Brooke Druffner

Professor Stalbird

English 1202 Online

28 June 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My essay will attempt to answer how animals and marine life in animal and marine parks

are affected physically and psychologically by their captivity. What are these effects and how to

do these animals communicate them with us? I also want to know what a better alternative is to

these parks, so that people can still see these exotic animals and be educated about them. Are

sanctuaries this answer and if so what are the benefits?

Bockman, Jon. “The Value of Sanctuaries, and How to Maximize Their Impact.” Animal Charity

Evaluators, The Animal Charity Evaluators, 17 Jan. 2018,

animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/the-value-of-sanctuaries-and-how-to-maximize-their-

impact/. Accessed 20 June 2019.

This blog post by Jon Bockman on Animal Charity Evaluators in September 24, 2015,

highlights the positive effects of animal sanctuaries which ranges from health benefits towards

the animals to educational values for humans. Animals placed in sanctuaries are presented with

respect and care that helps them adapt to the environment, making them feel like they are in a

natural habitat. Seeing these animals in a calm and satisfied state, allows for a more educational

experience of seeing the animals in their natural state.

This blog post is targeting an audience that is curious about animal sanctuaries and their

benefits or are looking specifically for the qualities that create a great sanctuary. This post comes
from the point of view that shows how sanctuaries can improve to stay making such a large

positive impact. Although written in late 2015, everything stated in the article is held up today

seeing as though education is still an important part of sanctuaries that needs to be

acknowledged.

This post came from Animal Charity Evaluators, which strives to find and promote the

best ways to effectively help animals by researching thoroughly. The author holds high positions

in many animal advocacy nonprofits, which have extended his knowledge on animals and the

conditions they should be kept in. He also worked as a humane investigator looking into places

where animals should not be kept, knowing what to look for due to his research on the best

conditions for captive animals.

I plan to insert this information into my paper, when answering the question of if/how

sanctuaries are the better alternative to animal parks. This was shown through care and

conditions present in sanctuaries that leads to a better education value for those who see them.

The comfortable feeling that animals achieve in sanctuaries, unlike in zoos, is also something I

will bring into my paper.

Dasgupta, Shreya. “Earth - Many Animals Can Become Mentally Ill.” BBC, BBC, 9 Sept. 2015,

www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150909-many-animals-can-become-mentally-ill.

This is a news article posted by BBC on September 9, 2015 by Shreya Dasgupta, that

focuses on the understanding of anxiety and depression in animals and how it is expressed by

them. Animals in captivity show signs of mental illness due to the stress of being taken from

their natural environment, separated from family, and placed in an unfamiliar setting. In order to

see the signs of psychological damage, one has to first be able to recognize normal behavioral
patterns. Abnormal behaviors that show illness are those such as shaking, swaying, self-harm, or

for the animal to just give up completely.

This post was written to inform readers that animals too can suffer from mental illnesses

and with better understanding can come solutions to help them. The article is working to connect

humans to animals by making the readers understand that animals have feeling just like us so we

should work to ensure their mental health. It was written in late 2015, but contains information

that is still relevant now, with this article being a big break at the time in the understanding of

animal’s mental health.

This article was published by BBC, which is a highly trusted news site. The author

worked as a wildlife researcher before becoming a full-time writer. She writes stories around

science and environmental subjects, much like this article, and has done much research on these

topics. Her work has gotten her many awards on her scientific and environmental pieces.

I will incorporate this information in my writing by using the examples of abnormal

animal behaviors to answer the question of how can we identify mentally ill animals. I will also

include the science behind the psychological damages to follow up with how/why animals can

get depressed or anxious.

Hill, Sonya P., and Donald M. Broom. “Measuring Zoo Animal Welfare: Theory and

Practice.” Zoo Biology, vol. 28, no. 6, 8 Oct. 2009, doi:10.1002/zoo.20276.

This is an academic article published on the Wiley Online Library in 2009 by Sonya P.

