ONE WAY SLAB

1) One Way Slab

Long Span
When >2
Short Span

2) Two Way Slab

Long Span
When <2
Short Span

Specifications of One-Way Slab

Values given shall be used directly for members with normal weight
concrete (wc = 2,300 kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement. For other
conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:

a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weight in the range

1,500 – 2,000 kg.m3, the values shall be multiplied by (1.65 – 0.0003wc)
but not less than 1.09, where wc is the unit weight in kg/m3.

b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
fy/700)

Concrete not exposed to weather

or in contact with ground.
Slabs, walls, joists:
45 and 60 mm diameter bars . . 40 mm
36 mm diameter bar and smaller 20 mm

Design limitations of slabs as specified by the Code:

1) Effective depth = t – 20 – one half diam. of bars

2) Spacing of main reinforcement shall not be greater than 3 times the

slab thickness nor more than 450 mm.

3) Straight bar systems maybe used in both tops and bottoms of a

continuous slab.

4) Shrinkage or temperature bars shall be placed perpendicular to the

main reinforcement.
Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at
least the following ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete
area, but not less than 0.0014:

1) Slabs where Grade 275 or 345

deformed bars are used . . . . . 0.0020

2) Slabs where Grade 415 deformed

bars or welded wire fabric (smooth or
deformed) are used . . . . . . . . 0.0018

3) Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 415 MPa

measured
at a yield strain of 0.35 percent is
used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018 x 415
fy

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther

apart than five times the slab thickness, or 450 mm.

S S S
1000
No. of bars needed =
S
d
For 16 mm ø bars
As
π 1000
(16)2 = As 20
4 S mm
  b=1000 mm
Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars of slabs to control flexural cracking.
38(200)
S= − 2.5 Cc
fs
300(280)
but not less than S =
fs
2
if fs = fy
3
2
where fs =
3
Cc = the distance from the bottom of
the bars to the bottom of concrete slab
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Problem:
The figure shows a one way slab having a total depth of 200 mm with a 25
mm clear covering at the bottom. The steel reinforcement is 20 mm
diameter. Spacing of steel reinforcement is 125 mm on centers.
fc’ = 30 MPa, fy = 400 MPa. Considering 1 m. width of slab.

200
mm

125 125 125 125 125 125 25 mm

clear

➀ Determine the depth of stress block for a strip of slab.

➁ Determine the moment capacity of a strip of slab.
➂ Determine the working live load per sq.m. if the slab were used on a
3 m. simple span. Concrete mass maybe taken at 2500 kg/m3 which
includes the weight of reinforcement. Use NSCP load factors.
Solution:
➀ Depth of stress block:
1000
No. of bars =
125
No. of bars = 8
π
A s = (20)2 (8)
4
A s = 2513.27 mm2

C=T
0.85 fc' ab = A s fy
0.85(30)(a)(1000) = 2513.27(400)
a = 39.42 mm
1. Problem: Continuation
➁ Moment capacity of slab:
d = 200 - 25 - 10 = 165 mm

M u = ø A s fy (d - a/2)

(
M u = 0.90(2513.27)(400) 165 -
39.43
2
)
6
M u = 131.46 x 10 N.mm
M u = 131.46 kN.m

➂ Working live load per sq.m.

Dead load = 0.2(1)(2.5)(9.81)
Dead load = 4.905 kN/m
Wu L2
Mu =
8
Wu (3)2
131.46 =
8
Wu = 116.85 kN/m

Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
116.85 = 1.2(4.905)+1.6LL
LL = 69.35 kN/m
 
LL = 69.35 KPa.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Problem
 
A uniformly loaded slab has a simple span of 3 m. In addition to its dead
weight, the slab carries a live load of 4.8 kPa. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 415
MPa. Assume wt. of concrete = 24 kN/m3. Use 25 mm steel covering
measured to the center of the main bars.
 
➀ Determine the required thickness of slab.
 
➁ Determine the spacing of 12 mm ø main reinforcement.
 
➂ Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø temperature bars.
 
Solution:
➀ Required thickness of slab
L
t=
20
3000
t= = 150 mm
20
Use t = 150 mm
2. Problem Continuation
 
➁ Spacing of 12 mm ø main reinforcement
Consider 1 m. strip of slab.
DL = 0.15(1)(24) = 3.6 kN/m
LL = 4.8 kN/m

Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Wu = 1.2(3.6) + 1.6(4.8) b=1000 mm
0.85fc’
Wu = 13.20 kN/m
a C
N.A.
Wu L2 d=125 (d-a/2)
Mu =
8
25 T
12(3)2
Mu =
8 10 mm ø
temp. bars
s s s 12 mm ø
Main bars

M u = 13..5 kN.m.

