1 Functions
1 Functions
1.0 RELATIONS
Notes :
(i) Four types of relations : one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many.
(ii) Three ways to represent relations : arrowed diagram, set of ordered pairs and graph.
(iii) The arrow diagram representation is of the form below :
1_
_5
a
• •b 3
_
6
(iv) Set of ordered pairs of a relation takes the form of { (a , b), (c , d), ….. }
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. 1.
P = { 1, 2, 3} P = { 2, 4, 6}
Q = {2, 4, 6, 7, 10} Q = {2, 3, 6, 7, 10}
A relation from P into Q is defined by the set of A relation from P into Q is defined by the set of ordered
ordered pairs pairs
{ (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 7) }. { (2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 7) }.
State State
(a) the image of 1, Ans: 4 and 6 (a) the image of 4, Ans:
(b) the object of 4, Ans: 1 (b) the objects of 2, Ans:
(c) the domain, Ans: { 1, 2, 3 } (c) the domain, Ans:
(d) the codomain, Ans: {2,4,6,7,10} (d) the codomain, Ans:
(e) the range, Ans: { 4, 6, 7 } (e) the range, Ans:
(f) the type of relation Ans: many-to-many (f) the type of relation Ans:
Functions 1
1.1 FUNCTION NOTATIONS
Notes:
(i) A function is usually represented using letters in its lower case : f , g , h …..
(ii) Given the function f : x 2 x 1 , we usually write it in the form f(x) = 2x + 1 before answering
any question.
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given the function f : x 2 x 1 , 1. Given the function f : x 2 x 3 ,
find (i) f (3) (ii) f (-4) find (i) f (2) (ii) f (-1)
Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 1 Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 3
(i) f ( 3 ) = 2 (3 ) + 1 (i) f(3) = 2( ) + 3
= 6+1 =
= 7 =
(ii) f (-2 ) = 2 (-2) + 1 (ii) f(-1) = 2 ( ) + 3
= -4+1 =
= -3 =
2. Given the function g : x x 2 3 , find 2. Given the function g : x x 2 5 , find
(i) g(0) (ii) g(4) (i) g(0) (ii) g(2)
6
=
2
= 3
1.2 FINDING THE VALUE OF FUNCTIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]
Functions 2
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the function f : x 3x 1 , find
1. f ( x ) = 3x + 1
(c) f(-2)
(d) f(4)
(e) f(-3)
(b) g (2)
(c) g (4)
(d) g (-3)
(e) g (-1)
6
3. Given the function h : x 3 4 x , find
(a) h (0)
(b) h (1)
1
(c) h ( )
2
(d) h(-3)
1
(e) h ( )
4
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given that f : x 2 x 1 , find the value 1. Given that f : x 4x 3 ,
find the value of x if
Functions 3
of x f(x) = 17.
if f(x) = 5. Answer : f (x) = 4 x – 3
Answer : f (x) = 2 x – 1 4 x – 3 = 17
2x–1 = 5 4x =
2x = 6 x =
x = 3
2. Given that f : x 5 x 3 , find the value of 2. Given that f : x 3x 7 , find the value of x if
x f(x) = 4.
if f(x) = -7. Answer :
Answer : f (x) = 5 x + 3
5 x + 3 = -7
5x = - 10
x = -2
3. Given that g : x x 2 , find the value of y 3. Given that g : x 3 x 2 , find the value of y if
if g(y) = 2y - 3 g(y) = 2y + 4.
Answer : g(x) = x + 2 Answer :
g(y) = y + 2
y+2 = 2y–3
3+2 = 2y-y
y = 5
EXAMPLE QUESTION
5. Given that f : x 2 x 10 , 5. Given f : x 3x 9 , g : x x 7 , find
Functions 4
g : x x 7 , the
find the value of x if f(x) = 2 g(x) value of x if f(x) = 3 g(x).
A: f(x) = 2x - 10 , g(x) = x – 7
2x – 10 = - 2 (x – 7)
2x - 10 = - 2x + 14
4x = 24
x = 6
6. Given that f : x 3x 4 , find the values 6. Given that f : x 2 x 8 , find the values of x
of x if f (x) = x2. if
A: f(x) = 3x + 4 f (x) = x2.
x2 = 3x + 4
x2 - 3x – 4 = 0
(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
x = -1 or x = 4
7. Given that g : x 3 x 2 6 , find the values 7. Given that g : x 2 x 2 5 , find the values of y
of if
y if g (y) = 6 . g (y) = 45 .
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(y) = 3y2 - 6
3y2 - 6 = 6
3y2 – 12 = 0
(÷3) : y2 – 4 = 0
(y + 2) (y – 2) = 0
y = -2 or y = 2
8. Given that g : x 3 x 2 6 , find the values 8. Given that g : x 2 x 2 3 , find the values of p
if
of
g(p) = - 5p .
p if g (p) = 7p.
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(p) = 3p2 - 6
3p2 - 6 = 7p
3p2 – 7p - 6 = 0
(3p+2) (p – 3) = 0
2
p= atau p=3 .
