between
an event timestamp and Epoch is returned.

1.8.4.1 cl_device_profiling_timer_offset_amd

This query enables the developer to get the offset between event timestamps in
nano-seconds. To use it, compile the kernels with the #pragma OPENCL
EXTENSION cl_amd_device_attribute_query : enable directive. For
kernels complied with this pragma, calling clGetDeviceInfo with <param_name>
set to CL_DEVICE_PROFILING_TIMER_OFFSET_AMD returns the offset in nano-
seconds between event timestamps.

1.8.4.2 cl_amd_device_topology

This query enables the developer to get a description of the topology used to
connect the device to the host. Currently, this query works only in Linux. Calling
clGetDeviceInfo with <param_name> set to CL_DEVICE_TOPOLOGY_AMD returns
the following 32-bytes union of structures.

typedef union
{
struct { cl_uint type; cl_uint data[5]; } raw;
struct { cl_uint type; cl_char unused[17]; cl_char bus; cl_char
device; cl_char function; } pcie; } cl_device_topology_amd;

The type of the structure returned can be queried by reading the first unsigned
int of the returned data. The developer can use this type to cast the returned
union into the right structure type.

Currently, the only supported type in the structure above is PCIe (type value =
1). The information returned contains the PCI Bus/Device/Function of the device,
and is similar to the result of the lspci command in Linux. It enables the
developer to match between the OpenCL device ID and the physical PCI
connection of the card.

1.8.4.3 cl_amd_device_board_name

This query enables the developer to get the name of the GPU board and model
of the specific device. Currently, this is only for GPU devices.

Calling clGetDeviceInfo with <param_name> set to

CL_DEVICE_BOARD_NAME_AMD returns a 128-character value.

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions A-5

A.8.5 cl_amd_compile_options
This extension adds the following options, which are not part of the OpenCL
specification.

To avoid source changes, there are two environment variables that can be used
to change CL options during the runtime.

 AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS — Overrides the CL options specified in

clBuildProgram().
 AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND — Appends options to the options
specified in clBuildProgram().

A.8.6 cl_amd_offline_devices
To generate binary images offline, it is necessary to access the compiler for every
device that the runtime supports, even if the device is currently not installed on
the system. When, during context creation, CL_CONTEXT_OFFLINE_DEVICES_AMD
is passed in the context properties, all supported devices, whether online or
offline, are reported and can be used to create OpenCL binary images.

A.8.7 cl_amd_event_callback
This extension provides the ability to register event callbacks for states other than
cl_complete. The full set of event states are allowed: cl_queued,
cl_submitted, and cl_running. This extension is enabled automatically and
does not need to be explicitly enabled through #pragma when using the SDK v2
of AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing.

A-6 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

A.8.8 cl_amd_popcnt
This extension introduces a “population count” function called popcnt. This
extension was taken into core OpenCL 1.2, and the function was renamed
popcount. The core 1.2 popcount function (documented in section 6.12.3 of the
OpenCL Specification) is identical to the AMD extension popcnt function.

A.8.9 cl_amd_media_ops
This extension adds the following built-in functions to the OpenCL language.
Note: For OpenCL scalar types, n = 1; for vector types, it is {2, 4, 8, or 16}.

Note:in the following, n denotes the size, which can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16;

[i] denotes the indexed element of a vector, designated 0 to n-1.

Built-in function: amd_pack

uint amd_pack(float4 src)

Return value
((((uint)src[0]) & 0xFF) << 0) +
((((uint)src[1]) & 0xFF) << 8) +
((((uint)src[2]) & 0xFF) << 16) +
((((uint)src[3]) & 0xFF) << 24)

Built-in function: amd_unpack0

floatn amd_unpack0 (uintn src)

Return value for each vector component

(float)(src[i] & 0xFF)

Built-in function: amd_unpack1

floatn amd_unpack1 (uintn src)

Return value for each vector component

(float)((src[i] >> 8) & 0xFF)

Built-in function: amd_unpack2

floatn amd_unpack2 (uintn src)

Return value for each vector component

(float)((src[i] >> 16) & 0xFF)

Built-in function: amd_unpack3

floatn amd_unpack3(uintn src)

Return value for each vector component

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions A-7

(float)((src[i] >> 24) & 0xFF)

Built-in function: amd_bitalign

uintn amd_bitalign (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Return value for each vector component

(uint) (((((long)src0[i]) << 32) | (long)src1[i]) >> (src2[i] & 31))

Built-in function: amd_bytealign

uintn amd_bytealign (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Return value for each vector component

(uint) (((((long)src0[i]) << 32) | (long)src1[i]) >> ((src2[i] & 3)*8))

Built-in function: amd_lerp

uintn amd_lerp (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Return value for each vector component

(((((src0[i] >> 0) & 0xFF) + ((src1[i] >> 0) & 0xFF) + ((src2[i] >> 0) & 1)) >> 1) << 0) +
(((((src0[i] >> 8) & 0xFF) + ((src1[i] >> 8) & 0xFF) + ((src2[i] >> 8) & 1)) >> 1) << 8) +
(((((src0[i] >> 16) & 0xFF) + ((src1[i] >> 16) & 0xFF) + ((src2[i] >> 16) & 1)) >> 1) << 16) +
(((((src0[i] >> 24) & 0xFF) + ((src1[i] >> 24) & 0xFF) + ((src2[i] >> 24) & 1)) >> 1) << 24) ;

Built-in function: amd_sad

uintn amd_sad (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Return value for each vector component

src2[i] +
abs(((src0[i] >> 0) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 0) & 0xFF)) +
abs(((src0[i] >> 8) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 8) & 0xFF)) +
abs(((src0[i] >> 16) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 16) & 0xFF)) +
abs(((src0[i] >> 24) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 24) & 0xFF));

Built-in function: amd_sad4

uint amd_sad4 (uint4 a, uint4 b, uint c)

Return value for each vector component

A-8 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

Built-in function: amd_sadhi

uintn amd_sadhi (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Return value for each vector component

src2[i] +
(abs(((src0[i] >> 0) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 0) & 0xFF)) << 16) +
(abs(((src0[i] >> 8) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 8) & 0xFF)) << 16) +
(abs(((src0[i] >> 16) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 16) & 0xFF)) << 16) +
(abs(((src0[i] >> 24) & 0xFF) - ((src1[i] >> 24) & 0xFF)) << 16);

For more information, see:

http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/extensions/amd/cl_amd_media_ops.txt

A.8.10 cl_amd_media_ops2
This extension adds further built-in functions to those of cl_amd_media_ops.
When enabled, it adds the following built-in functions to the OpenCL language.

Note:typen denotes an open scalar type { n = 1 } and vector types { n = 2, 4, 8,

16 }.

Built-in Function: uintn amd_msad (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
Description:
uchar4 src0u8 = as_uchar4(src0.s0);
uchar4 src1u8 = as_uchar4(src1.s0);
dst.s0 = src2.s0 +
((src1u8.s0 == 0) ? 0 : abs(src0u8.s0 - src1u8.s0)) +
((src1u8.s1 == 0) ? 0 : abs(src0u8.s1 - src1u8.s1)) +
((src1u8.s2 == 0) ? 0 : abs(src0u8.s2 - src1u8.s2)) +
((src1u8.s3 == 0) ? 0 : abs(src0u8.s3 - src1u8.s3));
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function: ulongn amd_qsad (ulongn src0, uintn src1, ulongn src2)
Description:
uchar8 src0u8 = as_uchar8(src0.s0);
ushort4 src2u16 = as_ushort4(src2.s0);
ushort4 dstu16;
dstu16.s0 = amd_sad(as_uint(src0u8.s0123), src1.s0, src2u16.s0);
dstu16.s1 = amd_sad(as_uint(src0u8.s1234), src1.s0, src2u16.s1);
dstu16.s2 = amd_sad(as_uint(src0u8.s2345), src1.s0, src2u16.s2);
dstu16.s3 = amd_sad(as_uint(src0u8.s3456), src1.s0, src2u16.s3);
dst.s0 = as_uint2(dstu16);
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions A-9

Built-in Function:
ulongn amd_mqsad (ulongn src0, uintn src1, ulongn src2)
Description:
uchar8 src0u8 = as_uchar8(src0.s0);
ushort4 src2u16 = as_ushort4(src2.s0);
ushort4 dstu16;
dstu16.s0 = amd_msad(as_uint(src0u8.s0123), src1.s0, src2u16.s0);
dstu16.s1 = amd_msad(as_uint(src0u8.s1234), src1.s0, src2u16.s1);
dstu16.s2 = amd_msad(as_uint(src0u8.s2345), src1.s0, src2u16.s2);
dstu16.s3 = amd_msad(as_uint(src0u8.s3456), src1.s0, src2u16.s3);
dst.s0 = as_uint2(dstu16);
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function: uintn amd_sadw (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
Description:
ushort2 src0u16 = as_ushort2(src0.s0);
ushort2 src1u16 = as_ushort2(src1.s0);
dst.s0 = src2.s0 +
abs(src0u16.s0 - src1u16.s0) +
abs(src0u16.s1 - src1u16.s1);
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function: uintn amd_sadd (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Description:

dst.s0 = src2.s0 + abs(src0.s0 - src1.s0);

A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function: uintn amd_bfm (uintn src0, uintn src1)

Description:
dst.s0 = ((1 << (src0.s0 & 0x1f)) - 1) << (src1.s0 & 0x1f);
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function: uintn amd_bfe (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)

Description:
NOTE: The >> operator represents a logical right shift.
offset = src1.s0 & 31;
width = src2.s0 & 31;
if width = 0
dst.s0 = 0;
else if (offset + width) < 32
dst.s0 = (src0.s0 << (32 - offset - width)) >> (32 - width);
else
dst.s0 = src0.s0 >> offset;
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

A-10 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

Built-in Function: intn amd_bfe (intn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
Description:
NOTE: operator >> represent an arithmetic right shift.
offset = src1.s0 & 31;
width = src2.s0 & 31;
if width = 0
dst.s0 = 0;
else if (offset + width) < 32
dst.s0 = src0.s0 << (32-offset-width) >> 32-width;
else
dst.s0 = src0.s0 >> offset;
A similar operation is applied to other components of the vectors.

Built-in Function:
intn amd_median3 (intn src0, intn src1, intn src2)
uintn amd_median3 (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
floatn amd_median3 (floatn src0, floatn src1, floatn src2)

Description:

Returns median of src0, src1, and src2.

Built-in Function:
intn amd_min3 (intn src0, intn src1, intn src2)
uintn amd_min3 (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
floatn amd_min3 (floatn src0, floatn src1, floatn src2)
Description:
Returns min of src0, src1, and src2.

Built-in Function:
intn amd_max3 (intn src0, intn src1, intn src2)
uintn amd_max3 (uintn src0, uintn src1, uintn src2)
floatn amd_max3 (floatn src0, floatn src1, floatn src2)
Description:
Returns max of src0, src1, and src2.

