ISSN No.

2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT
1
Deep Gupta, 2Abhishek Ghildiyal, 3Neeraj Rana, 4Abhishek Kumar, 5Ishank Goyal, 6Gagan Goswami
1,2,3,4,5,6, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9719472232, E-mail addresses: [email protected]

Abstract— The College of Engineering Roorkee is The main purpose of Sewage treatment process is
one of the most important educational institutes in to remove the various constituents of the polluting
the state of Uttarakhand with a large number of load: solids, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic
people residing in its campus consisting of a salts, metals, pathogens etc. Effective wastewater
number of laboratories of various departments, collection and treatment are of great importance
residential units, academic blocks and number of from the standpoint of both; environmental and
hostels. A study on wastewater characterization of public health. Sewage/Wastewater treatment
treatment plant will be performed followed by the operations are done by various methods in order
design of sewage treatment plant. The whole to reduce its water and organic content, and the
project study involves the analysis of pH value, ultimate goal of wastewater management is the
total solids, total suspended solids, hardness, protection of the environment in a manner
acidity, alkalinity, chloride, chlorine, BOD, COD, commensurate with public health and socio-
DO & turbidity. economic concerns. In this report
Sewage/Wastewater treatment techniques, factors
A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to affecting selection and design Sewage/Wastewater
receive the hostels, college and laboratories waste systems are discussed briefly.
and removes the materials which pose harm for
general public. Its objective is to produce an Keywords ----- Physicochemical parameters;
environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or population forecasting; wastewater collection;
treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated designing.
sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as
farm fertilizer).

I. INTRODUCTION operation and maintenance costs using a single

The objective in domestic wastewater treatment is objective function and steady state models which
to provide a low- cost process that is reliable are flawed because plant inputs vary as much as
meeting effluent quality standards. The contaminants seven-fold during a 24-hour period.
in wastewater are removed by physical, chemical,
This paper presents the technical aspects of the
and biological means. The individual methods
design for a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of
usually are classified as physical unit operations,
1100 cubic meters (m3) per day in College of
chemical unit processes, and biological unit
Engineering Roorkee.
processes. These operations and processes occur in a
variety of combinations in treatment systems, it has II. NEED OF STUDY
been found advantageous to study their scientific
The Sewage treatment plant of COER was designed
basis separately because the principle involved do
in 1999 to treat the wastewater and sewage
not change. Traditional design procedures for
produced by the population at that time. The
wastewater treatment systems attempt to minimize
population of the college since 1999 has gone
total capital cost by considering steady state
through a big increment in terms of no. of students
concepts for unit processes and design guidelines.
(including hostellers as well as day scholars), no. of
Recent work has minimized capital as well as
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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

