Name : SULTHAN MAULIDAN

Student number : 170203131

SUMMARIZATION OF “COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY” by

SAUNDRA HYBELS

 TYPES OF DELIVERY
Impromptu Speaking
Impromptu speaking is the giving of speech on the spur of the moment Usually there is little or
no time for preparation. Sometimes your instructor might ask you to give an impromptu speech
in class. Other times you might ask to give a prayer at a gathering, or may you make a few
remarks at a meeting. If you are asking for impromptu speech, the most important thing is not to
panic. Your main goal is to think about a topic and organize it quickly in your head before you
start to speak. In finding a topic, look around you and consider the occasion. Is there anything
you can refer to? Decorations? A friend? A photo that recalls the same together?.
Speaking from a Manuscript
Speaking from a manuscript involves writing out the entire speech and reading it to the audience,
when you read it you can get it clear, it is necessary. Because a manuscript also offers
preplanned wording, political leaders often favor this method when they speak and want control
what they say. When Louisa, for example, was decided to run for president of the student
government, she prepared speech in the manuscript form for her campus television station with
the other candidates. I know that having a manuscript is a good method when exact team on
sensitive issues a 5-minute.
Speaking from Memory
Speaking from memory involves writing out the entire speech and then (omitting it to memory
word for word. It has the same speakers as the manuscript method: exact wording can be
planned, phrasebook and sentences can be crafted, and potential problems also in a language can
be eliminated. Also, a memorized speech time limit. Francisco, who was running against Louisa
in the student election, decided to memorize his speech. He decided this because he wanted
exacting but also wanted the freedom Feedback is not a television audience via a campus's
closed-circuit television station. In other situations, however, responding to feedback Because it
is difficult for the speaker to get away from what he or she has memorized. A speaker who gets
off track or not Because he was speaking can be a problem or lose the place. Is it a problem that
can be adapted to a set?
extemporaneous speaking
the extemporaneous speaking method, a speaker delivers a speech from notes. The speaker
might play the main ideas of speech to memory-also the introduction and conclusion-but will
rely on notes to remember most of the speech. The extemporaneous method has several
advantages. It permits the flexible speaker so that the speaker sees that the audience members do
not understand something, he or she can stop and explain. If the audience looks bored, the
speaker can try moving around earlier than planned. The extemporaneous method is the one
method of delivery that can adjust to the feedback of listeners.

 HOW YOU LOOK

Appearance
As you rise from your chair and walk to the lecture to give your speech, the audience's fist will
come from how you look. Audience members will notice how much you are dressed in, whether
you are looking for confidence, and whether you look interested in giving this speech. On days
when you are going to make your best. Not only does the audience have a good positive
impression, it is a good idea to look at you. but it also gives a psychological boost. Try to stay
away from clothing that might distract from your speech. For example, avoid T-shirts with
waiting on them. The message itself may be distracting. and audience members will divert their
attention by trying to guess what your T-shirt says is also hidden by the lecturer, avoid
accessories you might be tempted to plav with. Scarves or hair worn around the neck can be
troublesome in this regard. When you are giving a speech in public, what the audience would
expect you to wear. It's a formal occasion, informal wear, wear what you think everyone else
will wear.
Body movement
Body Movement usually causes a response. Blinking signals more attention than tail lights;
most of us photos; the most interesting commercial show of products working. By the same
token, a speaker who uses some movement is likely to be interested in motion pictures to still
attract speakers who stands absolutely still. ' Of course, this does not mean that all movement is
good.
Eye contact
Eye Contact In our culture, it is considered extremely important to look into the eyes of people
who are sidestepped or of having something to hide. However, this is not from culture to culture.
There are although many people cording talking to. We don't, we are at risk of being sharp
differences between cultures are not aware of them. Eye behavior varies to the environment in
which we learned it. We respond to social norms. In some cultures, for example, there are
governing rules that you should and should not look at. One report says that in Kenya, mothers-
in-law must turn their backs to each other - they have no eye contact at all.
Facial Expressions
Facial Expressions change. Since we have a chance to see our faces while communicating, we
are expressing. Generally, however, this is an area of movement that you don't have to worry
about unless you get some negative reaction, for example, if someone remarks that looks like a
speech, this is an area you should work on facial expressions. are the most difficult movements,
is it difficult to know what is a death while you are for your next speech.
Gesture
Gestures speak, most of our gestures are made up of hand and arm moves. emphasize ideas or
emotions. speak and could benefit by using more flexibility. The best way to add is to practice
your speech in hont of mirrors. Always aim for gestures that look spontaneous and that When
we met. We usually use it to express or feel natural to you.
Posture
Posture is a matter of how to walk and stand. It can give the audience all kinds of messages. If
you drag your feet or slouch, you can communicate that you want to communicate when giving
Also remember the way you sit in your seat, rise and walk to the lecture, and return to your seat
after the speech impression as the posture you use When giving a speech, tact, facial
expressions, or general body very good sense of how we look to others, a speech class is a great
opportunity to get some feedback. Try to listen to critical remarks from your instructor and
classmates without feeling defensive. If you can learn from your mistakes, you will improve
every time you are depressed-none of which you would speech. lazy, sick, tired, or can leave as
much of an during your speech. usually don't have a good idea of our eye movement. Because
we don't have speech.

