PLAGIARISM, ITS DETECTION &

AVOIDANCE

Ramesh C Gaur
PGDCA, MLISc,Ph.D. Fulbright Scholar (Virginia Tech, USA)

University Librarian
Jawaharlal Nehru University(JNU)
New Meharuli Road, New Delhi - 110067
Tele +91-11-26742605, 26704551
Fax : +91-11-26741603
Email: [email protected] ;[email protected]
URL: www.jnu.ac.in
Brief Profile: http://www.jnu.ac.in/Library/RameshCGaur.htm
ANTI-PLAGIARISM STRATEGIES FOR STUDENTS ,
RESEARCHERS AND EDUCATORS

 Understand why students or  Teach them about how to

educator cheat? detect plagiarism
 Educate them about plague  Teach them about how to
of plagiarism. What is avoid plagiarism
plagiarism?  Develop an institutional
 Tell them benefits of citing framework i.e Plagiarism
sources policy, open access policy,
 Let them know about the workshop and training, and
penalties and proper guidelines
consequences by citing  Strengthen your Library and
examples Information systems and
integrate it with your research
process. Librarians are best
trained in dealing with such
issues
 "In the 1980s, India was among the top 10
countries in the world producing original
research, slipping to no. 12 in the 1990s.
And in the first decade of the new
millennium, its position further slipped,
alarmingly, to below 20. Research was no
longer seen as a prestigious career option
because India has failed to provide
adequate encouragement, incentive and
appreciation for students to get into
research areas," said Narayan Murthy.
 Countries No. of Papers % share of Papers Rank
RESRCH OUTPUT OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
2000-
09
2000 2009 2000-
09
2000 2009 2000-09 2000 2009

USA 80094 4943 9977 29.25 29.52 27.15 1 1 1

UK 23281 1480 3040 8.50 8.84 8.27 2 2 2
Japan 17167 1385 2087 6.27 8.27 5.68 3 3 3
Germany 15223 1023 2023 5.56 6.11 5.51 4 4 4
Italy 12410 682 1821 4.53 4.07 4.96 5 6 6
France 10676 777 1389 3.90 4.64 3.78 6 5 7
China 9520 211 2017 3.48 1.26 5.49 7 13 5
Spain 8104 410 1213 2.96 2.45 3.3 8 8 8
Netherlands 6451 340 954 2.36 2.03 2.6 9 9 10
Sweden 6393 472 814 2.33 2.82 2.22 10 7 11
India 5839 229 1164 2.13 1.37 3.17 11 11 9
Switzerland 3974 238 565 1.45 1.42 1.54 12 10 15
South Korea 3942 155 734 1.44 0.93 2 13 14 12
Brazil 3907 125 729 1.43 0.75 1.98 15 16 13
Turkey 3928 129 595 1.43 0.77 1.62 14 15 14
Belgium 3521 219 469 1.29 1.31 1.28 16 12 16

World 273829 16745 36745 100.00 100.00 100.00

 RESEARCH OUTPUT 2015
Country/Territory Documents

United States 98818

China 49625

United Kingdom 37389

Germany 23094

India 20936

Australia 19962

Canada 17528

Italy 17467

France 15011

Spain 14118

Source : Scopus
 LIBRARY RESOURCES IMPORTANT FOR ALL
STEPS IN RESEARCH

 Finding research problem /

topic
 Gathering background
literature
 Collecting data

 Analyzing data

 Writing research report

 Disseminating results
 IMPACT OF E-RESOURCES ON RESEARCH OUTPUT:

 Revolutionized the access of scholarly

information in the form of e-resources.
 Availability of e-resources have played a
major role in increase in research output
globally.
 Research output has almost doubled in India
since the e-resources are easily accessible
 More so, after the access to latest research
published in peer reviewed journals is within
easy reach of researchers.
 TOP 25 UNIVERSITIES - PUBLISHING OUTPUT
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201
Universities 2001 2009 Total Publication CAGR
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
105
Jadavpur University 308 308 417 481 569 677 780 891 1007 6491 14%
3
University of Delhi 348 364 479 462 544 564 678 752 811 965 5967 12%
Anna University 202 241 285 368 429 593 599 657 642 782 4798 16%
Banaras Hindu University 255 221 267 277 306 355 447 528 650 754 4060 13%
Aligarh Muslim University 169 181 242 283 319 408 400 445 556 608 3611 15%
University of Calcutta 205 206 247 273 295 301 429 416 544 541 3457 11%
University of Madras 204 191 320 290 360 453 408 386 420 341 3373 6%
Annamalai University 86 133 170 255 305 339 484 468 512 554 3306 23%
Punjab University 174 193 200 217 354 372 402 417 457 514 3300 13%
University of Rajasthan 157 170 194 218 290 299 345 326 356 494 2849 13%
University of Hyderabad 157 170 194 218 290 299 345 326 356 493 2848 13%
University of Mysore 116 168 137 191 226 344 364 256 335 399 2536 15%
Jawaharlal Nehru University 191 180 194 248 261 223 237 305 320 296 2455 5%
University of Pune 116 121 142 154 201 264 278 287 344 398 2305 15%
Andhra University 155 172 197 151 163 176 217 257 294 313 2095 8%
Guru Nanak Dev University 98 140 139 167 171 225 203 242 268 279 1932 12%
Osmania University 99 124 149 155 186 209 194 195 273 289 1873 13%
Punjab Agricultural University 138 152 187 166 193 218 204 173 184 186 1801 3%
University of Mumbai 178 188 166 164 176 205 206 261 235 172 1790 29%
University of Allahabad 58 74 84 91 136 170 205 260 313 342 1733 22%
Sri Venkateswara University 136 104 132 135 139 154 237 241 216 236 1730 6%
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of
103 106 129 144 162 183 174 179 243 257 1680 11%
Baroda
CCS Haryana Agr University 164 139 174 179 197 158 157 154 145 125 1592 -3%
University of Lucknow 48 77 91 131 146 154 195 188 264 261 1555 20%
Karnataka University 76as at108
Source: Scopus Data (2001-2010), Analysis; 129 2011
17th May. 135 131 191 178 137 179 209 1473 20%
CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate and Publication Numbers Include Articles, Conference Papers, Review and Letter
USAGE & PUBLISHING OUTPUT
THERE IS A CORRELATION !!