For more information, see:

http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/extensions/amd/cl_amd_media_ops2.txt

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions A-11

A.8.11 cl_amd_printf
The OpenCL Specification 1.1 and 1.2 support the optional AMD extension
cl_amd_printf, which provides printf capabilities to OpenCL C programs. To use
this extension, an application first must include
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_amd_printf : enable.

Built-in function:
printf(__constant char * restrict format, …);

This function writes output to the stdout stream associated with the
host application. The format string is a character sequence that:

– is null-terminated and composed of zero and more directives,

– ordinary characters (i.e. not %), which are copied directly to the output
stream unchanged, and
– conversion specifications, each of which can result in fetching zero or
more arguments, converting them, and then writing the final result to the
output stream.

The format string must be resolvable at compile time; thus, it cannot

be dynamically created by the executing program. (Note that the use of
variadic arguments in the built-in printf does not imply its use in other built-
ins; more importantly, it is not valid to use printf in user-defined functions
or kernels.)

The OpenCL C printf closely matches the definition found as part of the
C99 standard. Note that conversions introduced in the format string with
% are supported with the following guidelines:

 A 32-bit floating point argument is not converted to a 64-bit double,

unless the extension cl_khr_fp64 is supported and enabled, as
defined in section 9.3 of the OpenCL Specification 1.1. This includes
the double variants if cl_khr_fp64 is supported and defined in the
corresponding compilation unit.
 64-bit integer types can be printed using %ld / %lx / %lu .
 %lld / %llx / %llu are not supported and reserved for 128-bit integer
types (long long).
 All OpenCL vector types (section 6.1.2 of the OpenCL Specification
1.1) can be explicitly passed and printed using the modifier vn, where
n can be 2, 3, 4, 8, or 16. This modifier appears before the original
conversion specifier for the vector’s component type (for example, to
print a float4 %v4f). Since vn is a conversion specifier, it is valid to
apply optional flags, such as field width and precision, just as it
is when printing the component types. Since a vector is an aggregate
type, the comma separator is used between the components:
0:1, … , n-2:n-1.

A-12 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

A.8.12 cl_amd_predefined_macros
The following macros are predefined when compiling OpenCL™ C kernels.
These macros are defined automatically based on the device for which the code
is being compiled.

GPU devices:
__WinterPark__
__BeaverCreek__
__Turks__
__Caicos__
__Tahiti__
__Pitcairn__
__Capeverde__
__Cayman__
__Barts__
__Cypress__
__Juniper__
__Redwood__
__Cedar__
__ATI_RV770__
__ATI_RV730__
__ATI_RV710__
__Loveland__
__GPU__

CPU devices:
__CPU__
__X86__
__X86_64__

Note that __GPU__ or __CPU__ are predefined whenever a GPU or CPU device
is the compilation target.

An example kernel is provided below.

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_amd_printf : enable

const char* getDeviceName() {
#ifdef __Cayman__
return "Cayman";
#elif __Barts__
return "Barts";
#elif __Cypress__
return "Cypress";
#elif defined(__Juniper__)
return "Juniper";
#elif defined(__Redwood__)
return "Redwood";
#elif defined(__Cedar__)
return "Cedar";
#elif defined(__ATI_RV770__)
return "RV770";
#elif defined(__ATI_RV730__)
return "RV730";
#elif defined(__ATI_RV710__)
return "RV710";
#elif defined(__Loveland__)
return "Loveland";
#elif defined(__GPU__)
return "GenericGPU";
#elif defined(__X86__)
return "X86CPU";
#elif defined(__X86_64__)

A.8 AMD Vendor-Specific Extensions A-13

return "X86-64CPU";
#elif defined(__CPU__)
return "GenericCPU";
#else
return "UnknownDevice";
#endif
}
kernel void test_pf(global int* a)
{
printf("Device Name: %s\n", getDeviceName());
}

A.8.13 cl_amd_bus_addressable_memory
This extension defines an API for peer-to-peer transfers between AMD GPUs
and other PCIe device, such as third-party SDI I/O devices. Peer-to-peer
transfers have extremely low latencies by not having to use the host’s main
memory or the CPU (see Figure A.1). This extension allows sharing a memory
allocated by the graphics driver to be used by other devices on the PCIe bus
(peer-to-peer transfers) by exposing a write-only bus address. It also allows
memory allocated on other PCIe devices (non-AMD GPU) to be directly
accessed by AMD GPUs. One possible use of this is for a video capture device
to directly write into the GPU memory using its DMA.This extension is supported
only on AMD FirePro™ professional graphics cards.

Figure A.1 Peer-to-Peer Transfers Using the

cl_amd_bus_addressable_memory Extension

A-14 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

A.9 Supported Functions for cl_amd_fp64 / cl_khr_fp64

AMD OpenCL is now cl_khr_fp64-compliant on devices compliant with OpenCL
1.1 and greater. Thus, cl_amd_fp64 is now a synonym for cl_khr_fp64 on all
supported devices.

A.10 Extension Support by Device

Table A.1 and Table A.2 list the extension support for selected devices.

Table A.1 Extension Support for AMD GPU Devices 1

A M D APUs A M D Radeon H D
Tahiti1,
Pitcairn2,
Extension Brazos Llano Trinity Cape Verde3 Turks4 Cayman5 Barts6 Cypress7
cl_khr_*_atomics (32-bit) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_ext_atomic_counters_32 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_gl_sharing Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_byte_addressable_store Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_ext_device_fission CPU CPU CPU No No No No No
only only only
cl_amd_device_attribute_query Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_fp64 CPU CPU CPU Yes Yes Yes No Yes
only only only
cl_amd_fp64 CPU CPU CPU Yes Yes Yes No Yes
only only only
cl_amd_vec3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Images Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_d3d10_sharing Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_media_ops Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_printf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_popcnt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_3d_image_writes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Platform Extensions
cl_khr_icd Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_event_callback Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_offline_devices Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1. AMD Radeon HD 79XX series.
2. AMD Radeon HD 78XX series.
3. AMD Radeon HD 77XX series.
4. AMD Radeon HD 75XX series and AMD Radeon HD 76XX series.
5. AMD Radeon HD 69XX series.
6. AMD Radeon HD 68XX series.
 HD 59XX series and 58XX series, AMD FirePro V88XX
7. ATI Radeon series and V87XX series.

Note that an atomic counter is a device-level counter that can be added /

decremented by different work-items, where the atomicity of the operation is

A.9 Supported Functions for cl_amd_fp64 / cl_khr_fp64 A-15

guaranteed. The access to the counter is done only through add/dec built-in
functions; thus, no two work-items have the same value returned in the case that
a given kernel only increments or decrements the counter. (Also see
http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/extensions/ext/cl_ext_atomic_counters_32.txt.)

Table A.2 Extension Support for Older AMD GPUs and CPUs

x86 CPU
Extension Juniper1 Redwood2 Cedar3 with SSE2 or later
cl_khr_*_atomics Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_ext_atomic_counters_32 Yes Yes Yes No
cl_khr_gl_sharing Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_byte_addressable_store Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_ext_device_fission No No No Yes
cl_amd_device_attribute_query Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_fp64 No No No Yes
4
cl_amd_fp64 No No No Yes
cl_amd_vec3 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Images Yes Yes Yes Yes5
cl_khr_d3d10_sharing Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_media_ops Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_media_ops2 Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_printf Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_popcnt Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_khr_3d_image_writes Yes Yes Yes No
Platform Extensions
cl_khr_icd Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_event_callback Yes Yes Yes Yes
cl_amd_offline_devices Yes Yes Yes Yes
1. ATI Radeon HD 5700 series, AMD Mobility Radeon
HD 5800 series, AMD FirePro
V5800 series, AMD
Mobility FirePro M7820.
2. ATI Radeon™ HD 5600 Series, ATI Radeon™ HD 5600 Series, ATI Radeon™ HD 5500 Series, AMD
Mobility Radeon™ HD 5700 Series, AMD Mobility Radeon™ HD 5600 Series, AMD FirePro™ V4800
Series, AMD FirePro™ V3800 Series, AMD Mobility FirePro™ M5800
3. ATI Radeon™ HD 5400 Series, AMD Mobility Radeon™ HD 5400 Series
4. Available on all devices that have double-precision, including all Southern Island devices.
5. Environment variable CPU_IMAGE_SUPPORT must be set.

A-16 Appendix A: OpenCL Optional Extensions

Appendix B
The OpenCL Installable Client Driver
(ICD)

The OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD) is part of the AMD Accelerated
Parallel Processing software stack. Code written prior to SDK v2.0 must be
changed to comply with OpenCL ICD requirements.

B.1 Overview
The ICD allows multiple OpenCL implementations to co-exist; also, it allows
applications to select between these implementations at runtime.

Use the clGetPlatformIDs() and clGetPlatformInfo() functions to see the

list of available OpenCL implementations, and select the one that is best for your
requirements. It is recommended that developers offer their users a choice on
first run of the program or whenever the list of available platforms changes.

A properly implemented ICD and OpenCL library is transparent to the end-user.

B.2 Using ICD

Sample code that is part of the SDK contains examples showing how to query
the platform API and call the functions that require a valid platform parameter.

This is a pre-ICD code snippet.

context = clCreateContextFromType(
0,
dType,
NULL,
NULL,
&status);

The ICD-compliant version of this code follows.

/*
* Have a look at the available platforms and pick either
* the AMD one if available or a reasonable default.
*/

cl_uint numPlatforms;
cl_platform_id platform = NULL;
status = clGetPlatformIDs(0, NULL, &numPlatforms);
if(!sampleCommon->checkVal(status,
CL_SUCCESS,
"clGetPlatformIDs failed."))
{
return SDK_FAILURE;
}

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide B-1

if (0 < numPlatforms)
{
cl_platform_id* platforms = new cl_platform_id[numPlatforms];
status = clGetPlatformIDs(numPlatforms, platforms, NULL);
if(!sampleCommon->checkVal(status,
CL_SUCCESS,
"clGetPlatformIDs failed."))
{
return SDK_FAILURE;
}
for (unsigned i = 0; i < numPlatforms; ++i)
{
char pbuf[100];
status = clGetPlatformInfo(platforms[i],
CL_PLATFORM_VENDOR,
sizeof(pbuf),
pbuf,
NULL);

if(!sampleCommon->checkVal(status,
CL_SUCCESS,
"clGetPlatformInfo failed."))
{
return SDK_FAILURE;
}

platform = platforms[i];
if (!strcmp(pbuf, "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc."))
{
break;
}
}
delete[] platforms;
}

/*
* If we could find our platform, use it. Otherwise pass a NULL and
get whatever the
* implementation thinks we should be using.
*/

cl_context_properties cps[3] =
{
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties)platform,
0
};
/* Use NULL for backward compatibility */
cl_context_properties* cprops = (NULL == platform) ? NULL : cps;

context = clCreateContextFromType(
cprops,
dType,
NULL,
NULL,
&status);

Another example of a pre-ICD code snippet follows.

status = clGetDeviceIDs(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_DEFAULT, 0, NULL,

&numDevices);

The ICD-compliant version of the code snippet is:

B-2 Appendix B: The OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD)

status = clGetDeviceIDs(platform, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_DEFAULT, 0, NULL,

&numDevices);

NOTE: It is recommended that the host code look at the platform vendor string
when searching for the desired OpenCL platform, instead of using the platform
name string. The platform name string might change, whereas the platform
vendor string remains constant for a particular vendor’s implementation.