faculties and number of workers. Although the will be as per the regulations stipulated by the Indian
sewage treatment plant was designed for keeping in standard codes. The treated effluent parameters shall
mind the future population growth yet the designed be considered for disposing into the natural water
plant has failed due to high increment in population bodies.
and the high demand of waste-water treatment thus
increasing the total load on the plant. Selection of suitable process for the sewage treatment
is governed by factors like raw sewage
III. SCOPE OF STUDY characteristics, the capacity of the plant, availability
The population for which the plant was designed was of land, required effluent quality, proven technology
about the one-fourth to one-sixth of the present and reliability of the process, intended disposal
population. That’s why the plant presently has failed method or reusing the treated effluent, capital cost,
to treat the water as per the standards laid according O&M requirement and other local factors. In general
to the Indian Standards and Central Pollution Control for the treatment of domestic sewage for the intended
Board (CPCB). The plant presently needs a serious disposal and reuse the process involves –
attention towards its methodology as well as its • Preliminary Treatment i.e. screening and Grit
treatment units. The plant is presently treating the Removal
waste water which is about four or five times more • Primary Treatment i.e. Primary Sedimentation and
than its designed capacity. Thus the waste water at primary sludge disposal.
effluent has almost same parameters as influent. The • Secondary Treatment i.e. Aerobic Biological
hydraulic loading rate is also more than its peak Treatment followed by secondary sedimentation,
capacity for which it was designed. Hence the digestion and/or drying of sludge and treated
treatment plant needs major checks to be performed wastewater disposal if no reuse is intended.
to keep the waste-water at effluent to meet the
A. Engineering factors
standards and laws set up by the government and
various authorities responsible for environment • Design period, stage wise population to be
protection. served and expected sewage flow and
fluctuations,
IV. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION AND DESIGN OF • Topography of the area to be served, its slope and
SEWAGE/ WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS terrain; tentative sites available for the treatment
The work meets the technical requirements of the plant, pumping stations, and disposal works,
governing laws for wastewater treatment and • Available hydraulic head in the system up to high
disposal. It includes the design, description, and flood level in case of disposal into a river or high
technical specifications for the plant units. The tide level in case of coastal discharges,
plant’s design takes into consideration the following
• Groundwater depth and its seasonal fluctuations
conditions:
affecting construction, sewer infiltration,
• Minimize construction costs
• Soil bearing capacity and type of strata to be met in
• Maximize use of existing facilities
construction and on-site disposal facilities,
• Maximize use of locally manufactured parts
including the possibilities of segregating sludge and
• Optimize capabilities to meet variable loads
sewage and reuse or recycling of sludge water
• Ease of erection and installation
within the households.
• Ease of operation and maintenance
• Minimize required land area B. Environmental factors
• Respect for environmental laws. • Surface water, groundwater and coastal water
quality where wastewater has to be disposed of after
The object of sewage treatment is to stabilize treatment,
decomposable organic matter present in the sewage • Odor and mosquito nuisance which affects land
so as to produce an effluent and sludge, which can be values, public health, and well-being, and Public
disposed of in the environment without causing health considerations by meeting the requirements
health hazards or nuisance. The degree of treatment
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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

laid down by the regulatory agencies for effluent  According to Indian standard-
discharge standards, permissible levels of microbial  For Population less than 20,000 - Per capita
and helminths quality requirements and control of water demand = 110 L/day/person (q)
nutrients, toxic and accumulative substances in the  So,
food chain.  Per capita sewage production = 80% of q =
80%of 110 = 90 L/day/person (approx.)
C. Process consideration  Quantity of sewage =
(90x4000)÷(24x60x60x1000) = 0.00456
• Wastewater flow and characteristics,
m3/sec
• Degree of treatment required,
 Maximum sewage discharge = 3 x Quantity
• Performance characteristics, and of sewage = 3x0.00456 = 0.01286 m3/sec
• Availability of land, power requirements, equipment  = 1.0878 MLD (1 m3/sec = 86.4 MLD)
and skilled staff for handling and maintenance.

D. Cost consideration C. Design of Inlet Chamber

• Capital costs for land, construction, equipment etc.,  Qavg= 0.004126 m3/sec
and  Qmax= 0.01278 m3/sec
• Operating costs including staff, chemicals, fuels and  Peak Flow = 0.01278 m3/sec = 1.088 MLD
electricity, transport, maintenance, and repairs etc.  Peak flow = 1.1 MLD = 1100 m3/day
 Avg. Flow = 366.67 m3/day
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  Plan dimension of inlet chamber = 1.3m X
Designing of sewage treatment plant involves the 1m
designing of various important units as well as taking  Free Board = 10m
into consideration the various other important steps  Size of the Bye-pass chamber by the side of
that are mentioned below: inlet chamber = 1.3m X 1m (minimum size )
A. Physicochemical parameters The outflow from the inlet chamber shall be taken to
In the present study, two samples were taken from the screen chamber. A bye-pass channel 0.60m X 1m
the old STP of COER at different time interval. or 400mm Dia. pipe shall be provided from bypass
chamber up to final effluent channel to meet with any
RESULTS
exigencies of the S.T.P.
TEST Sample 1(2 PM)
Sample 2 (10
after reaching the D. Design of Screen Chamber
AM )
STP
pH 7.34 7.5 2 numbers of screen chambers/ channels shall be
Alkalinity 180 mEq/L 172 mEq/l provided as per sound engineering practice.
Acidity 256 g/L 576 g/L The flow from the inlet chamber to screen channels
Total hardness 200 mg/L 180 mg/L shall be controlled by C.I. penstock gates.
Turbidity 142 NTU 155 NTU Qmax= 0.01278 m3/sec
Dissolved Oxygen 4.032 mg/L 6.048 mg/L Assumptions:
BOD5 210mg/l 212mg/l  Shape and material of the bar = M.S. Flats
COD 400mg/l 400mg/l
 Size = 10mm X 50mm (10mm facing flow)
 Clear spacing between the bars = 20 mm
B. Population Forecasting  Inclination of bars with horizontal = 800
 College population (cleaning manually)
 Total student = 3500  Assuming velocity normal to screen = 0.6
 Total staff workers = 500 m/sec
 Total population = 3500+500 = 4000  At peak flow, net inclined area required =
 Per capita sewage = 75 to 80% of per capita (0.01278/0.6) = 0.0213 m2
water supplied to public