Anna University Anna University

Users of Journal Information –

Publishing Output – Top10

Banaras Hindu University Banaras Hindu University

Delhi University Delhi University
Jadavpur University Jadavpur University
Panjab University Jawaharlal Nehru University
Aligarh Muslim University Panjab University
University of Calcutta Pondicherry University
University of Hyderabad University of Calcutta
University of Madras University of Hyderabad

Top 10
University of Rajasthan University of Pune

Data from Scopus on university research output was mapped onto full text article
usage on ScienceDirect between 2005 & 2010. In 8 cases of out of the top10, a
correlation is displayed between journal usage and publishing output.

Note : The lists are in alphabetical order

 Strategy-I

STUDENTS GUIDE TO RESAERCH

Research is the search for new knowledge, and it is
thus distinct from the routine application of known
results. The “re” in “research” is a misnomer. When
you perform research, your goal is to add to human
knowledge by discovering, inventing or creating what
was previously unknown.
Dennis S Bernstien
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems
THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH University of Malta

• Why do we do research?
– To contribute to or extend knowledge…
• How do we do this?
– … by building on the work of others
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems
University of Malta

REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (1)

• We are expected to place our research in

the right context…
• … to show that we are aware of what else
is happening
• … to show that we understand where our
work fits
• So our reports must contain an analysis of
similar/relevant work
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems
REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (2) University of Malta

• It follows that in a report that we write about

our own work, we could be reporting on the
work of others
• We have to make clear distinctions between
what is our own original work, what is our
opinion about the work of others, the claims
of others we are reporting, and what is
actually said by others (verbatim)
• ‘Work’ can be ideas, descriptions, research,
data, opinions, pictures, figures, tables, etc.
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems

REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (3) University of Malta

• Not every report you write will necessarily be a

description of your own, novel, original research
• Sometimes, you will write reports summarising
existing research to solve well understood
problems with existing solutions
• It should still be possible for the
reader/examiner to tell difference between your
own work, your opinion of the work of others,
and the verbatim words of others
 Strategy-II

CREATE AWARENESS AMONGST STUDENTS AND

EDUCATORS -WHAT IS PLAGIARISM
 PLAGIARISM IN RESEARCH

Plagiarism is specifically defined as a form of

research misconduct

“Misconduct means fabrication, falsification,

plagiarism, or any other practice that seriously
deviates from practices commonly accepted in
the discipline or in the academic and research
communities generally in proposing, performing,
reviewing, or reporting research and creative
activities.”
 FABRICATION

 Fabrication is the intentional act of making up data or

results and recording or reporting them.
 Examples of fabrication1
 In the social sciences, a researcher/interviewer
completing a questionnaire for a fictitious subject that
was never interviewed.
 In the biological sciences, the creation of a data set for
an experiment that was never actually conducted.
 The practice of adding fictitious data to a real data set
collected during an actual experiment for the purpose of
providing additional statistical validity.
 In clinical research the insertion of a clinical note into
the research record to indicate compliance with an
element of the protocol.
http://orei.unimelb.edu.au/content/fabrication-falsification-plagiarism
 FALSIFICATION
 Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes,
or changing or omitting/suppressing data or results without scientific or
statistical justification, such that the research is not accurately represented
in the research record. This would include the "misrepresentation of
uncertainty" during statistical analysis of the data.
Examples of Falsification1
 Alteration of data to render a modification of the variances in the data
 Falsification of dates and experimental procedures in the study notebook
 Misrepresenting the results from statistical analysis
 Misrepresenting the methods of an experiment such as the model used to
conduct the experiment
 The addition of false or misleading statements in the manuscript or
published paper.
 Falsification of research accomplishments by publishing the same research
results in multiple papers (self plagiarism)
 Misrepresentation of the materials or methods of a research study in a
published paper
 Providing false statements about the extent of a research study
 Falsification of telephone call attempts to collect data for a survey study

http://orei.unimelb.edu.au/content/fabrication-falsification-plagiarism
 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
 The word plagiarize actually comes from the Latin
plagiare—to kidnap (Oxford English Dictionary).
 Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work
and attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can
apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to
songs, even ideas!
 Submit a paper / Dissertation Thesis to be graded or
reviewed that you have not written on your own.
 Copy answers or text from another classmate and submit it
as your own.
 Quote or paraphrase from another paper without crediting
the original author.
 Cite data without crediting the original source.
 Propose another author’s idea as if it were your own.
 Fabricating references or using incorrect references.
 Submitting someone else’s presentation, program,
spreadsheet, or other file with only minor alterations;
 buying or selling term papers /assignments/ Dissertations
/ Thesis;
Source: www.plagiarism.org
http://tlt.psu.edu/plagiarism/student-tutorial/defining-plagiarism-and-academic-integrity/
 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
10 MOST COMMON TYPES OF PLAGIARISM RANKED IN ORDER OF SEVERITY OF INTENT

