Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity

Complete Guideline for the Project

for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

A PROJECT REPORT ON

Soft Storey Buildings

Prepared By

Hadiyal Praful - 116740306046

Nakum Jitesh - 116740306058
Parmar Shubham - 106740306046
Jetani Nimesh - 106740306019

Submited To

A Premium Diploma Engineering College

(Affiliated To Gujarat technological University)
Rajkot-Bhavnagar highway(Tramba)
Rajkot-360020

Internal Guide
Mr. Jayesh Odedra
(Lecturer Of Civil Department )

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

This is to certify that, following batch of students

Praful Hadiyal - 116740306046

Has satisfactorily completed his term work in the subject

project-I (2350610) within the prescribed time limit and prescribed
boundry

Internal Guide Head of Department

Mr. Jayesh Odedra Prof. Arvind Malvi

Examiner :-

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.
We would like to extend our Sincere Thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to Mr.
Ramesh prajapati for his guidance and constant supervision as regarding the seminar & also
for his for better understanding of project. We would also like to thanks our mentor JAYESH
SIR & all civil staff for helping his sorting out the procedural work and his guidance. It’s not
complete without team support. And team work.

Hadiyal Praful S. (116740306046)

Nakum Jitesh M. (116740306058)
Parmar Shubham J. (106740306046)
Jetani Nimesh M. (106740306019)

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

ABSTRACT

"Soft storey building has a floor which is 70% less stiff than the floor above it this soft
storey meats major weak point in an earthquake so, precautionary measures that should be
taken in building.”

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

INDEX
Page
Topic Title
No.
1 Introduction 7
2 Scope of soft storey building 9
3 Behavior of soft storey building 10
4 Comparison 11
5 Characteristics of Soft Storey 12
6 The Problems 13
7 Soft Storey Failure Mechanisms 14
8 Failure Models 15
9 Risks of soft storey Buildings in an Earthquake 16
10 Solutions 17

11 Shear Wall 18

12 Damper 20
13 Base isolation 28

14 Conclusion 31

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Detail of figure Page no.
no.
1 Example of soft storey building 6

2 Scope of soft storey building 8

3 Characteristics of Soft Storey 12

4 Open ground storey building 13

5 Failure Mechanisms 14

6 Failure Models 15

7 Buildings in an Earthquake 16

8 Shear wall 18

9 Friction damper 21

10 Tuned damper 25

11 Base isolation 28

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

1) INTRODUCTION:-

Definition
A soft storey building is a multi-story building with one or more floors which are
“soft” due to structural design. These floors can be especially dangerous in earthquakes,
because they cannot cope with the lateral forces caused by the swaying of the building during
a quake. As a result, the soft storey may fail, causing what is known as a soft storey collapse.
If you’ve ever seen pictures of massive damage after a major earthquake.

Fig.1example of soft storey buildings

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Soft story buildings are characterized by having a story which has lot of open space.
Parking garage, for example, are often soft stories, as are large retail space or floors with a lot
of window.

If a building has a floor which is 70% less stiff than the floor above it, it is considered
a soft storey building. This soft storey creates a major weak point in an earthquake, and since
soft stories are classically associated with retail spaces and parking garages, they are often on
the lower stories of a building, which means that when they collapse, they can take the whole
building down with them, causing serious structural damage which may render the structure
totally unusable.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

2) Scope of soft storey building:-

Fig: 2 Scope of soft storey building

Soft storey buildings are commonly constructed in populated countries like India
since they provide much needed parking space in an urban environment.

Failures observed in past earthquakes show that the collapse of such building is
predominantly due to the formation of soft storey mechanism in the ground storey columns.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

3) Behavior of soft storey building:-

 Increases the lateral stiffness of the building frame

 Decreases the natural period of vibration

 Increases the base shear

 Increases the shear forces and bending moments in the ground storey columns.

There is a clear need to assess the design guidelines recommended by the IS code
1893:2002(Part-1) based on accurate analysis of building.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

4) Comparison:-

Building With soft storey Building Without soft storey

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

5) Characteristics of Soft Storey:-

Fig.3
An open-ground-storey building, having only columns in the ground storey and both
partition walls and columns in the upper storey have two distinct characteristics:

It is relatively flexible in the ground storey.

It is relatively weak in ground storey.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

6) The Problem:-
Open ground storey buildings are inherently poor systems with sudden drop in
stiffness and strength in the ground storey. In the current practice, stiff masonry walls (Figure
4a) are neglected and only bare frames are considered in design calculations (Figure 4b). Thus,
the inverted pendulum effect is not captured in design.

This soft storey creates major weak point in an earthquake. Generally it is on a ground
storey. So when it collapses, it takes whole building down.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

7) Soft Storey Failure Mechanisms:-

 If we consider the bending moment and shear force diagram of a typical building, we know
that the bending moment and shear force increases as we go down.

