2

CHAPTER
Percentage and
Ratio & Proportion
Percentage
PERCEN T
Per cent means out of hundr ed. For example if we say 50% Con ver si on t abl e of per cen t age i n t o
50 25 fract ion and vice-versa. (To learn)
t h at m ean s , 25% m ean s . Or w e can say
100 100 1/2 50% 1/10 10%
per cent age is a fr act ion in which denominat or is 100. 1 1
1/3 33 % 1/11 9 %
Fir st lear n how to change per centage into fr action or fr action 3 11
1
int o per cent age. 1/4 25% 1/12 8 %
3
25 9
25% means or i n conver sion of % int o fr act i on 1/5 20% 1/13 7 %
13

100
2 1
divide t he number by 100. 1/6 16 % 1/14 7 %
3 7
 I n conver sion of fr act ion int o per cent age mult iply by 2 2
100. 1/7 14 % 1/15 6 %
7 3
¼ × 100 = 25% 1
(fr act ion) (per cent age) 1/8 12 ½% 1/16 6 %
4
1
1/9 11 %
9

Nor mally a st udent get s quest ions based on per cent ages given in per cent age t able.
N ote : I f a fr act ion is given mor e and you have t o find for less per cent age, t hen decr ease t he fr act ion and a
lower fr act ion is t he answer or vice-ver sa.
U SE OF PERCEN TAGE TABLE
TYPE I
Example 1. I f t he salar y of A is 20% mor e t han B, t hen by what %, B's salar y is less t han A?
1
Solution : I f we see t he per cent age t able, 20% =
5
1 2
We have t o find a fr act ion less t han t his, i.e. , t he answer is 16 %.
6 3
Example 2. I f t he r at e has r educed by 10%, by what % t he consumpt ion has t o be incr eased, so t hat
expendit ur e r emains t he same ?
1 1 1
Solution : I n percentage table, 10% = . We have to find increased fraction, i.e. or 11 % is the answer..
10 9 9
Example 3. I f lengt h of a r ect angle is r educed by 40%, t hen by what % t he br eadt h has t o be incr eased so
t hat ar ea r emains t he same ?

FG x  100%IJ
Solution :
H 100  x K
As 40% is not given in per cent age t able, we ar e asking for mor e, so denominat er must be less.
FG 40  100IJ = 66 2 %.
H (100 – 40) K 3
2.2 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion

TYPE I I
Ther e ar e t hr ee differ ent cases.
We have t o solve in t he example : A + x % of A = B
Case 1. Value of A and x are given and we have to find B.
Example. Add 20% of a number t o a given number 600.
20
So, 600 + 20% of 600 = 600 + × 600 = 720.
100
Case 2. Value of A and B are given, we have to find the value of x.
Example. What % has t o be added t o 200 t o get 250 ?
H er e, A = 200, B = 250.
Fir st of all , see t he change, i.e. 50 ( 250 – 200 )
I mportant  On which value it is changing on 200, or on 250. I n t his case it is 200.
50 1
 = or 25%
200 4
Case 3. Value of x and B are given and we have to solve for A.
Example. Adding 20% t o a number gives 480, what is t he number ?
H er e, x = 20%, B = 480,
20FG
 A = 480
IJ
A+
100 H K
This is fr equent ly asked quest ion.
Adding 20% or 1/5 t o a number gives B, means subt r act a lower fr act ion
1
i.e. 1/6 (lower t han 1/5) fr om t he number 480 (B) or 480 – × 480 = 400.
6
I f %age asked is not given in per cent age t able t hen.
Example. A's salar y 30% mor e t han B, by what % B salar y less t han A ?
Formulae : ( x /100 ± x ) × 100 %
As we ar e asking for a lower per cent age, so denominat or must be mor e or (+) has t o be done.
FG 30 IJ × 100 300 1
H 130 K =
13
= 23
13
%.

TYPE I I I

A×B=D
I n t his case A and B ar e decr easing or incr easing hence changing t he value of C or find % change in C.
I n quest ion of per cent age we can assume any t hing or ever yt hing t o be 100 inst ead of assuming x and y .
Example. The lengt h and br eadt h of a r ect angle ar e incr eased by 30% and 20% r espect ively. What is %age
change in Ar ea?
Solution. I nst ead of assuming x and y as lengt h and br eadt h, assume 100 for lengt h and 100 for br eadt h.
Ar ea = l × b
L engt h incr eased by 30% means fr om 100 it became 130,
Br eadt h incr eased by 20% means fr om 100 it became 120, so t he ar ea became
15600, which is 5600 mor e t han 10000,
5600 56
or = = 56%.
10000 100
TYPE I V
We gener alize t he concept , A% of B = C
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.3
I n t his concept :
(i ) Eit her A and B ar e given and we have t o find t he value of C.
(ii ) A and C ar e given and we have t o find t he value of B.
(iii ) B and C ar e given and we have t o solve for A

SOLVED EXAM PLES

1. (0.756 × ¾ ) is equivalent t o.
FG0.756  3IJ × 100 = 56.7%.
Solution.
H 4K

2. Find (12 ½) % of 88.

FG12 1 IJ % means 1 and 1 of 88 is 11. H ence t he answer is 11.1.
Solution. H 2K 8 8

FG 2 IJ % of 75.
3. Find 6 H 3K
Solution.
FG 6 2 IJ % means 1 and 1 of 75 = 5.
H 3K 15 15