 #1. Clone
 Submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own
 #2. CTRL-C
 Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations
 #3. Find - Replace
 Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the
source
 #4. Remix
 Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together
 #5. Recycle
 Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work without citation
 #7. Mashup
 Mixes copied material from multiple sources
 #6. Hybrid
 Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation
 #8. 404 Error
 Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources
 #9. Aggregator
 Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original
work
 #10. Re-tweet
 Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording

Source: www.plagiarism.org
 UNINTENTIONAL OR ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM

• Using minimal or careless paraphrasing

• Failing to document or “cite” properly
• Quoting excessively
• Failing to use your own “voice” to present information or
ideas
 May not know how to integrate ideas of others and
document properly
 May not know how to take notes properly, or done
sloppily
 unfamiliar with International styles of documentation
 taking the ideas of other writers and mixing them
together.
 SELF-PLAGIARISM

 Copying material you have previously produced

and passing it off as a new production.
 Writers often maintain that because they are
the authors, they can reuse their work as they
please; it couldn't be defined as "plagiarism"
since they are not taking any words or ideas
from someone else. However, while the debate
on whether self-plagiarism is possible
continues, the ethics of self-plagiarism is
significant, especially because self-plagiarism
can infringe upon a publisher’s copyright.
 MAJOR CASES OF PLAGIARISM
 Students Dissertations / Term Papers /
Assignments /project reports
 Theses / research reports

 Academic research writings – Books, Articles

/papers etc.
 INTERNET IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IT. IT IS A
TOOL TO DETECT IT
 Copying of Idea is always not Plagiarism if it is
done as per rules
 WHY DO STUDENTS PLAGIARIZE

 Study Pressure,
 Disorganization,
 Poor Study habits,
 Cut-and-Paste culture,
 English as the international language
 lack of understanding of seriousness of
plagiarism.
 Lack of strict Academic Discipline
 Careless attitude
 Lack of referencing skills
 Strategy-III

CONSEQUENCES
Is Plagiarism only An Ethical Issue?

No it is not. It is more than that. What if plagiarism is detected ?

 PENALTIES
 If student found guilty of academic misconduct, an Official Warning will be
given that an offence is now noted in the record and that a subsequent
offence will attract a more severe penalty. In addition, one or more of the
following penalties may be assessed:
 A requirement for submission of a new or alternative piece of work.
 The rescinding of University-funded scholarships or bursaries.
 Partial or total loss of marks on the examination or assignment or
course in which the offence occurred.
 Suspension or expulsion from the University
 A recommendation for revocation/rescinding of a degree.

 If a Researcher / Academician is found guilty; they may face following

penalties
 Disgrace to both Individual and institution
 May face disciplinary action as per institute rules
 it can cost a person his or her professional credibility or even a job
 Debarment from eligibility to receive research funds for grants and
contracts from any government agency in India,

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
 CIVIL LEGAL REMEDIES FOR ACTS THAT
CONSTITUTE PLAGIARISM

Legally, it is a subject matter of copyright

infringement law and unfair competition, and
can attract legal and monetary penalties for
the violators. The offender may be penalized to
compensate for the loss of profit of the original
writer. Sometimes, penalties can include
criminal punishments and imprisonment.
 Country of origin of publications retracted for fraud or suspected fraud (A), plagiarism (B), or
duplicate publication (C).

Fang F C et al. PNAS 2012;109:17028-17033

©2012 by National Academy of Sciences

 Strategy-IV

SHOW THEM EXAMPLES

she had
"systematically and
deliberately"
presented
intellectual efforts
that she herself
had not generated.
A failure to properly
cite sources was
also one of the
findings of the
council's probe into
the plagiarism
allegations
 •Yasar Albushra Abdul Rahiem Ahmed a
medical doctor at the National Guard Hospital at
the King Abdul Aziz Medical City, in Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia and and his several co-authors
appear to have copied at least nine scholarly
articles, changed the titles, and successfully
submitted them to several different journals
.
Three plagiarized articles were published in the
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Research, and these articles have been
retracted. Two other articles published in the
Education in Medicine Journal have also been
retracted.

• two original articles simultaneously published

in two different journals.“High-Dose
Methotrexate Toxicities Prevention and
Management” is published in two OMICS’
journals: Chemotherapy and Journal of Cancer
Science and Therapy. In the latter journal, the
article’s title is cleverly changed to “Prevention
and Management of High Dose Methotrexate
 THE RETRACTIONS FOR “BIDIRECTIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL IN
REPROGRAMMED CELLS WITH ACQUIRED PLURIPOTENCY” AND “STIMULUS-
TRIGGERED FATE CONVERSION OF SOMATIC CELLS INTO PLURIPOTENCY”
 Strategy -V

WHAT PUBLISHERS DO
 WHAT IF PLAGIARISM IS DETECTED?
PUBLISHER’S POLICY
 COPE
 The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was
established in 1997 by a small group of medical
journal editors in the UK but now has over 9000
members worldwide from all academic fields.
 Several major publishers (including Elsevier, Wiley–
Blackwell, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Palgrave
Macmillan and Wolters Kluwer) have signed up
some, if not all, of their journals as COPE members.
 Flowcharts of detection on plagiarism
http://publicationethics.org/
 ‘ACTIONS’ ON DETECTED PLAGIARISM

