LECTURE 3 PNGE 333

RESERVOIR
ROCK PROPERTIES
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

PREDICTING THE PERFORMANCE OF

THE PETROLEUM RESERVOIR UNDER
GIVEN SET OF CONDITIONS.

TO EVALUATE THE PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE

RESERVOIR, THE CHARACTERISTICS RESERVOIR ROCK
AND THE FLUIDS THEY CONTAIN ARE NECESSARY.
 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
THE INFORMATION THAT ARE OTHER FORMATION PROPERTIES
TYPICALLY OF PRIMARY INTEREST THAT CAN PROVIDE ADDITIONAL
INCLUDE: INSIGHT INCLUDE:
 POROSITY  WETTABILITY
 PERMEABILITY  RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
 FLUID SATURATIONS  ELECTRICAL
 FLUID PROPERTIES  MECHANICAL
 FORMATION THICKNESS  ACOUSTIC
 STRUCTURE OF THE RESERVOIR

 PRESSURE
 MEASUREMENTS
FLUID SAMPLE (PVT ANALYSIS)
DIRECT
ROCK SAMPLE (CORE ANALYSIS)

METHODS WIRELINE LOGS

INDIRECT PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTS
PRODUCTION DATA ANALYSIS
CONVENTIONAL CORING

3-5 IN. IN DIAMETER

30-50 FT. LONG
 CORING

WIRELINE CORING
1⅛ - 1¾ IN. IN DIAMETER
10-20 FT. LONG
SIDEWALL CORING
CORE HANDLING

FREEZING IN DRY ICE

WRAPPING IN FOIL AND PLASTIC

 CORE ANALYSIS
 WHOLE CORE ANALYSIS
(FULL DIAMETER)

 CORE PLUG ANALYSIS

(CONVENTIONAL)
 CORE PLUG ANALYSIS
POROSITY
ROUTINE PERMEABILITY
ANALYSIS GRAIN DENSITY
SATURATIONS (AS RECEIVED)
CORE PLUG
ANALYSIS
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
SPECIAL
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
ANALYSIS
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
CORE PLUG ANALYSIS
COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES (CONVENTIONAL)
 POROSITY
Vp
EFFECTIVE POROSITY , e 
Vb
Vp  Vi
ABSOLUTE POROSITY , a 
Vb

Vb  Bulk Volume
Vp  Interconnceted Pore Volume
Vi  Isolated Pore Volume
Vs  Solid  Grain  Volume
 POROSITY MEASUREMENTS

❶ HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING

METHODS ❷ GAS EXPANSION

❸ CRUSHING
 POROSITY MEASUREMENTS
❶PORE VOLUME MEASUREMENT
HYDROSTATIC
❶ WEIGHING
❷BULK VOLUME MEASUREMENT
METHODS
❷ GAS EXPANSION

❸ CRUSHING
 PORE VOLUME MEASUREMENT

Wd
Ws

❶ Wd  Dry Weight ❷ SATURATE ❸ Ws  Saturated Weight

Ws  Wd
Vp 
f
 f  Density of Saturating Fluid
 BULK VOLUME MEASUREMENT
Wim  Ws  FB
FB  Buoyancy Force
Wim
FB  Vb   f
ρf
Ws  Wim  Vb   f
Wim  Immersed Weight

Ws  Wim
Vb 
f
 HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING
Wim
Wd Ws Immersed Weight
Dry Weight Saturated Weight ρf

Ws  Wd Ws  Wim
Vp  Vb 
f f

 Wd 
 
 g V V 
Vp Ws  Wd  g   b  b p 
e    
W

Vb Ws  Wim  g   f    s 
 b Vb 
EXAMPLE
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DATA, COMPUTE THE CORE PLUG SAMPLE
POROSITY AND THE GRAIN DENSITY:

