ME 8391-ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS [R-2017 SYLLABUS]

ME8391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LTPC

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UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW 9+6

Basic concepts - concept of continuum, comparison of microscopic and macroscopic approach.
Path and point functions. Intensive and extensive, total and specific quantities. System and their
types. Thermodynamic Equilibrium State, path and process. Quasi-static, reversible and
irreversible processes. Heat and work transfer, definition and comparison, sign convention.
Displacement work and other modes of work .P-V diagram. Zeroth law of thermodynamics –
concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium– relationship between temperature scales –new
temperature scales. First law of thermodynamics –application to closed and open systems –
steady and unsteady flow processes.

UNIT II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS 9+6

Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, Heat pump. Statements of second
law and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality.
Concept of entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal gases
- different processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and low grade
energy. Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and
irreversibility. Expressions for the energy of a closed system and open systems. Energy balance
and entropy generation. Irreversibility. I and II law Efficiency.

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER CYCLE 9+6
Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-T
surface. Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application of
I and II law for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement Methods -
Reheat and Regenerative cycles, Economiser, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.

UNIT IV IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS 9+6

Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real
gases- Reduced properties. Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding states.
-Generalised Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference
and ratio of heat capacities, Energy equation, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, Clausius Clapeyron
equation, Phase Change Processes. Simple Calculations.

UNIT V GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY 9+6

Mole and Mass fraction, Dalton’s and Amagat’s Law. Properties of gas mixture – Molar mass,
gas constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function.
Psychrometric properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by
using chart and expressions. Psychrometric process – adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and
cooling, humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple
Applications
TOTAL : 75 PERIODS

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TEXT BOOKS :
1. R.K.Rajput, “A Text Book Of Engineering Thermodynamics “,Fifth Edition,2017.
2. Yunus a. Cengel & michael a. Boles, “Thermodynamics”, 8th edition 2015.

REFERENCES:
1. Arora C.P, “Thermodynamics”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2003.
2. Borgnakke & Sonnatag, “Fundamental of Thermodynamics”, 8th Edition , 2016.
3. Chattopadhyay, P, "Engineering Thermodynamics", Oxford University Press, 2016.
4. Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics”, 8th
Edition.
5. Nag.P.K., “Engineering Thermodynamics”, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2013.

UNIT I

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 BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power). Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the relationship of heat and
mechanical energy and conversion of one into the other.

First law - concept of internal energy.

Zeroth law -deals with thermal equilibrium and establishes a concept of temperature.
Second law -indicates the limit of converting heat into work and introduces the principle of
increase of entropy.
Third law -defines the absolute zero of entropy

1. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space, on which

the analysis of the problem is concentrated.

It may be classified into three types.
(a) Open system
(b) Closed system
(c) Isolated system

2. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called
as closed system.
Example: piston and cylinder arrangement.

3. Define open system. Give an example

When a system has heat, work and mass transfer, it is called as open system

Example: Air compressor

4. Define isolated system

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 Isolated system not affected by the system by surrounding .There is no heat and work and
mass transfer takes place .In this system total energy remains constant.
Example: Entire Universe.

5. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

It is defined as the amount of heat required to raising or lowering the temperature of the
unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted
by Cp.
Q = m Cp ∆T

6. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.

It is defined as the amount of heat required to raising or lowering the temperature of the
unit mass of the substance through one degree when the volume kept constant. It is denoted by
Cv.
Q = m Cv ∆T

7. What is meant by surrounding and boundary?

Surrounding: Any matter outside the system boundary is called as surrounding.
Boundary: System and surrounding are separated by an imaginary line is called
boundary.

8. What is meant by thermodynamic property?

Any characteristic of a system is called a property, which is used to identify the state of
the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state. Some
familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be
extended to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of
elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and elevation.

9. How do you classify the property?

Thermodynamic property can be classified into 2 types
Intensive or Intrinsic: The properties which are independent on the mass of the system are
called intensive properties Eg: Pressure, Temperature, and specific Volume.
Extensive or Extrinsic: The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system are
called extensive properties Eg: Total energy, Total volume, weight, if the volume of a system
of mass m is V, then the specific volume of matter within the system is V /m = v which is an
intensive property.

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10. When a system is said to be in” Thermodynamic equilibrium “?
When a system is in Thermodynamic equilibrium, it should be satisfy the following
three conditions
(a)Mechanical Equilibrium – Pressure remains constant.
(b)Thermal Equilibrium – Temperature remains constant.
(c)Chemical Equilibrium – There is no chemical reaction.

11. Define Zeroth law of thermodynamics.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

12. Define First law of thermodynamics.

“When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle then the net heat supplied to the
system from the surroundings is equal to net work done by the system on its surroundings.

Where represents the sum for a complete cycle.

The First Law of Thermodynamics may also be stated as follows:
“Heat and work are mutually convertible but since energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, the total energy associated with an energy conversion remains constant”.

13. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?

1.According to first law of thermodynamics heat and work are mutually convertible during
any cycle of a closed system. But this law does not specify the possible conditions
under which the heat is converted into work.
2. According to the first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat from
lower temperature to higher temperature.
3. It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process is
possible or not.
4. The law does not specify the direction of heat and work.

14. What is meant by “perpetual Motion machine of First kind?

No machine which would continuously supply mechanical work without some form of
energy disappearing simultaneously. Such a fictitious machine is called a perpetual motion
machine of the first kind, or in brief, PMM 1. A PMM 1 is thus impossible.

15. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
For any isolated system, there is no heat, work and mass transfer.
Q=W=0
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
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 Q = W + ΔU
ΔU = 0

16. Define the term process and state.

Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a
process, and the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the
path of the process. To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final
states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
State is the condition of the system at an instant of time as described or measured by its
properties. Or each unique condition of a system is called a state.

17. Define the term cycle.

Any process or series of processes whose end states are identical is termed a cycle.

18. What is meant by open and closed cycle?

In a closed cycle, the same working substance will be re circulated again and again .In a
open cycle, the same working substance will be exhausted to the surrounding after
expansion.

19. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?

A process is said to the reversible, it should trace the same path in the reverse direction
when the process is reversed, and it is possible only when the system passes through a
continuous series of equilibrium state. eg. Constant pressure and constant volume heating and
cooling. If a system does not pass through continuous equilibrium state, then the system is
said to be irreversible.

20. What is meant by point and path function?

Point function:
The quantity which is independent on the process or path followed by the system is
known as point function. Ex: Pressure, volume, temperature etc
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 (an exact differential)
Path function:
The quantity which is dependent on the process or path followed by the system is known
as path function. Ex: Heat transfer, Work transfer.
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as difference
between their end states.

The operator δ is used to denote inexact differentials

21. What is quasi - static process?

Quasi means ‘almost’. ‘This process is a succession of equilibrium states and infinite
slowness is its characteristic feature. A quasi-static process is also called a reversible process.

22. Define the term internal energy?

Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It is
also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.

23. What is meant by thermodynamic work?

It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the
system. It is mainly due to intensive properly difference between the system and surrounding.

24. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp - Cv = R.

Consider a gas heated at constant pressure heat supplied, Q = mCp (T2-T1)
Work done, W = p (V2-V1) = mR (T2-T1)
Change in internal energy, ΔU = mCv (T2-T1)
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
Q = W+ΔU
mCp (T2-T1) = mR (T2-T1)+ mCv (T2-T1)
Cp = R+Cv ; Cp –Cv = R

25. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous system.

A system which consists of a single phase is termed as homogeneous system.
Examples: Mixture of air and water vapour, water plus nitric acid and octane plus heptane.
A system which consists of two or more phases is called a heterogeneous system.
Examples: Water plus steam, ice plus water and water plus oil.

26. What do you mean by Macroscopic and microscopic approach?

Macroscopic approach-(Macro mean big or total): In this approach a certain quantity of
matter is considered without taking into account the events occurring at molecular level. In
other words this approach to thermodynamics is concerned with gross or overall behavior.
This is known as classical thermodynamics.
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 Microscopic approach-(Micro means small): The approach considers that the system is
made up of a very large number of discrete particles known as molecules. These molecules
have different velocities and energies. The values of these energies are constantly changing
with time. This approach to thermodynamics which is concerned directly with the structure
of the matter is known as statistical thermodynamics.

27. What are the Sign convention of Heat and Work?

If the heat flows into a system from the surroundings, the quantity is said to be positive
and, conversely, if heat flows from the system to the surroundings it is said to be negative.
Heat received by the system = + Q
Heat rejected or given up by the system = – Q.
If the work is done by the system on the surroundings, e.g., when a fluid expands pushing
a piston outwards, the work is said to be positive. i.e., Work output of the system = + W
If the work is done on the system by the surroundings, e.g., when a force is applied to a
rotating handle, or to a piston to compress a fluid, the work is said to be negative.
i.e. Work input to system = – W

UNIT II

SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

1. State the Kelvin –Planck statement of second law of Thermodynamics.

Kelvin –Planck states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on cyclic
process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat supply to it into an equivalent amount of
work.

2. State the Clausius statement of second law of Thermodynamics

It is impossible to construct a device which, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body.

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3. What are the processes involved in a Cornot cycle, sketch the same in P-V diagram?
Carnot cycle consists of
i. Reversible adiabatic compression.
ii. Reversible isothermal heat addition.
iii. Reversible adiabatic expansion.
iv. Reversible isothermal heat rejection.

4. State Cornot’s Theorem.

No heat engine operating in a cycle process between two fixed temperatures can be more
efficient that a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.

5. What are the corollaries of cornot theorem?

i. All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoir with fixed
temperature have the same efficient.
ii.The efficient of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoir is independent
of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs.

6. Define – PMM of second kind?

If Q2=0, the heat engine will produce net work in a complete cycle by exchanging heat
with only one reservoir, thus violating the Kelvin- Plank statement. Such a heat engine is
called a Perpetual motion machine of second kind PMM 2. A PMM2 is impossible. Thus it
gives 100% efficiency.

7. What is meant by heat pump and refrigeration?

Heat pump is a device which, operating in a cycle, maintains a body, at a temperature
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 higher than the temperature of the surroundings.
Refrigerator is a device which, operating in a cycle, maintains a body at a temperature
lower the temperature of the surroundings.

8. What is meant by heat engine?

A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.

9. Define the term COP of heat pump and a refrigerator?

Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of desired effect to work input.
Refrigerator
COP = Q2/W
COP REF =Q2/ (Q1-Q2) =T2/ (T1-T2)
Heat Pump
COP = Q1/W
COP HP =Q1/ (Q1-Q2) = T1/ (T1-T2)

11. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice?

(i) In a Carnot cycle, all the four process are reversible but in actual practice no process is
reversible.