B.2 Using ICD B-3

B-4 Appendix B: The OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD)

Appendix C
OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF)
v2.0

C.1 Overview
OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF) 2.0 is in the ELF format. BIF2.0 allows the
OpenCL binary to contain the OpenCL source program, the LLVM IR, and the
executable. The BIF defines the following special sections:

 .source: for storing the OpenCL source program.

 .llvmir: for storing the OpenCL immediate representation (LLVM IR).
 .comment: for storing the OpenCL version and the driver version that created
the binary.

The BIF can have other special sections for debugging, etc. It also contains
several ELF special sections, such as:

 .text for storing the executable.

 .rodata for storing the OpenCL runtime control data.
 other ELF special sections required for forming an ELF (for example:
.strtab, .symtab, .shstrtab).

By default, OpenCL generates a binary that has LLVM IR, and the executable for
the GPU (,.llvmir, .amdil, and .text sections), as well as LLVM IR and the
executable for the CPU (.llvmir and .text sections). The BIF binary always
contains a .comment section, which is a readable C string. The default behavior
can be changed with the BIF options described in Section C.2, “BIF Options,”
page C-3.

The LLVM IR enables recompilation from LLVM IR to the target. When a binary
is used to run on a device for which the original program was not generated and
the original device is feature-compatible with the current device, OpenCL
recompiles the LLVM IR to generate a new code for the device. Note that the
LLVM IR is only universal within devices that are feature-compatible in the same
device type, not across different device types. This means that the LLVM IR for
the CPU is not compatible with the LLVM IR for the GPU. The LLVM IR for a
GPU works only for GPU devices that have equivalent feature sets.

BIF2.0 is supported since Stream SDK 2.2.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide C-1

C.1.1 Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) Header

For the ELF binary to be considered valid, the AMD OpenCL runtime expects
certain values to be specified. The following header fields must be set for all
binaries that are created outside of the OpenCL framework.

Table C.1 ELF Header Fields

Field Value Description

e_ident[EI_CLASS] ELFCLASS32, BIF can be either 32-bit ELF or

ELFCLASS64 64bit ELF.
e_ident[EI_DATA] ELFDATA2LSB BIF is stored in little Endian order.
e_ident[EI_OSABI] ELFOSABI_NONE Not used.
e_ident[EI_ABIVERSION] 0 Not used.
e_type ET_NONE Not used.
e_machine oclElfTargets Enum CPU/GPU machine ID.
E_version EV_CURRENT Must be EV_CURRENT.
e_entry 0 Not used.
E_phoff 0 Not used.
e_flags 0 Not used.
E_phentsize 0 Not used.
E_phnum 0 Not used.

The fields not shown in Table C.1 are given values according to the ELF
Specification. The e_machine value is defined as one of the oclElfTargets
enumerants; the values for these are:

C-2 Appendix C: OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF) v2.0

e_machine =

typedef enum CALtargetEnum {

{ 1001 + CaltargetEnum : GPU
2002
2003
: CPU generic without SSE3
: CPU generic with SSE3

CAL_TARGET_600 = 0, /**< R600 GPU ISA */

CAL_TARGET_610 = 1, /**< RV610 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_630 = 2, /**< RV630 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_670 = 3, /**< RV670 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_7XX = 4, /**< R700 class GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_770 = 5, /**< RV770 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_710 = 6, /**< RV710 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_730 = 7, /**< RV730 GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_CYPRESS = 8, /**< CYPRESS GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_JUNIPER = 9, /**< JUNIPER GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_REDWOOD = 10, /**< REDWOOD GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_CEDAR= 11, /**< CEDAR GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_SUMO = 12, /**< SUMO GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_SUPERSUMO =13, /**< SUPERSUMO GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_WRESTLER = 14, /**< WRESTLER GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_CAYMAN =15, /**< CAYMAN GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_KAUAI = 16, /**< KAUAI GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_BARTS = 17 , /**< BARTS GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_TURKS = 18 , /**< TURKS GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_CAICOS = 19, /**< CAICOS GPU ISA */
CAL_TARGET_TAHITI = 20,/**< TAHITI GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_PITCAIRN = 21,/**< PITCAIRN GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_CAPEVERDE = 22,/**< CAPE VERDE GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_DEVASTATOR = 23,/**< DEVASTATOR GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_SCRAPPER = 24, /**< SCRAPPER GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_OLAND = 25, /**< OLAND GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_BONAIRE = 26, /**< BONAIRE GPU ISA*/
CAL_TARGET_KALINDI = 29, /**< KALINDI GPU ISA*/
};

C.1.2 Bitness
The BIF can be either 32-bit ELF format or a 64-bit ELF format. For the GPU,
OpenCL generates a 32-bit BIF binary; it can read either 32-bit BIF or 64-bit BIF
binary. For the CPU, OpenCL generates and reads only 32-bit BIF binaries if the
host application is 32-bit (on either 32-bit OS or 64-bit OS). It generates and
reads only 64-bit BIF binary if the host application is 64-bit (on 64-bit OS).

C.2 BIF Options

OpenCL provides the following options to control what is contained in the binary.

-f[no-]bin-source — [not] generate OpenCL source in .source section.

-f[no-]bin-llvmir — [not] generate LLVM IR in .llvmir section.

-f[no-]bin-exe — [not] generate the executable (ISA) in .text section.

The option syntax follows the GCC option syntax.

By default, OpenCL generates the .llvmir section, .amdil section, and .text
section. The following are examples for using these options:

Example 1: Generate executable for execution:

C.2 BIF Options C-3

clBuildProgram(program, 0, NULL, "-fno-bin-llvmir -fno-bin-amdil", NULL,

NULL);

Example 2: Generate only LLVM IR:

clBuildProgram(program, 0, NULL, "-fno-bin-exe -fno-bin-amdil", NULL,

NULL);

This binary can recompile for all the other devices of the same device type.

C-4 Appendix C: OpenCL Binary Image Format (BIF) v2.0

Appendix D
Hardware overview of pre-GCN
devices

This chapter provides a hardware overview of pre-GCN devices. Pre-GCN

devices include the Evergreen and Northern Islands families that are based on
VLIW.

A general OpenCL device comprises compute units, each of which can have
multiple processing elements. A work-item (or SPMD kernel instance) executes
on a single processing element. The processing elements within a compute unit
can execute in lock-step using SIMD execution. Compute units, however,
execute independently (see Figure D.1).

AMD GPUs consist of multiple compute units. The number of them and the way
they are structured varies with the device family, as well as device designations
within a family. Each of these processing elements possesses ALUs. For devices
in the Northern Islands and Southern Islands families, these ALUs are arranged
in four (in the Evergreen family, there are five) processing elements with arrays
of 16 ALUs. Each of these arrays executes a single instruction across each lane
for each of a block of 16 work-items. That instruction is repeated over four cycles
to make the 64-element vector called a wavefront. On Northern Islands and
Evergreen family devices, the PE arrays execute instructions from one wavefront,
so that each work-item issues four (for Northern Islands) or five (for Evergreen)
instructions at once in a very-long-instruction-word (VLIW) packet.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide D-1

Figure D.1 shows a simplified block diagram of a generalized AMD GPU compute
device.

GPU GPU
Compute Device Compute Device

Compute Compute Compute

Unit Unit Unit

Processing Elements

ALUs

Figure D.1 Generalized AMD GPU Compute Device Structure

Figure D.2 is a simplified diagram of an AMD GPU compute device. Different

GPU compute devices have different characteristics (such as the number of
compute units), but follow a similar design pattern.

D-2 Appendix D: Hardware overview of pre-GCN devices

Ultra-Threaded Dispatch Processor (UTDP)

Compute Compute Compute Compute

Unit Unit Unit Unit

Instruction
Processing Element and Control
Flow

Branch
Execution
Unit

ALUs

General-Purpose Registers

Figure D.2 Simplified Block Diagram of an Evergreen-Family GPU1

GPU compute devices comprise groups of compute units. Each compute unit
contains numerous processing elements, which are responsible for executing
kernels, each operating on an independent data stream. Processing elements, in
turn, contain numerous processing elements, which are the fundamental,
programmable ALUs that perform integer, single-precision floating-point, double-
precision floating-point, and transcendental operations. All processing elements
within a compute unit execute the same instruction sequence in lock-step for
Evergreen and Northern Islands devices; different compute units can execute

1. Much of this is transparent to the programmer.

different instructions.

A processing element is arranged as a five-way or four-way (depending on the

GPU type) very long instruction word (VLIW) processor (see bottom of
Figure D.2). Up to five scalar operations (or four, depending on the GPU type)
can be co-issued in a VLIW instruction, each of which are executed on one of
the corresponding five ALUs. ALUs can execute single-precision floating point or
integer operations. One of the five ALUs also can perform transcendental
operations (sine, cosine, logarithm, etc.). Double-precision floating point
operations are processed (where supported) by connecting two or four of the
ALUs (excluding the transcendental core) to perform a single double-precision
operation. The processing element also contains one branch execution unit to
handle branch instructions.

Different GPU compute devices have different numbers of processing elements.

For example, the ATI Radeon™ HD 5870 GPU has 20 compute units, each with
16 processing elements, and each processing elements contains five ALUs; this
yields 1600 physical ALUs.

D-4 Appendix D: Hardware overview of pre-GCN devices

Appendix E
OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

This chapter explains how to establish an association between GL context and

CL context.

Please note the following guidelines.

1. All devices used to create the OpenCL context associated with

command_queue must support acquiring shared CL/GL objects. This
constraint is enforced at context-creation time.
2. clCreateContext and clCreateContextFromType fail context creation if the
device list passed in cannot interoperate with the GL context.
clCreateContext only permits GL-friendly device(s).
clCreateFromContextType can only include GL-friendly device(s).
3. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR to determine GL-friendly device(s) from the
following parameters:
a. CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR only returns the device that
can interoperate with the GL context.
b. CL_DEVICES_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR includes all GL-context interoperable
devices.
4. While it is possible to create as many GL contexts on a GPU, do not create
concurrently two GL contexts for two GPUs from the same process.
5. For OpenGL interoperability with OpenCL, there is a strict order in which the
OpenCL context is created and the texture/buffer shared allocations can be
made. To use shared resources, the OpenGL application must create an
OpenGL context and afterwards an OpenCL context. All resources (GL
buffers and textures) created after the OpenCL context was created can be
shared between OpenGL and OpenCL. If resources are allocated before the
OpenCL context was created, they cannot be shared between OpenGL and
OpenCL.

E.1 Under Windows

This sections discusses CL-GL interoperability for single and multiple GPU
systems running under Windows.

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide E-1

E.1.1 Single GPU Environment

5.1.1.1 Creating CL Context from a GL Context

Use GLUT windowing system or Win32 API for event handling.