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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

 Gross inclined area required = 0.0213 X 1.5 Hence, O.K.

= 0.03195 m2  Grit generation = 0.05 m3 per 1000m3 of
 Gross vertical area required = 0.03195 X sewage flow (Assume)
sin80o = 0.031464 m2  Even though Grit is continuously raked, still
 Provide submergence depth = 0.3 m 8 hours of grit storage is provided for
 Width of channel = 0.069 / 0.3 = 0.23 m ; average flow.
provide 0.30 m  Storage Volume required = (550 X 8 / 24) X
 Check velocity in duct = 0.038/ (0.30X1.3) (0.05 / 1000) =0.009167 m3
= 0.42 m/sec  Grit Storage area = (π/4) X 1.72 = 2.27 m2
 (Approach velocity u/s of screen) >  Grit Storage depth = 0.028 / 2.27 = 0.012 m2
0.4m/sec  Total liquid depth = 0.554 + 0.012 = 0.566 ;
 Provide 20bars of 10mm X 50mm at 20mm say 0.6m
clear spacing Screen chamber shall be 60cm  Provide grit chamber of size : 1.7 X 1.7 X
wide. 1.2(depth) ;{ depth = 0.60+0.60 (F.B.)}
 U/S of screens, 2 Nos. C.I. penstock gates  Or 1.7 X 1.7 X 1.2 m size
shall be provided (one for each channel).  Outflow from grit chamber shall be carried
 Min. drop of 150 mm shall be provided in to aeration tank through a 600mm wide
the bed of screen channel. R.C.C channel provided with fine bar screen
 The size of the penstock gates: 2Nos. of (manually operated). The clear spacing
350X450 mm size be provided. between the bars shall be 10mm.
 Note: Parshall Flume and measuring
E. Design of Grit Chamber
arrangement has not been proposed for two
 Flow from screen chamber shall be taken
reasons viz:
into grit chamber, provided in duplicate. 2
a) The measuring instruments are rarely working
Nos. C.I. gates, one each at inlet and outlet,
satisfactorily at any plant.
are provided for each grit chambers. One
b) The plant is very small, to economize the cost.
more C.I. The gate shall be provided at the
inlet to bye-pass channel in between two grit
chambers. F. Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank
 Design flow = 3 X 0.367/ 2 = 0.55 MLD =  Assume surface settling rate = 40 m3/m2.d
550 m3/day Therefore, the surface area of the tank = 25 x 10
 Surface loading = 1100 m3/m2/day = 250 m2
 To account for turbulence and short  Check for peak flow condition: The SOR at
circuiting, reduce the surface loading to peak flow = 22.5 x 103 /250 = 90 m3/m2.d
about 800m3/m2/day This is less than the recommended value of peak
 Area required = 550 / 800 = 0.6875 m2 flow.
 Provide 1.70m dia. chamber (if circular), or  Assume width = 6.0 m
1.70 X 1.70 m square chamber (if square).  Therefore theoretical length = 250/6 = 41.66
 Detention time = 60sec > 40 m Hence, provide two tanks in parallel
 Volume = (550 X 60) / (24 X 3600) =  Total length of each tank = 41.66/2 + 2
0.3819 m3 (inlet) + 2 (outlet) = 24.83 say 24.85 m
 Depth = .3819m3 / 0.6875m2 = 0.555 m Now,
 Size of the Grit chamber = 1.70m X 1.70m  Flow rate x detention time = depth x surface
(dia. or side) X 1.2m (i.e. 0.554 + 0.6 F.B. = area = volume of tank Or Flow / Surface
1.2m) area = depth / detention time = Surface
 Check for Horizontal Velocity settling rate Provide detention time of 1.5 h
Velocity = 550 / (1.7 X 0.554 X 24 X 3600) = Therefore, liquid depth required = 40 x 1.5 /
0.006759 = 0.67 cm / sec < 18cm / sec. 24 = 2.5 m
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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