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 (ii)There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
isothermal process, the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves
as fast as possible .This speed variation during the same stroke of the not possible.
(iii)It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely.

12. Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency.

For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surrounding.
Therefore we can’t convert all the heat input into useful work.

13. What is Clausius’ theorem?

The cyclic integral of dQ/T for a reversible cycle is equal to zero. This is known as
Clausius’ theorem. The letter R emphasizes the fact that the equation is valid only for a
reversible cycle.

14. Define entropy?

Entropy can be viewed as a measure of molecular disorder, or molecular randomness. As
a system becomes more disordered, the positions of the molecules become less predictable
and the entropy increases. Thus, it is not surprising that the entropy of a substance is lowest
in the solid phase and highest in the gas phase.
ds = dQ/T

15. Define the term source, sink and heat reservoir.

Source: The part where the heat to be rejected to work absorbing or work developing
device is called source.
Sink: The part which receives heat from work absorbing from work absorbing or working
developing is called sink.
Reservoir: The part which supplies or receives heat continuously without change in its
temperature is called as reservoir.

16. What is meant by principle of increase of entropy?

For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, change in entropy
dS ≥ dQ/T
For reversible, dQ = 0 hence dS = 0
For irreversible, dS> 0
The entropy of an isolated system would never decreases. It always increases and
remains constant only when the process is reversible. This is known as principle of increases
of entropy or simply the entropy principle. It is the quantitative general statement of second
law from the macroscopic viewpoint.

17. What do you mean by “Clausius inequality”?

It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any
external to convey heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature.
dQ/T ≤ 0 is known as Clausius inequality
If dQ/T = 0,the cycle is reversible.
dQ/T < 0,the cycle is irreversible and possible.
dQ/T > 0,the cycle is impossible.

18. Explain the term “reversibility”

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 A reversible process is one which is performed in such a way that at the conclusion of the
process, both the system and the surrounding may be restored to their initial states, without
producing any changes in the rest of the universe.

19. Give the conditions for “reversibility”

A process will be reversible:
The system is at all times infinitesimally near a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium and in the absence of dissipative effect of any form.

20. What is Enthalpy?

One of the fundamental quantities which occur invariably in thermodynamics is the sum
of internal energy (u) and pressure volume product (pv). This sum is called Enthalpy (h).
i.e., h = u + pv

21What is meant by available and unavailable energy?

The maximum work output obtainable from acertain heat input in a cyclic heat engine is
called the available energy (A.E), or the available part of the energy supplied. The minimum
energy that has to be rejected to a sink by the second law is called the unavailable energy
(U.E), or the unavailable part of the energy supplied.
Therefore Q1 = A.E + U.E
Wmax = A.E + Q1-U.E

Unit III

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER CYCLE.

1. What is pure substance?

Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its
mass. It is a one component system. It may exist in one or more phases. Example: Water,
Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and helium.

2. Define saturated state of a system.

A saturated state is a state from which a change of phase may occur without a change of
pressure or temperature. A state is a saturated solid state means a solid can change into liquid
at constant pressure and temperature from the state.

3. Define critical pressure and temperature.

Critical point is defined as the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapour
states are identical.
The temperature, pressure, and specific volume of a substance at the critical point are
called, respectively, the critical temperature Tcr, critical pressure Pcr, and critical specific
volume vcr. The critical-point properties of water are Pcr= 22.06 MPa, Tcr= 373.95°C, and vcr =
0.003106 m3/kg.

4. Define triple point and identify the triple point of water.

The triple point is a line on the p-v diagram, where all the three phases, solid, liquid, and
gas, exit in equilibrium. At a pressure below the triple point line, the substance cannot exist in
the liquid phase, and the substance, when heated, transforms from solid to vapour

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 (sublimation) by absorbing the latent heat of sublimation from the surroundings. The region
below the triple point line is therefore, the solid-vapour (S+V) mixture region.

5. Define quality of steam. What are the methods of determining quality of steam?
The term dryness fraction or quality of steam is related with wet steam. It is defined as
the ratio of the mass of actual dry steam to the mass of steam containing it. It is usually
expressed by the symbol ‘x’
If ms = Mass of dry steam contained in steam considered, and
mw = Weight of water particles in suspension in the steam considered,

Methods of determining quality by

1. Throttling calorimeter
2. Mollier diagram
3. Separating and throttling calorimeter
4. Electrical calorimeter
5.
6. What is meant by latent heat of vaporization?
Latent heat or hidden heat (hfg) is the amount of heat required to convert water at a given
temperature and pressure into steam at the same temperature and pressure. It is expressed by
the symbol hfg.
7. What is meant by latent heat?
The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change process is called the
latent heat. More specifically, the amount of energy absorbed during melting is called the
latent heat of fusion and is equivalent to the amount of energy released during freezing.
Similarly, the amount of energy absorbed during vaporization is called the latent heat of
vaporization and is equivalent to the energy released during condensation.

8. Define degree of superheat.

When steam is heated after it has become dry and saturated, it is called superheated steam
and the process of heating is called superheating. Superheating is always carried out at
constant pressure. The additional amount of heat supplied to the steam during superheating is
called as ‘Heat of superheat
If Tsup,Ts are the temperatures of superheated steam in K and wet or dry steam, then (Tsup
– Ts) is called ‘degree of superheat’.
The total heat of superheated steam is given by
hsup = hf + hfg + cps (Tsup – Ts)

9. Draw the P-T diagram for pure substances.

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10. Mention the possible ways to increase thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
1. Lowering the Condenser Pressure.
2. Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures.
3. Increasing the Boiler Pressure.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.

11. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure?

At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called
the saturation temperature Tsat. Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a
pure substance changes phase is called the saturation pressure Psat.

12. Define the terms ‘Boiling point ‘and ‘Melting point’.

Boiling point:
It is the temperature at which the liquid starts to change its state from liquid to vapour.
Melting point:
It is the temperature at which the solid starts to change its state from solid to liquid.

13. What is meant by Dry steam, Wet steam, super heated steam?
The steam is in contact with water, it is called wet steam and if heating of steam is further
progressed such that all the water particles associated with steam are evaporated, and the
steam so obtained is called dry and saturated steam.
Again, if supply of heat to the dry and saturated steam is continued at constant pressure
there will be increase in temperature and volume of steam. The steam so obtained is called
superheated steam and it behaves like a perfect gas.

14. What is meant by isentropic efficiency?

For the expansion process
Isentropic efficiency = Actual work done/Isentropic work done
For the compression process
Isentropic efficiency = Isentropic work done/Actual work done

15. What is meant by work ratio? What is the importance of work ratio in vapour cycles?
Work ratio is defined as the ratio of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
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 Work ratio affects the actual cycle efficiency comparing two cycles with the same ideal
efficiency, the cycle having smaller work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Higher the work ratio, the SSC is lower, resulting in smaller size plant for the given output.

16. Name the different process of rankine cycle on T-S diagram.

1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

17. Name the different components in steam power plant working on a Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump

18. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical for vapour power cycles?
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that the isothermal condensation is
stopped before it reaches the saturated liquid conditions .Therefore the compressor has to
deal with a non – homogeneous mixture of water and steam .Because of the large specific
volume of liquid vapour mixture before compression ,the compressor size and work input
have to be large. The higher power requirement reduces the plant efficiency as well as work
ratio.

19. What are the disadvantages of reheating?

The cost of the plant increases due to the reheater and its long connections it also
increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction.

20. List the advantages of reheat cycle.

1. Marginal increase in thermal efficiency.
2. Increase in work done per kg of steam which results in reduced size of boiler and
auxiliaries for the same output.
3. We can prevent the turbine from erosion.

21. What is the function of feed water heaters in the regenerative cycle with bleeding?
The main function of feed water heater is to increase the temperature of feed water to the
saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enters into the boiler.

22. What are the advantages of bleeding?

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 It increases the thermodynamic efficiency as the heat of the bled steam is not lost in the
condenser but is utilized for feed heating. By bleeding, the volume flow at the low pressure
end is considering reduced, this reduces the design difficulties of blades and condenser size.

23. What are the disadvantages of bleeding?

Cost of the plant increases and the work done per kg of steam is reduced which results in
higher boiler capacity for the given output.

Unit IV

IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS

1. State Charle’s law.

Charle’s law states “The volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly with its absolute
temperature, when the pressure remains constant.
VαT
V/T = Constant
2. State Joules’s law.
Joules’s law states “The internal energy of a given quantity of a gas depends only on the
temperature”.
∆U = Cv∆T
3. State Boy’s law.
Boy’s Law states that the volume of given mass of a gas varies inversely with its absolute
pressure when the temperature remains constant.
v α 1/p
pv = Constant
4. State Avogadro’s law and state its significance
Avogadro’s law states, “equal volumes of different perfect gases at the same temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules”.

6. What do you mean by equation of state? Write the same for an ideal gas.
The relationship which exists for the state variables of the system in equilibrium is called
the equation of state.
The equation of state for ideal gas is given by:
pV = mRT

7. State Dolton’s law of partial pressure.

Dolton’s law of partial pressure states “The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressure exerted by individual gases if each one of them occupied separately in
the total volume of the mixture at mixture temperature “.
p = pA + pB + pC + ...... or p = Σpi
Where pi = the partial pressure of a constituent.

8. What is meant by Vander waal’s equation?

Vander Waals’ equation (for a real gas) may be written as:

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 The constants a and b are specific constants and depend upon the type of the fluid
considered, ‘v’ represents the volume per unit mass and R is the gas constant.

9. What is meant by virtual expansion?

Virtual expansions are only applicable to gases of low and medium densities.

(or)

Where A0, A1, ... and B0, B1, ... are called the virtual co-efficient which are functions of
temperature only.

10. What is meant by Beattie-Bridgeman equation?

Beattie-Bridgeman equation is expressed as follows:

Where p = pressure,

The factors A0, a, B0, b and c are constants whose values for different gases.

10. What is a real gas? Give example

The gas which does not obey the law of equation of state is known as real gas. All
practical gases are real gas.

11. Distinguish between ideal and real gas.

An ideal gas is one which strictly follows the gas laws under air conditions of
temperature and pressure. In actual practice, there is no real gas which strictly follows the
gas laws over the entire range of temperature and pressure .However hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and air. Behave as a gas under certain temperature and pressure limits.

12. What are Maxwell relations?

(δT/δv)s = - (δp/δs)v
(δT/δp)s = (δv/δs)p
(δp/δT)v = (δs/δv)t
(δv/δT)p = - (δs/δp)t
13. Define Joule – Thomson Co-efficient.
Joule – Thomson Co-efficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in
Pressure, keeping the enthalpy remains constant .It is denoted by the
μ = (δT/δp) h
14. Define Co – efficiency of volume expansion and isothermal compressibility.
Co – efficiency of volume expansion: Co – efficiency of volume expansion is defined as
the change in volume with change in temperature per unit volume by keeping the pressure
constant. It is denoted by ß
ß = 1/v (δv/δT)p
Isothermal compressibility: It is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure
per unit volume by keeping the temperature constant. It is denoted by the relation
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 K = -1/v (δv/δp)T.

