3V, 5V to 12V Step-Up DC converter circuit

Using MAX668 integrated circuit you can build a very simple and high efficiency power
supply able to convert 3.3V – 5.5V to 12V @2,3A

Using MAX668 integrated circuit you can build a very simple and high efficiency power supply . With
Max668 you can design various power supply circuits using few external components . This power
supply circuit based on the MAX668 integrated circuit is a high efficiency step up converter that will
provide an fixed output regulated voltage around 12 volts at a maximum output current of 2.3
amperes . This step up converter circuit will provide a 12 volts output voltage from a 3.3 to 5.5 input
voltage .
As you can see in the table bellow you can see how the output voltage vary in concordance with the
input voltage .
R1 from this circuit senses the inductor current for current mode controller and with some internal
comparators provide a current limit. R5 in conjunction with C9 filters the switching noise on the
sense resistor to prevent false triggering of the current limit. The MAX668's internal current-limit
threshold is fixed; changing the resistor, R1, adjusts the current-limit setting. The resistor, R2, sets
the operating frequency.
The external components of the MAX668 can have high-voltage ratings that provide greater flexibility
for high-power applications.
Do you think that you can control your home and office electrical appliances
using your cell phone? Yes.! you can... Here is a simple home controls home
automation electronic mini project circuit diagram for engineering students,
to control any electrical appliances using mobile phone without using a
microcontroller. This circuit makes use of DTMF (Dual Tone Multi
Frequency) technique. We have already posted on What is DTMF and DTMF
decoder circuit using M8870 decoder IC.

 What is DTMF? How are DTMF Tones Generated?

 DTMF Decoder circuit schematic using M8870

This home appliances control or home automation project also uses the same
DTMF decoder circuit section with little modifications to control home and
officeelectrical appliances. Just connect your cell phone headset (headphone)
jack to the mobile phone and then mobile will control electrical appliances and
electrical equipment through the DTMF key pad of your cell phone. Here for
demonstrating, we are controlling an electrical bulb using this circuit project but
you can extend this circuit to control many electrical devices with some
modifications using 4x16 decoder IC.
Circuit diagram of mobile controlled home appliances

(Click on the image for enlarged view)

Components required for home automation

1. Regulated power supply

2. DTMF decoder IC (M-8870)
3. Resistors (100Ω; 100kΩ; 70kΩ; 390kΩ)
4. Capacitors (0.1µFx 2)
5. Crystal oscillator (3.579545MHz)
6. IC 7474 D flip flop
7. BC547 Transistor
8. 6V relay

Working of this home automation electronic project

 Our project uses M-8870 DTMF decoder IC which decodes tone generated
by the keypad of cell phone.

 When you press any key on your mobile phone while call is in progress,
the other person will hear some tones corresponding to the keys pressed.
These tones are based on the DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
technology.

 Data is transmitted as pairs of tones. The receiver detects the valid

frequency pair and gives the appropriate BCD code as the output of the
DTMF decoder IC.

 DTMF signal can be tapped directly from the microphone pin of cell phone
device.
  See the figure below. Cut the microphone wire and you will be able to see
4 wires. Among these wires you need only 2 wires- Ground and Right as
shown in figure.

 Select the right wire and connect it as the DTMF input to the decoder
circuit. Ground should be connected to common ground of our circuit.

 The signals from the microphone wire are processed by the DTMF decoder
IC which generates the equivalent binary sequence as a parallel output of
Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.

Table showing DTMF Low and High frequency tones and

decoded output
Low DTMF High DTMF Binary coded
frequency frequency output
Button (Hz) (Hz)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 697 1209 0 0 0 1

2 697 1336 0 0 1 0

3 697 1477 0 0 1 1

4 770 1209 0 1 0 0

5 770 1336 0 1 0 1

6 770 1477 0 1 1 0

7 852 1209 0 1 1 1

8 852 1336 1 0 0 0

9 852 1477 1 0 0 1

0 941 1336 1 0 1 0

* 941 1209 1 0 1 1
 # 941 1477 1 1 0 0

 The output Q4 from the DTMF decoder IC is fed to the clock input of IC
7474 D flip flop which acts as a buffer to the output from M8870 DTMF
decoder IC.

 IC7474 is configured as Toggling mode, that is if it gets a clock pulse the

output of this IC (Pin 5) sets to high and further clock pulse resets back
the IC. (The outputs toggle whenever a key is pressed).