 HOW YOU SOUND

Volume
Volume Many students who thought they were not sound confident enough to be able to sound as
soft as a mouse. "Her comments reflect the perception of our sociology that is weak and hard to
hear voice implies the speaker has little confidence. You don't want the situation, you have to
speak enough can hear you. Because your voice-producing mechanism is close to your cars, you
probably think you need to speak in a louder voice than you feel comfortable with speaking loudly
enough As one student wrote, "I people to think that about you. In public speaking, so that people
in back row speaking are more than you really are. This Always checks out back Generally you
can tell if they give you some nonverbal sign (e.g., leaning forward) that you need to speak louder.
If the place is speaking is unusually large, you could even ask if people in the back can hear. If
people have a strain to hear you, they probably won't make the effort unless you have something
extraordinary to say. row to see if they will hear you, and often they will hear you there.
Using a Microphone
If you are speaking in a large room with poor acoustics, there might be phones working (it could
ruin it), adjust it to your height, and stand 8 to 12 inches away from it while you speak microphone
at the lectern. The rules for using micro are simple: make sure it is turned on, don't blow into it to
see if it's working.
Enunciation
The pronunciation is made up of articulation and pronunciation. Articulation is the ability to
pronounce letters in a word correctly; pronunciation is the ability to pronounce the whole word.
Not only does good pronunciation enable the people to understand, but it is also a mark of
education. Most of our articulation problems go back to the people from whom we learned our
language. If our parents, teachers, or pronounced words are actually we probably will too.

 PRACTICING YOUR SPEECH

Practice will help you give a better speech. You may hesitate to practice systematically because
you feel silly talking to an empty room. Yet if you go into the lot of rooms in the room from
several angles. By practicing, you are doing the same thing with speech. You are trying to see if
it fits; if it doesn't, you will have time to make the necessary alterations. How can you practice
delivery so you will feel comfortable with the convention and the language of your speech and yet
not be locked into your words sound memorized or mechanical? Here is a plan that seems to work
well for most speakers.
Practicing your speech
Before you give your speech in a practice session, you should do the following :
1. Prepare the content thoroughly. Your speech will be better than the effort you've put into
it. Do you have a clear statement of purpose? Do you have collected support for this
statement of purpose? Have you done enough to provide support for each of your main
points?
2. Organize your content into a full-sentence outline. Have you made the Love An distinction
between main ideas and supporting points? Does your Outline flow clearly and logically?
Are you quite clear about what you are going to say in your introduction and conclusion?
Trying Out Your Speech
Trying Out Your Speech During the tryout session, it is imagined it in your head. (There is a big
difference between the way we and the way it really sounds) the conclusion. In this practice
session, it will take a while to get through the speech because you will be making corrections as
you go along.
Practicing Actual Delivery
The next stage is to actually deliver the speech. As you practice your delivery. try to imagine an
audience.
 1. Stand against one wall and look over your "audience." Remember to establish eye contact
with people in all parts of the room
2. Check your starting time. In this practice session you want to find out how long your speech
is.
3. Deliver the speech all the way through without stopping. As you speak remember to look
at your "audience."
4. When the speech is over, check your ending time
5. Now analyze your performance: Did any parts of the speech give you difficulty? Did the
speech seem clearly organized? Check your outline. In giving the speech, did you leave
anything out? Was your outline clear and casy to follow? How about time? Do you need
to add or delete any material to make the speech the proper length?
6. Make the necessary changes and practice the speech again.
You should practice delivering the speech until you feel comfortable with it. As you practice, try
to use wording that sounds natural to you. Every time you speak, your wording should be a little
bit different-otherwise your speech will sound mechanical. Also, as you practice, you should
become less and less dependent on your notes. Try to consult them as little possible. If you think
you will need a lot of practice to feel comfortable with your speech, it is better not to rehearse it
all at one time. Put the speech away for a few hours or even surprised to find fresh ideas or ways
of solving problems that hadn't occured to you before. as at overnight. The next time you approach
it.

WHAT ARE VALUES, BELIEFS. AND ATTITUDES?