15. What is compressibility factor?

The perfect gas equation is pv = RT
But for real gas , a correction factor has to be introduced in the perfect gas equation to
account the deviation of real gas from the perfect gas equation .This factor is known as
compressibility factor (Z) and is denoted by
Z = pv/RT.

16. What is Clasius Clapeyron Equation?

Clasius Clapeyron Equation which involves in the relationship between the saturation
pressure, saturation temperature, the enthalpy of evaporation and the specific volume of the
two phases involved
dp/dT = hfg /Tvfg
17.State Tds Equations.
Tds Equations are
Tds = Cp dT –T((δv/δT)p dp
Tds = Cv dT + T((δp/δT)t dv

18. State Helmholtz function

Helmholtz function is the property of a system and it is given by subtracting the product
of absolute temperature (T) and entropy (s) from the internal energy u.
i.e. Helmholtz function = u-Ts

19. State Gibbs function.

Gibbs function is property of a system and is given by
G = u – Ts + Pv = h – Ts
Where
h – Enthalpy, T – Temperature, s – Entropy

Unit V

GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY

1. What is the difference between air conditioning and refrigeration?

Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in space less
than the atmospheric temperature.

18
 Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean air containing a
specific amount of water vapour and maintaining the predetermined atmosphere condition
with in a selected enclosure.

2. What is psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air and
water vapour) is known as phychrometry.

3. Explain the following terms: a) Mole fraction. b) Mass fraction.

Mole fraction (yi) : It is the ratio of the mole number of a component to the mole number
of the mixture. The total number of moles of a mixture is the sum of the number of its
components.
yi = Ni/Nm
Nm = N1+ N2 +N3+ ……. + Ni
Mass fraction ( xi): The mean fraction (or) mass fraction of any component is defined as
the ratio of mass of component to the mass of the mixture
xi = mi/mm
mm = m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. +mi
4. What do you understand by dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature?
Dry bulb temperature: The temperature which is measured by an ordinary thermometer
is known as dry bulb temperature .It is generally denoted by td.
Wet bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its
bulb is covered with wet cloth and is exposed to a current of rapidly moving air. It is denoted
by tw.

5. Define dew point temperature and degree of saturation.

Dew point temperature is the temperature at which the water vapour presents in air
begins to condense when the air is cooled is known as dew point temperature. For saturated
air, the dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperature are all same. It is denoted by tdp.
Degree of saturation is the ratio of specific humidity of moist air to the specific Humidity
of saturated air at the same temperature. Degree of saturation (or) percentage humidity (or)
saturation ratio.
µ = Specific humidity of moist air/Specific humidity of saturated air
= ω/ ωs
6. Define relative Humidity (RH) and specific humidity.
Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of the actual mass of water vapour (mv) in a certain
volume of moist air at given temperature to the mass of water vapour in the same volume of
saturated air at the same temperature.
Relative humidity, φ = Mass of water vapour in a given volume/Mass of water
vapour in the same volume if saturated at the same temp.
RH = mv /mvs
Specific humidity (ω) is the ratio of mass of water vapour (mv) to the mass of dry air in
the given volume of mixture.
Specific humidity = Mass of water vapour/Mass of dry air
ω = mv / ma.
Specific humidity (or) Humidity ratio (or) Moisture content

7. Differentiate between absolute and relative humidity.

19
 Absolute humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour (mv) in certain
volume of moist at given temperature to the mass of water vapours at Atmospheric conditions.
RH is the ratio of the mass of water vapour in a certain volume of moist air at a given
Temperature to the mass of water vapour in tha same volume of saturated air at the same
Temperature.
RH = mv /mvs
8. Define bypass factor of coil.
Bypass factor is defined as the portion of the air that passes through the coil without
contacting the coil surface. It is denoted by BPF.
The ratio of the amount of air which does not contact the cooling coil to the Amount of
supply air is called BPF.
BPF = amount of air bypassing the coil/ Total amount of air passed
9. What is sensible heating?
Air is heated at constant specific humidity. It means, heating is done without adding
moisture. During heat addition, the dry bulb temperature increases from td1to td2. So, ω1 = ω2
but td2>td1.

16 Marks
Unit1 -Basic Concepts and First Law

1. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170 kJ. The system
completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
Process Q(KJ/ MIN) W(KJ/ MIN) ∆E(KJ/ MIN)
a-b 0 2170 -
b-c 21000 0 -
c-d -2100 - -
d-a - - -

2. Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s

where its temperature is raised to 800°C . It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 30
m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650°C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a
velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500°C. If the
air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate a) the rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger b) the
power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss and c) the velocity at the nozzle exit,
assuming zero heat loss. Take enthalpy of air as h = cp.t where Cp is the specific heat = 1.005
kJ/kg K and t is the temperature.

3. Blower handles 1kg/s of air at 20°c and consumes a power of 15KW. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100m/s and 150m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming
adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air as1.005 KJ /kgK.

