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U2 l5 Approximate Analysis

This document describes the voltage divider bias circuit and two methods for analyzing it: 1) The exact method finds the Thevenin equivalent network and uses Kirchhoff's laws to solve for currents and voltages. 2) The approximate method models the input section as a voltage divider and ignores the base current if the emitter resistance is much larger than the bottom resistor. Both methods produce similar results for this example circuit.

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Ravish Bangre
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557 views

U2 l5 Approximate Analysis

This document describes the voltage divider bias circuit and two methods for analyzing it: 1) The exact method finds the Thevenin equivalent network and uses Kirchhoff's laws to solve for currents and voltages. 2) The approximate method models the input section as a voltage divider and ignores the base current if the emitter resistance is much larger than the bottom resistor. Both methods produce similar results for this example circuit.

Uploaded by

Ravish Bangre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Voltage divider bias

+V CC

R
C

R1
v
out
C
2
C 1
v
in

R2

C
RE 3

This is the biasing circuit wherein, ICQ and VCEQ are almost independent of .
The level of IBQ will change with so as to maintain the values of ICQ and VCEQ almost
same, thus maintaining the stability of Q point.

Two methods of analyzing a voltage divider bias circuit are:


Exact method – can be applied to any voltage divider circuit
Approximate method – direct method, saves time and energy, can be applied in most of
the circuits.

Exact method

In this method, the Thevenin equivalent network for the network to the left of the base
terminal to be found.
To find Rth:

From the above circuit,

Rth = R1 R2

= R1 R2 / (R1 + R2)

To find Eth

From the above circuit,

Eth = VR2 = R2VCC / (R1 + R2)

In the above network, applying KVL

( Eth – VBE) = IB [ Rth +( + 1) RE ] IB = ( Eth – VBE) / [ Rth


+( + 1) RE ]
Analysis of Output loop

KVL to the output loop:

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE


IE IC

Thus, VCE = VCC – IC (RC + RE)

Note that this is similar to emitter bias circuit.

Problem

For the circuit given below, find IC and VCE.


Given the values of R1, R2, RC, RE and = 140 and VCC = 18V.
For the purpose of DC analysis, all the capacitors in the amplifier circuit are opened.
Solution

Considering exact analysis:

1. Let us find Rth = R1 R2

= R1 R2 / (R1 + R2) = 3.55K

2. Then find Eth = VR2 = R2VCC / (R1 + R2)

= 1.64V
3. Then find IB
IB = ( Eth – VBE) / [ Rth +( + 1) RE ]

= 4.37 A

4. Then find IC = IB = 0.612mA

5. Then find VCE = VCC – IC (RC + RE)


= 12.63V
Approximate analysis:

The input section of the voltage divider configuration can be represented by the
network shown in the next slide.

Input Network

The emitter resistance RE is seen as ( +1)RE at the input loop.


If this resistance is much higher compared to R2, then the current IB is much smaller than
I2 through R2.
This means, Ri >> R2
OR
( +1)RE 10R2
OR
RE 10R2

This makes IB to be negligible.


Thus I1 through R1 is almost same as the current I2 through R2.
Thus R1 and R2 can be considered as in series.
Voltage divider can be applied to find the voltage across R2 ( VB)

VB = VCCR2 / ( R1 + R2)

Once VB is determined, VE is calculated as,


VE = VB – VBE
After finding VE, IE is calculated as,
IE = VE / RE
IE IC
VCE = VCC – IC ( RC + RE)
Problem
Given: VCC = 18V, R1 = 39k , R2 = 3.9k , RC = 4k , RE = 1.5k and =
140. Analyse the circuit using approximate technique.
In order to check whether approximate technique can be used, we need to verify
the condition,

RE 10R2

Here,
RE = 210 k and 10R2 = 39 k

Thus the condition


RE 10R2 satisfied

Solution

• Thus approximate technique can be applied.

1. Find VB = VCCR2 / ( R1 + R2) = 1.64V


2. Find VE = VB – 0.7 = 0.94V
3. Find IE = VE / RE = 0.63mA = IC
4. Find VCE = VCC – IC(RC + RE) = 12.55V

Comparison

Exact Analysis Approximate Analysis

IC = 0.612mA IC = 0.63mA

VCE = 12.63V VCE = 12.55V

Both the methods result in the same values for IC and VCE since the condition RE
10R2 is satisfied.
It can be shown that the results due to exact analysis and approximate analysis have
more deviation if the above mentioned condition is not satisfied.
For load line analysis of voltage divider network, Ic,max = VCC/ ( RC+RE) when
VCE = 0V and VCE max = VCC when IC = 0.

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