Using GLUT

1. Use glutInit to initialize the GLUT library and negotiate a session with the
windowing system. This function also processes the command line options,
depending on the windowing system.
2. Use wglGetCurrentContext to get the current rendering GL context
(HGLRC) of the calling thread.
3. Use wglGetCurrentDC to get the device context (HDC) that is associated
with the current OpenGL rendering context of the calling thread.
4. Use the clGetGLContextInfoKHR (See Section 9.7 of the OpenCL
Specification 1.1) function and the
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR parameter to get the device ID of
the CL device associated with OpenGL context.
5. Use clCreateContext (See Section 4.3 of the OpenCL Specification 1.1) to
create the CL context (of type cl_context).

The following code snippet shows you how to create an interoperability context
using GLUT on single GPU system.

glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE);
glutInitWindowSize(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);
glutCreateWindow("OpenCL SimpleGL");

HGLRC glCtx = wglGetCurrentContext();

Cl_context_properties cpsGL[] =
{CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,(cl_context_properties)platform,
CL_WGL_HDC_KHR, (intptr_t) wglGetCurrentDC(),

CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR, (intptr_t) glCtx, 0};

status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR(cpsGL,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDevice,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(cpsGL,
1,
&interopDevice,
0,
0,
&status);

Using Win32 API

1. Use CreateWindow for window creation and get the device handle (HWND).

E-2 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

2. Use GetDC to get a handle to the device context for the client area of a
specific window, or for the entire screen (OR). Use CreateDC function to
create a device context (HDC) for the specified device.
3. Use ChoosePixelFormat to match an appropriate pixel format supported by
a device context and to a given pixel format specification.
4. Use SetPixelFormat to set the pixel format of the specified device context
to the format specified.
5. Use wglCreateContext to create a new OpenGL rendering context from
device context (HDC).
6. Use wglMakeCurrent to bind the GL context created in the above step as
the current rendering context.
7. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR function (see Section 9.7 of the OpenCL
Specification 1.1) and parameter CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR
to get the device ID of the CL device associated with OpenGL context.
8. Use clCreateContext function (see Section 4.3 of the OpenCL Specification
1.1) to create the CL context (of type cl_context).

The following code snippet shows how to create an interoperability context using
WIN32 API for windowing. (Users also can refer to the SimpleGL sample in the
AMD APP SDK samples.)

int pfmt;
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;
pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);
pfd.nVersion = 1;
pfd.dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW |
PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER ;
pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA;
pfd.cColorBits = 24;
pfd.cRedBits = 8;
pfd.cRedShift = 0;
pfd.cGreenBits = 8;
pfd.cGreenShift = 0;
pfd.cBlueBits = 8;
pfd.cBlueShift = 0;
pfd.cAlphaBits = 8;
pfd.cAlphaShift = 0;
pfd.cAccumBits = 0;
pfd.cAccumRedBits = 0;
pfd.cAccumGreenBits = 0;
pfd.cAccumBlueBits = 0;
pfd.cAccumAlphaBits = 0;
pfd.cDepthBits = 24;
pfd.cStencilBits = 8;
pfd.cAuxBuffers = 0;
pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE;
pfd.bReserved = 0;
pfd.dwLayerMask = 0;
pfd.dwVisibleMask = 0;
pfd.dwDamageMask = 0;

ZeroMemory(&pfd, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR));

WNDCLASS windowclass;

windowclass.style = CS_OWNDC;
windowclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
windowclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
windowclass.cbWndExtra = 0;

E.1 Under Windows E-3

windowclass.hInstance = NULL;
windowclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
windowclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
windowclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
windowclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
windowclass.lpszClassName = reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>("SimpleGL");
RegisterClass(&windowclass);

gHwnd = CreateWindow(reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>("SimpleGL"),
reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>("SimpleGL"),
WS_CAPTION | WS_POPUPWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
0,
0,
screenWidth,
screenHeight,
NULL,
NULL,
windowclass.hInstance,
NULL);

hDC = GetDC(gHwnd);

pfmt = ChoosePixelFormat(hDC, &pfd);

ret = SetPixelFormat(hDC, pfmt, &pfd);

hRC = wglCreateContext(hDC);

ret = wglMakeCurrent(hDC, hRC);

cl_context_properties properties[] =
{
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties) platform,
CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR, (cl_context_properties) hRC,
CL_WGL_HDC_KHR, (cl_context_properties) hDC,
0
};

status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR(properties,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDevice,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(properties,
1,
&interopDevice,
0,
0,
&status);

E.1.2 Multi-GPU Environment

5.1.2.1 Creating CL context from a GL context

Do not to use the GLUT windowing system in multi-GPU environment because

it always creates a GL context on the primary display, and it is not possible to
specify which display device to select for a GL context.

To use Win32 API for windowing in multi-GPU environment:

1. Detect each display by using EnumDisplayDevices function. This function

lets you obtain the information about display devices in the current session.

E-4 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

2. To query all display devices in the current session, call this function in a loop,
starting with DevNum set to 0, and incrementing DevNum until the function fails.
To select all display devices in the desktop, use only the display devices that
have the DISPLAY_DEVICE_ATTACHED_TO_DESKTOP flag in the
DISPLAY_DEVICE structure.
3. To get information on the display adapter, call EnumDisplayDevices with
lpDevice set to NULL. For example, DISPLAY_DEVICE.DeviceString
contains the adapter name.
4. Use EnumDisplaySettings to get DEVMODE. dmPosition.x and
dmPosition.y are used to get the x coordinate and y coordinate of the
current display.
5. Try to find the first OpenCL device (winner) associated with the OpenGL
rendering context by using the loop technique of 2., above.
6. Inside the loop:
a. Create a window on a specific display by using the CreateWindow
function. This function returns the window handle (HWND).
b. Use GetDC to get a handle to the device context for the client area of a
specific window, or for the entire screen (OR). Use the CreateDC function
to create a device context (HDC) for the specified device.
c. Use ChoosePixelFormat to match an appropriate pixel format supported
by a device context to a given pixel format specification.
d. Use SetPixelFormat to set the pixel format of the specified device
context to the format specified.
e. Use wglCreateContext to create a new OpenGL rendering context from
device context (HDC).
f. Use wglMakeCurrent to bind the GL context created in the above step
as the current rendering context.
g. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR (See Section 9.7 of the OpenCL
Specification 1.1) and CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR
parameter to get the number of GL associated devices for CL context
creation. If the number of devices is zero go to the next display in the
loop. Otherwise, use clGetGLContextInfoKHR (See Section 9.7 of the
OpenCL Specification 1.1) and the
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR parameter to get the device
ID of the CL device associated with OpenGL context.
h. Use clCreateContext (See Section 4.3 of the OpenCL Specification
1.1) to create the CL context (of type cl_context).

The following code demonstrates how to use WIN32 Windowing API in CL-GL
interoperability on multi-GPU environment.

int xCoordinate = 0;
int yCoordinate = 0;

for (deviceNum = 0; EnumDisplayDevices(NULL,

deviceNum,
&dispDevice,

E.1 Under Windows E-5

0); deviceNum++)
{

if (dispDevice.StateFlags &
DISPLAY_DEVICE_MIRRORING_DRIVER)
{
continue;
}

DEVMODE deviceMode;

EnumDisplaySettings(dispDevice.DeviceName,
ENUM_CURRENT_SETTINGS,
&deviceMode);

xCoordinate = deviceMode.dmPosition.x;
yCoordinate = deviceMode.dmPosition.y;
WNDCLASS windowclass;

windowclass.style = CS_OWNDC;
windowclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
windowclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
windowclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
windowclass.hInstance = NULL;
windowclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
windowclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
windowclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
windowclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
windowclass.lpszClassName = reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>("SimpleGL");
RegisterClass(&windowclass);
gHwnd = CreateWindow(
reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>("SimpleGL"),
reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>(
"OpenGL Texture Renderer"),
WS_CAPTION | WS_POPUPWINDOW,
xCoordinate,
yCoordinate,
screenWidth,
screenHeight,
NULL,
NULL,
windowclass.hInstance,
NULL);
hDC = GetDC(gHwnd);

pfmt = ChoosePixelFormat(hDC, &pfd);

ret = SetPixelFormat(hDC, pfmt, &pfd);

hRC = wglCreateContext(hDC);

ret = wglMakeCurrent(hDC, hRC);

cl_context_properties properties[] =
{
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties) platform,
CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
(cl_context_properties) hRC,
CL_WGL_HDC_KHR,
(cl_context_properties) hDC,
0
};

if (!clGetGLContextInfoKHR)
{
clGetGLContextInfoKHR = (clGetGLContextInfoKHR_fn)
clGetExtensionFunctionAddress(
"clGetGLContextInfoKHR");
}

E-6 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

size_t deviceSize = 0;
status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR(properties,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
0,
NULL,
&deviceSize);

if (deviceSize == 0)
{
// no interopable CL device found, cleanup
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(hRC);
DeleteDC(hDC);
hDC = NULL;
hRC = NULL;
DestroyWindow(gHwnd);
// try the next display
continue;
}
ShowWindow(gHwnd, SW_SHOW);
//Found a winner
break;
}

cl_context_properties properties[] =
{
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,
(cl_context_properties) platform,
CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
(cl_context_properties) hRC,
CL_WGL_HDC_KHR,
(cl_context_properties) hDC,
0
};

status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR( properties,

CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDevice,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(properties,
1,
&interopDevice,
0,
0,
&status);

E.1.3 Limitations
 It is recommended not to use GLUT in a multi-GPU environment.

E.2 Linux Operating System

E.2.1 Single GPU Environment

5.2.1.1 Creating CL Context from a GL Context

Using GLUT

E.2 Linux Operating System E-7

1. Use glutInit to initialize the GLUT library and to negotiate a session with
the windowing system. This function also processes the command-line
options depending on the windowing system.
2. Use glXGetCurrentContext to get the current rendering context
(GLXContext).
3. Use glXGetCurrentDisplay to get the display (Display *) that is associated
with the current OpenGL rendering context of the calling thread.
4. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR (see Section 9.7 of the OpenCL Specification
1.1) and the CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR parameter to get the
device ID of the CL device associated with the OpenGL context.
5. Use clCreateContext (see Section 4.3 of the OpenCL Specification 1.1) to
create the CL context (of type cl_context).

The following code snippet shows how to create an interoperability context using
GLUT in Linux.

glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE);
glutInitWindowSize(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);
glutCreateWindow("OpenCL SimpleGL");

gGLXContext glCtx = glXGetCurrentContext();

Cl_context_properties cpsGL[] =
{
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,

(cl_context_properties)platform,

CL_GLX_DISPLAY_KHR,

(intptr_t) glXGetCurrentDisplay(),

CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,

( intptr_t) glCtx, 0};

status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR(cpsGL,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDevice,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(cpsGL,
1,
&interopDevice,
0,
0,
&status);

Using X Window System

1. Use XOpenDisplay to open a connection to the server that controls a display.

2. Use glXChooseFBConfig to get a list of GLX frame buffer configurations that
match the specified attributes.
3. Use glXChooseVisual to get a visual that matches specified attributes.

