Impact of Working Women Duties On The Achievement of Their Children
Impact of Working Women Duties On The Achievement of Their Children
of their children
Mehwish Javed
MEUF16M515
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
2016-2018
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DEDICATION
DEDICATED
TO
MY PARENTS
SPECIALLY MY FATHER
AND
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With all feelings of my heart, soul and spirit, I bow my heart before
ALLAH ALLMIGHTY, who bestowed me the ability of reading and
writing. Then the trembling lips & my eyes praise the greatest man of
the universe, the last massager of ALLAH, HAZRAT
MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H). Whose teaching helped me to weather all
sort of crises during my life.
M.J
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Abstract
The objective of study was to explore the impact of working women’s duties on the
achievement of their children.1. The population of the study was the teachers having families
of Education department, Psychology department, Social work department, Political-science
department and Inter-national Relationship department. 2. Sample of 25 (5, 5 from each
department) were taken with the use of convenient sampling from Sargodha University. 3.
Data was collected with the help of well-designed questionnaire. 4. Collected information
was analysed through Mean, Percentage. 5. The result of the study presented that68% women
were in favour that working women duties have great impact on the achievement of their
children while 32% women were opposite to this.
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Table of Content
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Man and women are two realities of this world. Their composition may be different
according to the area, culture and level of education Due to ever growing responsibilities and
economic disparities, the women, being large part of whole population, are forced to take part
in economic activities. Their participation reduces the time span of their children
achievement and training. This phenomenon lasts it impact on the lives of their children.
The achievement of children is totally based on parent i.e father and mother. Due to
defined roles of both genders, it may be abstracted easily that mother is key responsible factor
in the training of a child. It is the mother who has to provide basic training of different values
from the early age. A mother is particularly important not because she has special skills but
because she is with her children for a much greater time than any other person and her
instructions reflects a very strong influence on attitudes, abilities and behaviour of children.
Most of those children who are successful and well-adjusted come from homes where
parental attitudes are favourable and a wholesome relationship existed between children and
The absence of mother can create a lot of problems in the achievement of a child. The
mother does not only provide basic nutrition facilities but also an environment where a child
can learn to realize the surrounding, relation, ownership of relation, difference between
possessions etc. This is why that the role of mother is considered very critical for the health,
Shalala expressed that the situation of women in the current era is very difficult. They
have to face many challenges. They are diverted in more directions. Some women put all
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their efforts to build their careers but others wait until their children become school ages.
Some women have their own choice of employment while others are forced to work.
This research explains the impact of working women on the training and achievement
of their children by the way that the working women have no time to nourish their children
properly. The basic aim of this research is to provide the overall impacts of women jobs on
their children’s achievement. The flaws which prevail when a mother has no time to give her
children in the personal training and achievement of children are determined on their initial
levels. This research can help the researchers to determine the degree of impact of women
The problem opted for the study was Impact of working women’s duties on the achievement
of their children.
II. To find out the relationship between working women’s duties and their children’s
achievement.
This result would be significant for working women to plan their time and duties.
Children of working women will be able to independent in doing their own work.
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DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
study.
HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
All the female teachers of Education department (University Of Sargodha) was the
Questionnaire was the instrument of the study. The questionnaire consisted of 6 items
SPSS software was used in which mean, median, mode and percentage were calculated.
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Chapter 2
Variable
Working mothers in Pakistan usually put the needs of their family first, neglecting their own
needs in the process. This puts a good deal of pressure on a woman. For many working
women, the issue is more than one of economic concern. They want to know that they have
placed their children in a safe, protected and nurturing environment while they work. Like
their children, mothers also need a safe, supportive and encouraging environment in order to
succeed at balancing their own personal needs with seeing to the needs of their child.
As a working mother, it is important to feel comfortable with her decision. Too many times,
however, working mothers feel that they need to defend their choice. It is usually believed
that employment of a mother has certain effect on the overall growth and development of
children. The first five years are very crucial for the cognitive, affective and psychomotor
development of children. The teenage period of children is better of those who get an early
and proper attention of their mothers. They are free and feel easy to share everything with
their parents. Working mothers mostly have threatened the early years of their children in the
different countries. The care and affection necessary for children at an early age is not
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replaceable. It influences the later life of children. The house hold mothers can perform a
In Pakistan, there is almost found a debate on child development and mother’s employment.
Different people have different views about the impact of mothers’ job on child development.