4. Describe in brief the steady flow energy equation with the assumptions made.

5. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor.
It enters the compressor at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg
and leaves at 5 m/s with a pressure of 7 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3 /kg. The internal

20
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 60 kJ/s. Calculate:
(i) The power required to drive the compressor;
(ii) The cross-sectional areas of inlet and output pipes.

6. Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to a
nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit.

7. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m3 /kg and at exit of the
compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3 /kg. Neglect Kinetic and
Potential energy change.
The Internal energy of air leaking the compressor is 95 kJ/kg greater than that of air
entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs 60 kJ/sec. of heat from the air. Find power
required to derive the compressor.

8. A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400 kPa and 30 oC is connected by a valve to a
piston cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure
of 200 kPa is required to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed
to flow into the cylinder until the pressure of the tank drops to 200 kPa. During this
process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding such that the entire air remains at 30 oC
at all times. Determine the heat transfer for this process.
9. A reciprocating air compressor taken in 2m3/min air at 0.11MPa, 293K which it delivers
at 1.5 Mpa, 384 K to an after cooler where the air where the air is cooled at constant
pressure to 298 K. the power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW. Determine the heat
transfer in (i) the compressor (ii) the cooler. State your assumptions.
10. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density of 1000kg/m 3 the
conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given below:
Inlet Exit
Pressure 1.15 MPa 0.05MPa
Velocity 30 m/sec 15.5 m/sec
Height above datum 10 m 2m
If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40m 3/s, estimate the net energy transfer from the
fluid as work.
11. Three grams of nitrogen gas at 6 atm and 160 oC is expanded adiabatically to double its
initial volume and then compressed again at constant volume to its initial state. Calculate
the work done on the gas. Draw the p-V diagram for the process. Specific heat ratio of
nitrogen is 1.4.

12. Describe steady flow energy equation and

a. Deduce suitable expression for the expansion of gas in a gas turbine with suitable
assumptions.
b. Apply the equation to a nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit.
c. Derive the suitable expression for the ideal compressor and specify the assumptions
on which
such equation is applicable.
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13. Air contained in the cylinder and piston arrangement comprises the system. A cycle is
completed by four process 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1. The energy transfers are listed below.
Complete the table and determine the network in kJ. Also check the validity of the first
law of thermodynamics.
Process Q (kJ) W (kJ) ΔU (kJ)
1-2 40 ? 25
2-3 20 -10 ?
3-4 -20 ? ?
4-1 0 +8 ?

14. Calculate the power developed and diameter of the inlet pipe, if a gas enters into the gas
turbine at 5 kg/sec, 50 m/s with an enthalpy of 0.9MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding
is 0.025 MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg. the heat loss to the
surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg. assume 100 kPa and 300 K at the inlet.

15. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasistatic expansion, which follows a relationship
P=a+bV, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and
200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m 3 and 1.2 m3. The specific
internal energy of the gas is given by the relation U = (1.5PV – 85) kJ/kg, where P is in
kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of
the gas attained during expansion.

16. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring loaded, frictionless piston so that the
pressure in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a+bV) where U is in kJ, p is
in kPa and V in cubic meter. If the fluid changes from an initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03
m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m3, with no work other than that done on the piston,
find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer.

17. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of simple duct with resistance
wire. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kW electric heating
system. Air enters the heating section at 100 kPa and 17oC with a volume flow rate of
150 m3/min. if heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W,
determine the exit temperature of air.

18. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m 3/kg and at exit
of the compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3/kg. Neglect
kinetic and potential energy change. The internal energy of air leaking the compressor is
95 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs
60 kJ/sec. of heat from the air. Find power required to drive the compressor.

19. Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s
where its temperature is raised to 800°C . It then enters a turbine with the same velocity
of 30 m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650°C. On leaving the turbine, the
air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has
fallen to 500°C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate a) the rate of heat transfer to the
air in the heat exchanger b) the power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss and

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 c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, assuming zero heat loss. Take enthalpy of air as h = cp.t
where Cp is the specific heat = 1.005 kJ/kg K and t is the temperature.

Unit II
Second Law and Availability Analysis

1. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600°c and 40°c.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of
40°c and -20°c. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000KJ and net work output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 360KJ.Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the
net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40°C.

2. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and from
the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a building. The
efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of the
heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.

3. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5MPa. 0.2m3 to 0.05m3

according to the law, PV1.3 =constant. Determine the change in enthalpy, internal energy and
entropy, and the heat transfer and work transfer during the process.

4. A system at 500 K receives 7200 kJ/min from a source at 1000 K. The temperature of
atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the temperatures of system and source remain constant
during heat transfer find out: (i) The entropy produced during heat transfer; (ii) The decrease in
available energy after heat transfer.

5. In a steam turbine, steam at 20 bar, 360° C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
Assuming ideal processes, determine per kg of steam the net work and the cycle efficiency 7.
Two kg of air at 500 kPa, 80°C expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume is
doubled and its temperature becomes equal to that of the surroundings which is at 100 kPa, 5°C
for this process, determine
(i) the maximum work
(ii) the change in availability and
(ii) the irreversibility.
(iii) Availability

6. Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12 oC to a pressure of 800
kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. if the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent,
determine the exit temperature of air and the required power input to the compressor.

7. A 200 m3 rigid tank initially contains atmospheric air at 100 kPa and 300 K and is to be
used as storage vessel for compressed air at 1 MPa and 300 K. Compressed air is to be
supplied by a compressor that takes in atmospheric air at Po = 100 kPa and To = 300 K.
23
 determine the minimum work required for this process.