3
Functions 5
PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONS INVOLVING SIMPLE EQUATIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the functions f : x 2 x 5 and 1. f(x) = 2x – 5 , g(x) = x + 2
g : x x2 , find
(a) f(x) = 7
(a) the value of x if f(x) = 7 2x – 5 = 7
2x =
(b) the value of y if g(y) = 2y - 3
x =
(c) the value of p if f(p) = g(p)
(d) the value of x if f(x) = – g(x)
Functions 7
find fg(2) . gf(7) .
Functions 8
Given that f : x 3 x 2 , find f 2(2). Given that g : x 3 4 x , evaluate gg(1).
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 2 Answer : g(x) = 3 – 4x
f(2) = 3(2) – 2 = 4 g(1) = 3 – 4(1) = -1
f2(2) = f [ f(2) ] gg(1) = g [g(1)]
= f ( 4) = g ( -1)
= 3 (4) – 2 = 3 – 4 (-1)
= 10 = 3+4
= 7
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given f : x 3x 1 , Given g : x 5 4x , .
f(x) = 3x + 1 g(x) = 5 – 4x
thus (a) f(2) = 3(2) + 1 thus (a) g(2) = 5 – 4(2) = 5 – 8 = -3
Functions 9
= 7 (b) g(a) = 5 – 4a
(b) f(a) = 3a+1 (c) g(p) = 5 – 4p
(c) f(p) =3p+1 (d) g(3k) = 5 – 4(3k) = 5 – 12 k
(d) f(2k) = 3 (2k) + 1 = 6k + 1 (e) g(x2) = 5 – 4x2
(e) f(2x) = 3 (2x) + 1 = 6x + 1 (f) g (3+2x) = 5 – 4 (3+2x)
(f) f(x2) = 3 x2 + 1 = 5 – 12 – 8x
= - 7 – 8x
EXERCISES
1. Given f : x 2x 3 , 2 Given g : x 2 4x .
f(x) = 2x + 3 g(x) =
1. Given f : x 4 2x , 2 Given g : x 2x 1 .
f(x) = 4 – 2x g(x) =
Functions 10
3. Given f : x 1 x , 4 Given g : x 2( x 2) , .
f(x) = g(x) =
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x 3x 4 and g : x 2 x , Given that f : x 3 2 x and g : x x 2 , find
find fg(x). the composite function gf.
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 4 , g(x) = 2x
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] Answer: f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.
= f ( 2x) gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 (2x) - 4 = g (3 – 2x)
= 6x – 4 = (3- 2x)2
OR OR
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 [g(x)] - 4 = [f(x)]2
= 3 (2x) – 4 = (3- 2x)2
= 6x-4 thus gf : x (3 2 x) 2
EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x 2 x 3 and 2. Given that f : x 2 x 5 and g : x 5 x ,
g : x 4x , find
find fg(x) . the composite function gf .
Functions 11
3. Given the functions f : x x 4 and 4. Given that f : x 3x 4 and g : x 5 2 x
g : x 2x 1 , find ,
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) find
(b) f g (b) gf
Functions 12
5. Given the functions f : x x 2 and 6. Given that f : x 2 5 x and g : x 1 x 2 ,
g : x 5 2x , find find the composite function gubahan
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (a) fg (b) gf
Functions 13
1 2
9. Given that g : x x , find g 2(x). 10. Given that h : x , find the function f 2.
2 x2
1. If y = 3x – 2 , then x = 2. If y = 4x – 2 , then x =
3x – 2 = y 4x – 2 = y
3x = y+2 4x =
y2 x =
x =
3
3. If y = 3 – 6x , then x = 4. If y = 4 – 5x , then x =
Functions 14
5. If y = 3 + 5x , then x = 6. If y = 10x – 4 , then x =
2x 5 3x 2
1. If y = , then x = 2. If y = , then x =
4 5
2x 5
= y
4
2x – 5 = 4y
2x =
x =
3. If y = 5 + 6x , then x = 1
4. If y = 4 – x , then x =
2
3 6. If y = 6x – 9 , then x =
5. If y = 6 + x , then x =
2
1 2
7. If y = , then x = 8. If y = , then x =
3x 2 4 x
x 1 2x
9. If y = , then x = 10. If y = , then x =
4x 2 3 x
Functions 15
DETERMINING THE INVERSE FUNCTION FROM A FUNCTION OF THE TYPE
ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
EXAMPLE 1 : 2x 1
EXAMPLE 2 : Given that f : x , x 2,
–1 2 x
Given that f(x) = 4x – 6 , find f (x).
find f –1(x).
Answer : 2x 1
Given f(x) =
2 x
Given f(x) = 4x – 6
2y 1
so f (y) = 4y – 6 so f(y) = 2 y
then f –1( 4y – 6 ) = y.
2y 1
–1
f ( x ) = y when x = 4y – 6 then f –1( 2 y ) = y
x + 6 = 4y 2y 1
f –1( x ) = y when x = 2 y
x6
y=
4 x(2 - y) = 2y + 1
x6 2x – xy = 2y + 1
f –1(x) =
4
2x – 1 = 2y + xy
2x – 1 = y(2 + x)
2x 1
y =
2 x
2x 1
f –1( x ) = , x -2.
x2
EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x 4 + 8x , find f –1. 2. Given that g : x 10 – 2x , find g–1.