Some suppose mothers’ employment favourable for children while others oppose it. The
supporters are of the opinion that at present time, the trend of mothers' employment is
increasing day by day. The mothers of infants and school age children are almost found
searching and getting jobs. It is very difficult to understand the root cause of this change. The
increasing trend of mothers’ employment makes the sense that mothers’ employment has no
negative effect on child development. Moreover they call it a part of social change and
The opponents argue that attachment between mother and child takes place in the beginning
years of children. The most important period of child development is fist few years of
children and at this stage children need the mothers most. Their cognitive, affective and
between moth and child during early period is interrupted, there is a great risk that the
children will become detached, emotionally disrupted and there will be mistrust in the later
relationship between mothers and children. The early separation of mothers due to job has
Some studied have proved that role of working mother is ideal for children. The children of
mothers realize the importance of work in the early part of life. They understand the value of
time they spent with mothers more than children of house hold mothers. This creates the
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sense of responsibility and work ethic. The other studied have shown those children of
working mothers are less socialized, less psychological and emotionally mature and more
aggressive.
The trend of mothers’ employment is increasing day by day. The idea was supported by 90%
of women 85% of students and 95% of teachers. They all agreed that general poverty is the
main motive of mothers’ employment. In this regard mothers said that increasing inflation
had made it compulsory for the mothers to get a suitable employment. The expenses of daily
routine cannot be met easily without the job of mothers. Moreover, mothers do job for the
sake of better education and training of their children. Students and teachers mutually
expressed that working of mother and father jointly has become very essential for the family
expenses.
There is a significant difference between the employed and unemployed mothers. The
statement was supported by 95% of mothers, 88% of students and 56% of teachers. In this
regard mothers told a myth that mothers who choose to work are selfish because they are not
putting the needs of their children first. The fact is different here. The working mothers are
comparatively healthier and endure less from depression than non-working mothers. They
further expressed that if mothers are sad and depressed, the children will know this sooner or
later and it will put a strain on the children and parent affiliation, even though mother may
stay at home. Similarly if a mother finds suitable job and pursues it, there will only be more
of herself to give to her children. Besides, working mothers are setting the examples for their
children with reference to learning how to fulfil responsibilities, having pride in one’s work
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and the value of being a productive and self-relying individual. The teachers stated that if
mothers have to do work due to financial necessity or for career fulfilment, she should not
feel sorry for her preference. They quoted the myth that unless the family is rich, mother need
order to meet the family expenses and provide basic necessities. So the mothers working out
of home contribute the family more than the mothers stay at home.
The children’s view about mothers’ employment was found positive. The idea was supported
by 90% of women, 51% of teachers and 56% of students. There is a myth that a child’s home
life must be very bad if mother prefers to go out for work. The arguments found in this study
are against this myth. In this regard mothers expressed that their children have no objection
on their work. More over mothers provide a good day care to her children. It is fresh, joyful,
hoarded with toys, packed with a caring staff and some other children to play with them and a
lot of pleasing activities are made available. Students expressed that both children and
mothers are satisfied with the working situation of mothers. They get more love and affection
from the mothers coming from office. Besides, they have a great fun on holidays. Their
mothers mostly take them for outing regularly. Teachers expressed that the myth, if mothers
go back to work too early, their babies will not bond with them adequately, is not applicable
here. The mother and child relation is made stronger by quality time together, not quantity.
Though child feels some hesitation in the absence of mother but as soon as children get love
and attention from mother when she returns, they forget the absence of mother and their
The idea was supported by 56% of mothers, 80% of students and 95% of teachers. The test
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conducted showed that the score of employed and unemployed mothers’ children remained
consistent and nearly same. The score of girl children of working mothers was comparatively
more than boy children. Same was true for children of non-working mothers. More over
teachers expressed that they have observed no difference between these two categories of
children. They argued that if all the children are brought on the stage and asked to perform
some special task, none will be able to recognize the basic difference between children of
jobless and job doing mothers. Mothers called all mothers as working mothers. The
education, training and growth of children depend on the healthy interaction of home and
school. They further explained that the description of working mothers is different in the eyes
of society. Mother has to play the role of superwoman with extraordinary powers and
capacities. Because of such powers she is able to maintain a balance within her family life
and professional responsibilities. She struggles to do extremely well in both the fields. The
rising number of working mothers is a clear proof of it. Students added that the present
conservative society has created so many boundaries in her way to achieve the goals of life.
The traditions, myths and superstitions are the main causes of such hindrance.