 Depends on Publisher/Journal/Editorial Board

 Eg: Elsevier
 Publication of a notice, corrigendum or erratum.
 Formal retraction for most matters (the publication of a
corrective notice with a direct link to the original article).
 Formal removal (in very rare cases) (keeping in mind the
importance of maintaining the scientific record, removal
should only be for issues such as invasion of privacy).
 Publication of an editorial discussing the matter.
 Decision by the editorial board on future submissions by the
author or author group.

http://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk/questions-and-answers#Onplagiarism
 DECISION BY THE EDITORIAL BOARD
ON FUTURE SUBMISSIONS

 Depends on journals policy and editors/reviewers

 Ex: Springer (Journal of Thermal Spray Technology)
Plagiarism Measures

Minor A warning is given to the authors and a request

A short section of another article is plagiarized to change the text and properly cite the original
without any significant data or idea taken from article is made
the other paper

Intermediate The submitted article is rejected and the authors

A significant portion of a paper is plagiarized are forbidden to submit further articles for one
without proper citation to the original paper year

Severe The paper is rejected and the authors are

A significant portion of a paper is plagiarized forbidden to submit further articles for five
that involves reproducing original results or years.
ideas presented in another publication
 PRACTICES FOR ARTICLE RETRACTION

 Elsevier
 A retraction note titled “Retraction: [article title]” signed by the
authors and/or the editor is published in the paginated part of a
subsequent issue of the journal and listed in the contents list.
 In the electronic version, a link is made to the original article.
 The online article is preceded by a screen containing the retraction
note. It is to this screen that the link resolves; the reader can then
proceed to the article itself.
 The original article is retained unchanged save for a watermark on
the .pdf indicating on each page that it is “retracted.”
 The HTML version of the document is removed.

http://www.elsevier.com/about/publishing-guidelines/policies/article-withdrawal
 ON RETRACTION CASES

 The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) based its article

on a report that it commissioned from
Thomson Reuters, which showed “a steep rise”in
retraction notices,
from 22 in 2001 to 339 in 2010.

http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2011/11/03/retractions-are-increasing-but-
are-they-really-skyrocketing/
 Strategy-VI

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

 HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple.
1. The best method for avoiding it is to simply be
honest;
2. Understand what plagiarism is? How to detect and avoid it
3. Read guidelines carefully
4. Must familiarize yourself with the subject
5. Must know resources at your disposal
6. when you've used a source in your paper, give
credit where it's due. Acknowledge the author of
the original work you've used.
7. How to cite a source
8. Understand what doesn't need to be cited
9. Understand some basics about copyright.
10. Put your research under Open Access-for more visibility
MUST DO THINGS BEFORE START OF RESEARCH WORK
 Read very carefully guidelines for writing thesis / dissertations
/ research papers
 Guidelines for research and results reporting
 Attend research methodology workshop, English remedial
course, training in reference management tools, Library
orientation programme etc. author workshops and course on
technical writing skills etc
 How to read, understand, analysis and take notes from a a
article ieeecss.org/CSM/library/1999/feb1999/03-
studentguidetoresearch.pdf (Dennis S Bernstein's 51 tips-
Students Guide to research)
 Get account to check plagiarism, use of reference
management tools, research forums, online discussion
groups,
 How to do research?
ORCID
FORUMS TO SHARE RESEARCH
 CREATE RESEARCH DIARY OR RESEARCH NOTES
 a balance between the ideas you have taken from
other sources and your own, original ideas.
 Take notes of referred sources- marking page
numbers, record bibliographic information or web
addresses for every source.
 Note-taking
 First note source’s bibliographic information.
 Paraphrase or summarize as you go
 Put a “P” or an “S” next to paraphrases & summaries
 Use a “Q” to mark the beginning and end of passages copied directly from the
text..
 Use different coloured ink for copied ideas
 Whether you paraphrase or copy direct quotations, always keep the citation/page
information with the text, so that if you decide to rearrange your notes you have a
record of what came from where.
 Remember to write down not just the useful information you
discover but where you have found it too.
 It’s very difficult to backtrack later if you can’t remember which
book or website the information comes from
 WRITING THE PAPER
 The following tips on the writing process also
will help you avoid plagiarism. Read your notes
carefully and make sure you understand the
material before you begin to write.
 Write a preliminary draft without looking at your
notes. Leave spaces where you think you'll want to
include quotes or supporting material.
 Use your own words as much as possible. No one
expects you to write like an expert or a professional
writer. You should, however, write like a serious,
intelligent student/researcher.
 Cite all sources as you write your rough draft.
 Read through your final draft and make sure all
uncited ideas are your own.
 INTEGRATING SOURCES

In order to use a source effectively in

your paper, you must integrate it into
your argument in a way that makes it
clear to your reader not only which
ideas come from that source, but also
what the source is adding to your own
thinking- what the source is doing in
your paper.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 A SOURCE’S ROLE IN YOUR POLICY PAPER
 When you begin to draft your paper, you will need to
decide what role each of your sources will play in your
argument. In other words, you will need to figure out what
you’re going to do with the source in your paper.
 Does your assignment include instructions on source use?
 Does the source provide context or background information
about your topic?
 Has the source shaped your argument by raising a question,
suggesting a line of thinking, or providing a provocative
quotation?
 Does the source serve as an authoritative voice in support of
your claim?
 Does the source provide evidence for your claim?
 Does the source make a counter argument that you will
disagree with or take a position that complicates your own
position?