Hill and Donald M. Broom, that focuses on how to measure animal welfare on a scale of very

good to very poor and how it can be applied to helping animals in zoos. It emphasizes the point

that animal welfare should be closely monitored for animals being held in captivities outside
their natural habitats, due to most not being able to fulfill the animal’s full needs. To measure

animals’ welfare, one must observe multiple animals in good condition and bad to be able to

conclude what is truly abnormal behaviors for each. Animals in zoos can lose natural traditional

behaviors that restricts their learning making it hard for them to ever be released.

This post was written to inform readers about animal welfare and correct some myths

about how to read an animal’s behavior and correlate it to their health. This corrects the

statements of many extreme animal activist, while backing up the more scientific that is focused

more on the real readable behaviors and reasons for them. The article withheld bias, taking

points from both sides and using research to explain rather than playing off emotion for an

argument.

This article was published by PubMed, the US National Library of Medicine National

Institutes of Health, a credible government library. It comes from the North of England

Zoological Society, which comes from the Chester Zoo in the United Kingdom. The author

Sonya Hill who is a senior lecturer on animal behavior and welfare and is an experienced

researcher in animal welfare in zoos. She has her PhD from the Department of Veterinary

Medicine from the University of Cambridge, with her work on investigating behavioral and

physiological welfare in gorillas.

I will be incorporating this information into my paper when talking about animal

behavior, how it reflects animals’ mental health and how to analyze it. This information answers

the question of what zoos effects are mentally on the animals being held captive. This article also

provides me with a definition of what animal welfare is, giving me a basis to follow throughout

the paper.
Holdgate, Matthew R., et al. “Walking Behavior of Zoo Elephants: Associations between GPS-

Measured Daily Walking Distances and Environmental Factors, Social Factors, and

Welfare Indicators.” Plos One, vol. 11, no. 7, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150331.

This is a research article published by the Public Library of Science on July 14, 2016 by

Matthew R. Holdgate, that compares elephants’ behaviors, like walking patterns, in their natural

habitat versus those in captivity. Walking is an important part of an elephants like, for not only

does it help them maintain their physical heath but also works to from social groups that

improves their mental health. This research found that elephants in the wild walk more than

those in captivity, leading to the thought that elephants in zoos should be given more space to

walk.

This post was written in a very scientific manner, sticking to facts and statistics while

staying away from personal opinion and emotions. The article contained details of how they

obtain their information and what variables when into it that could have affected the outcome.

The research was conducted in 2012 and looked over by many, then later published in 2016.

This article was published by the Public Library of Science, which is a peer-reviewed

scientific journal. The author is Matthew R. Holdgate, a professor at Portland State University in

the Department of Biology, specifically with the Conservation Research Division. This paper

was also reviewed and co-authored by many other people with zoology and biology

backgrounds. The fact that the article is peer-reviewed and details the research process so well

makes it credible.

I will incorporate this information into my paper when talking about the enclosure’s

animals are put in and how it changes their natural behaviors. This answers my question of what

effects livening in captivity has on these animals. It also contains well documented research
statistics that will help me back up claims about the correlation of enclosure to the animal’s

health.

Magra, Iliana. “Could the London Zoo Tiger Death Have Been Avoided?” The New York Times,

The New York Times, 10 Feb. 2019,

www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/world/europe/london-zoo-tiger.html?rref=collection/

timestopic/Zoos&action=click&contentCollection=science®ion=stream&module=stream

_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=4&pgtype=collection. Accessed 20 June 2019.

This is a newspaper article published by The New York Times on Feburary 10, 2019 by

Iliana Magra, that discusses the incident at the London Zoo, where one tiger was killed, and how

reproduction is being handled with endangered tigers in captivity. This incident occurred when a

male and female tiger were introduced to each other with hopes of mating, but instead the male

quickly overpowered the female killing her. It is questioned if artificial insemination should be

used more frequently to avoid these types of situations, and mentions how it has been successful

in the past.

This article was written for those who have heard about the situation and were curious as

to why it was not avoided. The article did a good job of keeping bias to a minimum by showing

both sides of the argument and giving evidence to back each side up. It also brought up why

endangered animals like these need to be mated in captivity, which was a question raised by this

incident.