When a persuasion message taps into our values, beliefs, and attitudes, we are more likely to like
or accept the sender. When persuasion messages do not enter into our values, beliefs, and attitudes,
we are less responsive to them. For example, we tend to respond positively to people who share
our values. If you are interested in recycling, you will be more likely to be receptive to a speaker
who advocates recycling. Thus, persuaders who have investigated audiences values, beliefs, and
attitudes are more likely if - and this is the big "if" - they can adapt to them and use them effectively
in their preferences.
Values
Values are our belief about how we should behave or about some final goal that many or may not
be attaining This definition of divides values into two types: (1) instrumental values that guide
people's day-to-day behavior and (2) terminal values (Some final goals are not worth attaining).
Instrumental and terminal values are fairly easy to distinguish.
Instrumental and terminal values are fairly easy to distinguish, value that day-to-day behavior
might be similar to those learned in scouting organization-loyalty, honesty, friendliness, courage,
kindness, cleanness, thrift, and responsibility. Variable terminal values may vary, but some are
important to all human beings: freedom, the value of world peace, or family security. Other
enduring values include inner harmony, happiness, safety personal security, achievement, a things
are getting better and better "), enlightenment (the value of the scientific method and rationality),
and patriotism. considering these terminal valences.First, they speech: they change only your
approach help you achieve your goals, that is, if you can show your approach is consistent with,
supports, or reinforces the values of your audience holds, then listeners are more progressive value
systems (persuasive over time. Second, degree to which you can tie appeal to these terminals,
widely accepted values are likely to accept the new approach as they have natural outgrowth of
the values they already support. Marcus chose racism as his topic, for example, because he could
relate it to many terminal values his class-he port: freedom, equality, friendship, inner harmony,
and happiness.
Beliefs
Often, it is values that determine beliefs. Also they may anchor beliefs. For example, if one of
our values is patriotism, this value might be a result of a variable capitalistic economy, the form
of public education systems of highly productive beliefs. We might believe in a government, a
system, and the Judeo-Christian religious tradition. Beliefs are statements of knowledge, opinion,
and faith. A statement of knowledge might I believe [know] that if I let go of this book, it will
drop to the floor. " A statement of opinion might be "I believe [opinion] that supplemental vitamins
help keep us healthy." A statement of faith might be "have faith that there is a God." Where do
we get our beliefs? Beliefs can come from us from a variety of sources. Besides our own
observations, we parents, teachers, religious leaders, and friends-especially up. As adults, we have
developed beliefs in isolation from other people.Our interactions have a lot to do with what we
observe, how we manage it, and the conclusions we draw from our observations If you compare
values with beliefs, you realize beliefs, in generals, are easier to change than values. Values are
central; they are anchored. The fact that they can and will be changed. Beliefs, for example, can
be changed or better knowledge: examples, statistics, or testimony can be changed in the same
way. Statements of faith mean less likely to be changed by a brief persuasive speech.
Altitudes
Attitudes are groups of beliefs that cause us to respond in some way to a particular object or
situation. Let's say that you have a group of beliefs regarding honesty-connected educational
experiences, test writing, writing papers, and doing your own work. This might be the negative "I
don't believe in someone else's work as my own." The attitude of the attitude or attitude, to
repeating cheat ative beliefs, according to our definition of attitude. "I don't believe in cheating,"
depending on or plagiarism that you observe.

 Appeal to Your Audience Using Logic

A logical appeal is one that addresses listeners' reasoning abilities. Evidence in the form of
statistics or any other supporting material will help per the audience. Chapter 12 You can use a
logical appeal in detail the kinds of supporting material. A logical appeal in several ways:
deductive resoning through, inductive reasoning, causal reasoning, or reasoning by analogy.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning general to the specific moves. Here is a deductive argument used by one
student:
Pennsylvania is a northeastern state.
Pennsylvania has a problem with acid rain.

Care is needed, however, with this pattern of reasoning. Have you ever heard someone say, "It's
dangerous to generalize"? A faulty generalization really is faulty deductive thingking, as in
example:
All college students procrastinate
Mary is a college students
Therefore, Mary procrastinate

INDUCTIVE REASONING
Another logical technique is inductive reasoning - reasoning from the specific to the general.
Usually when we use inductive reasoning we move from number to facts to a conclusion. Here is
how a student used inductive resonance to persuade the audience that the college should require
everyone to take a foreign language.

CAUSAL REASONING
Another way to reason is causally. Causal reuse always "because" either implied or explicitly
stated: "I failed the class because I didn't complete the assignments" or "The basketball team is
losing because it has an incompetent coach." The points above are some of the problems of causal
reasoning. That the coach is competent may be a term of opinion. The team might be losing
because it doesn't have good players or other teams have taller players or because there are no
ways of recruiting good players. The causal pattern can be used as important evidence for
organizing an entire speech.

REASONING BY ANALOGY
Finally, you can reason cases and conclude that if something is true, it must also be trie for the
other. Casey used analytics to try and listeners to understand the value of new electronic gadgets
and gizmos. He said, "Think of these tools to make your life easier. These are just the tools you've
used all along. The only difference is that these electronic tools are faster and more adaptable to
your specific needs." Often the speeches of policy use the policy has succeeded elsewhere. For
example, Katrina was aware of the new "information superhighway" since her goal was to listen
to her active participation in information exploited by analogy. In this case you compare two
similar analogy.