M u = ø fc' b d2 ω(1 - 0.59ω)

6 2
13.5 x 10 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(125)
ω(1 - 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0477
2. Problem Continuation
 
w fc'
ρ=
fy
0.0477(20.7)
ρ= = 0.00238
415

1.4
ρmin. =
fy
1.4
ρmin. = = 0.00337
415

Steel area required :

Use ρ = 0.00337

A s = ρbd
A s = 0.00337(1000)(125) = 421.25 mm2

Spacing of 12 mm bars :
π 2 ⎛ 1000 ⎞
(12) ⎜ = 421.25
4 ⎝ S ⎟⎠
S = 268 mm say 260

Max. S = 3t nor 450

Max. S = 3(150) = 450
Use S = 260 mm o.c.
2. Problem Continuation
 
➂ Temperature bars
A s = 0.0018 bt

A s = 0.0018(1000)(150)

A s = 270 mm

Spacing of 10 mm ø temp. bars :

π 2 ⎛ 1000 ⎞
(10) ⎜ ⎟ = 270
4 ⎝ S ⎠

S = 290.8 say 290 mm

Max. S = 5t nor 450

Max. S = 5(150) = 750 nor 450

Max. S = 450 (required by NSCP)

Use S = 290 mm o.c.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STANDARD HOOKS (NSCP 2015 CODE)
Development length Ldh for deformed bars in tension terminating in a standard
hook shall be the greater of the following:

A) 180-degree hook
standard hook 180˚ hook
deformed bars in tension with
Value of Ldh: diameter db

fy db
➀ L dh = mm
4.17 fc ' Lext

Ldh

For normal weight concrete:

➁ Ldh = 8db mm
r = d/2
➂ Ldh = 150 mm
Use bigger value.
d (Inside bend diameter)

Straight extension
straight extension
Use the biggest value.
Lext = 4 db = or 65 mm
Lext = 4 db or 65 mm whichever is bigger

Min. inside bend diameter:

➀ For bar sizes 10 mm to 25 mmø = 6 db
➁ For bar sizes 28 mm to 36 mmø = 8 db
➂ For bar sizes 40 mm to 58 mmø = 10 db
B) 90-degree hook

Ld h
90˚ hook

Lext = 12 db

Development length:
(Use biggest value)
fy db
➀ L dh =
4.17 fc '

➁ Ldh = 8db
➂ Ldh = 150 mm
Use bigger value.

Straight extension Lext

Lext = 12 db

Min. inside bend diameter:

➀ For bar sizes 10 mm to 25 mmø = 6 db
➁ For bar sizes 28 mm to 36 mmø = 8 db
➂ For bar sizes 40 mm to 58 mmø = 10 db
 Minimum Inside Bend Diameters and Standard Hook
Geometry for Stirrups, Ties and Hoops:

A) For 90-degree hook: 90˚ bend

Min. inside bend diameter:
➀ For 10 mmø to 16 mmø = 4 db db
➁ For 20 mmø to 25 mmø = 6 db
Lext
Straight Extension (Lext)
➀ For 10 mmø to 16 mmø
Lext = 6 db or 75 mm (bigger value)
➁ For 20 mmø to 25 mmø
Lext = 12 db

B) For 135-degree hook: 135˚ bend

db
Min. inside bend diameter:
➀ For bars 10 mmø to 16 mmø = 4 db
➁ For bars 20 mmø to 25 mmø = 6 db Lext
Straight Extension (Lext)
Lext = 6 db or 75 mm (bigger value)

C) For 180-degree hook:

db
Min. inside bend diameter: 180˚ bend
➀ For bars 10 mmø to 16 mmø = 4 db
➁ For bars 20 mmø to 25 mmø = 6 db
Straight Extension (Lext) Lext
Lext = 6 db or 65 mm (bigger value)

Note: Hooks and heads shall not be used to develop bars in compression
values of fc ' shall not exceed 8.3 MPa.
Development lengths do not require a strength reduction factor.
 Development Length for Deformed Bars in Tension

A) Spacing and cover requirements:

➀ Clear cover should be greater than db
➁ Clear spacing between bars should be greater than db at least 2 db
➂ Stirrups or ties not lesser than 10 mm
For 20 mmø & smaller dia. For 25 mmø and larger
fy db fy db
Ld = Ld =
2.1 fc ' 1.7 fc '

B) Other cases:
For 20 mmø & smaller dia. For 25 mmø and larger
fy db fy db
Ld = Ld =
1.4 fc ' 1.1 fc '

K tr
cb +
C) When the confinement term db is known where c is the
covering to the centroid of bars:
40 A tr
Ktr =
Sn
n = no.. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting
S = spacing of stirrups
Atr = area of stirrups
fy db
Ld = shall not exceed 2.5
⎛ Ktr ⎞
1.1 fc ' ⎜ c + ⎟
⎝ db ⎠
It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even if transverse
reinforcement is present.
Problem 1:
A cantilever beam as shown in the figure has a clear covering of 40 mm at the top
and at the extension of hook; the clear covering is 40 mm. The beam is reinforced
with 2 – 25 mmø at the top and a stirrup holder of 16 mmø at the bottom. The bars
are confined by a 10 mmø stirrups speed at 150 mm and has a clear spacing
between the bars of 100 m. fc’ = 27.6 MPa fy = 415 MPa.