This article was published in The New York Times which is a well-known news cite that

is known to be credible. The article is written by Iliana Magra who currently works with The
New York Times and has a long background of news research. This was written early 2019

making it a recent source with links to all our it’s reliable sources.

I will incorporate this into my paper when talking about the forced mating zoos

participate in and the effects it has on the animals. It also brings up different ways in which

animals in captivity can be impregnated which I will bring up in my paper. I will also bring up

this incident when discussing times in which animals died in zoos due to human mistakes.

Speiran, Siobhan. “Interview with Dr. Carmen Soto, Exotic Animal Veterinarian at Wildlife

Sanctuary Kids Saving the Rainforest in Costa Rica.” DANTAisms, 13 Aug. 2018,

dantablog.wordpress.com/2018/08/12/interview-with-dr-carmen-soto-exotic-animal-

This is an interview published by DANTAsms on August 12, 2018 by Siobhan Speiran,

that discusses how sanctuaries, specifically the wildlife sanctuary Kids Saving the Rainforest in

Costa Rica, run and how they benefit the animals. Dr. Carmen Soto sees the greatest threat to

wildlife as human contact, in the sense that they steal animals and take over their land.

Sanctuaries work on rehabilitation, which is taking in sick or injured animals and caring for them

until they are healthy enough to be released and survive in the wild again. Sanctuaries differ

from animal parks because they are not structed for tourism but for the animal’s health, working

to educate not entertain.

The audience for this article is those who are curious about sanctuaries and what they do.

The article was very informative, the questions presented were responded to in a respectful

manner by a very well education veterinarian. The article highlights the positives sanctuaries

bring to animals, which could change the minds of people looking to see exotic animals from
going to animal parks to sanctuaries. The article was posted in early 2018 making the

information still relevant to today.

This article was published by DANTAsms, which is the Association for Conservation of

the Tropics. The author is Siobham Speiran who focuses on environmental studies at Queen’s

University in Canada. The interview is with Dr. Carmen Soto the Veterinarian for the Kids

Saving the Rainforest sanctuary. She is one of the few exotic veterinarians in the country, and

has much hands-on experience working with wildlife during her studies. She then went on to get

her Master’s in wildlife conservation, with a specialization in internal medicine.

I will incorporate this into my paper when discussing what sanctuaries do and the effects

it has on animals. It also answers the question of if sanctuaries are a better alternative to animal

parks, by highlighting the differences between the two.

Vaz, Janice, et al. “Prevalence and Determinants of Stereotypic Behaviours and physiological

Stress among Tiger and Leopards in Indian Zoos.” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 4, April 2017,

pp. 1-27. doi:10.1371/journal,pone.0174711.

This is a research article published by the Public Library of Science on April 17, 2017 by

Janice Vaz, that focuses on the behavioral difference of tigers and leopards in captivity versus

those in their natural habitat. This found that those in captivity are less likely to exhibit

stereotypic behaviors, which are those behaviors that are shown by those in their natural habitat.

It also found that when visitation was higher at the zoo that the animals would show these

stereotypic behaviors even less, showing that the human presence does have an effect on the

animals.
 This article was written in a very scientific manner, sticking to facts and statistics while

staying away from personal opinion and emotions about the subject. The article contained details

of how they obtain their information and what variables when into it that could have affected the

outcome. This article is for people who were looking for the direct research related to enclosures

connection to animal behavior, and not someone else’s take on it. This article was written in

early 2017 making the information still relevant.

The article as published by the Public Library of Science, which is a peer-reviewed

scientific journal. The author Janice Vaz is a PhD student in animal sciences with the

Department of Zoology and wildlife Biology. She focuses on animal welfare and the factors that

goes into maintaining the welfare of animals in captivity. This article was reviewed and co-

authored by many other zoologist, biologist, and scientist. And computer biologist.

I will incorporate this information into my paper when discussing stereotypical behaviors

of big cats in captivity versus the wild. It will also answer the question I have of how the

interaction of humans in zoos effects the animals.