Functions 16
MASTERY EXERCISES ON FINDING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
2x 5 3x 2
5. Given that f(x) = , find f –1 (x). 6. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4 6
x2 2x
9. Given that f(x) = , find f –1(x). 10. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4x 2 4 x
Functions 17
Example : Given that f : x 2x + 1, find the value of f –1(7).
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
[ Finding f –1 first ] [ Without finding f –1(x) ]
f(x) = 2x + 1 f(x) = 2x + 1
f(y) = 2y + 1 Let f –1(7) = k
f –1(2y + 1) = y
f(k) = 7
f –1(x) = y when x = 2y + 1
x – 1 = 2y 2k + 1 = 7
x 1 2k = 6
y =
2
k = 3
–1 x 1
f (x) = f –1(7) = 3
2
7 1
f –1(7) =
2
= 3
( If you are not asked to find f –1( x ) but only want to have the value of f –1( a ), then use Method 2 )
EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x x + 2, find the value of 2. Given that g : x 7 – x , find the value of
f –1(3). g–1(2).
3. Given that f : x 7 – 3x , find the value of 4. Given that g : x 5 + 2x , find the value of
f –1(-5). g–1 (5).
5. Given that f : x 3x -2, find the value of 6. Given that g : x 7 – x , find the value of
f –1 (10). g–1(2).
4 3
9. Given that f : x , find the value of 10. Diberi g : x , cari nilai g-1(-1).
x3 2 x
f –1 ( -1 ).
Functions 18
Finding the Other Related Component Function when given a Composite Function and One of its
Component Function
TYPE 1 ( Easier Type ) TYPE 2 ( More Challenging Type )
Given the functions f and fg, find the function g. Given the functions f and gf , find the function g .
OR OR
Given the functions g and gf, find the function f. Given the functions g and fg , find the function f .
EXAMPLE :
1. Given the functions f : x 2 x 3 and 2. Given the functions f : x 2 x 5 and
fg : x 6 x 1 , find the function g . g f : x 10 x 25 , find the function g .
Answer : f(x) = 2x + 3 Answer : f(x) = 2x – 5
fg(x) = 6x – 1 gf(x) = 10x – 25
Find g(x) from fg(x) = 6x – 1 Find g(x) from gf(x) = 10x – 25
f [g(x)] = 6x – 1 g [ f(x) ] = 10x – 25
2 g(x) + 3 = 6x – 1 g ( 2x – 5) = 10x – 25
2 g(x) = 6x – 4 g ( 2y – 5) = 10y – 25
g(x) = 3x - 2 g(x) = 10y – 25 when x = 2y – 5
x + 5 = 2y
x5
y=
2
x5
So : g(x) = 10 ( ) – 25
2
= 5x + 25 – 25
g(x) = 5x
EXERCISES
1. Given the functions f : x 2 x 2 and 2. Given the functions f : x 2 x 2 and
fg : x 4 6 x , find the function g . g f : x 5 6x , find the function g .
Answer : Answer :
Functions 19
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 1 )
Functions 20
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 2 )
Functions 22
[ m = –3 ; n = 1
] [ a = 8 ; b = –1 ]
4
9. Given that f : x x 3 , g : x a bx 2 and 4
10. Given that g : x m 3 x and g 1 : x 2kx ,
gf : x 6 x 2 36 x 56 , find the values of a and b . 3
find the values of m and k.
[a=2;b=6] 1
[k= 6 ;m=4]
2
11. Given that g(x) = mx + n and g (x) = 16x – 25 , 1 2x 3
find the values of m and n. 12. Given the inverse function f ( x) , find
2
(a) the value of f(4),
(b) the value of k if f –1 (2k) = –k – 3 .
25
[ m = 4 , n = –5 ; m = –4 , n = 3 ] [ (a) 11
; (b) k = 1
]
2 2
Functions 23
1. (SPM 06, P2, Q2) 2. Given the function f : x � 2 x 1 and
Given the function f : x � 3x 2 and x
x g:x� 2 , find
g : x � 1 , find 3
5 (a) f –1 (x) ,
–1
(a) f (x) , (b) f – 1 g(x) ,
(b) f – 1 g(x) , (c) h(x) such that hg(x) = 6x – 3 .
(c) h(x) such that hg(x) = 2x + 6 .
x2 x 15 x 1 1 1
(a) 3
(b) (c) 10x – 4 (a) 2
(b) 6
x
2
(c) 18x + 9
10
3. (SPM 06, P1, Q2) p 3x
mx 4. Diagram 3 shows the function g : x � ,
Diagram 2 shows the function h : x � , x2
x x �2 , where p is a constant.
x �0 , where m is a constant.
h mx x
g p 3x
x
x x2
7
8
1 5
2 Diagram 3
Diagram 2
Find the value of p.
Find the value of m.
m=4 p=4
Functions 24