4.
F 1I
Find GH 37 JK % of 48
2

FG12 1 IJ % is 1 .
Solution.
H 2K 8
I f we mult iply by 3,
3 F 1I
is GH 37 JK % ,so
3
× 48 = 18.
8 2 8
5. Find 43.5% of 20
Solution. 43.5% doesn't have any easy fr act ional r epr esent at ion
x % of y = y % of x leads t o conclude
1
43.5% of 20= 20% of 43.5, i.e. × 43.5 = 8.7
5
FG 11 1 IJ % of which number is 12 ?
6. H 9K
Solution.
F 1 I 1 and C is 12
A = GH 11 JK % =
9 9
1
× B = 12
9
or B = 108.
7. 16% of ------- is 40.
Solution. A = 16%, C = 40
16
 × B= 40, or B = 250.
100
8. 24 is ------- % of 36.
Solution. C = 24, B = 36. A t o find out .
2.4 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion

A 2
× 36 = 24, or A = 66 %.
100 3
24 2
24 is of 36, i.e. of 36,
36 3
2 1 1
hence 66 as 33 % = mult iply by 2.
3 3 3
9. What is 3% of 5%?
Solution. A = 3%, B = 5%, C t o find.
3 5
 =C
100 100
or C = .0015
10. What % is 3% of 5% ?
Solution. A t o be find out , B = 5%, C = 3%.
A 5 3
 =
100 100 100
or A = 60%.
11. 3% of what number is 5% ?
Solution. A = 3%, B = t o be find out , C = 5%.
3 5
×B =
100 100
5
or B = = 1.6
3
At t imes we have t o find t he fr act ion like 15%, 18% and so on.
12. Find 15% of 480 (concept for ment al calculat ion)
Solut ion. Fi r st fi nd 10% of 480 = 48 and 5% sh oul d be hal f of t he val u e (48) whi ch i s 10% .
So 5% = 24 add t he t wo, i.e. 72.
13. Find 18% of 450.
1
Solution. 10% of 450, i.e. of 450 = 45 mult iply by 2 it becomes 20% = 90
10
1
of 20% is 90 t han 2% is 9 as ( 2 is of 20)
10
I f one subt r act ion 2% fr om 20%, one get s 18%, so 90 – 9 = 81.

PRACTI CE EXERCI SE
OBJECTI VE TYPE QU ESTI ON S 3. What will be 160% of a num ber whose 200% is 140
?
1. What per cent of 72 is 6 ?
(a) 200 (b) 160
(a) 10% (b) 20%
(c) 140 (d) 112
1
(c) 8 % (d) N one 1
3 4. I f A's in come is 33% mor e t han t hat of B , t hen
3
2. I f 30% of a num ber is 12.6, t hen t he num ber is how mu ch per cent is B 's in come less t han t hat of
(a) 41 (b) 51 A?
(c) 52 (d) 42 1
(a) 25% (b) 33 %
3
(c) 40% (d) N one
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.5

4 15. 300 gms of sugar solut ion has 40% sugar in it .