8. The interior lighting of refrigerators is provided by incandescent lamps whose switches are
actuated by the opening of the refrigerator door. Consider a refrigerator whose 40 W light
bulb remains on continuously as a result of a malfuntion of the switch. If the refrigerator
has a co efficient performance of 1.3 and the cost of electricity is Rs. 8 per kWh, determine
the increase in the energy consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch
is not fixed.

9. A carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 1173 K at a rate of 800 kJ/min and
reject the waste heat to the ambient air at 300 K. the entire work output of the heat engine
is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at 268 K and
transfers it to the same ambient air at 300 K. determine the maximum rate of the heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air.

10. An heat exchanger circulates 5000 kg/hr of water to cool oil from 150 oC to 50oC. The rate
of flow of oil is 2.5 kJ/kg.K. the water enters the heat exchanger at 21 oC. Determine the
net change in entropy due to heat exchange process, and the amount of work obtained if
cooling of oil is done by using the heat to run a carnot engine with sink temperature of
21oC.

11. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600°c and
40°c. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at
temperatures of 40°c and -20°c. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000KJ and net
work output of the combined engine refrigerator plant is 360KJ.Evaluate the heat transfer
to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40°C.

12. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and
from the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a
building. The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4.
Evaluate the ratio of the heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat
engine.

13. A system at 500 K receives 7200 kJ/min from a source at 1000 K. The temperature of
atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the temperatures of system and source remain
constant during heat transfer find out: (i) The entropy produced during heat transfer; (ii)
The decrease in available energy after heat transfer.

24
 Unit III
Properties of Pure substances and Steam Power Cycle

1. Draw p-v, T-s and h-s diagram of Rankine cycle used in power plants and derive a formula for
the cycle efficiency.

2. A fluid having a temperature of 150°C and a specific volume of 0.96 m 3 /kg at its initial state
expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume is 1.55 m 3 /kg. Find, for 1 kg of
fluid, the work, the heat transferred, and the final temperature if a) the fluid is air b) the fluid is
steam.

3. A vessel of volume 0.04m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250°C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, the mass, the
specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy.

4. A piston -cylinder device operates 1 kg of fluid at 20 atm. pressure. The initial volume is
0.04m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following the process PV 1.45 = constant so that
the volume becomes double. The fluid is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes
back to the original position. Keeping the piston unaltered. Heat is added reversibly to restore it
to the initial pressure. Draw the PV diagram and calculate the work done in the cycle.

5. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the steam generator is 20 bar and
300°C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters operate at optimum
temperature. Determine: (a) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg of steam,
(c) cycle efficiency and (d) the stream rate. Neglect the pump work.

6. A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam
enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters
into the feed heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the
turbine. Assume that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the heater
is direct mixing type. Neglect pump work.

7. A vessel of 6 m3 capacity contains two gases A and B in proportion of 45 per cent and 55 per
cent respectively at 30°C. If the value of R for the gases is 0.288 kJ/kg K and 0.295 kJ/kg K and
if the total weight of the mixture is 2 kg, calculate: (i) The partial pressure; (ii) The total
pressure, (iii) The mean value of R for the mixture.

8. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400°C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct - contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find (i) the efficiencyand the steam rate of the cycle, and (ii) the increase in mean
temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine cycle (with
out regeneration) Neglect pump work.

9. One kg of steam is contained in an elastic balloon of spherical shape which supports an

internal pressure proportional to its diameter. The initial condition of steam is saturated vapour at
110°C. Heat is transferred to steam until pressure reaches 200 kPa. Determine:
(i) Final temperature
(ii) Heat transferred. Take Cps = 2.25 kJ/kg K.

25
10. A 0.5 m3 vessel contains 10 kg refrigerant 134a at -20oC. Determine the pressure, the total
internal energy and the volume occupied by the liquid phase.

11. A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 m 3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid vapour mixture of
water at 75oC. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in
the tank is completely vapourized. Also, show the processes on T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.

12. Consider a steam powerplant that operates on a reheat rankine cycle ans has a net power
output of 80MW. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at 10MPa and 500oC and the low
pressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500oC. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at a
pressure of 10kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the pump is
95 percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine
1. The quality (or temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit,
2. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
3. The mass flow rate of the steam.

13. In a closed vessel the 100 kg of steam at 100 kPa, 0.5 dry is to be brought to a pressure of
1000 kPa inside vessel. Determine the mass of dry saturated steam admitted at 2000 kPa for
raising pressure. Also determine the final quality.

14. A steam power plant running on Rankine cycle has steam entering HP turbine at 20 MPa,
500oC and leaving LP turbine at 90% dryness. Considering condenser pressure of 0.005 MPa
and reheating occuring up to the temperature of 500oC determine,
1. The pressure at which steam leaves HP turbine
2. The thermal efficiency.
3. Work done

15. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine
at 3 MPa and 623 K and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Determine (i)
the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (ii) the thermal efficicency if steam is superheated to
873 K instead of 623 K, and (iii) the thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa
while the turbine inlet temperature is maintained at 873 K.

16. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
high pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 873 K and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of
10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low pressure turbine is not to
exceed 10.4 percent, determine (i) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (ii)
the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the
high pressure turbine.

17. Draw p-T diagram and label various phases and transitions. Explain the process of isobaric
heating above triple point pressure with the help of p-T diagram.