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 CHOOSING RELEVANT PARTS OF A SOURCE

 When you use sources in a paper, remember that the main

focus of your paper should always be on what you are saying,
rather than on what any individual source is saying.

 In order to make the strongest argument you can, you should

always be trying to strike a balance between your sources
and your own voice.

 When you consult multiple sources for a research paper, you

might find yourself trying to strike an even more delicate
balance between the voices of those sources and your own
voice.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, AND QUOTING

 Depending on the conventions of your

discipline, you may have to decide whether to…

 Scholars in the humanities tend to summarize,

paraphrase, and quote texts; social scientists
and natural scientists rely primarily on
summary and paraphrase.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 REFERENCING – WHY DO IT?
 Sources need to be acknowledged when you
are writing your project/Thesis /
Dissertation/paper/ book/chapter etc..

 This allows your teacher to

 Check your work
 See which sources of information you have used
 Ensure you haven’t just made up the information
 This allows referees / reviewer / examiner to
verify the contents
 WHAT IS REFERENCING ?
 What is citation
 How do I cite sources
 Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original
 When do I need to cite
 What's a Bibliography?
 what's an Annotated Bibliography?
 What is difference between References and
Bibliography?
 What are Endnotes
 What are Footnotes?
 What's the difference between Footnotes and Endnotes
 If I cite sources in the Footnotes (or Endnotes), how's
that different from a Bibliography
 WHAT DOES “CITATION” MEAN?
 Citation, in this context, simply means clearly giving credit
where credit is due.
 Proper citation involves clearly indicating
 the author, title, and publication information for the print, online,
broadcast, and interview-based texts that you use (Include a
Bibliography, Works Cited, or References section)
 which words and ideas come from which sources (Include in-text
citations or footnote/endnote notations)
 when you are moving from your own words and ideas to the words
and/or ideas of another (Include source writer’s name and signal
phrase)
 WHAT TO CITE?
When you write some paper / dissertation or thesis you may
use:

 Words;
 Opinions;
 Statistics;
 Facts;
 Information from an author or any other source, and
 Pictorial representations,

you are required to put down a footnote, quotation marks,

and/or an in-text parenthetical reference to the author. If
there is no author, then state where you found the
information.
 CITING A SOURCE
 Never copy more than 3-4 words in a row from a
source without using quotation marks (or going
back and properly paraphrasing).
 Never use special words or phrases without
properly quoting and citing them
 When in doubt you should always cite your source

 Make it clear who said what and give credit to the

right person.
 Evaluate referred Sources-Not all sources on the
web are worth citing
 Guidelines for citing sources properly
 CITATION STYLES
 Humanities
 Chicago
 Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation
 Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style
 Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation
 MLA (Modern Language Association)
 Writer's Handbook: MLA Style Documentation
 MLA Citation Style
 Sciences
 ACS (American Chemical Society)
 AMA Citation Style
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
 Electrical Engineering Citation Style
 NLM (National Library of Medicine)
 NLM Style Guide
 National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (PDF format)
 Vancouver (Biological Sciences)
 Introduction to the Vancouver Style
 Social Sciences
 AAA (American Anthropological Association)
 Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers
 APA (American Psychological Association)
 Writer's Handbook: APA Style Documentation
 APA Style.org
 APSA (American Political Science Association)
 Writer's Handbook: APSA Documentation
 Legal Style
 Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal Abbreviations
 Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA
 Other
 General info on citing web documents
 MLA CITATIONS
 Book

Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What To Do About It.

Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977. Print.

 Essay/Chapter in a Book

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal

Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The
'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed.
Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24. Print.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 MLA CITATIONS
 Article
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice
of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu."
Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50.
Print.

 Article from a Database

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-
Century England.” Historical Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96.
ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 MLA CITATIONS
 Entire Website

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and

OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 6
September 2012.

 Page on a Website
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d.
Web. 24 Feb. 2012.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
 Book
Zimbardo, P.G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do
about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

 Essay/Chapter in a Book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's
gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition,
and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender
issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York:
Springer.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
 Article
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New
Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

 Article from a Database

APA does not require that a citation for an article
in a database document that fact. You can cite
an article you find in a database the same way
you’d cite a regular print article, as in the example
above.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
 Website

Lowe, M. (2012). Megan Lowe @ ULM.

January 29, 2012, from
http://www.ulm./edu/~lowe.

Item Without Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 WHEN AND HOW TO SUMMARIZE

 When you summarize, you provide your readers

with a condensed version of an author’s key
points. A summary can be as short as a few
sentences or much longer, depending on the
complexity of the text and the level of detail you
wish to provide to your readers.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 PARAPHRASING
Good paraphrases…

Know how to Paraphrase-A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of

someone else’s ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT
make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and
the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also, you
should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the
ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own
words

1) change the order & structure of sentences

2) use synonyms/different forms of words
3) may change the voice or perspective

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
 USING QUOTATIONS
 What is quoting
 When to quote

 How much to quote

 How do I incorporate quotations in my paper

 Quoting Within Quotes

 How do I include long quotes in my paper?

 Single vs double quotations

 Punctuating quotations
 WHEN TO QUOTE

 The basic rule of thumb in all disciplines is that you should

only quote directly from a text when it’s important for your
reader to see the actual language used by the author of the
source.
 When you plan to discuss the actual language of a text.
 When you are discussing an author’s position or theory and
you plan to discuss the wording of a core assertion or kernel
of the argument in your paper.
 When you risk losing the essence of the author’s ideas in the
translation from her words to your own.
 When you want to appeal to the authority of the author and
using his or her words will emphasize that authority.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 USING QUOTE- HOW MUCH

 You may use 3-4 words without citing a source. if you use
five or more words from a sentence, you should cite it.