5. 63% of 3 is H ow much sugar should be added t o make it 50%
7
in t he solut ion?
(a) 2.25 (b) 2.40
(a) 10 gms. (b) 40 gms.
(c) 2.50 (d) 2.75
(c) 60 gms. (d) 30 gms.
6. What per cent age is 3% of 5% ? LEVEL-1
(a) 60% (b) 50%
1. The salar ies of A and B t ogether amount to ` 2000.
(c) 15% (d) 30% A spends 95% of his salar y and B 85% of his. I f
now, t heir savings ar e t he same, t hen what is A's
1
7. A number i n cr eased by 37 % gi ves 33. The salar y ?
2
(a) ` 1500 (b) ` 1250
number is
(c) ` 750 (d) ` 2600
(a) 27 (b) 25
2. I f t he r adius of a cir cle is decr eased by 50%, it s
(c) 24 (d) 22
ar ea is r educed by
8. 40 quint als is what per cent of 2 m t ones ? (a) 25% (b) 50%
(a) 20% (b) 2% (c) 75% (d) N one
(c) 200% (d) 150%
3. The populat ion of a t own is 18000. I t incr eases by
9. I f 15% of 40 is gr eat er t han 25% of a number by 2, 10% during first year and by 20% during the second
t hen number is year. The populat ion aft er 2 year s will be
(a) 16 (b) 20 (a) 19800 (b) 21600
(c) 24 (d) 32 (c) 23760 (d) N one
1
10. 12.5 % of 192 = 50% of ? 4. By mixing wat er a man gains t he pr ofit of 11 %.
9
(a) 48 (b) 96 Find t he quant it y of wat er mixed by him.
(c) 24 (d) N one 1 1
(a) lit er s (b) lit er s
11. x% of y is y% of ? 9 8
x
(a) x (b) 1 1
100 (c) lit er s (d) lit er s
10 11
y
(c) 100x (d) 5. M ohan’s expendit ur e and saving ar e in t he r at io
100
of 4:1. H is income incr eases by 20% if his saving
12. A st udent has t o secur e 40% mar ks t o pass. H e i ncr eases by 12%. By how much % shoul d hi s
get s 178 m ar k s and f ai l s by 22 m ar k s. Th e expendit ur e incr eases ?
maximum mar ks ar e (a) 21% (b) 20%
(a) 200 (b) 500 (c) 42% (d) none
(c) 800 (d) 1000 6. A candidat e has t o secur e 40% of t he t ot al mar ks
13. I n an exam i n at i on 1100 boys an d 900 gi r l s to pass. He gets 190 mar ks and fails by 190 mar ks.
appear ed. 50% of t he boys and 40% of t he gir ls Find t he t ot al mar ks.
passed t he exam. The per cent age of candidat es (a) 900 (b) 800
failed is (c) 700 (d) 950
(a) 45 (b) 45.5
7. M ukesh ear ned ` 4000 per mont h. Fr om t he last
(c) 54.5 (d) 59.2 mont h his income incr eased by 8%. Due t o r ise in
14. Fr om a container having pur e milk, 20% is replaced pr ice, his expendit ur e incr eased by 12%and his
by water and the process is r epeated thrice. At the sav i n g decr eased by 4%. F i n d h i s i n i t i al
end of the third oper ation, the milk is expendit ur e and init ial saving.
(a) 40% pur e (a) 3000, 1000
(b) 50% pur e (b) 1000, 3000
(c) 51.2% pur e (c) 12000, 4000
(d) 6000, 2000
(d) None of t hese
2.6 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion
8. A vessel of 80 lit r es is filled wit h milk and wat er. 15. I n school X, t her e ar e 600 pupils of whom one
70% of milk and 30% of wat er is t aken out of t he quar t er ar e gir ls. I n school Y, t her e ar e 500 pupils
vessel. I t is found t hat t he vessel is vacat ed by of whom t hr ee-fift h ar e gir ls, and in school Z ther e
55%, find t he init ial quant it y of wat er. ar e 700 pupi l s of whom hal f ar e gi r l s. What
(a) 50 L (b) 60L per cent age of t he t ot al number of pupils in t he
t hr ee schools is compr ised of gir ls ?
(c) 40 L (d) 30 L
(a) 44.44% (b) 45%
9. I mixed some wat er in pur e milk and t he mixt ur e
(c) 50% (d) 55.55%
is sold at t he cost pr ice of t he milk. I f I gained
LEVEL-2
2
16 %, in what r atio did I mix water in the milk ?
3 1. What st r engt h of 20 ml alcohol should be added t o
(a) 1:5 (b) 5 :1 10 ml of 50% alcohol t o get an aver age st r engt h of
20% alcohol ?
(c) 7:1 (d) none
(a) 0.5% (b) 5%
10. I n a cer t ai n camp, 20% of t he boys ar e fr om (c) 50% (d) 5.5%
M ahar asht r a st at e and 30% of t hose ar e fr om
Bombay cit y. I f t her e ar e 49 boys in t he camp who 2. A dishonest dealer sells as a weight of 800 gm in
ar e fr om M ahar asht r a stat e but not fr om Bombay place of 1 kg and adds 20% impur it ies in sugar.
city, what is the t ot al number of boys in the camp ? What would be his profit % if he claims to be selling
(a) 70 (b) 245 at cost pr ice?
(c) 163 (d) 350 (a) 50% (b) 40%
(c) 45.5% (d) None of t hese
11. A r ise of 600m is r equir ed t o get a r ail r oad over a
m ou n t ai n t h e gr ade can be k ept dow n by 3. The populat ion of a t own gr ows at t he r at e of 20%
lengt hening t he t r ack and cur ving it ar ound t he ever y 5 year s. I n how many year s will it double
mount ain peak. The addit ional lengt h of the tr ack it self? (appr oximately)
r equir ed t o r educe t he gr ade fr om 2% t o 3% is (a) 12 (b) 15
appr oximately (c) 16 (d) 20
(a) 10000 m (b) 20000 m 4. 30% of t he st udent s in a class wear glasses, 10%
(c) 120000 m (d) 30000 m of t he st udent s who wear gl asses, wor e gol d
12. An insur ance collect or r eceives 15% commissions r immed glasses. I f t he class has 200 students, how
on t he pr emi um coll ect ed. H ow much must he many wear gold r immed glasses ?
collect per week in or der t hat his annual income (a) 6 (b) 7
may be ` 6500/- ? (c) 8 (d) None of t hese
1 5. I n a village, 18% of t he populat ion ar e childr en
(a) ` 1250 (b) ` 833
3 and 10% of childr en ar e female. I f t he number of
2 female childr en is 90, what is t he populat ion ?
(c) ` 720 (d) ` 650
3 (a) 500 (b) 5000
13. A man t axed at a r at e of 5% as income t ax and (c) 600 (d) 6000
10% special sur char ge on t he amount of income
t ax pays alt oget her ` 1110. Find his gr oss income 6. For annual income in t he slab of ` 1200000 t o
if he is allowed a deduct ion of 20%. 2000000, a per son pays tax at 20% over the sur plus
on ` 1200000. Wini's annual salar y is ` 1500000.
(a) 20000 (b) 25000
H ow much t ax does she pays per annum?
(c) 30000 (d) none
(a) ` 300000 (b) ` 240000
14. A gar den has only r ed, gr een and whit e flower s. (c) ` 120000 (d) ` 60000
60% of t he flower s have r ed colour s, 30% have
gr een colour and 50% have whit e colour. I f no 7. The pr ice of a book includes 10% pr int ing cost ,
flower has all t he t hr ee colour s, what per cent age 20% paper cost , and anot her 15% labour cost . I f
of t he flower s have only one colour ? t he r emainder is ` 110, what is t he t ot al pr ice of
t he book ?
(a) 40
(a) ` 200 (b) ` 300
(b) 50
(c) ` 400 (d) ` 500
(c) 60
(d) None of t hese
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.7
8. The populat ion of a t own has incr eased t o 110% 13. A sum of money doubl es i t sel f at compound
of it s value last year. I f t he populat ion t his year inter est in 15 yr s. I n how many yr s it will become
is 2.2. lakhs, what is last year 's populat ion? eight t imes ?
(a) ` 2.32 L akhs (a) 30 (b) 45
(b) ` 2 L akhs (c) 50 (d) 60
(c) ` 2.5 L akhs 14. A man buys 6 dozen eggs for ` 10.80. 12 eggs ar e
(d) None of t hese found t o be r ot t en and t he r est ar e sold at 5 for
` 1. Find his % gain or % loss.
9. The t ot al sales of a company amount s t o ` 24
1
cr or es and t he volume sold is 20000 unit s. What (a) gain of 11 % yr s.
is t he aver age pr ice/ unit ? 9
1
(a) ` 1000 (b) ` 1200 (b) loss of 11 % yr s.
9
(c) ` 120 (d) ` 12000
1
10. Six fr iends have an aver age height of 167 cms. (c) gain of 9 % yr s
11
Penshu wit h height 162 cms leaves. What is t he 1
new aver age height ? (d) loss of 9 %
11
(a) 166 cm (b) 167 cm
(c) 168 cm (d) 169 cm 15. A bor r owed ` 800@ 6% and B bor r owed ` 600
@10%. Aft er how much t ime will t hey bot h have
11. M adhu got mar r ied 6 year s ago. Today her age is equal debt s ?
1 1 2
1 t imes her age at t he t ime of mar r iage. H er (a) 15 yr s. (b) 16 yr s.
4 3 3
son's age is 1/10 her age. H er son's age is
(a) 3 yr s (b) 2.5 yr s 1
(c) 18 yr s (d) none of t hese
(c) 2 yr s (d) 4 yr s 3