The attachment between employed mothers and children is decreasing. The statement was
supported by 95% of teachers, 80% of students and 98% of mothers. While defining
attachment mothers stated that attachment is strong affection bond between mother and
children. It always increases between infant and mother under normal conditions but the case
The strong attachment mostly takes place at an early period of child development but
employed mothers who stay most of the time of the day out of home, the attachment suffers
badly. Teachers quoting a myth told that when mothers go to work early in the morning, their
babies will not bond with them adequately. They argued that if the early attachment phase
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gets interrupted, there will be a risk for children. They will become detached from mothers
and emotionally disrupted and unable to build true relationships. Students expressed that
children’s home life must be very bad if they are kept under the care of any person other than
mother. They further told that disorder and inferiority complex can take place during early
eight to ten years of child’s age. There they need the love, affection, time and guidance of
mothers the most. In that case separation affects the attachment the most, especially during
The job of mothers affects the infant development of children. The statement was supported
by 89% of mothers, 99% of teachers and 78% of students. In this regard teachers gave
psychological reference and told that early separation due to mothers’ employment affects
both mothers and children. The mother child relationship is interrupted. Primary care taker
should be mother. None can play the role of mother. Teachers further argued that when no
company allows an employee to hire someone else to do the job in place of that employee, so
how a mother can expect to hire someone else to raise her own child. The infant children
need the love of mother the most at this stage. More over working mothers often forget the
basic needs of their children i.e. Proper sleeping duration, regular physical exercise, hygienic
diets, constant discipline and help in school home work etc. That is because they are not in
position to see those basic needs due employment work load and tension. The students stated
that in infant period children need due care of mothers. None can take the place of mothers
because the love of mothers is unconditional and rest all love is conditional. Mother has the
capacity to know what a child wants at this stage of development. Mothers explained that
children start trusting others when mothers are with them during early period. In case the
mother goes to job, children feel loneliness and lose their confidence and security. This
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makes children feel inferiority anxiety, insecurities and mistrust in the world around children.
Job of the mothers has no effect on children’s cognitive development. The argument was
supported by 98% teachers, 88% mothers and 78% students. The teachers explained that
synthesis and evaluation and the children of working and house hold mothers have same
cognitive development. They gave the reference of class room tests and performance and
emphasized that some students have more grip on knowledge and comprehension while
others are expert in evaluation and application. Mothers urged that cognitive development
depends upon heredity and environmental factors. Heredity is natural and environment is
artificial and can be changed. Every mother whether employed or non-employed tries her best
to provide the best environment necessary for child development. This can be observed from
the fact that children of employed mothers get education in the best schools of the locality.
Students argued that employed mothers make the children more independent. The children of
working mothers start dreaming and planning their career, building relationships and families
independently. They discover possibilities, chances and laid the foundation of their own
identity under the supervision of their mothers. Working mothers guide their children
comparatively better.
The job of mothers has not effect on children’s social development. The statement was
supported by 90% of mothers, 80% of students and 56% of teachers. Mothers argued that in
the absence of mothers children look for the company from others. This trend of children is
increasing day by day resulting in more stability in social development. Teachers argued that
children, in the absence of mothers, develop social interactions with other people. They
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become socially strong, mentally alert and physically strong. This creates a sense of
commitment. Students explained that the children of employed mothers seek the company
from others. They make friends and this process of making friends is the sign of social
development.
Mothers’ employment affects the emotional development of children. The statement was
supported by 55% of women, 59% of students and 80% of teachers. Teachers stated that a
mother who leaves her child in the care of others whole the day causes psychological and
mental disturbance because none can equalize the love and affection of a mother. The
prolonged separation of a mother creates emotional distress for both children and mothers.
The sense of detachment from her child makes mothers feel guilty and child deprived.
Mothers explained that attachment between child and his mother becomes strong under
normal conditions but due to due to prolonged daily separation of mothers in the early years
the attachment between children and mothers is badly affected. Students supporting the idea
expressed that child care is essential for mothers. Working mothers are unable to pay due
attention on their children. If the mother goes out for the work round the day, she returns
tiredly and becomes unresponsive, neglectful and abusive. The mothers' such behaviour
Mothers’ employment does not have any effect on language development. The argument was
supported by 55% of students, 80% of mothers and 95% of teachers. Mothers emphasized
home or worked. Teachers argued that in some tests of language, comprising reading,
writing, speaking and listening skills, even the daughters of employed mothers obtained
higher scores. Students stated that working mothers are out of the home round the day but it
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does not effect on language development of children because child learns the language from
the person who looks after child and from environmental people. The language learning will
be affected if the person looking after child does not speak the mother language of child.
Mothers’ employment promotes self-confidence. The idea was supported by 52% of women,
67% of students and 90% of children. Mothers argued that working mothers positively
encourage their children comparatively more. The employed mothers' daughter looks women
a more competent in the traditionally male dominant society. She tries to follow her mother in
the cut through competition. Teachers argued that they have seen more self confidence in the
children of employed mothers. They explained that girls take their mother a role model to
follow. They feel themselves more competent. Students argued that mothers’ personality,
social attitude, kind nature, struggle, hardworking, greater sense of control, mental health, life
satisfaction and morale sets an example for their children to follow. Moreover working
mothers do not differentiate between sons and daughters. They keep their children equal.
Thus the behaviour of employed mothers towards children builds the self-confidence of
children.
THEORIES
Dr. Abdul Sitar (2012) using a simple approach drown the conclusion that there is a strong
David Pelcovitz (2013) found that full time employment of methods is decreasing association
between children and mother so value are minimizing in the next generations.