 DRY WEIGHT, Wd = 50.25 g

 SATURATED WEIGHT, Ws = 54.50 g

 IMMERSED WEIGHT, Wim= 37.0 g

 SATURATING FLUID DENSITY, ρf = 0.701 g/cc

SOLUTION
Ws  Wim 54.5  37 .0
Vb    25 cc
f 0701
.
Ws  Wd 54.5  50.25
Vp    6.06 cc
f 0701
.
Vp 6.06
e    0.242 or 24.2%
Vb 25
Mg Md 50.25
g     265
. g/cc
Vg Vb  1    25  1  0.242 
PROBLEMS WITH HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING

SATURATING
THE SAMPLE

WEIGHING THE
Ws
SATURATED SAMPLE
 POROSITY MEASUREMENTS
❶ HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING

❶GRAIN VOLUME MEASUREMENT

METHODS ❷ GAS
EXPANSION ❷BULK VOLUME MEASUREMENT

❸ CRUSHING
GAS EXPANSION METHOD
SAMPLE REFERENCE
CHAMBER CHAMBER

V2 V1

PRESSURE
REGULATOR

BOYLE'S LAW POROSIMETER

 BOYLE'S LAW POROSIMETER
Pa P2 P2
P1
CONDITION I CONDITION II

V1 V1
V2 V2

Total Moles at Condition I  Total Moles at Condition II

pV
Ideal Gas Law: pV  nRT  n 
RT
 p1  pa V1  pa V2  Vs    p2  pa  V1   p2  pa V2  Vs 
RT RT RT RT
Vs  V1  V2   p1 p2  V1
 BULK VOLUME MEASUREMENT
 DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

2
πD
Vb  L
4
EXAMPLE
THE FOLLOWING DATA ON A CYLINDRICAL SAMPLE ARE GIVEN:
LENGTH = 6.00 cm DIAMETER = 2.50 cm

THE GRAIN VOLUME OF THIS SAMPLE WAS MEASURED IN A GAS

POROSIMETER. THE POROSIMETER DATA ARE AS FOLLOWS:

V1 = 25.0 CC V2 = 50.0 CC
P1 = 100.0 psig P2 = 50.0 psig

COMPUTE THE POROSITY

SOLUTION
Vb  Vs
a 
Vb
  2.5 
2
D 2
Vb  L   6  29.4 cc
4 4
 100 
Vs  V1  V2   p1 p2  V1  25  50    25  25 cc
 50 
29.4  25
a   0.15 or 15%
29.4
 POROSITY MEASUREMENTS

❶ HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING

❷ GAS EXPANSION
METHODS
❶ BULK VOLUME MEASUREMENT
❸ CRUSHING
❷ GRAIN VOLUME MEASUREMENT
GRAIN VOLUME MEASUREMENT

PYCNOMETER
(GRADUATED CYLINDER)
 PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY CAN BE DETERMINED BY DARCY EQUATION:
q    Flow Rate 
 p  p  p 
 2 1  qL
 k 
 A   Area  A  p1  p2 
L      Length 

STEADY-STATE
ASSUMPTIONS
SINGLE-PHASE FLOW
 PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS
SATURATE THE CORE PLUG

CLAYS SWELLING
❶ LIQUID FLOW
PARTICLE MOVEMENT
METHODS
GAS EXPANSION
❷ GAS FLOW
GAS SLIPPAGE
 GAS EXPANSION
q  p1  p2 
qm  pm   
 2 
P1 P2

Ideal Gas Law: p1V1  p2V2

2  Lp2q2
k
A  p12  p22 
2p2q2
pmqm  p2q2  qm 
( p1  p2 )
 GAS SLIPPAGE

LIQUID FLOW

GAS FLOW

KLINKENBERG EFFECT
 KLINKENBERG CORRECTION

KLINKENBERG CONSTANT
 b  kgas
kgas  k 1    k
 pm  1  b pm

PERMEABILITY MEAN PRESSURE

MEASURED
BY GAS FLOW
ABSOLUTE
PERMEABILITY k  kL  k
EXAMPLE
D = 2.5 cm L = 4 cm Air: μ = 0.02 cp.