12. I n a village t he cur r ent bir th r at e per t housand is

55 wher eas cor r esponding deat h r at e is 34 per
t h ou san d. T h e n et gr ow t h r at e i n t er m of
populat ion incr ease will be
(a) 0.021% (b) 0.0021%
(c) 21% (d) 2.1%

AN SWE RS
OBJECTI VE TYPE QU ESTI ON S
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
LEVEL-1
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)
LEVEL-2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b)

2.8 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion

Ratio & Proportion

RAT I O
Rat io is t he r elat ion which one quant it y bear s t o anot her of t he same kind. The r at io of A t o B is usually
wr it t en: A : B. The fir st t er m is called t he ant ecedent and t he second t er m t he consequent .
a ma
=
b mb
i.e., t he value of a r at io r emains unalt er ed if t he ant ecedent and t he consequent ar e mult iplied or divided
by t he same quant it y.
e.g., A and B have income in t he r at io of 5 : 4 does not mean t hat t he incomes ar e ` 5 and ` 4, but it means
any income which is a mult iple of 5 and 4, i.e. 5x and 4x , wher e x is a var iable.
Example 1. Divide ` 80 in t he r at io of 3 : 5 ?
Solution. Divide 80 by 8 (sum of t he r at ios) we get 10 and have 10 is t he k fact or. H ence mult iply t he
r at io 3 : 5 by 10 or 30 : 50.

Example 2. Divide ` 98 among a, b, c, d in t he r at io in t he r at io 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 ?

Solution. Divide ` 98 by 14 (sum of t he r at ios), we get 7 t hat is k fact or.
The amount in ` ar e 7  2 ,7  3,7  4, 7  5 or 14, 21, 28, 35.

 Rat ios ar e compounded by mult iplying t oget her t he fr act ions which denot e t hem.
Example 3. Find t he r at io compounded of t he t hr ee r at ios ?
Solution. 2 a : 3b, 6 ab : 5 c2, c : a
2a 6 ab c 4 a
 Requir ed r at io =   
3b 5c2 a 5c
 When t he r at io a: b is compounded wit h it self t he r esult ing r at io is a2:b2 and is called t he duplicat e r at io
of a:b. Also a½ : b½ is called t he sub duplicat e r at io of a:b.
(i ) The duplicat e r at io of 2a: 3b is 4a2 : 9b2.
(ii ) The sub duplicat e r at io of 49 : 25 is 7 : 5
(iii ) The t r iplicat e r at io of 2x : 1 is 8x 3 : 1

Rat io of Equalit y, Great er inequat lit y and L ess inequalit y.

A r at io is said t o be a r atio of gr eat er inequalit y, of less inequality, or of equality, accor ding as the ant ecedent
is gr eat er t han less t han or equal t o t he consequent .
 A r at i o of gr eat er i n equ al i t y i s di m i n i sh ed an d a r at i o of l ess i n equ al i t y i s i n cr eased,
by adding t he same quant it y t o bot h it s t er ms.
 When a ser ies of fr act ions ar e equal, each of t hem is equal t o t he sum of all t he numer at or s divided by
t he sum of all t he denominat or s.
An import ant t heorem.
a
I f a1 , a2 , a3 ,..............., n be unequal fr act ions, of which t he denominat or s ar e all of t he same sign,
b1 b2 b3 bn
a1  a2  a3  ...  an
t hen t he fr act ion lies in magnit ude bet ween t he gr eat est and least of t hem.
b1  b2  b3  ...  bn
PROPORT I ON
When t wo r at ios ar e equal, t he four quant it ies composing t hem ar e said t o be pr opor t ionals. Thus if
a c
= , t hen a, b, c, d ar e pr opor t ionals. This is expr essed by saying t hat a is t o b as c is t o d, and t he
b d
pr opor t ion is wr it t en a:b::c:d
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.9
The t er ms a and d ar e called t he extremes, b and c t he means.
 L et a, b, c, d be t he pr opor t ionals.
a c
Then by definit ion =  ad = bc
b d
H ence if any t hr ee t er ms of a pr opor t ion ar e given, t he four t h may be find out .
ad
Thus if a, c, d ar e given, t hen b = .
c
 Quant it ies ar e said t o be in cont inued pr opor t ion when t he fir st is t o t he second, as t he second is t o t he
thir d.
I f t hr ee quant it ies a, b, c, ar e in cont inued pr opor t ion, t hen
a : b= b : c and ac = b2.
 I f thr ee quant it ies ar e pr opor t ional, t he fir st is t o t he t hir d is t he duplicat e r at io of t he fir st t o t he second.

a b
L et t hr ee quant it ies be a, b, c, t hen =
b c

a a b a a a2
Now =  =  = 2
c b c b b b
i.e. a : c = a2 : b2
I f a : b = c : d, and e : f = g : h, t hen ae : bf = cg : dh .
 I f four quant it ies a, b, c, d, for m a pr opor t ion, many ot her pr opor t ions may be deduced by t he pr oper t ies
of fr act ions.
(1) I f a : b = c : d, t hen b : a = d : c. [I nver tendo]
(2) I f a : b = c : d, t hen a:c= b:d [Alternando]
(3) I f a : b = c : d, t hen a + b : b = c + d : d. [Componendo]
(4) I f a : b = c : d, t hen a– b : b = c – d : d [Dividendo]
(5) I f a : b = c : d, t hen a+ b:a– b= c+ d :c– d
Example. Find second pr opor t ion of 2, 4 and 8.
Sol ut i on. a:b =c:d
or 2:b =4:8
or 4 b = 16
or b =4

Example. Find t he t hir d pr opor t ion of .5, 12 and 8.