Waldfogel (2010) found that the part time jobs of mothers have a healthy effect on the next
generation.
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Parents have important effects on their child's attachment system. Studies have been
conducted with children to try and measure whether or not the child is secure in their
relationship with their parents. In a study by George and Solomon, children project
themselves into a story. The child is given a storyline centred on the idea that their mother
and father had to go away for the night and they were left with a baby sitter. They are given
mommy and daddy dolls to use to show their feelings when the parents leave and to show
their feelings when the parents return. Secure children express fears about their parents
leaving them, but they are resolved when the parents return home. Avoidant children do not
allow their fears and anxieties to show. They act as if everything is okay and they feel secure.
Ambivalent-dependent children tell stories about what they do when their parents are away.
Distressing and bad times are ignored while joyful, good times are exaggerated. These
children seem to have difficulty expressing more than one emotional perspective at a time.
Finally, disorganized-controlling children introduce fear into the story but cannot resolve it.
The parents remain physically and emotionally unavailable to the child, and the story ends
Insecure attachment systems have been linked to psychiatric disorders, to which a child is
especially susceptible after the loss of an attachment figure. Children with insecure
attachment patterns "develop the inability to form secure attachments and react in a hostile,
rejecting manner with their environment". Severe attachment disorders cause the child to get
close to an attachment figure, and then pull away before they can be rejected or they deem
themselves unworthy in the eyes of the attachment figure. Children with secure attachment
patterns are capable of forming new attachment relationships while maintaining their current
relationship with their parents. Insecure children focus all of the attention on achieving a
better relationship with their parents, therefore making it difficult to form new attachment
relationships.
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The basic assumptions of the attachment theory are as follows:
The above theory is highly relevant to this research because the relation between child and
This theory is also relevant to the research on the basis that it tells us the attachment style
where a child can get proper training from mother due to this particular attachment. The
absence of mother does not tell us about the destruction of such attachment but also the
disturbance level of training while mother is not available due to earn her livelihood.
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CHAPTER 3
Data were collected through questionnaire comprise of 9 items. Data were analysis
Table 1.
Table 1 shows that 72% working women with supportive mean 4 stated that working women
are playing a significant role in society while 16% working women were opposite to this.
Table 2.
Table 2 shows that 44% working women with supportive mean 3.12 stated that due to job
working women can’t pay proper attention to their children while 44% working women were
opposite to this.
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Table 3.
Table 3 shows that 84% students with supportive mean 3.8 stated that due to tough timing of
job, working women don’t spend proper time with their children.
Table 4.
Table 4 shows that 44% working women with supportive mean 2.84 stated that performance
of the child at school affected due to working women’s work schedule while 48% working
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Table 5.
Table 5 shows that 48% working women with supportive mean 3.12 stated that children life
at home is affected due to working women’s work schedule while 40% working women were
opposite to this.
Table 6.
Table 6 shows that 72% working women with supportive mean 3.6 stated that children of
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Table 7.
Table 7 shows that 60% working women with supportive mean 3.68 stated that due to tough
timing; working women don’t have time to attend the mother’s meeting held by a school.
Table 8.
Exertion of work
Table 8 shows that 48% working women with supportive mean 3.4 stated that due to
exertions working women can’t check the performance of their children while 16% working
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Table 9.
Table 9 shows that 44% working women with supportive mean 3.12 stated that the attitude of
the children towards education affected due to working women duties while 32% working
women were opposite to this.
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CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY
The objective of study was to explore the impact of working women’s duties on the
achievement of their children. 1. The population of the study was the teachers having families
department) were taken with the use of convenient sampling from Sargodha University. 3.
Data was collected with the help of well-designed questionnaire. 4. Collected information
CONCLUSION
II. Performance of the child at school affected due to working women’s work schedule.
III. Children life at home is affected due to working women’s work schedule
IV. Due to job, working women can’t pay proper attention to their children.
V. The attitude of the children towards education affected due to working women duties.
VI. The children of working women perform better than the non-working women’s
children.
VII. Due to tough timing of job working women don’t spend time with their children.
VIII. Due to exertions working women can’t check the performance of their children.
IX. Due to job, working women can’t pay proper attention to their children.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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References
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Questionnaire
survey for analyzing the impact of working women’s duties on the academic achievement of
their children. I’d like to assure you that your personal information will be kept confidential.
Age……………….
Questioner
Indicate your agreement or disagreement with the following statements by circling your
5 4 3 2 1
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly
disagree
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7 Due to tough timing of
job working women don’t
spend time with their
children.
8 Due to exertions working
women can’t check the
performance of their
children.
9 Due to tough timing of
job working women don’t
have time to attend the
mother’s meeting held by
a school.
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