18. Draw rankine cycle with one open type feed water heater. Assume the condition of the
steam before entering the turbine to be superheated. Sketch the cycle on T-s diagram.
In an ideal reheat cycle, the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar and 500 oC after expansion to 5
bar, the steam is reheated to 500oCand then expanded to the condenser pressure of 0.1 bar.
Determine the cycle thermal efficiency, mass flow rate of steam. Take power output as 100
26
MW.
19. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400oC and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct-contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find
1. The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle, and
2. The increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as
compared to the rankine cycle (with out re generation) neglect pump work.

20. A fluid having a temperature of 150°C and a specific volume of 0.96 m3 /kg at its initial
state expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume is 1.55 m3 /kg. Find, for 1
kg of fluid, the work, the heat transferred, and the final temperature if a) the fluid is air b) the
fluid is steam.

21. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the steam generator is 20 bar and
300°C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters operate at optimum
temperature. Determine: (a) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg of
steam, (c) cycle efficiency and (d) the stream rate. Neglect the pump work.
22. A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam
enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters
into the feed heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the
turbine. Assume that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the
heater is direct mixing type. Neglect pump work.

23. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400°C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct - contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find (i) the efficiencyand the steam rate of the cycle, and (ii) the increase in mean
temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine cycle (with
out regeneration) Neglect pump work.

Unit IV
Ideal and Real gases, Thermodynamic Relations

1. Deduce the 4 Maxwell's Relations.

2. Determine change of Internal Energy and change of entropy when the gas obeys Vander
Waal's equation.

3. Derive the Clausius- Clapreyon equation.

4.Explain the significance of Joule-Thomson coefficient.

5. Derive the Tds equations.

6. Using the Claypeyron equation. Estimate the value of the enthalpy of vapourization of
refrigerant R-134a at 293 K, and compare it with the tabulated value.
27
Show that Cp – Cv = R for an ideal gas.

7. Entropy is a function of any two properties like P and V, P and T etc., for a pure substance with
the help of Maxwell’s Equation. Prove
a. Tds = Cv.dT + T [ß/k].dv
b. Tds = Cv.dT – V.ßdp.T
c. Tds = [K Cv/ß].dp + [Cp/vß].dv.

Unit V
Gas mixtures and Psychrometry

1. Discuss about various psychometric processes used in engineering applications with schematic
diagrams.

2. An air conditioning system is designed under the following conditions:

(i) Outdoor Conditions: 30°C DBT and 75% RH
(ii) Required Indoor Conditions: 22°C DBT and 70% RH
(iii) Amount of free air circulated: 3.33 m3 /s
(iv) Coil dew point temperature: 14°C
(v) The required condition is achieved first by cooling and dehumidification, and then by
heating.
Estimate a) the capacity of the cooling coil in tons of refrigeration b) the capacity of heating
coil in kW c) the amount of water vapour in kg/s

3. Atmospheric air at 1.0132 bar has a DBT of 32°c and a WBT of 26°c. Compute a) the partial
pressure of water vapour, b)the specific humidity, c)the dew point temperature, d)the relative
humidity, e)degree of saturation, f)density of air in the mixture , g)density of the vapour in
the mixture and h)the enthalpy of the mixture.

4. Air at 20°c, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40°c, 40%RH in the ratio of 1kg of the
former with 2 kg of the latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition of air.

5. Water at 30°C flows into a cooling tower at the rate of 1.15 kg per kg of air. Air enters the
tower at a DBT of 20°C and a relative humidity of 60% and leaves it at a DBT of 28°C and 90%
relative humidity. Make - up water is supplied at 20°C. Determine (i) The temperature of water
leaving the tower, (ii) The fraction of water evaporated, and (iii) Approach and range of the
cooling tower.

6. The sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings:

Dry bulb temperature = 35°C
Wet bulb temperature = 25°C.
Calculate the following: (i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Vapour density in air
(iv) Dew point temperature
Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0132 bar.

7. The atmospheric air at 30°C DBT and 75% RH enters a cooling coil at the rate of 200 m 3/min.
The coil dew point temperature is 14°C and the by pass factor is 0.1 determine
(i) The temperature of air leaving the coil
28
(ii) Capacity of the coolingcoil in TR
(iii) The amount of water vapour removed
(iv) Sensible heat factor for the process.

8. The volume flow rate of air is 800 m3/min of re-circulated at 22°C DBT and l0 º C dew point
temperature is to be mixed with 300 m 3/min of fresh air at 30°C DBT and 50 %RH. Determine
the enthalpy, Specific volume, Humidity ratio and dew point temperature of the mixture.

9. 5 kg of mixture of gases at 1.013 bar and 300 K the various constituents gases are as follows,
80% N2, 18% O2, 2% CO2. Determine the specific heat at constant pressure, gas constant for the
constituents and mixture and also molar mass of mixture taking γ = 1.3 for CO2 universal gas
constant = 8314 J/kg.K.

10. A tank contains 0.2m3 of gas mixture composed of 4 kg of Nitrogen, 1 kg of oxygen and 0.5
kg of carbon-dioxide. If the temperature is 20oC, determine the total pressure, gas constant and
molar mass of the mixture.

11. 0.45 kg of CO and 1 kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4 m 3 at 15oC. Air has
23.3% of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass. Calculate the partial pressure of each constituents and
total pressure in the vessel. Molar masses of CO, O2 and N2 are 28, 32 and 28 kg/k mol.

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