 A quote is a word, sentence, or sentences that a writer

copies exactly from a source.

 A quote is enclosed in quotation marks (for quotes up to

39 words).

 For quotes of 40 or more words, it stands alone without

quotation marks and is indented five (5) spaces from the
left margin.
 SINGLE VS DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS

 You should use double quotation marks when

you quote material from a source. If you are
also quoting passages from that source that
were quoted in the original source, use single
quotation marks to indicate that the original
source contained the quotation.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS

 In the system of punctuation used in the United

States, periods and commas go inside
quotation marks except when you use in-text
citations. In those cases, periods and commas
go outside the quotation marks.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 MLA QUOTATIONS
 Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are
totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo
62).

 Direct: Zimbardo notes that “children are totally

insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (62).

 Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that

children seem unaware that their parents are
considered bashful (Zimbardo 62).
 APA OR CHICAGO QUOTATIONS
 Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are
totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo,
1977, p.62).

 Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that “Children are totally

insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62).

 Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that

children seem oblivious to their parents’ bashfulness
(Zimbardo, 1977).
 WHAT IS “COMMON KNOWLEDGE”?
 A well-known fact.
 Information that is likely to appear in numerous sources
and to be familiar to large numbers of people.
 This is the only time you do not need to cite information,
provided that you do not copy that information word-for-
word from a source.
 If you are not sure if the information you want to use
meets these definitions, cite it.
 If at least 10 peer-review papers in your discipline don’t
give a citation for the information, then you don’t need to
 EXAMPLES OF STATEMENTS THAT ARE
COMMON KNOWLEDGE
 Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on
April 4, 1968.
 East Carolina University is located in Greenville,
NC and is part of the UNC system.
 Smoking can cause respiratory diseases such
as emphysema and cancer.
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems
PLAGIARISM AND GROUPWORK University of Malta

• Some assignments and Assigned

Practical Tasks require you to work in
groups
• Sometimes you will submit a single piece
of work as a joint report
• Other times you will work together, but
submit separate reports
• Remember to give credit where it is due
 RESEARCH PAPERS AND THESIS AND
DISSERTATIONS

 You may include research papers where you are

the first author written during the period of your
research
 Contributions As a second author- ma beused
as other references
 ANTI-PLAGIRISM TOOLS TO DETECT THE
PLAGIARISM...1
 Council of Writing Program Administrators
 A national association of college faculty with professional experience in writing program and curricula, the CWPA
includes a section on advice for students concerned about plagiarizing, as well as links to other online assets and
tutorials.
 Harvard College Writing Program’s Guide to Using Sources
 Includes a comprehensive overview of how to properly use sources in academic work, including an in-depth section
on different kinds of plagiarism and how to avoid common pitfalls in college writing.
 iThenticate
 Developed by Turnitin, iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection. This tool can be used
by editors, authors, and researchers to evaluate originality. Text is compared against a database of more than 50
billion web pages and 130 million works.
 Plagiarism.org
 An information website for students who would like to know more about plagiarism and how to avoid it. The site
also includes a section on citing sources, creating footnotes and bibliographies, paraphrasing, and using quotes
properly.
 PlagTracker.com
 This free online tool allows students, teachers, publishers, and website owners to search assignments for instances
of plagiarism. The tool reads and analyzes content in English, French, German, Italian, Romanian, and Spanish.
 Turnitin
 Drawing on the search capabilities of the Internet, as well as a proprietary database of college papers, Turnitin
gives students and professors a report that highlights portions of an assignment that are not original work and thus
may be plagiarized. The idea is that students then have an opportunity to go back and make sure they’ve provided
proper citations for any portion of the work that can be shown to appear elsewhere.
 WriteCheck
 Provided by Pearson, this online tool can be used as a plagiarism checker, as well as a grammar checker. The site
notes that the tool is used by both high school and college students and was developed based on feedback from
various instructors. Although this tool utilizes the same search database as Turnitin, the main differences are that
WriteCheck identifies potential unintended plagiarism and does not find a matching source and WriteCheck papers
are not added to a student database of papers.
 Grammarly
 ANTI-PLAGIRISM TOOLS TO DETECT THE
PLAGIARISM..2
 Originality check
 WriteCheck, Turnitin, Ithenticate etc
 Plagium , Dupli Checker , Plagiarism Checker ,
Plagiarismdetect , Plagiarisma.net , Eve Plagiarism
Detection System,
 Writing and grammar check
 WriterCheck, Grammarly,
 Citation tools:
 EasyBib
 ORIGINALITY % LIMIT
0 % is the limit
Any similarities can be Plagiarism
All similarities may not be plagiarism
Researcher and guide / supervisor are the best persons to decide on this issue
Limit fixed by some Universities for Ph. D / Mphil Thesis and Dissertation:

Name of University Percentage Allowed

1 The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University 25%

2 University of Hyderabad 25%

3 Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University 15%

4 Acharya Nagarjuna University 30%
5 Sathyabama University 30%
6 Pondicherry University Below 15% is acceptable
16-25% Supervisor can Grant
26-35% Justification required