 When we press and release any of the keys among 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and *,

the DTMF decoder IC generates a high pulse which acts as a clock to our
flip flop and sets the output flip flop to high.

 The output of flip flop is connected to the relay driver circuit via 100Ω
resistor; this output energizes the relay coil through BC547 transistor and
turns ON the bulb that is connected at the normally open terminal of relay
circuit.

Probe further: Transistor inductive load driver circuit with animation

How to connect relay: Relays working with animation

What is a relay? How can we connect relay to a circuit? What is relay
driver?These are some of the common doubts of an electronics beginner. Don’t
worry, here i-St@r will guide you with the basic concepts and working of
relays..! Relays were invented in 1835 by an American scientist Joseph
Henry.
You can turn on larger electrical machines and electrical appliances by sensor
currents with the help of relays. When the relay coil is energized by a small
current, the coil will attract a common contact to another contact making the
circuit closed. Relay has wide varieties of applications in different industries.

What is Relay?

 Usually a relay is used in a circuit as a magnetic switch to turn on a

second circuit.

 A relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is activated when a small

current is passed through its coil.

 The interesting fact is that this small current is capable of turning on a

secondary circuit which works on much larger current.

 There are varieties of relay available in the electronics market. Each of

them operates at different voltages.

 When you construct your own circuit you must consider the voltage
ratings that will energize (trigger) it.

Why we need a relay? Use of a Relay

Why relay useful to us? As the name indicates, many sensors are extremely
sensitive type of electronic components and produce only small output currents.
But we need to drive bigger electrical machines using those sensors! Relays,
makes it possible for small currents to trigger bigger current circuits.

What is inside of a relay?

 The important part of a relay is the coil. This coil makes the relay as an
electromagnetic switch.

 What is an Electromagnet? We are familiar with the term ‘Electro Magnet’

i.e. any current carrying conductor induces a magnetic field.

 If the conductor is covered around an iron core, the iron core becomes
magnetized. This is called an electro magnet.
  The same principle is applied in relays too. When a current passes via the
relay coil, an electro magnet is set up which pulls one switch contact
away from another.

Types of Relay contacts (NO, NC & Common)

An ordinary relay has two contacts called Normally Open (NO) and Normally
Closed (NC) contacts. We can switch the common terminal to NC or NO. Please
look at the working animation of relay below.

Working animation of relay

  Normally relays are driven by Relay Drivers. What is a relay driver? It is
nothing but a transistor.

 This transistor is turned on by some sensors.

 When this transistor is activated, it feeds current to an electromagnet

that pulls a metal switch closed and activates the second high current.

 The relatively small current in the input driver circuit activates the
superior current in the output circuit.

[Example]Real time application of relays

 Suppose you want to build an electronically operated street light system

that switches an electrical bulb ON or OFF with respect to the intensity of
surrounding light.

 You could use some kind of electronic light sensor circuit (LDR) to sense
dark or light conditions, but LDR produces only small resistance variations
according to light intensity.
  You could connect the LDR circuit to the input circuit of a relay via relay
driver.

 When a small current from sensor flow through this circuit, the relay will
activate its output circuit, allowing a much bigger current to flow. Thus
turning on the electrical bulb.

Relay connection diagram

Please click here for enlarged & clear view

1. Identify the two terminals of coil (just open the relay then you can easily
find it).
2. Connect Vcc to one terminal and fed the other terminal to the collector of
driver transistor.
3. Connect the high current neural line to Common terminal of the relay.
4. Connect the NO terminal to any terminals of the load (Bulb, Motor, etc).
5. Connect the phase line directly to another terminal of the load.
Mobile cell phone detector (sniffer) circuit diagram: engineering
and diploma project

Here is a simple engineering project circuit of handy mobile cell phone

detector (sniffer). This pocket-sized mobile communication detector or
sniffer can sense the existence of a mobile device. So it can be used to avoid
the use of mobile phones in private rooms, examination halls, etc. It is also
useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and other related
activities. The circuit can detect incoming and outgoing calls, SMS, MMS, GPRS
usage and video transmission even when the mobile phone is set aside in silent
mode. The instant bug detects RF (Radio Frequency) transmission signal
from a mobile phone, it produces a beep sound alarm.
Also Read: Cell phone controlled home appliances: Engineering Project