E-8 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

4. Use XCreateColormap to create a color map of the specified visual type for
the screen on which the specified window resides and returns the colormap
ID associated with it. Note that the specified window is only used to
determine the screen.
5. Use XCreateWindow to create an unmapped sub-window for a specified
parent window, returns the window ID of the created window, and causes the
X server to generate a CreateNotify event. The created window is placed on
top in the stacking order with respect to siblings.
6. Use XMapWindow to map the window and all of its sub-windows that have had
map requests. Mapping a window that has an unmapped ancestor does not
display the window, but marks it as eligible for display when the ancestor
becomes mapped. Such a window is called unviewable. When all its
ancestors are mapped, the window becomes viewable and is visible on the
screen if it is not obscured by another window.
7. Use glXCreateContextAttribsARB to initialize the context to the initial state
defined by the OpenGL specification, and returns a handle to it. This handle
can be used to render to any GLX surface.
8. Use glXMakeCurrent to make argrument3 (GLXContext) the current GLX
rendering context of the calling thread, replacing the previously current
context if there was one, and attaches argument3 (GLXcontext) to a GLX
drawable, either a window or a GLX pixmap.
9. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR to get the OpenCL-OpenGL interoperability
device corresponding to the window created in step 5.
10. Use clCreateContext to create the context on the interoperable device
obtained in step 9.

The following code snippet shows how to create a CL-GL interoperability context
using the X Window system in Linux.

Display *displayName = XOpenDisplay(0);

int nelements;
GLXFBConfig *fbc = glXChooseFBConfig(displayName,
DefaultScreen(displayName), 0, &nelements);
static int attributeList[] = { GLX_RGBA,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER,
GLX_RED_SIZE,
1,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE,
1,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE,
1,
None
};
XVisualInfo *vi = glXChooseVisual(displayName,
DefaultScreen(displayName),
attributeList);

XSetWindowAttributes swa;
swa.colormap = XCreateColormap(displayName,
RootWindow(displayName, vi->screen),
vi->visual,
AllocNone);
swa.border_pixel = 0;
swa.event_mask = StructureNotifyMask;

E.2 Linux Operating System E-9

Window win = XCreateWindow(displayName,

RootWindow(displayName, vi->screen),
10,
10,
WINDOW_WIDTH,
WINDOW_HEIGHT,
0,
vi->depth,
InputOutput,
vi->visual,
CWBorderPixel|CWColormap|CWEventMask,
&swa);

XMapWindow (displayName, win);

std::cout << "glXCreateContextAttribsARB "

<< (void*) glXGetProcAddress((const
GLubyte*)"glXCreateContextAttribsARB")
<< std::endl;

GLXCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC glXCreateContextAttribsARB =
(GLXCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC)
glXGetProcAddress((const
GLubyte*)"glXCreateContextAttribsARB");

int attribs[] = {
GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
0
};

GLXContext ctx = glXCreateContextAttribsARB(displayName,

*fbc,
0,
true,
attribs);
glXMakeCurrent (displayName,

win,

ctx);

cl_context_properties cpsGL[] = {
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM,(cl_context_properties)platform,
CL_GLX_DISPLAY_KHR, (intptr_t) glXGetCurrentDisplay(),
CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR, (intptr_t) gGlCtx, 0
};
status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR( cpsGL,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDeviceId,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(cpsGL,
1,
&interopDeviceId,
0,
0,
&status);

E.2.2 Multi-GPU Configuration

5.2.2.1 Creating CL Context from a GL Context

Using X Window System

E-10 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

1. Use XOpenDisplay to open a connection to the server that controls a display.

2. Use ScreenCount to get the number of available screens.
3. Use XCloseDisplay to close the connection to the X server for the display
specified in the Display structure and destroy all windows, resource IDs
(Window, Font, Pixmap, Colormap, Cursor, and GContext), or other
resources that the client created on this display.
4. Use a FOR loop to enumerate the displays. To change the display, change
the value of the environment variable DISPLAY.
5. Inside the loop:
a. Use putenv to set the environment variable DISPLAY with respect to the
display number.
b. Use OpenDisplay to open a connection to the server that controls a
display.
c. Use glXChooseFBConfig to get a list of GLX frame buffer configurations
that match the specified attributes.
d. Use glXChooseVisual to get a visual that matches specified attributes.
e. Use XCreateColormap to create a color map of the specified visual type
for the screen on which the specified window resides and returns the
colormap ID associated with it. Note that the specified window is only
used to determine the screen.
f. Use XCreateWindow to create an unmapped sub-window for a specified
parent window, returns the window ID of the created window, and causes
the X server to generate a CreateNotify event. The created window is
placed on top in the stacking order with respect to siblings.
g. Use XMapWindow to map the window and all of its sub-windows that have
had map requests. Mapping a window that has an unmapped ancestor
does not display the window but marks it as eligible for display when the
ancestor becomes mapped. Such a window is called unviewable. When
all its ancestors are mapped, the window becomes viewable and is
visible on the screen, if it is not obscured by another window.
h. Use glXCreateContextAttribsARB function to initialize the context to
the initial state defined by the OpenGL specification and return a handle
to it. This handle can be used to render to any GLX surface.
i. Use glXMakeCurrent to make argrument3 (GLXContext) the current
GLX rendering context of the calling thread, replacing the previously
current context, if there was one, and to attach argument3 (GLXcontext)
to a GLX drawable, either a window or a GLX pixmap.
j. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR to get the number of OpenCL-OpenGL
interoperability devices corresponding to the window created in f, above.
k. If the number of interoperable devices is zero, use glXDestroyContext
to destroy the context created at step h, and go to step a; otherwise, exit
from the loop (an OpenCL-OpenGL interoperable device has been
found).

E.2 Linux Operating System E-11

6. Use clGetGLContextInfoKHR to get the OpenCL-OpenGL interoperable

device id.
7. Use clCreateContext to create the context on the interoperable device
obtained in the previous step.

The following code segment shows how to create an OpenCL-OpenGL

interoperability context on a system with multiple GPUs.

displayName = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
int screenNumber = ScreenCount(displayName);
XCloseDisplay(displayName);

for (int i = 0; i < screenNumber; i++)

{
if (isDeviceIdEnabled())
{
if (i < deviceId)
{
continue;
}
}
char disp[100];
sprintf(disp, "DISPLAY=:0.%d", i);
putenv(disp);
displayName = XOpenDisplay(0);
int nelements;
GLXFBConfig *fbc = glXChooseFBConfig(displayName,
DefaultScreen(displayName),
0,
&nelements);
static int attributeList[] = { GLX_RGBA,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER,
GLX_RED_SIZE,
1,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE,
1,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE,
1,
None
};

XVisualInfo *vi = glXChooseVisual(displayName,

DefaultScreen(displayName),
attributeList);
XSetWindowAttributes swa;
swa.colormap = XCreateColormap(displayName,
RootWindow(displayName, vi->screen),
vi->visual,
AllocNone);
swa.border_pixel = 0;
swa.event_mask = StructureNotifyMask;

win = XCreateWindow(displayName,
RootWindow(displayName, vi->screen),
10,
10,
width,
height,
0,
vi->depth,
InputOutput,
vi->visual,
CWBorderPixel|CWColormap|CWEventMask,
&swa);
XMapWindow (displayName, win);

E-12 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

int attribs[] = {
GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
0
};

GLXContext ctx = glXCreateContextAttribsARB(displayName,

*fbc,
0,
true,
attribs);
glXMakeCurrent (displayName,
win,
ctx);

gGlCtx = glXGetCurrentContext();
properties cpsGL[] = {
CL_CONTEXT_PLATFORM, (cl_context_properties)platform,
CL_GLX_DISPLAY_KHR, (intptr_t) glXGetCurrentDisplay(),
CL_GL_CONTEXT_KHR, (intptr_t) gGlCtx, 0
};

size_t deviceSize = 0;
status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR(cpsGL,
CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
0,
NULL,
&deviceSize);
int numDevices = (deviceSize / sizeof(cl_device_id));

if(numDevices == 0)
{
glXDestroyContext(glXGetCurrentDisplay(), gGlCtx);
continue;
}
else
{
//Interoperable device found
std::cout<<"Interoperable device found "<<std::endl;
break;
}
}

status = clGetGLContextInfoKHR( cpsGL,

CL_CURRENT_DEVICE_FOR_GL_CONTEXT_KHR,
sizeof(cl_device_id),
&interopDeviceId,
NULL);

// Create OpenCL context from device's id

context = clCreateContext(cpsGL,
1,
&interopDeviceId,
0,
0,
&status);

E.3 Additional GL Formats Supported

The following is a list of GL formats beyond the minimum set listed in The
OpenCL Extension Specification, v 1.2 that AMD supports.

E.3 Additional GL Formats Supported E-13

Table E.1 AMD-Supported GL Formats

GL internal format CL images format
GL_ALPHA8 CL_A,CL_UNORM8
GL_R8, CL_R, CL_UNORM_INT8
GL_R8UI CL_R, CL_UNSIGNED_INT8
GL_R8I CL_R, CL_SIGNED_INT8
GL_RG8 CL_RG, CL_UNORM_INT8
GL_RG8UI CL_RG, CL_UNSIGNED_INT8
GL_RG8I CL_RG, CL_SIGNED_INT8
GL_RGB8 CL_RGB, CL_UNORM_INT8
GL_RGB8UI CL_RGB, CL_UNSIGNED_INT8
GL_RGB8I CL_RGB, CL_SIGNED_INT8
GL_R16 CL_R, CL_UNORM_INT16
GL_R16UI CL_R, CL_UNSIGNED_INT16
GL_R16I CL_R, CL_SIGNED_INT16
GL_RG16 CL_RG, CL_UNORM_INT16
GL_RG16UI CL_RG, CL_UNSIGNED_INT16
GL_RG16I CL_RG, CL_SIGNED_INT16
GL_RGB16 CL_RGB, CL_UNORM_INT16
GL_RGB16UI CL_RGB, CL_UNSIGNED_INT16
GL_RGB16I CL_RGB, CL_SIGNED_INT16
GL_R32I CL_R, CL_SIGNED_INT32
GL_R32UI CL_R, CL_UNSIGNED_INT32
GL_R32F CL_R, CL_FLOAT
GL_RG32I CL_RG, CL_SIGNED_INT32
GL_RG32UI CL_RG, CL_UNSIGNED_INT32
GL_RG32F CL_RG, CL_FLOAT
GL_RGB32I CL_RGB, CL_SIGNED_INT32
GL_RGB32UI CL_RGB, CL_UNSIGNED_INT32
GL_RGB32F CL_RGB, CL_FLOAT

E-14 Appendix E: OpenCL-OpenGL Interoperability

Appendix F
New and deprecated functions in
OpenCL 2.0

F.1 New built-in functions in OpenCL 2.0

F.1.1 Work Item Functions

get_enqueued_local_size local sizes in uniform part of NDRange
get_global_linear_id unique 1D index for each work item in the
NDRange
get_local_linear_id unique 1D index for each work item in the
work group