Fig:5 Failure Mechanisms

 Now as shown in the shear force and bending moment diagram of the building, ground
storey experiences maximum shear force and bending moment.

 But ground storey has minimum stiffness compared to other storey.

 Hence the ground storey experiences maximum deflection on account of its max shear force
and bending moment and less stiffness.

 The figure shows typical state of building with soft ground storey after earthquake.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

8) Failure Models:-
We will now discuss some failure models
1) Building drifts to one side and collapses.

2) Impact with ground probably causes the failure to left tower and its roof falls to the road.
3) The last column to detach is number.
4) Settling the building on its own scree.

Fig: 6 Failure Models

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

9) Risks of soft storey Buildings in an Earthquake:-

 Personal injury
 Damage to possessions
 Loss of housing
 Property damage
 Loss of rental income

Fig: 7 Buildings in an Earthquake

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

10) SOLUTIONS:-
There is some conventional solution for our problem like:

 Providing Shear wall.

 Providing Damper.

 Base isolation.

But in conventional solutions there is some problem in movement of vehicles in the

parking.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

11) Shear wall:-

What is a Shear Wall?

 Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like RC

walls called Shear Walls in addition to slabs, beams and columns.

 These wall generally start at foundation level and are continuous the building height.

 Their thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise buildings.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings

 Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have shown very good
performance in past earthquakes. The overwhelming success of buildings with shear
walls in resisting strong earthquakes is summarized in the quote.

 Shear walls in high seismic regions require special detailing. However, in past
earthquakes, even buildings with sufficient amount of walls that were not specially
detailed for seismic performance were saved from collapse

 Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively
straight-forward and therefore easily implemented at site.

 Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in
minimizing earthquake damage in structural and nonstructural elements (like glass
windows and building contents).

 Shear wall buildings are a popular choice in many earthquake prone countries, like Chile,
New Zealand and USA.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

12) Damper:-

What is damper?

 A damper is device that decadence, restrain, or depresses.

 A device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or structural failure by

vibration.(tuned mass dampers)

Types of damper:

 Friction dampers

 Metalic dampers

 Viscoelastic damper

 Magnetic induction damper

 Tuned damper

 Magneto rheological damper

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

A) Friction Damper

Fig: 9 Friction damper

Damping using frictional dampers is considered to be the most effective and economic
solution for seismic upgrade.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Advantages

 Simple and foolproof in construction.

 Friction dampers are also compact in design and can be easily hidden within drywall
partitions.

 The maximum force in a friction damper is pre-defined and remains the same for any future
ground motion.

 Thus, they do not need regular inspection, maintenance, repair or replacement before and
after the earthquake.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

B) Metallic dampers

 Metallic damper is a popular (and inexpensive) choice for an energy dissipation device
because of its relatively high elastic stiffness, good ductility and its high potential for
dissipating energy in the post-yield region.

X-shaped Metallic Plate Damper

 X-shaped Plate Damper, is used where two braces meet.
 As the building vibrates, the braces stretch and compress, pulling and pushing the damper
sideways and making it deform.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Advantages

 These are inexpensive.

 No complicated technology is required to manufacture them.

 They can easily be integrated in structures, they show stable behavior in earthquakes.

 No environment factors (like temperature, humidity etc.) affect their performance.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

C) Tuned Damper

 TLCD are special type of TLD.(TUNED LIQUID COLUMN DAMPER )

 Used for controlling vibration of structure under various dynamic loading.

Fig : 10 Tuned damper

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

PRINCIPLE OF TLCD

 Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (TLCDs), dissipates structural vibration by combined

action involving the motion of the liquid mass in the tube.

 Where the restoring force is due to the gravity acting upon the liquid and the damping effect
as a result of loss of hydraulic pressure due to the orifice (s) installed inside the container.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Advantage of TLCD

 Do not require large space for stroke length.

 The water in the tank can be used for firefighting.

 Set up cost as well as maintenance cost is comparatively low.

 TLCDs are relatively are easy to install in new and existing buildings, because they can
take any arbitrary shape.

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

13) Base isolation:-

 One of the most significant developments in earthquake engineering in the past 35 years

 It provides the design profession the ability to design a building that is “operational” after a
major earthquake.

Isolated Structure Conventional Structure

Fig: 11 Base isolation

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Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

The Concept of Base Isolation:

Significantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the Damping so that the Response is
Significantly Reduced

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

Base Isolation in Buildings:-

Isolator Components between the Foundation and

Superstructure:-

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 Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity
Complete Guideline for the Project
for Diploma Engineering 5th & 6th

14) Conclusion:-

Soft Story Building is weaker direction effect when earthquake is coming. So, when we
provided Shear wall, Damper and Base isolation so we show maximum less effect of earthquake
in soft story building.

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