Run 1 Run 2
V2 = 800 cm3 V2 = 1470 cm3
t = 500 s t = 300 s
P1 = 0.5 atm(g) P1 = 1.333 atm(g)
P2 = 0 atm(g) P2 = 0 atm(g)

P1 P2
V2
SOLUTION
Run 1 Run 2
 1  0.5    0  1 pm 
 1.333  1   0  1  1.666 atm
pm   1.25 atm 2
2
 800 cc 500s   1  1.28 cc/s qm 
 1470 300s   1
 2.94 cc/s
qm  1.666
1.25
q L 1.28  0.02  4 q L 2.94  0.02  4
kg  m  kg  m 
Ap 4.9   1.5  1 Ap 4.9   2.333  1
kg  0.0418 darcy  41.8 md kg  0.036 darcy  36 md

 b 
kgas  k  1  
 pm 
 DIRECTIONAL PERMEABILITY

z
kmax
y k90
x
kv

kv  kmax

kv  kmax  Fractured Formations

 FLUID SATURATION
Vo
So   100%
Vp

Sg 
Vg
 100% So  Sg  Sw  100%
Vp
Vw
Sw   100%
Vp
SATURATION DETERMINATIONS REQUIRE THE KNOWLEDGE OF
THE INDIVIDUAL FLUID VOLUMES CONTAINED IN A KNOWN
SAMPLE PORE VOLUME.
 CORE SATURATION MEASUREMENTS
RETORT
THE SAMPLE IS PLACED IN THE RETORT AND
HEATED AT 400°F FOR 20 MINUTES TO AN HOUR.

THE CONDENSED FLUID MIXTURE IS CENTRIFUGED

TO OBTAIN OIL AND WATER VOLUMES.
METHODS
DISTILLATION
SAMPLE IS PLACED IN A SOLVENT (TOLUENE) AND
BOILED.

THE COLLECTED WATER VOLUME AND OIL DENSITY

ARE MEASURED.
AS RECEIVED SATURATION MEASUREMENTS

War Wd
Vw POROSITY Vb
MEASUREMENTS
o Vp

Vw
Sw 
Vp

So 
Vo

War  Wd  Vw  w   o
Vp Vp
Sg  1  Sw  So
EXAMPLE
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DATA ON A CORE SAMPLE, COMPUTE THE
POROSITY, OIL SATURATION, WATER SATURATION, AND GAS
SATURATION.

SAMPLE WEIGHT AS RECEIVED FROM FIELD = 53.50 g

WATER RECOVERED DURING EXTRACTION = 1.50 cc
SAMPLE WEIGHT AFTER DRYING = 51.05 g
DENSITY OF OIL = 0.850 gm/cc
BULK VOLUME OF THE SAMPLE = 23.60 cc
GRAIN DENSITY = 2.63 g/cc
 SOLUTION
Wd 51.05
Vs    19.4 cc
s 2.63
Vb  Vs 23.6  19.4 4.2
    0.178 or 17.8%
Vb 23.6 23.6
Vw Vw 1.5
Sw     0.357 or 35.7 %
Vp Vb  Vs 23.6  19.4
Mo War  Wd  Vw  w  53.50   51.05  1.5  1
Vo     1.12 cc
o o 0.85
V Vo 1.12
So  o    0.267 or 26.7 %
Vp Vb  Vs 23.6  19.4
Sg  1  So  Sw  1  0.357  0.267  0.376 or 37.6%
IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS

WATER-BASED
MUDS
OIL-BASED
 CORE SATURATION ALTERATIONS
EVAPORATIVE OR WEATHERING LOSSES

AT THE SURFACE

P T

IN THE BARREL FLUSHED BY THE DRILLING FLUID

FLUSHED

IN THE RESERVOIR ORIGINAL SATURATIONS

 OIL PRODUCTIVE FORMATION
AT THE SURFACE

IN THE BARREL

FLUSHED UNFLUSHED

IN THE RESERVOIR
 GAS PRODUCTIVE FORMATION
AT THE SURFACE

IN THE BARREL

IN THE RESERVOIR
 PRACTICAL USES OF CORE SATURATION MEASUREMENTS
 ORIGINAL FLUID CONTENT
 IF OIL AND/OR GAS WERE ORIGINALLY PRESENT, SOME SHOULD STILL
EXIST IN THE CAPTURED CORE.