F.1.2 Integer functions

ctz count trailing zero bits

F.1.3 Synchronization Functions

work_group_barrier replaces barrier, adds scope

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide F-1

F.1.4 Address space quailfier functions

to_global convert generic pointer to global pointer
to_local convert genericpointer to local pointer
to_private convert generic pointer to private pointer
get_fence get fence appropriate to address space

F.1.5 Atomic functions

atomic_init Initialize atomic value

atomic_work_item_fence memory fence

atomic_store[_explicit] atomic store
atomic_load[_explicit] atomic load
atomic_exchange[_explicit] atomic exchange
atomic_compare_exchange_strong[_explicit] atomic compare and exchange (CAS)
atomic_compare_exchange_weak[_explicit] atomic compare and exchange (CAS)
atomic_fetch_add[_explicit] atomic fetch+add
atomic_fetch_sub[_explicit] atomic fetch+sub
atomic_fetch_or[_explicit] atomic fetch+or

atomic_fetcn_xor[_explicit] atomic fetch+xor

atomic_fetch_and[_explicit] atomic fetch+and
atomic_fetch_max_[explicit] atomic fetch+max
atomic_fetch_min[_explicit] atomic fetch+min
atomic_flag_test_and_set[_explicit] atomic flag set

atomic_flag_clear[_explicit] atomic flag clear

F.1.6 Image Read and Write Functions

read_imagef Read from 2D depth [array] image
write_imagef Write to 2D depth [array] image

F.1.7 Work group functions

work_group_all Test all members of work group (and
reduction)
work_group_any Test any member of work group (or
reduction)
work_group_broadcast Brodcast value to every member of work
group
work_group_reduce_add Sum reduction across work group
work_group_reduce_max Max reduction across work group
work_group_reduce_min Min reduction across work group
work_group_scan_exclusive_add Sum exclusive scan across work group
work_group_scan_exclusive_max Max exclusive scan across work group

F-2 Appendix F: New and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0

work_group_scan_exclusive_min Min exclusive scan across work group

work_group_scan_inclusive_add Sum inclusive scan across work group
work_group_scan_inclusive_max Max inclusive scan across work group
work_group_scan_inclusive_min Min inclusive scan across work group

F.1.8 Pipe functions

read_pipe Read from pipe
write_pipe Write to pipe
reserve_read_pipe Reserve reads from pipe
reserve_write_pipe Reserve writes to pipe
commit_read_pipe Commit reserved pipe reads
commit_write_pipe Commit reserved pipe writes
is_valid_reserve_id Test reservation value
work_group_reserve_read_pipe Work group read reservation
work_group_reserve_write_pipe work group write reservation
work_group_commit_read_pipe work group commit read reservation
work_group_commit_write_pipe work group commit write reservation
get_pipe_num_packets get current number of packets in pipe
get_pipe_max_packets get capacity of pipe

F.1.9 Enqueueing Kernels

enqueue_kernel Enqueue block as kernel

get_kernel_work_group_size Query max work group size

get_kernel_preferred_work_group_size_m Query preferred divisor of work group size

ultiple
enqueue_marker Enqueue a marker
retain_event Increment refcount of event
release_event Decrement refcount of event
create_user_event Create user event

is_valid_event Check if event is valid

set_user_event_status Signal user event

capture_event_profiling_info Schedule capture of profiling info

get_default_queue Get default queue

ndrange_1D Create 1D NDRange

ndrange_2D Create 2D NDRange
ndrange_3D Create 3D NDRange

F.1 New built-in functions in OpenCL 2.0 F-3

F.1.10 Sub-groups
get_sub_group_size Get size of current sub group

get_max_sub_group_size Get size of largest sub group

get_num_sub_groups Get number of sub groups in current work

group

get_enqueued_num_sub_groups Get number of sub groups in uniform work

group
get_sub_group_id Get id of current sub group

get_sub_group_local_id Get ID of workitem in sub group

sub_group_barrier Sub group barrier

sub_group_all Test all members of work group (and

reduction)
sub_group_any Test any member of work group (or
reduction)
sub_group_broadcast Brodcast value to every member of work
group
sub_group_reduce_add Sum reduction across sub group
sub_group_reduce_max Max reduction across sub group
sub_group_reduce_min Min reduction across sub group
sub_group_scan_exclusive_add Sum exclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_scan_exclusive_max Max exclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_scan_exclusive_min Min exclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_scan_inclusive_add Sum inclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_scan_inclusive_max Max inclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_scan_inclusive_min Min inclusive scan across sub group
sub_group_reserve_read_pipe sub group read reservation
sub_group_reserve_write_pipe sub group write reservation
sub_group_commit_read_pipe sub group commit read reservation

sub_group_commit_write_pipe sub group commit write reservation

get_kernel_sub_group_count_for_ndrange number of sub groups in uniform part of
NDRange

get_kernel_max_sub_group_size_for_ndra maximum sub group size for a block

nge

F.2 Deprecated built-ins

barrier
mem_fence
read_mem_fence

F-4 Appendix F: New and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0

write_mem_fence
atomic_add
atomic_sub
atomic_xchg
atomic_inc
atomic_dec
atomic_cmpxchg
atomic_min
atomic_max
atomic_and
atomic_or
atomic_xor

F.2 Deprecated built-ins F-5

F.3 New runtime APIs in OpenCL 2.0

F.3.1 New Types

cl_device_svm_capabilities Returned by
clGetDeviceInfo(...CL_DEVICE_SVM_CAP
ABILITIES...)
cl_queue_properties See
clCreateCommandQueueWithProperties
cl_svm_mem_flags See clSVMAlloc
cl_pipe_properties See clCreatePipe
cl_pipe_info See clGetPipeInfo

cl_sampler_properties See clCreateSamplerWithProperties

cl_kernel_exec_info See clSetKernelExecInfo
cl_image_desc A field name changed from buffer to
mem_object

cl_kernel_sub_group_info See clGetKernelSubGroupInfoKHR

F.3.2 New Macros

CL_INVALID_PIPE_SIZE
CL_INVALID_DEVICE_QUEUE
CL_VERSION_2_0
CL_DEVICE_QUEUE_ON_HOST_PROPERTIES
CL_DEVICE_MAX_READ_WRITE_IMAGE_ARGS
CL_DEVICE_MAX_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_SIZE
CL_DEVICE_QUEUE_ON_DEVICE_PROPERTIES
CL_DEVICE_QUEUE_ON_DEVICE_PREFERRED_SIZE
CL_DEVICE_QUEUE_ON_DEVICE_MAX_SIZE
CL_DEVICE_MAX_ON_DEVICE_QUEUES
CL_DEVICE_MAX_ON_DEVICE_EVENTS
CL_DEVICE_SVM_CAPABILITIES
CL_DEVICE_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_PREFERRED_TOTAL_SIZE
CL_DEVICE_MAX_PIPE_ARGS
CL_DEVICE_PIPE_MAX_ACTIVE_RESERVATIONS
CL_DEVICE_PIPE_MAX_PACKET_SIZE
CL_DEVICE_PREFERRED_PLATFORM_ATOMIC_ALIGNMENT
CL_DEVICE_PREFERRED_GLOBAL_ATOMIC_ALIGNMENT
CL_DEVICE_PREFERRED_LOCAL_ATOMIC_ALIGNMENT
CL_QUEUE_ON_DEVICE
CL_QUEUE_ON_DEVICE_DEFAULT
CL_DEVICE_SVM_COARSE_GRAIN_BUFFER
CL_DEVICE_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER
CL_DEVICE_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_SYSTEM

F-6 Appendix F: New and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0

CL_DEVICE_SVM_ATOMICS
CL_QUEUE_SIZE
CL_MEM_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_BUFFER
CL_MEM_SVM_ATOMICS
CL_sRGB
CL_sRGBx
CL_sRGBA
CL_sBGRA
CL_ABGR
CL_MEM_OBJECT_PIPE
CL_MEM_USES_SVM_POINTER
CL_PIPE_PACKET_SIZE
CL_PIPE_MAX_PACKETS
CL_SAMPLER_MIP_FILTER_MODE
CL_SAMPLER_LOD_MIN
CL_SAMPLER_LOD_MAX
CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_TOTAL_SIZE
CL_KERNEL_ARG_TYPE_PIPE
CL_KERNEL_EXEC_INFO_SVM_PTRS
CL_KERNEL_EXEC_INFO_SVM_FINE_GRAIN_SYSTEM
CL_COMMAND_SVM_FREE
CL_COMMAND_SVM_MEMCPY
CL_COMMAND_SVM_MEMFILL
CL_COMMAND_SVM_MAP
CL_COMMAND_SVM_UNMAP
CL_PROFILING_COMMAND_COMPLETE

F.3 New runtime APIs in OpenCL 2.0 F-7

F.3.3 New API calls

clCreateCommandQueueWithProperties See section 5.1
clCreatePipe See section 5.4.1
clGetPipeInfo See section 5.4.2
clSVMAlloc See section 5.6.1
clSVMFree See section 5.6.1
clEnqueueSVMFree See section 5.6.1
clEnqueueSVMMemcpy See section 5.6.1
clEnqueueSVMMemFill See section 5.6.1
clEnqueueSVMMap See section 5.6.1

clEnqueueSVMUnmap See section 5.6.1

clCreateSamplerWithProperties See section 5.7.1

clSetKernelArgSVMPointer See section 5.9.2

clSetKernelExecInfo See section 5.9.2

clGetKernelSubGroupInfoKHR See section 9.17.2.1

F.4 Deprecated runtimes

clCreateCommandQueue
clCreateSampler
clEnqueueTask

F-8 Appendix F: New and deprecated functions in OpenCL 2.0

Index

Symbols NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
address
_cdecl calling convention
1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
_global atomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
normalized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
_local atomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
un-normalized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
_stdcall calling convention
allocating
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
images
.amdil
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
generating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
memory
.comment
selecting a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
BIF binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
memory buffer
storing OpenCL and driver versions that cre-
OpenCL program model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ated the binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ALUs
.llvmir
arrangement of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
generating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing
storing OpenCL immediate representation
implementation of OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(LLVM IR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
open platform strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.rodata
programming model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
storing OpenCL runtime control data. . . . . 1
relationship of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.shstrtab
software stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
forming an ELF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Installable Client Driver (ICD) . . . . . . . . . 1
.source
AMD APP KernelAnalyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
storing OpenCL source program . . . . . . . . 1
AMD Core Math Library (ACML) . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.strtab
AMD GPU
forming an ELF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
number of compute units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
.symtab
AMD Radeon HD 68XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
forming an ELF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AMD Radeon HD 69XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.text
AMD Radeon HD 75XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
generating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AMD Radeon HD 77XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
storing the executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AMD Radeon HD 78XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Numerics AMD Radeon HD 79XX series. . . . . . . . . . . . 15
AMD Radeon HD 7XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1D address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AMD Radeon R9 290X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8
2D AMD supplemental compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -g option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2D addresses AMD supplemental compiler option
reading and writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -f[n-]bin-source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
A -f[no-]bin-amdil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
-f[no-]bin-exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
access -f[no-]bin-llvmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 AMD vendor-specific extensions . . . . . . . . . . . 4
accumulation operations amd_bitalign

