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Motivation & Emotion: PSYC1101

This lecture discusses emotions and their components. Emotions involve cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions that served evolutionary purposes like increasing survival chances. Emotions have eliciting stimuli, cognitive appraisals, physiological responses and expressive behaviors. Theories of emotion include James-Lange somatic theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and cognitive-affective theories involving appraisal and arousal. Emotions are complex interactions between biology, environment, society and cognition that can motivate adaptive responses.

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Billy Therion
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50 views

Motivation & Emotion: PSYC1101

This lecture discusses emotions and their components. Emotions involve cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions that served evolutionary purposes like increasing survival chances. Emotions have eliciting stimuli, cognitive appraisals, physiological responses and expressive behaviors. Theories of emotion include James-Lange somatic theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and cognitive-affective theories involving appraisal and arousal. Emotions are complex interactions between biology, environment, society and cognition that can motivate adaptive responses.

Uploaded by

Billy Therion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motivation &

Emotion
PSYC1101
1 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
This lecture
• Emotion
• What is it??

2 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seMwpP0yeu4
• https://psmag.com/social-justice/a-conversation-with-
psychologist-behind-inside-out
3 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
This lecture

• Emotion
• What is it??
• How do emotions manifest?
• Important characteristics
• Theories of emotion

4 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Emotions
• feeling states that involve cognitive, physiological
and behavioural reactions
• increase chances of survival
• formation of intimate relationships
• broadens our thinking and behaviour
• important form of social communication
• important part of life satisfaction

5 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Four features of emotional states
meaning/significance change in arousal
e.g., increase motives, memories,
e.g., appraised as
action
unfair
tendencies

response to stimulus
internal or
e.g., verbal reply
external
e.g., insult
visible behaviour
e.g., clench jaw

dynamic, ongoing process


6 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Eliciting stimuli

• Emotions are responses to


situations, people, objects
or events
• innate biological factors
• learning, previous
experience,
• culture

7 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Cognitive appraisal
interpretations & meanings we attach to stimuli
Event Cogni&ons Emo$ons

They’ve stood me
up, how humilia&ng. Anxious
Mee#ng someone
for a date – they Everyone can see
are running late me by myself

emotions
Inconsiderate #$%!, can influence
Angry
I made the effort to cognition
culture
be on &me
e.g., attentional biases

This kind of thing Depressed


always happens to
me
conscious &
unconscious Traffic might be a bit Neutral.
heavy

re-appraisals
8 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Physiological responses
Joseph LeDoux (2000)

9 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Physiological responses
Autonomic nervous system Rest
and endocrine system Arousal

à example: Fight-flight
reac:on

10 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Expressive behaviours
• Give clue about which emotion is being experienced

• Darwin (1872): observable emotional displays are


products of evolution because they contribute to species
survival
• Similar across cultures, and across species.
• Fundamental emotional patterns

Totally Looks Like

11 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Basic Emotions

Happiness Disgust Anger Fear Sadness Surprise

emotional reactions are universal across cultures

12 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Culture
• Indigenous
differences in cultural
display rules

Jack et al. (2012) PNAS


13 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Individual differences

Which of the three faces displays a different expression to the


Anger others?
Disgust Disgust

4,500 ms
Emotion-matching task
Palermo et al. (2013; 2017)
14 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Individual differences
N = 163 (119 females) typical
adults aged 18-43 years

M = 71.55% (SD =
7.81%)

chance = 33
Emotion-matching taskCronbach’s alpha = .77-.78
Palermo et al. (2013; 2017)
15 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Emotions are constructed
• https://www.ted.com/talks/
lisa_feldman_barrett_you_aren_t_at_the_mercy_of_your_emotions_your_brain_c
reates_them?
utm&utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

16 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Instrumental behaviours

• emotions evoke action


to deal with situation
that evoked the emotion
• directed at achieving
some emotion-relevant
goal

17 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Theories of emotion
• James-Lange Somatic Theory
• Emotions are the subjective experience generated from body reactions
• We look to our body to know how to feel
• I’m scared because I run
• I’m happy because I smile
• We don’t know what emotion we are experiencing until we register our
bodily reactions

18 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Theories of emotion
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• both subjective experiences and
physiological arousal are independent
responses to emotion-arousing situation

19 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Theories of emotion
• Cognitive-affective theories
• Two-Factor theory of emotion (Schachter, 1966)
• The intensity of physiological arousal tells us how
strongly we feel something
• Situational cues and appraisal of these give us
the information to label what it is we are feeling

20 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Theories of emotion

emotion

APPRAISAL


AROUSAL

21 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Cognitive attributions
• The cognitive attribution of physiological states
is important to determining emotional reactions
• More generally… cognitive theories suggest
attribution is critical to shaping emotional
experience:
• not only in determining emotional reactions to 

physiological states
• But to the attribution and interpretation 

of any event or situation

22 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


23 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019
Emotions
• Emotions involve the complex interaction between
biology, environment, society and cognition.
• Serve important social and communicative functions
• Emotions can motivate adaptive responses to:
• attain positive outcomes
• avoid or reduce negative outcomes
• Cognitive distortions can contribute to disturbance
in emotional wellbeing, fundamentally underpins
many mental health problems

24 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


What should I know?

• What are the components of emotion?


• What are some theoretical perspectives of
emotion?
• Chapter 11 in the textbook

25 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Next lecture

• Negative vs. Positive emotions


• Also Chapter 11

26 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019


Questions?

27 MotivationEmotion_Lecture 2_2019 - 10 May 2019

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