 PERMEABILITY
 LOW PERMEABILITY ROCKS ARE NOT AS SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLUSHING.

 DRILLING FLUID PROPERTIES

 THE DEGREE OF FLUSHING DEPENDS ON THE DRILLING FLUID.
CORE ANALYSIS REPORT
 LIMITATIONS OF CORE ANALYSIS
 THE MAIN CONCERN IS WHETHER A SMALL CORE SAMPLE CAN
REPRESENT THE AVERAGE BEHAVIOR OF THE RESERVOIR.

 A REASONABLE STATISTICAL SAMPLING REQUIRES SUFFICIENT, PROPERLY

SELECTED CORES TO BE OBTAIN AND ANALYZED .

 THE SAMPLES MUST REPRESENT THE FULL RANGE OF RESERVOIR

PROPERTIES AND VALUES AND SHOULD NOT BE BIASED TOWARDS THE
BETTER QUALITY RESERVOIR ROCK.

 LOCATE DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES IN THE CORE WITH A CT OR NMR

SCANNER AND THEN SAMPLE EACH ROCK TYPE (STATISTICALLY
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF TIMES).
ROUTINE CORE PLUG ANALYSIS
MEASUREMENTS ALTERATIONS

 POROSITY INSIGNIFICANT

 PERMEABILITY INSIGNIFICANT

 SATURATIONS SIGNIFICANT
 FLUID SATURATIONS IN THE RESERVOIR

INITIALLY SATURATED
WITH WATER
HYDROCARBONS
EXPELS THE WATER

SOME WATER REMAINS

IN THE RESERVOIR.
 FLUID SATURATIONS IN THE RESERVOIR

WETTABILITY
WATER
RETENTION
CAPILLARY PRESSURE

IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION

INTERSTITIAL WATER SATURATION
CONNATE WATER SATURATION
 WETTABILITY
TWO IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS IN CONTACT WITH A SOLID SURFACE

θ > 90o θ = 90o θ < 90o

NON-WETTING NEUTRAL WETTING
θ = CONTACT ANGEL
CAPILLARY RISE
Fu  Surface Force
Fu

Fd

Fd  Gravity Force
 APILLARY ISE

g
Fu  2π rσ cos θ Fd  πr h  ρw  ρnw 
2

gc

2gc cos 
Fu  Fd h
rg   w   nw 
EXAMPLE
A CAPILLARY IS PLACED IN CONTAINER OF WATER.
σair-water = 72 dynes/cm
θ = 0o
d = 0.5 mm

HOW HIGH THE

WATER WILL RISE h
IN THE CAPILLARY?
 SOLUTION
2gc cos 
h
rg   w   nw 
  dynes/cm 
 w   nw   water  1 g/cc    g/cm 3 
 
   gc  1
cos  cos 0 o  1  r  cm 
 g  980 cm/s 2 

2  1  72  1
h  5.9 cm
 0.05 2   980  1
 CAPILLARY PRESSURE
CAPILLARY PRESSURE EXIST WHENEVER TWO IMMISCIBLE PHASES
ARE PRESENT IN A FINE BORE TUBE AND IS DEFINED AS:

Pc  Pnw  Pw
Pnw  Pressure in the Non-wetting Phase
Pnw
Pw  Pressure in the Wetting Phase
Pw

g 2 σ cos θ
Pc   ρw  ρnw  h 
gc r
 DISPLACEMENT
IMBIBITION: DRAINAGE:
 WETTING PHASE DISPLACING  NON-WETTING PHASE DISPLACING
NON-WETTING PHASE
WETTING PHASE

NEGATIVE PRESSURE P  Pc
DRAINAGE IN A POROUS ROCK
P

HYDROCARBONS DISPLACING WATER (MIGRATION)

 DRAINAGE
P

Pc = Pt
Swi
2  cos  2  cos 2 Cos
Pt  Swi  Pc  
rmax k /  
1/2
rmin
IMBIBITION IN A POROUS ROCK
 IMBIBITION
P

Swi
Sor

Sor = RESIDUAL NON-WETTING PHASE SATURATION

Swor  1  Sor
 FLUID DISTRIBUTION IN THE OIL ZONE

WATER IS ATTACHED
TO THE SURFACE OF
THE ROCK AND FILLS
THE SMALLEST PORES.