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing - OpenCL Programming Guide Index-1

built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .comment

amd_bytealign storing OpenCL and driver versions that
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 created the binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
amd_lerp .llvmir
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 storing immediate representation (LLVM
AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS IR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
environment variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .source
AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND storing OpenCL source program . . . . . . 1
environment variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 binary
amd_pack .comment section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 bitness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
amd_sad changing default behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
buillt-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ELF special sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
amd_sad4 options to control what is contained in the
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
amd_sadhi overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 binary
amd_unpack0 application kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 controlling
amd_unpack1 BIF options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CPU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
amd_unpack2 generating
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 in OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
amd_unpack3 LLVM AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
built-in function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
API Binary Image Format (BIF)
C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 See BIF
naming extension functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 bitness
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BIF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
platform branch
querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 granularity
processing calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 work-item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
API commands instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
three categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 branching
application code flow control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
developing Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 breakpoint
application kernels CL kernel function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
device-specific binaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 host code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
arrangement of ALUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 no breakpoint is set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
atomics setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4
_global. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 sample GDB debugging session . . . . . . 3
_local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 setting a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
buffer
B command queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
barrier global. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
command-queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 source or destination for instruction. . . 10
barriers storing writes to random memory locations
execution order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
work-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 relationship
work-items sample code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
encountering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 build log
BIF printing out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
built-in function

amd_bitalign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CL context
amd_bytealign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 associate with GL context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
amd_lerp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CL kernel function
amd_pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 breakpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
amd_sad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CL options
amd_sad4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 change during runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
amd_sadhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 cl_amd_device_attribute_query extension
amd_unpack0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 querying AMD-specific device attributes . . 5
amd_unpack1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 cl_amd_event_callback extension
amd_unpack2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 registering event callbacks for states . . . . 6
amd_unpack3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 cl_amd_fp64 extension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
built-in functions cl_amd_media_ops extension
for OpenCL language adding built-in functions to OpenCL language
cl_amd_media_ops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 7, 9
OpenCL C programs cl_amd_printf extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
cl_amd_printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 cl_ext extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
variadic arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 cl_khr_fp64
writing output to the stdout stream . . . . . 12 supported function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
burst write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 classes
passing between host and device . . . . . . . 3
C clBuildProgram
C front-end debugging OpenCL program . . . . . . . . . . . 2
compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 clCreateKernel
C kernels C++extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
predefined macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 clEnqueue commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
C program sample clEnqueueNDRangeKernel
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 setting breakpoint in the host code . . . . . . 3
C programming clGetPlatformIDs() function
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 available OpenCL implementations . . . . . . 1
C++ API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 clGetPlatformInfo() function
C++ bindings available OpenCL implementations . . . . . . 1
OpenCL programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 querying supported extensions for OpenCL
C++ extension platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
unsupported features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 C-like language
C++ files OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
compiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 code
C++ kermel language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii, 1 basic programming steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
C++ kernels ICD-compliant version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 parallel min() function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C++ templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 pre-ICD snippet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2
cache running
L1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
L2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
texture system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 runtime steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
call error code requirements
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Installable Client Driver (ICD) . . . . . . . . . . 1
calling convention CodeXL GPU Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 command processor
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 transfer from system to GPU . . . . . . . . . . . 9
character extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 command processors
searching for substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 concurrent processing of command queues 7
character sequence command queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
format string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 associated with single device . . . . . . . . . . 4

barrier -f[no-]bin-llvmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
enforce ordering within a single queue . 4 -f[no-]bin-source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
creating device-specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
elements -O0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -save-temps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
kernel execution calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 compiling
kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 an OpenCL application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
transfers between device and host . . . . 9 C++ files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
executing kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 kernels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 on Linux
moving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 building 32-bit object files on a 64-bit sys-
no limit of the number pointing to the same tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 linking to a 32-bit library. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 linking to a 64-bit library. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
command queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 OpenCL on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 OpenCL on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
command-queue barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Intel C (C++) compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
commands setting project properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
API Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition 2
three categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 the host program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 computation
clEnqueue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 data-parallel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
driver layer issuing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 compute device structure
driver layer translating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 2
event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 compute kernel
GDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 data-parallel granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 strengths
OpenCL API functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 computationally intensive applications . . 1
queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 wavefronts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
communication and data transfers between sys- workgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
tem and GPU compute unit
PCIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
communication between the host (CPU) and the stream cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 compute unites
compilation number in AMD GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
error compute units
kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 290X devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
compile time independent operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
resolving format string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 number in AMD GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
compiler structured in AMD GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
LLVM framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 constants
set to ignore all extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
toolchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 command queue elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
back-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 constraints
OpenCL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 of the current LDS model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
sharing front-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 context
sharing high-level transformations . . . . . 1 relationship
transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 sample code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
using standard C front-end. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 contexts
compiler option associating CL and GL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
-f[no-]bin-amdil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 copying data
-f[no-]bin-exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 implicit and explicit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

copying processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 definition

CPU kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
code wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
parallel min() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 derived classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
communication between host and GPU . . 8 device
predefined macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 extension support listing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 fission extension support in OpenCL. . . . . 4
LLVM AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 list
OpenCL runtime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 function call query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
skip copying between host memory and PCIe no limit of number of command queues . . 4
memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 relationship
Creating CL context sample code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
from a GL Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 device-optimal access pattern
cygwin threading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
GDB running. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 devices
cygwin/minGW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 R9 290X series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
device-specific
D operations
-D name kernel execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OpenCL supported options . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 program compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
data Direct Memory Access (DMA)
computations engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
select a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 signaling transfer is completed . . . . . . . 9
fetch units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
moving using corresponding command queue parallelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 directives
parallelism extension name overrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
transfers domains
select a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 of synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
to the optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 command-queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
dataflow between host (CPU) and GPU . . . . 6 work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
data-parallel granularity double copying
compute kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 memory bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
data-parallel programming model double-precision floating-point
executing non-graphic functions . . . . . . . . 2 performing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4
debug driver layer
information issuing commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
creating metadata structures . . . . . . . . . 2 translating commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
debugger
E
CodeXL GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GNU project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 1 element
kernel symbols not visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 work-item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
debugging ELF
kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .rodata
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 storing OpenCL runtime control data . . 1
kernels in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .shstrtab
OpenCL programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 forming an ELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
session .strtab
GDB sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 forming an ELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
hello world kernel sample . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .symtab
setting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 forming an ELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

.text extension
storing the executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 cl_amd_popcnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 clCreateKernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 extension function pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
header fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 extension functions
special sections NULL and non-Null return values. . . . . . . . 3
BIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 extension support by device
enforce ordering for devices 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
between or within queues for devices 2 and CPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 extensions
synchronizing a given event . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 all. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
within a single queue AMD vendor-specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
command-queue barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 approved by Khronos Group . . . . . . . . . . . 1
engine approved list from Khronos Group . . . . . . . 3
DMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 character strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
enqueuing cl_amd_device_attribute_query . . . . . . . . . 5
commands in OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 cl_amd_event_callback
multiple tasks registering event callbacks for states. . . 6
parallelism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 cl_amd_fp64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
native kernels cl_amd_media_ops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9
parallelism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 cl_amd_printf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
environment variable cl_ext. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 5 compiler set to ignore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
AMD_OCL_BUILD_OPTIONS_APPEND . . 5 device fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
setting to avoid source changes . . . . . . . . 2 disabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
event enabling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 FunctionName string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
enforces ordering kernel code compilation
between queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 adding defined macro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
within queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 naming conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
synchronizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 optional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
event commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 provided by a specific vendor . . . . . . . . . . 1
events provided collectively by multiple vendors . . 1
forced ordering between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 querying for a platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
exceptions querying in OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 same name overrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
executing use in kernel programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
kernels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 F
using corresponding command queue . . 4 -f[n-]bin-source
kernels for specific devices AMD supplemental compiler option . . . . . . 6
OpenCL programming model . . . . . . . . . 3 -f[no-]bin-amdil
loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 AMD supplemental compiler option . . . . . . 6
non-graphic function compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
data-parallel programming model. . . . . . 2 -f[no-]bin-exe
execution AMD supplemental compiler option . . . . . . 6
command queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
of a single instruction over all work-items . 2 -f[no-]bin-llvmir
OpenCL applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 AMD supplemental compiler option . . . . . . 6
order compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -f[no-]bin-source
single stream core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
explicit copying of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 fetch unit

loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 not supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 GCC option syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 GDB
streaming stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 GNU project debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 1
transferring the work-item . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 sample session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
fetches GDB (GNU project debugger) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
memory command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
floating point operations running cygwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
double-precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 running minGW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
single-precision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 generate binary images offline
flow control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 cl_amd_offline_devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 GL context
execution of a single instruction over all work- associate with CL context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 global buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
forced ordering of events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 source or destination for instruction. . . . . 10
format string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 storing writes to random memory locations 9
conversion guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 global memory (VRAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
resolving compile time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 global scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
front-end global work-size
ensuring the kernels meet OpenCL specifica- defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dividing into work-groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
performs GLUT windowing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
semantic checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GNU project debugger
syntactic checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GDB, description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
standard C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GNU project debugger (GDB)
translating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 See GDB
front-end supports GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
additional data-types binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
float8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 communication between host and GPU . . 8
int4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 copying data from host to GPU . . . . . . . . . 6
additional keywords dataflow between host and GPU . . . . . . . . 6
global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 parallel min() function code . . . . . . . . . . . 19
kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 parallelizing large numbers of work-items 10
built-in functions predefined macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
barrier(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
get_global_id() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LLVM IR-to_CAL IL module. . . . . . . . . . 2
function call OpenCL runtime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
function names scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
undecorated in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 specific macros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FunctionName string storing writes to random memory locations 9
address of extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 2
GPUs
G dedicating for specific operations . . . . . . 10
-g masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 granularity
experimental feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 branch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
-g option data-parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
passing to the compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
H
gather/scatter model
Local Data Store (LDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 hardware
gcc overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Hawaii scalar and vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

see R9 290X series devices or AMD Radeon integer
R9 290X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 performing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4
header fields Intel C (C++) compiler
in ELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 compiling OpenCL on Windows . . . . . . . . . 2
hello world sample kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 interoperability context
hierarchical subdivision code for creating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OpenCL data-parallel programming model 2 interrelationship of memory domains . . . . . . . 6
host
communication between host and GPU. . . 8 K
copying data from host to GPU . . . . . . . . . 6 kernel
dataflow between host and GPU . . . . . . . . 6 code
program parallel min() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
OpenCL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 code compilation
program compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 adding a defined macro with the name of
host code the extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
breakpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 code example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
platform vendor string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 command queue elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
setting breakpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
clEnqueueNDRangeKernel. . . . . . . . . . . 3 compilation error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
host/device architecture single platform compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
consisting of a GPU and CPU . . . . . . . . . . 3 compute
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I
strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
-I dir creating within programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
OpenCL supported options. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
idle stream cores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IL device-specific binaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 distributing in OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
incomplete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 executed as a function of multi-dimensional
image domains of indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 executing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
implicit copying of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 using corresponding command queue. . 4
index space execution
n-dimensional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 device-specific operations . . . . . . . . . . . 4
inheritance execution calls
strict and multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 command queue elements . . . . . . . . . . . 9
input stream hello world sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 instructions over PCIe bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Installable Client Driver (ICD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 keyword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
software stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 no breakpoint set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
compliant version of code. . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2 overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 program
pre-ICD code snippet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2 OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 programming
instruction enabling extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 programs using extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
global buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 running on compute unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
sequence submitting for execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
stream cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 synchronization points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
instructions work-item. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