Circuit diagram of mobile detector

Circuit diagram part 1

Circuit diagram part 2

Components required of mobile detector

1. Resistors (100kΩ; 10kΩ; 15kΩ; 18kΩ x 2; 2.2kΩ; 56Ω x 2)

2. Potentio meters (1MΩ; 22kΩ)
3. Capacitors (47µF, 25V; 0.1µF; 10µF, 25V x 2; 100µF, 25V x 8; 4.7µF,
25V)
4. Diodes (1N3491; 1N4148)
5. Transistor BFR96
6. IC TL071
7. IC LA4440
8. Loud speaker (8Ω, 6W)
9. Areal (You can use a simple wire piece)

Working mobile detector

 This circuit can notice the use of GSM mobile phone in mobile restricted
areas such as examination hall or confidential rooms etc.
 It can sense the activity of mobile phone from a distance of 8 meters or
more.

 The sniffer keeps monitoring the RF (Radio frequency) level in the region
and gives warning if the RF level increases due to mobile phone activity.

 If two similar units of sniffers are placed, the range can be improved.

 The circuit is able to detect all forms of mobile phone activity even when
it is in silent mode. The circuit is designed as a sensitive RF detector. The
RF signal diode 1N3491 forms the major element.

 With the help of a resistor and a capacitor the signal diode picks up the
RF energy in the area.

 In the standby mode, the output from the diode is around 0.6mV. It rises
to 60mV in the presence of RF signal.

 Since the voltage from the sensor diode is too weak, three stages of
amplification are required to give warning indication through speaker.

 Output signal from the diode is pre amplified by the transistor BFR96. It is
a high frequency (Microwave frequency) low power transistor with huge
current gain (approximately 15dB at 0.5GHz) and bandwidth.

 The pre amplified signal is fed to next amplifier stage built around IC
TL071, it is a low noise JFET input op amp with low input bias and offset
current. The biFET technology gives high slew rate to the IC.

 Here the TL071 is designed as an inverting amplifier; the inverting input

of op amp receives the pre amplified signal from the first part.

 The potentio meter can be adjusted to vary the gain of op amp circuit.
  The amplified signal is then passed through a capacitor and diode; with
the help of this arrangement we can introduce more stages to extend the
range.

 The next potentiometer is used to vary the signal amplitude, then it is fed
to amplifier stage built around IC LA4440, it is a two channel audio power
amplifier with inbuilt dual channels for stereo and bridge amplifier
applications.

 In dual mode the IC LA4440 gives 6W, where as in bridge mode it

provides 19W. It has good ripple rejection of 40dB, small residual noise,
built in over voltage and surge voltage protection, and pin to pin
protection.

 In our circuit this IC is wired as bridge mode with only one input.

 The loudness of the circuit can be adjusted by changing the

potentiometer.

 When the mobile phone is activated within the range of eight meters, a
loud motor sound is heard through the speaker.

 Use good quality 8Ω, 6W speaker in order to get clear warning sound.

 The RF reception and performance of the circuit is dependent on many

factors such as output power from the mobile device, orientation and
position of the cell phone.

FAQS:-

does the IC LA4440 already contain the code ?

Yah, It contains the code

In circuit diagram 2 what is the value of potentiometer where circuit has to be connected?

Sorry, forgot to mention potentiometer value in the circuit diagram, it's value is 22kΩ. It's given there in
the list of components required.

what type of antennas we can use in this circuit?

Simple copper wire is enough for antenna. You just try using GSM antenna, if it is not working use copper
wire

is this circuit can really detect mobile phone activities with the range of 8 meters? reply asap. thank you
very much!

Sure this circuit is able to detect Mobile Phones with in 8m.

just I want make sure that how many meters that the circuit can detect a cellphone?

Also I want ask about potentiometer where should be placed in the circuit and if it is important or not.I did
not understand its function?

Circuit possible to detect mobiles in 8meter range.

Potentio meter is used to adjust the signal power thus you can vary the range.

1- how can I connect the two circuits (UNITS) together, I didn't understand this part .

2- LA4440 has two connections with pin 1 is that right or wrong?

I mean as shown in the circuit ,pin1 goes to 12v ,and also pin1 goes to100µF .Are the connections of the
LA4440 correct or there is a mistake in it?

We accidentally written pin number 11 as 1, really sorry. The pin 1 is

connected to 12V and 11 is connected to 100uF capacitor.

To connect the two units please short the wire from Diode of 1st unit
to the wire to Potentio meter of Unit 2

How many Potentio meter will we use in this project sir ?????

