mnt hove to and hole Explanations = Don't have to refers to an absence of obligation, You don’t have to work tomorrow, = Must not refers to an obligation not to do something. You must mot leave the roonn before the end of the test. ‘Where *stould appears, ougitt to can also be used. = Expectation This filer *should be seaily gx think you *should talk it over with pour parents In writing, should can be used to express a strong obligation politely. Guests should vacate their rooms by midday. = Criticism of an action You *shoutdn’t eat so much late at wight = Uncertainty Should | leave these papers on your desk? © Should and verbs of thinking Should is often used with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct. I should think that mode woutd sell quite well = With be and adjectives describing chance This group of adjectives includes odd, strange, finmy (odd) and the expression What a coincidence. Its strange that you should be staying in the same hotel! f= After in case to emphasise unlikelihood Fin taking an umbrella in case It should rain, See Grammar ¥ for similar uses in conditional sentences. ‘= Could is used to express possibility or uncertainty. This could be the house. ‘= Could is used with comparative adjectives to express possibility or Impossibility. ‘The situation couldn't be worse. He could be better. 6scan Must and can’t Moy and might Shalt wa ‘© Could is used to make suggestions. We could goto that new restaurant opposite the cinema ‘© Could is used to express unwillingness. eouldn't possibly eave Tien here ow his own. ‘= Cam with be is used to make criticisms. You can be realty annoying, you know! 15 Can is also used with be to refer to capability. Winter here can be really cold. These refer to present time only. (See bound to) In expressing certainty, they ae opposites. This must be our stop. (1m sure i 5.) This can’t be our stop. (I'ma sure it isn't.) ‘= May can be used to express although clauses: ‘She may be the boss, But that is no excuse for shouting lke that, See also Grammar 14 Emphasis. f& May/might as welt This describes te only thing lft todo, something which the speakers not enthusiastic about. ‘Nabedy else is gong fo turn up now forthe lesson, so you may as wel 30 home = May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is more common. {in formal language. ‘The peace conference may find a solution to the problem. f= There is an idiomatic expression with ty, using may for present reference, and might for past reference. Try as I might, I could not pass my driving test. (This means although I tried hard, Icoulé not pass my driving test.) ‘= Shalt can be used with all persons to emphasise something which the speaks feels is certain to happen or wants to happen. 4 shall definitely give up smoking this year. We shall win! (shall stressed in this sentence) f= Similarly, shail used in Formal rules and regulations, [No player shall knowingly pick up or mave the bal of another player ‘= Will can be used to express an assumption. A: The phone's ringing, B: Thal be for me.Wed al ‘= Will/won’t can be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker's intention, of to forbid an action, in response to a will expression. PU take the money anyway, so there! You won't! rwtttt larly [won't can mean freftse, and J will can mean f insist. ‘A:T won't do it! B: Yes, you will! Would is often used in situations where a conditional sense is understood but not stated. Nobody woutd agree with that idea, (if we asked them) Life woutdn’t be worth living without you. (if you weren't there) 1 think Jim would be tre best candidate if he was under consideration for the job) Sue wouldn't do thet, surely! (if you think she’s capable of doing that), = Need to isa modal auxiliary, and behaves like a normal verb. Do you need to use the photocopier? = Need is a modal auxiliary, but mainly in question and negative forms. ‘Need you make 50 much noise? See Grammar 7 for need doing a Had better ‘This is a recommendation and refers only to the present or future. You'd better rot plone ier again. = Be bound to This makes a future prediction of certainty. 1's Bound to rain tomorrow.Practice Underline the correct word or phrase In each sentence. 4) Idon’t think you could/shoutd tell anyone yet. ) | couldn t/shouldn’t possibly leave without paying. (©) That must‘écan’t be the hotel Jane told us about. 4d) There ate times when the waffic here can/could be really heavy. @} We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must be better. 1) You couldn'tshoutdn’t really be sitting here 8) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you're cleverer 1h) You might/shoult like to iook aver these papers if you have time. Tm afraid that nobody should/voutt help me in that kind of situation. i) Ne member of the association rmust/shell remove official documents from these premises without written permission, Put one sultable word in each space. Contractions (can't) count as one word, Bll: “This (1) M265... be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agemt’s description. Bill: Well, we'd (2) go inside Jane: We (3) . 