7 Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute,University 10%

8 Dravidian University 30%
9 Suresh Gyan Vihar University 30%
 FILE REQUIREMENTS

 Files must be less than 20 MB in Turnitin and

40MB in iThenticate .
 The maximum document length is 400 pages.
 Files must contain at least 20 words of text.
 Files must not exceed 2MB of raw text.
 Zip files may contain up to 200MB or 1,000 files.
 It currently support file upload for the following
document types: Word, Text, PostScript, PDF,
HTML, Word Perfect WPD, Open Office ODT, RTF,
Hangul HWP
 TOOLS FOR IN REFERENCE MANAGEMENT AND
ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS
 Citation Machine
 This site helps researchers and professionals properly site sources used. Users can select from APA, MLA,
Chicago, and Turabian citation styles.
 CrossRef
 A collaborative, membership-based association of scholarly publishers, CrossRef calls itself “the citation
linking backbone for all scholarly information in electronic form” and serves as a platform for the scholarly
community to have easier access to research content.
 EasyBib
 On EasyBib, users can find easy-to-use citation, note taking, and research tools as well as resources on
MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles. The platform also provides tools and information to help educators
teach their students how to be effective researchers.
 EndNote
 This reference manager allows users to search databases, collect PDFs, organize sources, build and format
bibliographies, and share research. The platform is offered in three versions: EndNote X7 (desktop and
online), EndNote for iPad, and EndNote basic (free, online-only).
 Mendeley
 Mendeley is a free reference manager that allows students and researchers to cite as they write, as well as
read and annotate PDFs on any device.
 OWL – Research and Citation Resources
 Purdue OWL offers guides and information on research and proper citation. Find information on APA, MLA,
and Chicago styles.
 Zotero
 An online, free, and easy-to-use tool to help users collect, organize, cite, and share research sources. Zotero
can interact with all types of online resources and allows users to automatically extract and save
bibliographic references.
MENDELEY
FREE WAY TO MANAGE YOUR RESEARCH

www.mendeley.com
 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF MENDELEY
 Mendeley is a free reference manager
 a combination of a desktop application and a website [easy Sync]
 to manage, share and discover both content and contacts in
research
 download Mendeley for free
 quick & simple installation
 add all your PDFs (Articles, Book Chapters, etc.)
 organize, cite and collaborate…
 works on Windows, Mac & Linux
 free and fully compatible with Windows Word 2003 – 2010, Mac Word 2008
– 2011, LibreOffice and BibTex
 ZOTERO
 Free (open source), easy-to-use bibliographic
reference manager
 Helps researchers collect, organize, cite, and
share your research sources
 Can be downloaded from address below
 Uses various web browsers but is written for
Mozilla Firefox.
 Also able to download from the link
 www.zotero.org/
PLACE YOUR ALL RESEARCH UNDER OPEN
ACCESS UNDER YOUR INSTITUTIONAL
REPOSITORY
Have an Open Access Policy for your University / Institute
 ACCESS TO ETD@JNU
 Metdata
 Uploading on Library Server and access using
ILMS
 Creation of Institutional Repositories using
DSPACE
 Providing copies to SHODHGANGA for open
access
 Creation of ETD Lab
 Organisation of Author Workshops
 Turnitin account – to check the plagiarism
 Guidelines for submission of these and
dissertations
FULL TEXT AVAILABLE IN OPAC
SAMPLE SEARCH RESULT OF THESES IN OPAC
JNU’S ETDS AT SHODHGANGA
Theses and dissertations have long been regarded as the
bedrock of graduate education. They are scholarly works that
take years to research and write … However, the vast majority of
these works languish in obscurity in college and university
libraries and archives. The best way to bring this research to
light is to publish it electronically and give to students and
researchers free and open access to theses documents via the
World Wide Web.

Fineman, Yale. (2003). Electronic theses and dissertations. Libraries and

the academy, 3(2), 219-227.
 HAVE A PLAGIARISM POLICY FOR YOUR
UNIVERSITY /INSTITUTE
 Preamble
 What is Plagiarism?
 Types of Plagiarism
 How to detect
 Plagiarism FAQs
 How to Avoid? Plagiarism Prevention Guidelines for Students
 How to Avoid? Plagiarism Prevention Guidelines for Educators
 What is Citation
 How to Cite Sources
 Listing References
 Citation Styles
 Counselling
 Important Terms
 JNU POLICY ON PLAGIARISM
 MANDETORY TURNITIN CHECK AND
CERTIFICATION for all Theses and Dissertations
BY ALL M. PHIL / Ph. D students to be verified
by the guide
 Training /orientation ( Sessions are being
organised for both Faculty and Students
including in workshop on research ethics /
research methodology etc.)
 Digital Submission of Theses and Dissertations
 Online access to All Theses and Dissertations
 Forall at JNU INTRANET
 With three year Embargo Period under Open Access
 WHAT NEXT?
 India should strengthened its regulatory system to
counter the rampant problems of plagiarism with a law
to clamp down on academic cheating at its universities
and other research institutions
 Revise course contents of research methodology
workshop and pre-Phd Course work to make training on
Reference Management Tools and Anti Plagiarism
software mandatory at both college and University Level.
 CBSE should provide proper guidelines at school level to
create an awareness what is plagiarism?
 All funding / scholar granting institutions should insist to
all grantees to have Plagiarism policy in place.
 CONCLUSION
 Plagiarism is a form of theft so it needs serious attention as well
action.
 It also affect copyright issues
 As an rough estimates between 10% to 15% of academicians and
25% to 35 % students in universities and colleges are plagiarists
 plagiarism must be prevented at all levels of academic work from
student papers to academic books
 India does not have a statutory body to deal with scientific
misconduct in academia like the Office of Research Integrity in
the US.
 China has also strengthened its regulatory system to counter the
rampant problems of plagiarism and is ready with a new law to
clamp down on academic cheating at its universities
 It can be reduced by proper awareness, counselling, following
strict research and ethical guidelines, open and transparent
policy, by putting contents online etc.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 I would like express my sincere thanks to