2 Pots are used here

sir, I have two doubts could i use this cct for all type of mobiles I means GSM, GSM1 and CDMA?. When
the cct will activate? while communicating or in normal mode

Sure you can use it for all types of Mobile phones. Circuit is active in both cases such as active and Normal

Hello sir, is there any restrictions on the Antenna (Copper Wire) dimensions ? And also is it possible to
cascade a Jammer with the above circuit ?

No restriction in the Antenna, Use copper wire without insulation.

i want to ask about the battery. How many batteries are used in this circuit, is it two? and what kind of
battery is used is it 12v battery i think 12v battery is too huge its like car's battery please make it clear for
me.

We doesn't require such kind of bulky battery, It is better to create power supply circuit. Here is one
exampleRegulated Lab power supply circuit use 7812 IC for this circuit, Then you will be able to get
12V DC supply

what is the replacement of 1N3491 because it has been a problem to find it ? Can someone use 1N34a
or 1N34 diode in a circuit on a detection part ?

You can try OA79

Sir am really confused about the power supply because 12v power supply can have different flow of
current. I am afraid that i will use the one with high current it might burn the circuit so please can u give m
a specific current flow.

You can use 500mA step down transformer for this circuit, It will not damage the circuit

Combinatorial Digital Circuit Logic Determining Device

Block Diagram Of Combinatorial Digital Logic Determining Device

Here is my new electronics circuit for you. This is a brief description/ abstract for the
project. Combinatorial digital circuit logic determining device is a circuit which
determines the logic of any given combinatorial digital circuit. This is a very helpful
tool to know the functionality of an unknown digital circuit. The device has probes
which are plugged to the inputs and outputs of the digital circuit under test. This
device then determines and displays the functionality of the circuit under test in the
form of a boolean equation.

The circuit has number of probes equal to the number of inputs and outputs of the
circuit under test. I have implemented it for two inputs and one output. Although,
you can make slight modification of the code to make it work for as many inputs and
outputs you want.
 This circuit makes use of a micro-controller and few other electronic components
to achieve the desired goals. The micro-controller is programmed in embedded C.
The output of the circuit is displayed using LEDs. The device can not only used to
determine the boolean expression of an unknown digital circuit, it can also be used
to test the known digital circuits. It can be used for all kinds of combinatorial digital
circuits either ICs or those made of discrete electronic components with little or no
modification. Hence, Combinatorial digital circuit logic determination device is a
versatile and very helpful tool for use in laboratories and individuals especially when
working with a many digital ICs of circuits.

I have done and tested this circuit with simple AND, NAND gates and also with a few
other complex logic ICs. It worked well. I have used LEDs forming a K-MAP for display
but I am working on upgrading the display to an LCD. The microcontroller used is
ATMEGA16 which is an Atmel's AVR series of microcontroller. However, you can try
to do the same using other microcontrollers like 8085 or PIC.

Here is the illustrative recorded video of Combinatorial Digital Circuit Logic

Determining Device:

This is a Do-It-Yourself project which I encourage you to do on your own. You can do
it as a hobby or as a school/college project, especially suitable as a mini or final year
major project for engineering students.

The entire circuit schematic and the micro-controller source-code are available with
me.

In case you find any difficulty doing it by yourself or if you want the schematic and
the source-code of this project, you can contact me.
CONTROL OF REMOTE DOMESTIC SYSTEM USING DTMF

REMOTE CONTROL USING DTMF

REMOTE CONTROL USING DTMF Circuit Diagram

In the age of electronic systems, it is important to be able to control and acquire information from
everywhere. Here we suggests a method for control house hold electrical devices using the DTMF tone
generated when the user pushes mobile phone keypad buttons or when connected to a remote mobile
system. As the mobile phone enables us to connect with the outside devices via mobile communication
network regardless of time and space, the mobile phone is a suitable device to control domestic system.
DTMF signals can be transmitted over a radio to switch on or switch off home appliances, flash lights,
motors, cameras, warning systems, irrigation systems and so on. The tones produced when dialing on
the keypad on the phone could be used to switch each device. This remote control unit has 4 channels
which can be easily extended to 12.

Circuit Diagram
 ICs
1. CM8870CP * 1 (DTMF Decoder)
2. CD4013 * 2
3. Crystal-3.5 MHz

- See more at: http://www.engstuff.info/2012/02/control-of-remote-domestic-system- Field Code Changed

using.html#sthash.ah9OJVtU.dpuf

6 comments:

1.