Solution. I n t his quest ion, we have t o find t he value of c
a:b =c:d
or .5 : 12 = c : 8
or 12c = 4
1
or c=
3
COM PARI SON OF TWO RATI OS
Example. I f a : b = 2 : 3 and b : c = 4 : 5 , t hen what is t he r at io of a : b : c ?
Sol ut i on. a = (2  4) = 8 a: b: c
b = (3  4) = 12 2 3
c = (3  5) = 15.
So t he r at io a : b : c = 8 : 12 : 15 4 5
2.10 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion
 I f t he r at ios among 4 differ ent quant it ies has t o be found out .
Example. What is t he r at io of a, b, c, d. I f r atio of a : b = 2 : 3, b : c = 4 : 5 and c : d = 6 : 7?
Solution.
a : b : c : d
2 : 3 : 3 : 3
4 : 4 : 5 : 5
6 : 6 : 6 : 7
48 : 72 : 90 : 105
a : b : c : d = 16 : 24 : 30 : 35

a b c 2
Example. Divide ` 1300 among a, b, c, d such t hat = = = .
b c d 3
Solution. a b c d
2 3
2 3
2 3
Then, r at io of a, b, c, d = 8 : 12 : 18 : 27
so, sum of r at ios of a, b, c, d = 65.
Divide 1300 by 65 t o get t he key fact or as 20.
So t he division of money among a, b, c, d ar e 160, 240, 360, 540, i.e 8  20, 12  20, 18  20, 27  20.

SACRI FI CI N G RATI O
I f t wo or mor e par t ner s give some par t of t heir shar es t o incoming par t ner, t hen t he loss in t he shar es of
exist ing par t ner s is called sacr ificing r at io.
Sacr ificing r at io = Old r at io – New r at io.
Example. What is t he sacr ificing r at io of t wo par t ner s who wer e dividing t heir shar e in t he r at io of 2 : 3
and aft er joining by incoming par t ner t heir r at io changed t o 1 : 1 : 1 ?
Sol ut i on. Sacr ificing r at io = Old r at io – New r at io

2 1 3 1 1 4
  5  3  :  5  3  = 15 : 15  1 : 4
   
E xample. Thr ee men wer e t r avell ing in a r ail way compar t ment . One of t hem was a ver y weal t hy
businessman. The ot her t wo had food wit h t hem and invit ed t he businessman t o join t hem in t heir meal.
One man had br ought 5 chapat his and t he ot her had 3. The t hr ee of t hem at e t oget her and t he food was
shar ed equally. On par ting, the businessman gave 8 gold coins to the t wo men, as a token of his appreciation
of t heir hospit alit y, and t old t hem t o shar e t he coins in pr opor t ion of t heir cont r ibut ion of food. What
number of coins will each of t hem get ?

3 1 5 1 1 7
Solut ion. Sacr i fici ng r at io    :    = : 1:7
 8 3   8 3  24 24
` 8 has t o be divided in t he r at io of 1 : 7, i.e. ` 1 t o A and ` 7 t o B.

FRACTI ON AL RATI O
Cer t ain quest ion have t o be solved accor ding t o t heir fr act ional r at io t hat means t he r at io should be
divided aft er solving fr act ion.

Example 1. A and B can complet e a wor k in 2 & 3 days r espect ively. They complet e a wor k t oget her and
get ` 50 as t he wages. H ow should t hey divide it ?

Solution. ` 50 is not being divided in t he r at io of 2 : 3 as A who can complet e t he wor k in 2 days is mor e
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.11

efficient t hen B who complet ed t he wor k in 3 days.

Divide ` 50 in t he r at io of
1 1 3:2
Efficiency of A : Efficiency of B =: = =3:2
2 3 6
So A should get ` 30 and B should get ` 20

Example 2. A, B and C can complet e a wor k in 2, 3 and 4 days r espect ively. I f t hey complet e t he wor k
t oget her, in what r at io t hey should divide t he money ?

1 1 1
Solution. Efficiency of A : Efficiency of B : Efficiency of C = : : = 6:4:3 = 6 : 4 : 3
2 3 4 12
N ote : Ever yt hing which is inver sely pr opor t ional should be divided in fr act ional r at io.

Example 3. The M ahar aja of an I ndian St at e invit ed t hr ee ar t ist s t o per for m at his cour t . H e was much
impr essed, and honor ed t hem wit h t he gold and gift s.
On t he day of t heir depar t ur e he pr esent ed t he t hr ee of t hem wit h sevent een elephant s, expr essing a
wish that t he oldest of t he ar t ists should get one-half of t he number of elephant s, t he middle one one-t hir d
of t he number, and t he last one one-nint h. H ow t he elephant s will be divided among t hem?

Solutilon. Rat io in which t hr ee ar t ist s should divide 17 elephant s

1 1 1 9: 6: 2
=
: : =
2 3 9 18
So oldest ar t ist s should get 9 elephant s middle one 6 and t he last 2 elephant s r espect ively.