Therefore, flow through velocity = (0.116 million liters per hectare per day (i.e.
m3/sec) / (2 x 2.5 x 6) = 0.0039 m/sec < 1 between 5 to 16 ML/ha/ day)
cm/sec hence O.K.  Surface area required = ( 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜
 At peak flow, the flow through velocity = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 / 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
22.5 x 103 / (2 x 6 x 2.5) = 750 m/d = 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦) = (1.1/10) hectares = (1.1/10)
0.0087 m/sec. x10,000 m2 = 1100 m2
 (Horizontal velocity should be checked for  The surface area chosen is 1200 m2 which
non-scouring velocity i.e. less than 0.06 are greater than 1000 m2 and hence safe.
m/sec.)  Hence, 2 units each of 28m dia and 2 m
Provide total depth = 2.5 + 0.5 (free board) effective depth (i.e. 2.6m overall depth), can
+ 0.25 (space for sludge) = 3.25 m be adopted. An extra third unit as stand-by
 Weir loading rate = 10 x 103 / 12 = 833.33 may also be constructed.
m3/m.day > 185 m3/m.day
 Length of weir required = 10 x 103 / 185 =
I. Design of Rotary Distributors –
54.05 m
 Rotary distributors, as said earlier, are to be
 Hence, provide about 27.1 m of weir length
designed for peak flow, which may be
for each tank. This can be provide by two
considered as 2.25 times the average flow.
effluent collection channel across the width
 Peak sewage flow per day = 2.25 x 1.1
at outlet end offering total 24.0 m and side
M.L./day = 2.475 M.L/day= 2.475 x
weir of total 1.55 m on each side.
106(1000000 x 1/1000 x 24 x 60 x 60) = cu-
G. Design of Circular Trickling filter unit m/sec = 0.028645 m3/sec
 The BOD values obtained from tests are 210  This flow is divided into two filter units;
and 212 mg/l. and, therefore, Flow through each unit at
 Taking the average value of BOD to be 211 peak flow = 0.0143225 m3/sec
mg/l  Assuming the velocity of peak flow to be 2
 For design consideration the BOD value m/sec through the central column of the
may be taken = 220 mg/l distributor, we have the dia of the central
 Total BOD present in sewage to be treated column = 0.0143225 x 1/2 x (𝜋/4) = 0.0955
per day = 1.1 x 242 = 242 kg m
 Assuming the value of organic loading, say  Provide a central column of 0.1 m in dia ,
as, 1000 kg/hectare metre/day (i.e. between but check the velocity through the column at
900 to 2200 kg/ha-m/day), average flow, as it should not be less than 1
 The volume of filtering media required = m/sec or so.
242/1000 = 0.242 ha-m = 2420 m3 J. Check for velocity at average flow –
 Assuming the effective depth of filter to be
 Discharge through each unit at average flow
2m; we have the surface area of the filter
=1.1/2 M.L.D. = 0.55 M.L.D. =0.55 x
required = 2420/2 m2 = 1210 m2
(1000000/1000) x (1/24 x 3600) =
 Using a circular trickling filter of dia 28 m,
0.0063657 m3/sec
we have the no. of units required
 Velocity at average flow = 0.00635357/
 = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒q𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 / 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒
(π/4)(0.1x0.1).= 08109 m/sec
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = (1210 / 0.785x28x28) 1/2 = 1.966 =
 Strictly speaking, since the velocity at
2 no.
average flow becomes slightly less than the
H. Check for hydraulic loading – minimum permissible of 1 m/sec, we should
 The surface area of the filter bed required reduce the adopted dia slightly. Say, let us
can also be worked out by assuming the use 0.09 m dia, then The velocity at average
value of hydraulic loading, say as, 10 flow = (0.00635357 / (π/4) x (0.09 x 0.09) =
1.01 > 1m/sec.
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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