Ld h
2-25 mmø
40

450

300

➀ Compute the required development length or length of embedment for the

straight 25 mmø bars.
➁ Compute the required development length or length of embedment for the 25
mmø bars with a 90˚ hook and the length of straight extension.
➂ Compute the required development length or length of embedment for the 25
mmø bars with a 180˚ hook and length of straight extension. S

Solution:
➀ Development length for the straight 25 mmø bars
Clear spacing of bars:
S + 2(25) + 2(50) = 300
S = 150 mm > 2 db = 2(25) = 50 mm ok
Clear cover = 40 mm > db = 25 mm ok 40 40
Stirrups = 10 mmø (min. diameter of stirrups) 10 10
300
Problem 1: continuation
fy db
Use L d =
1.7 fc '

415(25)
Ld =
1.7 27.6
L d = 1161.68 mm
Development length = 1161.68(1.3) = 1510.18 mm
Note: For top bars, modification factor of 1.3 is required.

➁ Development length for the 25 mmø bars with a 90˚ hook

Ld h

\\
Lext = 12 db

fy db
➀ L dh =
4.17 fc '
415(25)
L dh =
4.17 27.6
L dh = 473.58 mm

➁ Ldh = 8 db = 8(25) = 200 mm

➂ Ldh = 150 mm
Use Ldh = 473.58 mm
Lext = 12 db = 12(25) = 300 mm
Note: No modification factor is applicable for 90˚ hooks.
Problem 1: continuation

➂ Development length for 180˚ hook

Ldh

Lext = 100 mm

fy db
➀ L dh =
4.17 fc '
415(25)
L dh =
4.17 27.6
L dh = 473.58 mm

➁ Ldh = 8 db = 8(25) = 200 mm

➂ Ldh = 150 mm
Use Ldh = 473.58 mm
Note: No modification factor is applicable for 180˚ hooks.
Lext = 12 db = 12(25) = 300 mm
 
Problem 4:
A reinforced concrete beam has a span of 6 m. It is reinforced with 4 – 20 mmø
bars at the bottom. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa
Effective depth = 530 mm
Diameter of stirrups = 10 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Width of beam = 300 mm.
➀ Determine the theoritical cut off point of 2 – 20 mmø bars at the center row
measured from the center of the beam.
➁ Considering the extension beyond thecut off points required by the NSCP
specifications, determine minimum distance the 2 – 22 mm bars should extend
on each side of the center line.
➂ Determine the required development length of the 22 mmø bars from the
center span.
fy db
Ld =
Use: 2.1 fc ' if the clear spacing of bars is greater than db.
fy db
Ld =
1.4 fc ' if the clear spacing of bars is less than db.

b= 300 mm

d=530
Problem 4: continuation
Solution:
➀ Theoritical cut off point of 2 – 20 mmø bars at the center row measured from
the center of the beam:
b= 300 mm

252
2
d=530
4 x x
2

3 3

Using squaredproperty of parabola:

4 2
=
(3)2 x 2
x = 2.121 m.

Theoritical C
L
cut off point 4-20 mm ø
2-20 mm ø

x x
Problem 4: continuation

➁ Minimum distance the 2 – 22 mm bars should extend on each side of the

centerline:

C
L

L L

L = x + 12 db
L =x+d
Extension beyond cut off points = 12 db or d which ever is bigger.
L = 2121 + 12(20)
L= 2361 mm
L = 2121 + 530
L = 2651 mm
Use L = 2651 mm.
Problem 4: continuation

➂ Development length required:

b= 300 mm

20 mm ø
d=530 S S S

40 10 10 40
300 mm

300 = 40(2) + 10(2) + 4(20) + 3 s

C
L
s = 40 mm > db = 20 mm ok
s = 40 mm at least 2 db = 40 mm ok
clear cover > db
Ld Ld
40 > db ok
Tie diameter = 10 mm (min.) ok

fy db
Ld =
2.1 fc '
414.6(20)
Ld =
2.1 20.7
L d = 867.87 mm < 2651 mm ok