Authors of various Internet sources used to
prepare this presentation.
 Wherever possible the links have been
provided. However any omission is duly
regretted.
 The presentation is mainly prepared to create
an awareness amongst students and
researchers about the plague of plagiarism.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
HTTP://ABACUS.BATES.EDU/CBB/INDEXF7A0.HTML?Q=NODE/41
 Altman, Ellen and Peter Hernon, eds. Research Misconduct: Issues, Implications, and Strategies. London: Ablex, 1997.
 Anderson, Judy. Plagiarism, Copyright Violation & Other Thefts of Intellectual
Property: An Annotated Bibliography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland 1998.
 Atkins, Thomas and Gene Nelson. "Plagiarism and the Internet: Turning Tables." English Journal 90 (2001): 101-104.
 Buranen, Lisa and Alice M. Roy, eds. Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a postmodern world. Albany: SUNY
Press, 2001.
 CQ Quarterly, "Combating Plagiarism," 13:32 (2003): 773-796
 Decoo, Wilfried. Crisis on Campus: Confronting Academic Misconduct. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
 A guide to academic misconduct that includes a concise history that situates the phenomenon in contemporary academic
practice, describes its various phases, and offers advice on detection as well as avoidance.
 Dunn, Lee and Chris Morgan, Sharon Parry, Meg O'Reilly. The Student Assessment Handbook: New Directions in Traditional
and Online Assessment. London: Routledge Falmer, 2004.
 Includes a discussion of lagiarism.
 Harris, Robert. The Plagiarism Handbook: Strategies for Preventing, Detecting, and Dealing with Plagiarism. Los Angeles:
Pyrczak, 2001.
 Howard, Rebecca Moore. Standing in the Shadow of Giants: Plagiarists, Authors & Collaborators. Stanford, CT: Ablex 1999.
 ----. "Forget about Policing Plagiarism; Just Teach." The Chronicle of Higher Education (16 November 2001): B24.
 LaFollette, Marcel. Stealing into Print : Fraud, Plagiarism, and Misconduct in Scientific Publishing. Berkeley and London:
University of California Press, 1992.
 McCabe, Donald and Gary Pavela. "Some Good News about Academic Integrity." Research Library 32:5 (2000): 32-38.
 Meltzer, Francoise. Hot Property: The Stakes and Claims of Literary Originality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
 Parrish, Debra. "Scientific Misconduct and the Plagiarism Cases." Journal of College and University Law 21:3 (1995): 517-54.
 Includes a comparison of the National Science Foundation's and the Office of Research Integrity's definitions of plagiarism.
 Randall, Marilyn. Pragmatic Plagiarism: Authorship, Profit, Power. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
 Stillinger, Jack. Multiple Authorship & the Myth of Solitary Genius. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1981.
 Tedford, R. "Plagiarism Detection Programs: A Comparative Evaluation." College & University Media REview 9.2 (2004): 111-18.
 Provides a summary of several popular detection services.
 Whitley, Bernard E. and Patricia Keith-Spiegel. Academic Dishonesty: An Educator's Guide. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum, 2002.
 WEBLIOGRAPHY OF ONLINE ARTICLES
HTTP://ABACUS.BATES.EDU/CBB/INDEXF7A0.HTML?Q=NODE/41
 Bernhardt, Stephen. "Thriving in Academe: Writing To Learn; Learning To Write." NEA Advocate Online, Feb.
2004.
 Carbone, Nick. "Thinking and Talking about Plagiarism."
 Clayton, Peter, Ann Applebee, and Celina Pascoe. "Pedagogy, Plagiarism or Pornography? Universities on the
Net."
 Council of Writing Program Administrators. "Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement on Best
Practice."
 Hamlin, Lindsay and William T. Ryan. "Probing for Plagiarism in the Virtual Classroom." Syllabus Magazine
Online.
 Hunt, Russ. "Four Reasons to be Happy about Internet Plagiarism."
 McCormack, Ginny. "Whose Idea was that?" Stanford Magazine, September/October 2003.
 Posner, Richard. "On Plagiarism." The Atlantic Online, April 2002.
 Ryan, Julie J. C. H. "Student Plagiarism in an Online World." ASEE Prism Magazine (December 1998).
 Discusses some tools to help detect cyberplagiarism.
 Simmonds, Patience. "Plagiarism and Cyber-Plagiarism: A guide to Selected Resources on the Web." College
&Research Libraries News, 64:6 (June 2003).
 Standler, Ronald. "Plagiarism in Colleges in USA."
 Provides a legal perspective on student plagiarism.
 Taylor, Lynn. "Understanding Plagiarism." Issues of Teaching and Learning 9.2 (March 2003). Preface |
Article
 Surveys the use of computer usage at Australian Universities.
 Webliography of Online Resources and Projects
 Music Plagiarism Project. Charles Cronin, Columbia University Law School
 Utopian Plagiarism, Hypertextuality, and Electronic Cultural Production. Critical Art Ensemble
 MANY THANKS

 For Any further

information / question
 Please feel free to
write to me
 [email protected]

 [email protected]