OIL OCCUPY THE CENTER

OF THE LARGE PORES

OIL IS ATTACHED WATER OCCUPY

TO THE SURFACE OF THE ROCK AND THE CENTER OF THE
FILLS THE SMALLEST PORES. LARGE PORES
 CAPILLARY PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
PRESSURE
 CORE IS SATURATED WITH WATER AND REGULATOR
PLACED ON THE DISK. AIR
PRESSURE

 PRESSURE OF DISPLACING FLUID IS

INCREASED IN SMALL INCREMENTS.

 THE DISPLACED WATER AFTER EACH

PRESSURE INCREMENT IS MEASURED.
CAPILLARY PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

Pt THRESHOLD
PRESSURE

IRREDUCIBLE WATER WATER SATURATION AT RESIDUAL

SATURATION OIL SATURATION
 VERTICAL SATURATION PROFILE
OIL ZONE
Sw  Swi

Sw  Swi Swi  Sw  100%

TRANSITION ZONE
TRANSITION ZONE

Sw  100%
WOC
 100
SwWater Zone%
 FLUID DISTRIBUTION IN THE RESERVOIR

Sg
GAS CAP

GOC TRANSITION ZONE

OIL ZONE
Sw So
TRANSITION ZONE
WOC
WATER
0 Swi 100
FLUID FLOW IN THE RESERVOIR

EACH FLUID INTERFERES

WITH AND IMPEDES THE
FLOW OF THE OTHERS.
 FLOW IN THE RESERVOIR
DARCY’S LAW SINGLE-PHASE
P1 P2
Core is 100% Saturated
q A q with a single fluid
L

q
k Absolute Permeability
A  p L 

k  Independet of the type of fluid used for the measurement

 EXTENSION OF DARCY’S LAW
P1 P2
qw qw
A
qo qo
L

qo μoL qw μw L
ko  kw 
A  p1  p2  A  p1  p2 

k f  Effective Permeability
EFFECTIVE PERMEABILITY IS A MEASURE OF THE CONDUCTANCE CAPACITY
OF A POROUS MEDIUM FOR ONE FLUID PHASE WHEN THE MEDIUM IS
SATURATED WITH MORE THAN ONE FLUID.
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
kf
krf     S f
k
ko
kro 
k
kg
krg 
k
kw
krw 
k
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT

qw
Sw
qo
P1 P2
L
qo μoL qw μw L
ko  kw 
A  p1  p2  A  p1  p2 
 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY CURVES
TWO-PHASE FLOW REGION
❹
SINGLE-PHASE SINGLE-PHASE
OIL FLOW WATER FLOW
OIL
kw
ko krw 
kro  k
k
❶
WATER

IMMOBILE WATER krw  0

kro  0 w  1  SorOIL
ISMMOBILE
❸ ❷
0
Swi Sw Swor 1

kro  krw  1.0

 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AT
RESIDUAL NON-WETTING PHASE SATURATION
Sw  100%
Sw  100% k  1
rw

kro  0 Sw  1  Sor

Swor  Sw  100%
❶ krw @ Sor

❷
Swor  1  Sor
 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AT
WETTING PHASE IRREDUCIBLE SATURATION
1
kro @ Swi ❹
Sw  0
krw  0

kro

0  Sw  Swi

0 ❸
❸
0
Swi
kro @ Swi  1
 TRANSITION ZONE
Sw  Swi
Oil Zone ko  k kw  0

Swi  Sw  100%
Transition Zone ko , kw  Sw

Sw  100%
Water Zone ko  0 kw  k