kernel and function overloading . . . . . . . . . . . 1 list of supported extensions

kernel commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 approved by the Khronos Group . . . . . . . . 3
kernel_name LLVM
construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
kernels framework
debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
kernels and shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 linker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Khronos LLVM AS
approved list of extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CPU processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 generating binaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LLVM IR
L BIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
L1 cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
L2 cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 7 enabling recompilation to the target . . . . . 1
latency front-end translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
hiding in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 generating a new code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
latency hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 LLVM IR-to-CAL IL module
launching GPU processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Local Data Store (LDS)
LDS See LDS
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 loop
gather/scatter model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
size allocated to work-group . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM)
using local memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 See LLVM
LDS model constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M
data sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
memory accesses outside the work-group 2 macros
size is allocated per work-group . . . . . . . . 2 GPU-specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
library predefined
SDKUtil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
linking GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
creating an executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OpenCL C kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
in the built-in OpenCL functions . . . . . . . . 2 mapping
object files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 executions onto compute units . . . . . . . . . 2
OpenCL on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
options work-items onto n-dimensional grid (ND-
SDKUtil library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
to a 32-bit library compiling on Linux . . . . 3 work-items to stream cores . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
to a 64-bit library compiling on Linux . . . . 3 masking GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Linux mem_fence operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
building 32-bit object files on a 64-bit system memories
3 interrelationship of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
calling convention memory
_cdecl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9
compiling OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 allocation
linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 select a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
linking architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
to a 32-bit library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
to a 64-bit library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 double copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
linking options commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SDKUtil library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 domains
running code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 interrelationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SDKUtil library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

fence NULL and non-Null return values

barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 extension functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
global (VRAM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 O
hiding latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11 -O0
loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
object allocation object files
OpenCL context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OpenCL domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 open platform strategy
read operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing . . . . 1
request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 OpenCL
stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Accelerated Parallel Processing
streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
system pinned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 adding built-in functions to the language
transfer management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 cl_amd_media_ops extension . . . . . . . . 7
write operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 allocating images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
memory access API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
stream cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 applications
memory commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
metadata structures Binary Image Format (BIF)
holding debug information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OpenCL-specific information. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 building
minGW create a context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GDB running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
minGW/cygwin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 querying the runtime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
multi-GPU environment the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
use of GLUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
C programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
N
call error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
namespaces checking for known symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 2
C++ support for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C-like language with extensions
supported feature in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 for parallel programming . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
naming conventions coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
API extension functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 compiler
elements contained in extensions . . . . . . . 1 toolchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
enumerated values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 compiler and runtime components . . . . . . . 1
extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 compiler options
Khronos Group approved . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -D name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
provided by a specific vendor . . . . . . . . 1 -I dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
provided by multiple vendors . . . . . . . . . 1 compiling
n-dimensional grid (ND-Range) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
n-dimensional index space linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NDRange the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
accumulation operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 context
defnition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 memory object allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
input streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 conversion guidelines
n-dimensional index space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 format string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
random-access functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CPU processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
reduction operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 create kernels within programs . . . . . . . . . 4
variable output counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 create one or more command queues. . . . 4
non-active work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 create programs to run on one or more
normalized addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

creating a context programming model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

selecting a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 allocating memory buffers . . . . . . . . . . . 4
data-parallel model executing kernels for specific devices. . 3
hierarchical subdivision . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 queues of commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 reading/writing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
clBuildProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 providing an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
desired platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 querying
selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
directives to enable or disable extensions. 2 supported extensions using clGetPlat-
distributing the kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 formInfo() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
enqueued commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 read data back to the host from device . . 4
ensuring the kernels meet specification . . 2 recompiling LLVM IR to generate a new code
extensions 1
enabling or disabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 re-written applications become source . . . 1
following same pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 running
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 data-parallel work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
general compilation path of applications . . 1 programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
generating task-parallel work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
.amdil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.llvmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 changing options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
a binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 post-processes the incomplete AMD IL
GPU processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 from OpenCL compiler . . . . . . . . . . . 1
host program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 using LLVM AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ICD code requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 setting breakpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
implementations settings for compiling on Windows . . . . . . 2
use clGetPlatformIds() function . . . . . . . 1 storing immediate representation (LLVM IR)
use clGetPlatformInfo() function . . . . . . 1 .llvmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Installable Client Driver (ICD) . . . . . . . . . . 1 storing OpenCL and driver versions
introductory sample .comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
C++ bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 storing source program
kernel compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
kernel symbols submit the kernel for execution . . . . . . . . . 4
not visible in debugger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 supported standard
list compiler options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
of available implementations . . . . . . . . . 1 synchronizing a given event . . . . . . . . . . . 3
of commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 write data to device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OpenCL device
memory domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 general overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
metadata structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 OpenCL programs
minimalist C program sample . . . . . . . . . 10 debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
optional operation
extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 mem_fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
kernel program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 operations
performance device-specific
libraries components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 kernel execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
profiling components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 program compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
printf capabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 double-precision floating point . . . . . . . . . . 4
programmers introductory sample . . . . . . 14 integer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
memory-read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
memory-write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
single-precision floating point. . . . . . . . . . . 4
optimizer

transfer of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 pre-ICD code snippet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2

optional extensions processing by command processors . . . . . . . 7
for OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 processing elements
overloading SIMD arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
in C++ language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 program
kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
kernel and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 simple buffer write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
overview programming
software and hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 basic steps with minimum code . . . . . . . . 10
GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
P techniques
parallel min() function simple tests
code sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 parallel min() function. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
example programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 programming model
kernel code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing . . . . 2
programming techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 OpenCL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
runtime code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 executing kernels for specific devices . . 3
steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 queues of commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
parallel programming reading/writing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
memory fence project property settings
barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 compiling on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Q
parallelism
enqueuing querying
multiple tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AMD-specific device attributes . . . . . . . . . . 5
native kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 extensions
using vector data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 for a list of devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
parallelization for a platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DMA transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 for a specific device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
passing a class between host to the device . 6 for available platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
path to the kernel file the platform API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
relative to executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 the runtime
PCIe OpenCL building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
communication between system and GPU 8 queue
data transfers between system and GPU . 8 command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9
kernel instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 R
skip copying between host memory and PCIe R9 290X series devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 random memory location
throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 GPU storage of writes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
performance random-access functionality
work-groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 read imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
platform vendor string read-only buffers
remains constant for a particular vendor’s constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 running code
searching for desired OpenCL platform . . . 3 on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
vs platform name string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
point (barrier) in the code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 runtime
population count change CL options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 code
post-processing incomplete AMD IL . . . . . . . . 1 parallel min() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

interface overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 spawn order
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 of work-item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
changing options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 sequential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
system functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 stalls
memory fetch request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
S static C++ kernel language . . . . . . . . . . . . iii, 1
sample code stdout stream
relationship between writing output associated with the host appli-
buffer(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
command queue(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 stream core
context(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 compute units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
device(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 executing kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
kernel(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
relationship between context(s) . . . . . . . . . 4 instruction sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
-save-temps processing elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
compiler option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SAXPY function due to data dependency . . . . . . . . . . . 12
code sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 stream kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SC cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 supplemental compiler options . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
scalar instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 synchronization
scalar unit data cache command-queue barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SC cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
scalra instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 command-queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
scheduling work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
work-items points
for execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 in a kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 synchronizing
scope a given event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 event
SDKUtil library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 enforce the correct order of execution . 3
linking options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 through barrier operations
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
set through fence operations
a breakpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
shader architecture syntax
unified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GCC option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
shaders and kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 system
SIMD arrays pinned memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
processing elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
T
simple buffer write
code sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 templates
example programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
simple testing kernel, member, default argument, limited
programming techniques class, partial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
parallel min function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
single device associated with command queue texture system
4 caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
single stream core execution . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 thread
single-precision floating-point launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
performing operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 threading
software device-optimal access pattern . . . . . . . . . 19

throughput W
PCIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
wavefront
timing
block of work-items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
of simplified execution of work-items
combining paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
single stream core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
concept relating to compute kernels . . . . . 2
toolchain
definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8
compiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
transcendental
masking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
pipelining work-items on a stream core . . . 4
performing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
relationship to work-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
transfer
relationship with work-groups . . . . . . . . . . . 4
between device and host
required number spawned by GPU . . . . . . 4
command queue elements . . . . . . . . . . . 9
size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
data
size for optimum hardware usage . . . . . . . 4
select a device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
size on AMD GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
to the optimizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
total execution time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
DMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
work-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
from system to GPU
work-item processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
command processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Windows
DMA engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
calling convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
management
compiling
memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Intel C (C++) compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
work-item to fetch unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
U Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition 2
debugging
unified shader architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 OpenCL kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
un-normalized addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 running code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
V settings for compiling OpenCL . . . . . . . . . . 2
work-group
variable output counts allocation of LDS size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NDRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
variadic arguments composed of wavefronts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
use of in the built-in printf. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 concept relating to compute kernels . . . . . 2
vector data types defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dividing global work-size into sub-domains 3
vector instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 dividing work-items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
vendor number of wavefronts in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
platform vendor string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
vendor name relationship to wavefront. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
matching platform vendor string . . . . . . . . . 3 relationship with wavefronts . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
vendor-specific extensions specifying
AMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 wavefronts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) work-item
instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 reaching point (barrier) in the code . . . . 2
work-item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 work-item
Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition. . . . . 4 branch granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
compiling OpenCL on Windows . . . . . . . . . 2 communicating
developing application code . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 through globally shared memory . . . . . . 3
VRAM through locally shared memory . . . . . . . 3
global memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
deactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
dividing into work-groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
encountering barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
executing
the branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
kernel running on compute unit . . . . . . . . . 2
mapping
onto n-dimensional grid (ND-Range). . . 3
to stream cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
non-active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
processing wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
reaching point (barrier) in the code . . . . . . 2
scheduling
for execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
the range of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
spawn order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
synchronization
through barrier operations . . . . . . . . . . . 3
through fence operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
VLIW instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
work-items
divergence in wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
pipelining on a stream core . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

X
X Window system
using for CL-GL interoperability . . . . . . . . . 8

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