 The velocity at peak flow will then be CONCLUSION

0.0143225/(π/4)(0.09x0.09) = 2.25 m/sec
The ultimate goal of wastewater treatment is the
 Hence, we may use a central column of
protection of the environment in a manner
0.09m dia. If, however, the central column
commensurate with public health and socio-economic
of 0.09m dia is not available, we may permit
concerns. Based on the nature of wastewater, it is
0.1 or 0.2 m dia central column, as the
suggested whether primary, secondary and tertiary
velocity of average flow is quite near the
treatment will be carried out before final disposal.
allowable minimum value.
The project work has been carried out revolves
K. Design of Arms – around the analysis of the available waste-water
 Now, let us use rotary reaction spray type treatment plant and the sewage characteristics at
distributor with 4 arms Then, the discharge influent and effluent, comparing the values obtained
per arm = 0.0143225/4 m3/sec = from testing’s against the standard values of treated
0.003580625 m3/sec waste-water to keep a check over the disposal of
 Dia of filter used = 28 m effluent and sludge. After comparing the values, the
 Arm length = 28-2/2 = 13 m waste-water treatment plant failed to fulfill the
desired outlet quality of water, so the STP is
 We can use each arm of length 13m with its
size reducing from near the central column redesigned to meet the present and future wastewater
towards the end. The first two sections, each treatment requirements of the college. Taking into
of 4m length and third section of 5m length consideration the Indian Standards codes for the
can be used. designing of various parts of the treatment unit the
plant is redesigned for peak flow capacity of 1.1
 The flow in the arms has to be adjusted in
MLD (Million Liters per Day) for the total
the proportion of the filter area covered by
population of college around 4K.
the different lengths of arm calculated first.
L. Design of Secondary Sedimentation Tank –
Data Available: References
 Peak flow = 1100 m3/day [1] Garg S.K, ―Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution
 Avg. flow = 366.67 m3/day Engineering, 23rd ed., Khanna Publisher, November
2010
 Adopting a surface loading rate of 8 [2] Karia G.L & Christian R.A, ―Wastewater Treatment
m3/day/m2 at average flow of 1000 m3/day Concept and Design Approach, 6th printing January
we have, surface area reqd. =500 / 8m2= 2012, PHI Learning Private Limited,2012.
[3] Punmia B.C. and Ashok Jain, Environmental
62.5 m2
Engineering,―Waste Water Engineering. vol. 2, 2nd
 Adopting a solids loading of 80 kg/ day/ m2 ed., Laxmi Publication.
for MLSS of 1500 mg/l [4] C.C. Lee, S.D. Lin, Handbook of Environmental
 Engineering Calculations",2nd ed, McGraw Hill, 2007,
We have, the surface area required = (1000
Pages 1.418-1.510
𝑥 1500/1000) x (1/80) m2 = 18.75 m2 [5] K. Mancl, J. Tao, Sand and Media Bioreactors for
The higher surface area of 25 m2 is adopted Wastewater Treatment", OSU bulletin 876, 2011
 Adopting a circular tank, [6] Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse", 4th ed., McGraw-Hill. 2014.
 Dia of tank = (25 𝑥 4/π)1/2 = 5.64 m = 6 m
[7] Seader. J.D., Ernest J. Henley, Separation Process
 Weir loading for a circular weir placed Principles", 2nd ed., Wiley & Sons, 2011.
along the periphery of the tank having [8] Ross, S.A., P.H.M., Guo, and J.E. Jank, Design and
length 6𝜋 will be = (1000/6π) m3/day/m = Selection of Small Wastewater Treatment System, Geo-
Environment, Jodhpur, 1998
53.05 <150 ; O.K. [9] L. Davis Mackengzie and A. Cornwell David,
Note: If weir loading exceeds the permissible value, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw-
we may provide a trough instead of a single weir at Hill Book Co., New York, 1991.
the periphery. [10] IS 8413-1 (1977): Requirements for biological
treatment equipment, Part 1: Trickling filters [CED 24:
Hence, provide 6 m dia secondary settling tank Public Health Engineering.]

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 ISSN No. 2456-0472
The Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume 2,Issue 1, February 2017

[11] IS 10261 (1982): Requirements for settling tank

(clarifier equipment) for waste water treatment [CED
24: Public Health Engineering.]

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