SMSFebruary 21, 2012 at 1:20 AM

Crystal Value of 8870 DTMF Decoder is 3.579 MHz

Reply

2.

SumeshSMFebruary 21, 2012 at 6:47 AM

Resistor R1= 100K R

Reply

3.

SumeshSMMarch 10, 2012 at 7:18 PM

pin 4, 6, 8, 10 of IC 4013 connected to ground

Reply

4.

Muhammad Khalil Anwar NizamiDecember 20, 2012 at 7:26 AM

where took an input? nd please suggest any video to verify it? [email protected]
Thank you

Reply

5.
 pawan jajuApril 5, 2013 at 5:42 AM

please give me the program code for controlling 8 channels to ([email protected])

Reply

6.

birkin bagMay 22, 2013 at 12:16 AM

I learned a lot of information about it.

- See more at: http://www.engstuff.info/2012/02/control-of-remote-domestic-system-

using.html#sthash.ah9OJVtU.dpuf

Remote Control for Home Appliances

Raj K. Gorkhali

Using this circuit, you can remotely control the switch-on and switch-off
operation of your AC mains operated home appliances. The working range of
the circuit depends on the orientation and the intensity of the IR beam.

The circuit consists of a transmitter and a receiver.

Fig. 1: Transmitter circuit

Fig. 1 shows the transmitter circuit. It is built around timer IC NE555 wired
as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator produces a pulsed output
waveform with ‘on’ time of about 57 µs and ‘off’ time of about 326 µs, which
means it generates about 2.6 kHz. The output of IC1 is fed to IR LED1
through current-limiting resistor R3. The IR LED1 used here is the same as
in TV remotes. The circuit operates off a 9V battery, which is connected to
the circuit through switch S1.
Fig. 2 shows the receiver circuit. It consists of phototransistor L14F1 (T1),
voltage regulator 7805 (IC2), three 2N2222 transistors (T2, T3 and T4), dual
voltage converter LM319 (IC3), dual J-K flip-flop 74109 (IC4) and some
discrete components. The circuit operates off a 9V battery, which can be
connected to the circuit through switch S2.

The Darlington pair built around transistors T2 and T3 amplifies the photo-
current generated by the photo-transistor (T1). The equivalent photo-
voltage appears across resistor R4. So across resistor R4 you get a replica
(in term of wave shape but not in amplipude) of what you produce at the
output of IC1 in the transmitter. The amplitude would vary with distance and
other factors such as the angle of arrival of the IR beam at sensor L14F1.

Fig. 2: Receiver circuit

The low-pass filter constituted by resistor R7 and capacitor C4 produces

about 3V DC. This DC voltage is fed to the junction of the inverting input of
N1 and the non-inverting input of N2. The window comparator (IC3) is
designed such that whenever the input voltage is between 2 and 4 volts
(greater than 2V but less than 4V), its output goes high. If the input voltage
is less than or equal to 2V, or more than or equal to 4V, the output goes
low.

The window output is fed to the clock input of J-K flip-flop CD74109 (IC4).
IC4 is wired in toggle mode. That means its output goes high if it is initially
low and vice versa every time it is clocked. The output of IC4 is fed to the
base of relay-driver transistor T5. Relay RL1 energises to light up the bulb
when transistor T5 conducts.
Working of the circuit is simple. Initially, when no IR beam is falling on
sensor photo-transistor T1, the DC voltage appearing at the input of the
window comparator is nearly zero. The window output remains low.
Transistor T5 is cut-off and the relay remains de-energised.

When switch S1 is pressed momentarily, the IR beam falls on the photo-

transistor for this short period of time and a postive-going pulse appears at
the input of the window comparator. The output of the comparator goes low,
which toggles the flip-flop (IC4) and transitor T5 conducts. Relay RL1
energises to switch on bulb B1.

Assemble both the circuits on separate PCBs and house in suitable cabinets.
In the transmitter unit, fix IR LED1 on the front side and switch S1 on the
back side of the cabinet. Keep the 9V battery inside the cabinet.

Similarly, in the receiver unit, fix the photo-transistor (L14F) on the rear
side such that the IR beam falls on it. To avoid circuit malfunction, cover the
phototransistor (T1) with a suitable contraption so that the phototransistor is
not exposed to unwanted light sources. Fix switch S2 on the front panel and
the relay on the back side. Keep the 9V battery inside the cabinet.