PRACTI CE EXERCI SE
OBJECTI VE TYPE QU ESTI ON S 7. T h e speeds of t h r ee car s ar e i n t h e r at i o
1. I f (4x 2 – 3y 2) : (2x 2 + 5y 2) = 12 : 19, t hen x : y is 5 : 4 : 6. The r at io bet ween t he t imes t aken by
t hem t o t r avel t he same dist ance is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2
(a) 5 : 4 : 6 (b) 6 : 4 : 5
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
(c) 10 : 12 : 15 (d) 12 : 15 : 10
x x
2. I f = , t hen (x+ 5) : (y + 8) is equal t o 8. A dog t akes 3 leaps for ever y 5 leaps of a har e. I f
5 8
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 13 : 8 one leap of t he dog is equal t o 3 leaps of t he har e,
t he r at io of t he speed of t he dog t o t hat of t he
(c) 8 : 5 (d) 5 : 8
har e is
3. I f x : y = 6 : 5, then ( 5x + 3y) : ( 5x – 3y) is equal to
(a) 8 : 5 (b) 9 : 5
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1
(c) 8 : 7 (d) 9 : 7
(c) 5 : 3 (d) 5 : 2
9. ` 180 cont ained in a box consist s of one r upee,
4. What same number must be added t o each t er m 50 paise and 25 paise coins in t he pr opor t ion of
of t he r at io 7 : 3 so t hat t he r at io becomes 2 : 3? 2 : 3 : 4. What is t he number of 50 paise coins?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 120 (b) 150
(c) 5 (d) Can’t be det er mined (c) 180 (d) 240
5. The r at io of t he t wo number s is 3 : 4 & t heir sum 10. I n a school, 10% of t he boys ar e same in number
is 420. The gr eat er of t he t wo number s is
1
(a) 175 (b) 200 as of t he gir ls and 10% of t he gir ls ar e same in
4
(c) 240 (d) 315
6. Five bananas and four apples cost as much as three number as 1/25 of t he boys. What is t he r at io of
bananas and seven apples. The r at io of t he cost of boys t o gir ls in t hat school?
one banana t o t hat of one apple is (a) 3 : 2 (b) 5 : 2
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 3
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 3
2.12 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion

11. Two number s ar e in t he r at io 3 : 4 and t he pr oduct 6. In two vessels A and B, milk and water are in
of t heir L .C.M . & H .C.F is 10800. The sum of t he the ratio of 4 : 3 and 3 : 5 respectively. The ratio
number s is in which these are to be mixed to obtain new
(a) 180 (b) 210 mixture which contains half milk and half water
is
(c) 225 (d) 240
(a) 7 : 4 (b) 7 : 8
12. The ages of x and y ar e in t he r at io of 3 : 1. Aft er
15 year s t he r at io will be 2 : 1. Their pr esent ages (c) 1 : 2 (d) 4 : 5
( in year s) ar e [RRB JE 2015 26 th AU G 1 st SH I FT ]

(a) 30, 10 (b) 45, 15 7. If a : b = 4: 5 and b : c = 2 : 3, then c : a is

(c) 21, 7 (d) 60, 20 (a) 15 : 8 (b) 3 : 4
13. Gold is 19 t imes as heavy as wat er and copper is 9 (c) 8 : 15 (d) 3 : 5
times as heavy as water. I n what r atio should ther e [RRB JE 2015 26 th AU G 2 nd SH I FT ]
be mixed to get an alloy 15 times as heavy as water 8. If a : b = 5 : 6 and b : c = 3 : 4, then c : a is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 3 (a) 4 : 5 (b) 5 : 4
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 : 2 (c) 8 : 5 (d) 5 : 8
14. 85 lit er s of a mixt ur e cont ains milk and wat er in [RRB JE 2015 26 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]
t he r at io 27 : 7. H ow much mor e wat er is t o be 9. If a : b = 2 : 3 and a + b = 45. then a is equal to
added t o get a new mixt ur e cont aining milk and
(a) 27 (b) 25
wat er in t he r at io 3 : 1?
(c) 18 (d) 9
(a) 5 lt . (b) 6.5 lt .
[RRB JE 2015 27 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]
(c) 7.25 lt . (d) 8 lt .
2
10. If 2, x, x , 4 are in proportion, then x is equal to
LEVEL-1
(a) 2 (b) 4
1. Sachin is younger than Rahul by 4 years. If their
ages are in the ratio of 7 ; 9, then how old is Sachin (c) 8 (d) 16
? [RRB JE 2015 27 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]

(a) 14 years (b) 21 years 11. In two vessels A and B, spirit and water are in
(c) 18 years (d) 25 years the ratio 2 : 1 and 2 : 3 respectively. The ratio in
[RRB JE 2014 RED SH I FT ]
which these ire mixed which contains half water
is
2. The sum of two numbers is 40 and the difference
of these two numbers is 4. Find the ratio of these (a) 5 : 3 (b) 3 : 5
two numbers. (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
(a) 11 : 9 (b) 11 : 18 [RRB JE 2015 27 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]

(c) 22 : 9 (d) 17 : 13 12. The average of 20 observations is 18 and average

[RRB JE 2014 RED SH I FT ] of 30 observations is 25. The average of all 50
3. IfA exceeds B by 40% and B is less than C by 20%. observations is
then A : C = ? (a) 21.5 (b) 21.8
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 22.2 (d) 22.5
(c) 26 : 25 (d) 28 : 25 [RRB JE 2015 27 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]
[RRB JE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ] 13. If 4, x, 2x, 32 are in proportion, then x is equal to
4. If a : b = 3 : 5 and b : c = 2 : 3, then a : c is (a) 8 2 (b) 8
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 5
(c) 5 : 2 (d) 5 : 8 (c) 16 (d) 16 2
[RRB JE 2015 26 th AU G 1 st SH I FT ] [RRB JE 2015 28 th AU G 2 nd SH I FT ]