1s well, Wait a minute. (4) 0 just find my glasses. 1 (5) BIN: I don’t think much of Jame: Yes, 18 (6) no certainly do with a coat of paint or two. Bill: Rather you than me! I (7) the guiters (8) replacing. Jame: 1(9) cuesnesson think they haven't been replaced since the house was built Bill: They (10) .. really be replaced every four years ideally. Jane: And | don't ike that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy an et in the brickwork and cause all sorts of damage. -~ ee a thing without them. ym the outside, to be honest like to have to paint it all! And BNE f wonder if there's a lock on that big downstairs window? It looks very easy to break in to, Jame: There's (12) Bill: Well, (13) : Do wed) as) possibly live here to be one, surely. we go inside? to? I think I've seen enough already. 1‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. a) Icouldn’t be happier at the moment. could Tam as happy, as.could, be. . b) Although [ tried hard, I couldn’t lift the suitcase. might Try eecsssnteess ©) I'm sure that Peter won't be late. bound Peter 1 . d) Fancy you and | having the same surname! should Ws odd .. €) I think you should take up jogging. were rn It’s possible that this kind of snake is poisonous. could at the moment, _ Lcouldn’t lift the suitcase. on time. .. the same surname! ake up jogging. ‘This snake 8) You can’t borrow my car! won't 1 h) I'm sure this isn’t how you get to Norwich! can't .. the poisonous kinds. borrow my car! This way to Norwich! i) It makes no difference to me if we call it off call it off. j) Although it’s summer, the temperature is more like winter. may It. the temperature is more like winter. 9Choose the sentence A or B that is closest in meaning to the sentence given, a) It’s possible that we'll know the answers tomorrow. ..A A We may know the answers tomorrow. B We should know the answers tomorrow. b) I don’t think you should ring him now. It’s rather late. ... AYou might not ring him now. It's rather late. B You'd better not ring him now, It’s rather late. ©) You needn’t come if you don't want to. .. ‘A You won't come if you don't want to. B You don’t have to come if you don’t want to, d) 1 think it’s wrong for you to work so hard. A You don’t have to work so hard. B You shouldn't work so hard. ©) Perhaps these are the keys. A These might be the keys. B These must be the keys. f) It would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week, A We'd better not lock the cat in the house for a week. B We can't lock the cat in the house for a week. g) It’s possible that the decision will be announced next week. A The decision might be announced next week. B The decision will be announced next week. Although I try hard, I can never solve ‘The Times’ crossword. A Try as I may, I can never solve “The Times’ crossword. B Try as Ican, I may never solve ‘The Times’ crossword. i) I know. Why don’t we go out to eat instead? by AL know, We must go out to eat instead. B | know, We could go out to eat instead.5 Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the box. couldn't be wouldn'tbe I might den‘thave-te couldn't possibly must be must like need to maybe might as well a) The heating comes on automatically. You ./0n¢, have, Z0........ turn it on. >) OF course Vl help! I let you do it on your own. ©) It’s a lovely hotel. And the staff .... more helpful. 4) George ©) You. 9 We... ® Tlove these tees. Without them the garden . it there if he has stayed there for so long. right, but I'm still not convinced. 80 in this museum. There's nothing else to do. the same. 1h) There's the phone call | was expecting. It i) Thanks. And now you just . i) Try as. .»- George. sign on the dotted line. 1 simply couldn’t open the Nid. 6 _ inmost lines of this text there is an extra word. Write the word, or put a tick if the line is correct. | may as well be admit it - 'm a secret admirer ofall things connected 1..2E... with tains! I's not with something you would want to admit to your friends, but I can't imagine life possibly without my collection of model trains and train memorabilia. You're probably thinking 1 must be done some kind of nerd who stands around on chilly platforms all day collecting train numbers, and yes, I have to admit for I've done my fait share of that, but that’s only a small part of it can just love the feel of railway stations, and I can cheerfully spend a whole of afternoon in ‘one, just walking around soaking up to the atmosphere of the place, looking for things for my collection, and taking photes of new engines. 10 Call me might a wierdo, but 'd far rather spend a day in a station than on the beach by sunning myself. I'd be too busy taking the train down the coast ~ coastal routes can be an absolutely spectacular ‘There's a convention for those railway lovers on the south coust soon. ~ rest assured that I shall be there, I wouldn’t miss it for all the world!Hod 10 and must have Should have and ought to hove Could have ould Explanations Had to's the past form of must and refers to a past obligation. Sory Ym tate, Had to post some letters. ‘The negative form is didn’t have to and refers to an absence of obligation. Must have refers to past certainty. (see below) Where “should appears, aught to is also possible. = Expectation Should have refers to something which was supposed to happen. ‘The parcel Fsent you *should have arrived by now: = Criticism of an action You *shouldn’t have eaten so much iast night. 1 Should have and verbs of thinking The past form knew in the example is an unreal verb form, and the should shave form is used according to ‘sequence of verb forms’. See Grammar 9 T should have thought yor knew. f= With be and adjectives describing chance It was strange that you should have been staying in the same hotet las ye = Asa polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or a favour Fee done the washing up for you. ~ Oh, you really shouldn't ave! ‘The intonation should be friendly, as this is not a criticism, ‘= Could have refers to past possibility or uncertainty. David could have won the race if ie had tried. (possibiity/ability) It could have been Sue, I suppase. (uncertainty) ‘= Couldn't have is also possible for both meanings, ‘= Couldn't have can be used with comparative adjectives. We couldn't have been happier in tose days. © Could have can also express unwillingness. ‘She could have gone to the party with her friends. (but she didn’t) We couldn't have left she dog on its own. (so we didn't) ‘© Cou refers to past permission oF past ability. When I was sixtecn F could stay out till 11.00. (1 was allowed to) Mary could swine when sl was tne. (she actually did) = Compare: Mary could ave swum when she was three, (but she didn't)Moy hove and right hove have t= Might have refers to past possibility which did not happen. You might have drowned! = Might have and may have refer to uncertainty. 1 suppose t may have been rather critical, = Both can be used in the negative to express uncertainty, ‘They might not have received our letter yet. f= Might have ts used to express annoyance at someone's failure to do something. There is stong stress on the words underlined. You might have told me my trousers were split! ‘© Light have xnown + would is an idiom by which the speaker expresses ironically that an action was typical of someone else, might have known that he would be late A: owas Jack wha broke the vase. B: 1 might have known! = These refer to the speater’s certainty about a past action. Somieone must have takent it. | am sure they did) You can’t have lost i. (| am sure you didn’t) f= Both can also be used with swely in exclamations, Surely you can’t have eaten all of tt Surely you must have noticed it ‘= This expresses an unwiilingness in the past. Everyone was angry bscanse Sam wouldn't turn off the television ‘= Would have can refer to events in the past which did not actually happen: I would have accepted this job, but I didn't want to move house. ‘= Assumptions about the past ate also possible with would have, |A: Someone called after you left but cide’? feave a message: B: That would have been Cathy, probably, [Nec have done refers to an unnecessary action which was actually done. You needn't have pald alt at once. (you did pay) Diu’ need to refers o an unnecessary action which was not done, 1 didn’t need to go to the dentist agai, luckily. Adverbs such as well, easy; obviously, really, just are often used to emphasise ‘modal expressions, in both present and past time. You could easily have been kite. J might well decide to come. She obviously must have left You contain’ really have managed without me. might Just take you up on that.7 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 2) That caw have beca/shoutn' have been Nick that you saw. ) You must have siven/might ave given me a hand! 6) Fcaught a later train because fad to see?mist have seen a client, 2) 1 suppose Bill should have lastmight have fast his way e) 1 didn’t refuse the cake, a it shoul fave beenpwould have been rude 1) I don’t know who rang, but i could have Beer/must have bee Jim. 4) Ie was odd that you should have boushetwoutd have Lough the same ca. hy) Lashed them to leave but they ight notvoul't go. 1) tsa pity you didn’t ask because I can't Help/eould have helped you 1) Ws your own fault, you cat have/shoutdn't have gone to bed s0 late Complete each sentence using one of the phrases from the box can'thave miusthave —showide‘ehave ©—-may not have mayhave shouldn'thave —can'thave ought to have didn'tneed to shouldn't have 2) You and your big mouth! It was supposed to be 2 secret. You shouldn't have... . told hert ) The plane's late. It sven landed by now. ©) YOU sre . met my brother. I haven't got one! 4d) There is only one explanation. You .. left your keys on the bus. ©) You so heard me right. I definitely said 204525, 0) The meat Is a bit burnt. You . c00ked it for so long. a) Vm sorry [accept | : been a litle bit rude. 1) You really : 1 taken so much trouble over me. |) Was it really necessary? You tell the police, you know. 1) Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden noticed the cars parking ticket has run out!Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given, 4) It wouldn't have been right to leave you to do all the work on your own. couldn't 1 .couldive have left you. to. do Perhaps they didn’t notice the tyre was flat. might They ©) All that trouble I went to wasn't necessary in the end. . all the work on your own. bj se the tyre was flat needn't Apparently someone has borrovred the cassette player. have all that trouble. di Someone oon soe the cassette player. I'm disappointed that you didn’t back me up! might You .. e me up! 1) Our worrying so much was a waste of time, needn't we ent so much. £8) It’s just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge. possibly The cat cnn It would have been possible for Helen to take us in her car, could snsnos the fridge, hi Helen se eeneneinenie USA Tift 1) It’s possible that the last person to leave didn’t lock the door. might ‘The last person a the door unlocked. 1) School uniform wasn't compulsory at my school. We school uniform at my school.Complete each sentence by writing one word in each space. Contractions (can't) count as one word. have become a millionaire, but | decided not to. have been here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy! It was great! ¢) Peter wasn’t here then, so he . have broken your vase. dt. .. have bought that car, but I decided to look at a few others. €} If you felt lonely, you . have given me a ring. f) Don’t take a risk like that again! We have lost because of you. 8) It’s been more than a week! You .. hh) We were glad to help. We onnen have had some news by now! have just stood by and done i) You really pt have thought that it was rather difficult. have gone to so much trouble! Correct any errors in these sentences. Some sentences are correct. a) Surely you mustn't have forgotten already! 644 b) Even Paul coyldn’t have foreseen what was coming next. ©) Frances might not have understood what you said. d) It was funny that she should have remembered me. ©) Harry may have won the match with a bit more effort, f) You must have told me you had already eaten. g) Look, there's £30 in my wallet. I shouldn’t have gone to the bank after al, hh) You mustn’t have been so unkind! i) Tcouldn’t have managed without you. .. J) Thave no idea who it was, but [ suppose it would have been Ann, Underline the most suitable adverb for each space. a) Someone abvioushy/curentiy/fortunately must have picked it up by mistake. b) He could really/cheerfully/easily have stolen the painting without anyone knowing. ©) I may surely/welliclearty have made a mistake. ) You really/clearly/neediessly shouldn't have spent so much on my present. ) Bill rarely/simply/certainly wouldn’t listen to anything we said. f} couldn't justivet/aiready have lett without saying a word 8) Certainly/Rarely/Surey you can’t seriously believe that | am guilty! hy opened the window, I xreatly/surely/simply had to get some fresh air. 4) stit/unfortunatety/surely couldn’t have come to your party. ji). How dangerous! You could stil/strongly/well have been injured!7 Complete each space in the text with an appropriate modal verb. Some are negative. Dear Toshie, read ‘Thanks for sending back the book I lent you. You (1) it already! You must be the world’s fastest reader! Hope you enjoyed it. Well, the big news is, I decided not to go to Italy to take up my job offer. Basically, moving there (2) .. meant a lot of upheaval and frankly I couldn’t face the hassle. Maybe 1 (3) «0 just gone, and been a bit more adventurous, and for sure, I've got mixed feelings about it, as if part of me wanted to go. Who knows, 1 4) . met the man of my dreams! But I the decision lightly. I (5) spent several weeks thinking about nothing else. Anyway, what's done is done. in't take My other news concerns my Dad. You remember | was getting very worried because he'd been having dizzy spells and feeling all light-headed. Well, 1 (6) . . worried ~ he’s been diagnosed as suffering from low blood pressure, so he's on medication for that. The doctor said it’s possible .. set it off. It's a pity you ... been able to help Dad, with given that his vegetarian diet (7) weren't here! You (8) .. your interest in holistic medicine. You 9) him some of your aromatherapy treatments. Anyway, hope to see you again before too long. By the way, guess who's getting .. known it would be married in June? Brenda! | (10) her! It’s typical; that girl has all the luck! Bye! Love from, Sue