5. Which of the following numbers are in proportion 14. If 8, 3x, 6, 27 are in proportion, then x is equal to
(a) 12, 27, 54, 24 (b) 27, 12, 24, 54 (a) 6 (b) 9
(c) 12, 27, 24, 54 (d) 54, 24, 12, 27 (c) 12 (d) 15
[RRB JE 2015 26 th
AU G 1 SH I FT ]
st [RRB JE 2015 28 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.13
15. In two vessels A and B, the milk and water are 7. X is 40 year s ol d and Y i s 60 year s old H ow many
in the ratio 5 : 4 and 3 : 5 respectively. The ratio year s ago was t he r at io of t hei r ages 3:5?
in which these are mixed to obtain new mixture (a) 5 year s (b) 10 year s
which Contains half milk and half water is
(c) 20 year s (d) 37 year s
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 4 : 9 [RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4 8. Rs. 680 i s divided among A, B, C such t hat A get s
[RRB JE 2015 28 th AU G 3 rd SH I FT ]
2 1
LEVEL-2 3
of what B get s and B get s
4
of what C get s.
1. I f a : b = 4 : 3 and b : c = 7 : 9, t hen a : b : c : ? Then t hei r shar es ar e r espect i vely
(a) 24 : 21 : 30 (b) 12 : 15 : 21 (a) Rs. 75, Rs. 325, Rs. 280
(c) 8 : 6 : 12 (d) 28 : 2l : 27
(b) Rs. 80, Rs. 120, Rs. 480
[RRB SSE 2014 GREEN SH I FT ]
(c) Rs. 90, Rs. 210, Rs. 380
2 3
2. Ravi spends of his salar y on H ouse Rent ; (d) Rs. 100, Rs. 200, Rs. 380
5 10
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
1
of hi s sal ar y on Food and of hi s Sal ar y on
8 9. X. Y and Z st ar t a busi ness X invest s 3 t i mes as
Con v ey an ce. A f t er t h i s, h e i s l ef t w i t h
Rs. 1400. Find his expendit ur e on Food. 2
much as Y invest s and Y invest s r d of what Z
(a) Rs. 8000 (b) Rs. 3200 3
(c) Rs. 2400 (d) Rs. 1000 invest s. Then t he r at io of capit als of X. Y, Z is 3
[RRB SSE 2014 RED SH I FT ] (a) 3 : 9 : 2 (b) 6 : 10 : 15
3. A sum of Rs. 312 was di vi ded among 60 boys and (c) 5 : 3 : 2 (d) 6 : 2 : 3
some gi r l s in such a way t hat each boy get s Rs.
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
3.60 and each gir l Rs. 2.40. The number of gi r ls is
10. Ent r y fee t o an exhibit ion was Rs.80. L at er, t his
(a) 35 (b) 40
was r educed by 25% which incr eased t he sal e by
(c) 60 (d) 65
20%. The per cent age i ncr eased in t he number of
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
vi si t or s is
4. Some st udent s planned a t r ip. The budget for food
(a) 30 (b) 40
was Rs. 500 But , 5 of t hem fai led t o go and t hus
t he cost of food for each member incr eased by Rs. (c) 60 (d) 80
5. H ow many st udent s at t ended t he t r ip ? [RRB SSE 2015 1 st SEP 1 st SH I FT ]
(a) 15 (b) 20 11. I f a : b = 8 : 15 , b : c = 5 : 8 and c : d = 4 : 5, t hen
(c) 25 (d) 30 b : d is
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3
5. I n a cl ass, t her e ar e t wo sect i ons A and B. I f 10
(c) 4 : 15 (d) 5 : 8
st udent s of sect ion B shift over t o sect i on A, t he
st r engt h of A becomes t hr ee t i mes t he st r engt h [RRB SSE 2015 1 st SEP 1 st SH I FT ]
of B. But , if 10 st udent s shift over fr om A t o B,
bot h A and B ar e equal in st r engt h. H ow many 1
12. A per son gave par t his income t o hi s son and
st udent s ar e t her e in sect ions A and B ? 5
(a) 50 and 30 (b) 45 and 15 40 % par t of his i ncome t o his daught er. H e lent
(c) 90 and 40 (d) 80 and 40 out t he r emai ni ng money i n t hr ee t r ust s A, B
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ] and C i n t he r at io of 5 : 3 : 2. I f t he differ ence
6. Si x per sons went t o a hot el for meal s. Fi ve of bet ween t he amount got by son and daught er is
t hem spent Rs. 32 each on t heir meal s while t he Rs. 50,000, how much amount di d he invest in
6t h per son spent Rs. 80 mor e t han t he aver age t r ust B?
expendit ur e of all t he si x. Tot al money spent by (a) Rs. 20000 (b) Rs 30000
al l t he per sons is :
(c) Rs 40000 (d) Rs 50000
(a) Rs. 192 (b) Rs. 240
[RRB SSE 2015 1 st SEP 1 st SH I FT ]
(c) Rs. 288 (d) Rs. 336
[RRB SSE 2014 YEL L OW SH I FT ]
2.14 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion

13. Two all oys A and B cont ain zinc and copper in t he 15. A sum of Rs.16500 is t o be divided among A, B, C
r at io 5 : 6 and 7 : 8 r espect ively. I f equal quant it ies and D i n such a way t hat t he r at i o of shar es of A
of all oys ar e melt ed t o for m a t hir d all oys C, t hen and B i s 3:4, t hat of B and C i s 1:3 and t hat of C
t he r at io of copper and zinc i n C wil l be and D is 6:7. Sum of shar es of A and D is
(a) 76 : 89 (b) 89 : 76 (a) Rs.8000 (b) Rs.7500
(c) 48 : 35 (d) 35 : 48 (c) Rs.8500 (d) Rs.9000
[RRB SSE 2015 1 SEP 1 SH I FT ]
st st [RRB SSE 2015 2 nd SEP 1 st SH I FT ]

14. I f A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 5 : 6 and C : D 8 : 9, t hen A:

D is
(a) 2 : 9 (b) 20 : 81
(c) 20 : 27 (d) 40 : 81
[RRB SSE 2015 1 st SEP 3 rd SH I FT ]

AN SWERS
OBJECTI VE TYPE QU ESTI ON S
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a)
LEVEL-1
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a)
LEVEL-2
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c)

EXPLAN ATI ON S
LEVEL-1 6. Applying allegation for milk we get:
1. S : R = 7X : 9x A B

 9x – 7x = 4 4 3
or x = 2 7 8
Hence, S or age of Sachin 1
= 7 × 2 = 14 years. 2
2. a +b = 40 and a – b = 4 1 1
 a = 22 and b = 18 8 14
Hence, a : b = 11 : 9 1 1
Hence, required ratio = : = 7 : 4.
8 14
3. L et C = 100, such t hat B = 80 and
7. a : b = 4 : 5 and b : c = 2 : 3
A = 80  1.4 = 112
a : b = 8 : 10 and b : c = 10 : 15
H ence, A : C = 112 : 100 = 28 : 25  c : a = 15 : 8
4. Given: a : b = 3 : 5 and b : c = 2 : 3 8. a : b = 5 : 6; b : c = 3 : 4
 a : b = 6 : 10 and b : c = 10 : 15 = 15 : 18 = 15 : 20
(making the value of ‘b’ equal in both the = 18 : 24
ratios)  c : a = 24 : 15
 a : c = 6 : 15 = 2 : 5. =8:5
5. Among the given options only 12, 27, 24 and
54 are in proportion i.e. 12 : 27 = 24 : 54 = 4 : 9.
 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion 2.15

a 2 33x 7x
9.  a + b = 45  Money left = 1    1400
b 3 40 40
a : b = 2x : 3x  5x = 45  x = 8000
 a = 2x = 18
3
10. 2, x, x2, 4 are in proportion  Money spent on food   8000  2400
10
 2x2 = x × 4
3
x=2  60  3.6
11. spirit  3. No. of girls  2 = 40
A B 2.4
2 2 4. Let the no. of students initially = x
3 5
500 500
According to question  =5
1 x 5 x
2
 x = 25
 No. of students who attended the trip = x – 5
1 1
10 6 = 20

1 1 5. Let the no. of students in class A = x

 ratio =  Let the no. of students in class B = y
10 6
According to question
= 6 : 10 = 3 : 5
(x + 10) = 3(y – 10) … (i)
20  18  30  25
12. Average = = 22.2 also (x – 10) = y + 10 … (ii)
50
13. 4, x, 2x, 32 are in propertion Solving eq. (i) and (ii), we get

 Product of extremes = product pf weavs x = 50 and y = 30

 4 × 32 = 2x × x 6. Let avg expenditure be x.

x=8 32  5   80  2
 x
14. Product of means = product of extremes 6
 3x × 6 = 8 × 27  x = 48
 x = 12  Total money spent = (32 × 5) + (80 + 48)
15. Let quantity of liquid of A m mixture = x = 288.
Let ________________ B __________ = y 7. According to question,
 Milk from A + Milk from B = total milk
40  k 3
5 3 1 
 x  y  x  y 60  k 5
9 8 2
 k = 10 years
x 9
  9:4 8. According to question,
y 4
LEVEL-2 A
2
B
3
1. a : b   4 : (3)  7   43  47 : 37
 3
b : c   7 : (9)  3   and 7 : 9  7  3 : 9  3 B A
2
 a : b = 28 : 21
1
b : c = 21 : 27 and B  C
4
 a : b : c = 28 : 21 : 27
2. Let the salary of Ravi be Rs. x 3
C  4B  4  A
2 3 1 33 2
Total expenditure  x x x  x
5 10 8 40  C  6A
Now A + B + C = 680
2.16 Percentage and Ratio & Proportion
13. Let quantity of alloy A = x
3
A  A  6A  680 Let quantity of alloy B = y
2
 A = 80 5x 7y
Zinc in alloy (A + B) = 
 B = 120 11 15
 C = 480
6x 8y
9. According to question, x = 3y copper in alloy (A + B)  
11 15
3 2 6
 x: y=   6x 8x
1 2 2 
copper in C 11 15 89

2 Zinc in C 5x 7y 
 76
y z 11 15
3
 y:x=2:3  x = y (quantities are same)
 x:y=6:2 A 2 B 5 C 8
14.  ,  ; 
 x:y:z=6:2:3 B 3 C 6 D 9
10. Entry fee × No. of visitors = sales. A B C 2 5 8
    
3 6 B C D 3 6 9
multiplying factor  x 
4 5 A 40
 
D 81
8  3 3
x   1    increase of in no. of
5  5  5 15. A : B  3 : 4

B : C  1 : 3   A : B : C  3 : 4 : 12
persons C : D  6 : 7 
 60 % increase
A : B : C = 3 : 4 : 12
a 8 b 5 c 4
11.  ;  ;  C : D = 12 : 14
b 15 c 8 d 5
 A : B : C : D = 3 : 4 : 12 : 14
b c 5 4 1 sum of shares of A and D is
    
c d 8 5 2
 3  14 
   16500  8500
Amount received by son = 20%   33 
12. Amount received by daughter = 40%  

Amount given to trust = 40 %
Difference = 20% is Rs. 50,000
40% = Rs. 1,00,000.
A:B:C=5:3:2

3
 B gets  1,00,000  Rs. 30,000
10